5q11, 8p11, and 10q22 are recurrent chromosomal breakpoints in prostate cancer cell lines
TRANSCRIPT
5q11, 8p11, and 10q22 Are Recurrent ChromosomalBreakpoints in Prostate Cancer Cell Lines
Yi Pan,1,2 Weng-Onn Lui,1 Nina Nupponen,3 Catharina Larsson,1* Jorma Isola,3 Tapio Visakorpi,3
Ulf S.R. Bergerheim,2 and Soili Kytola1,3
1Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden2Department of Urology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden3Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere,Finland
Prostate cancer cell lines have been widely used as model systems characterizing pathogenetic, functional, and therapeuticaspects of prostate cancer development. However, their chromosomal compositions are poorly characterized. In this study,five prostate cancer cell lines—TSU-Pr1, JCA-1, NCI-H660, ALVA-31, and PPC-1—were investigated by G-banding, com-parative genomic hybridization (CGH), and spectral karyotyping. The results were combined with our previous findings in theprostate cancer cell lines PC-3, DU145, and LNCaP. By comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), the most frequent losseswere observed at 13q, 8p, 9p, and 4q, whereas gains were most commonly seen at 8q, 10q, and 18p. The composite karyotypeswere characterized by multiple numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations. Recurrent breakpoints at 5q11, 8p11, and10q22 were observed to participate in deletion and translocation events in five of the cell lines, suggesting the importance oftumor suppressor and/or oncogenes in these regions. ALVA-31 and PPC-1 shared nine identical derivative chromosomes, twoof which have also been detected in PC-3. In addition, the identification of the same homozygous deletion at D10S541 and ofan identical TP53 gene mutation in all three cell lines suggests a common origin of these cell lines. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
INTRODUCTION
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer inthe Western male population, and the incidence isconstantly increasing. Extensive molecular studieshave shown many genes to be involved in prostatetumorigenesis; however, the precise participationof these genes has not yet been demonstrated.
The importance of chromosomes 7, 8, 10, 13, 16,17, and the X chromosome in prostate tumorigen-esis has been well documented in studies of nu-merical chromosomal alterations by comparativegenomic hybridization (CGH) and loss of heterozy-gosity (LOH) analyses (Carter et al., 1990; Kunimiet al., 1991; Joos et al., 1995; Visakorpi et al., 1995;Cher et al., 1996). The most common alterationsare loss of 8p and gain of 8q, which have beendetected in more than 80% and 90% of the cases,respectively (Visakorpi et al., 1995; Cher et al.,1996; Vocke et al., 1996). Gain of 8q is often asso-ciated with loss of 8p, especially in hormone-refrac-tory carcinomas and in distant metastases (Visa-korpi et al., 1995; Cher et al., 1996). Otherfrequently reported numerical alterations includelosses of 10q, 13q, 16q, and 17 as well as gains of 7,17q, and Xq.
Because of difficulties in cell culturing, only fewcytogenetic studies have been performed on pros-tate carcinomas (Brothman et al., 1990; Lundgrenet al., 1992; Sandberg, 1992; Brothman, 1997). Most
cases have shown normal male karyotypes (46,XY).The most common numerical alterations that havebeen detected are 2Y and 17, whereas structuralchanges have been detected mainly on chromo-somes 1, 7, 8, and 10. Many chromosomal aberra-tions in prostate carcinomas remain undetected byconventional G-banding because of the poor qual-ity of tumor metaphase cells and the complexkaryotypes with many marker chromosomes. Newmolecular cytogenetic techniques, such as spectralkaryotyping (SKY), have been developed to solvesome problems of identification of aberrant chro-mosomes (Schrock et al., 1996). SKY is based onthe simultaneous hybridization of 24 differentlylabeled chromosome-specific painting probes onmetaphase cells, allowing the simultaneous visual-ization of all human chromosomes in different col-ors. SKY has been used successfully in cancer re-search as a tool to identify the chromosomalcomposition of numerical aberrations as well asstructural alterations such as subtle rearrange-
Grant sponsor: Swedish Cancer Foundation; Grant sponsor: Swed-ish Torsten and Ragnar Soderberg Foundation.
*Correspondence to: Catharina Larsson, Department of Molecu-lar Medicine, Endocrine Tumor Unit, Karolinska Hospital, CMML8:01, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.E-mail: [email protected]
Received 19 May 2000; Accepted 28 July 2000
GENES, CHROMOSOMES & CANCER 30:187–195 (2001)
© 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
ments, complex translocations, marker chromo-somes, double minutes, and ring chromosomes(Ghadimi et al., 1999; Macville et al., 1999; Padilla-Nash et al., 1999; Pan et al., 1999; Adeyinka et al.,2000; Gray et al., 2000; Kytola et al., 2000). The useof SKY combined with conventional banding andother molecular cytogenetic techniques, such asCGH, makes it possible to identify and resolvealmost all chromosomal aberrations, with the ex-ception of very small changes that are beyond theresolution of these methods.
In this study, we have characterized the karyo-types of five frequently used prostate cancer celllines by G-banding, CGH, SKY, and fluorescencein situ hybridization (FISH) with whole-chromo-some painting probes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cell Lines
Four established human prostate cancer celllines—TSU-Pr1, JCA-1, ALVA-31, and PPC-1—were kindly provided by Dr. Marion J.G. Busse-makers, University Hospital, Nijmegen, the Neth-erlands. TSU-Pr1 was established from a prostaticadenocarcinoma metastatic to lymph nodes (Iizumiet al., 1987), JCA-1 was derived from a poorly tomoderately differentiated prostatic adenocarci-noma (Muraki et al., 1990), ALVA-31 from a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the prostate(Loop et al., 1993), and PPC-1 from a poorly dif-ferentiated adenocarcinoma of the prostate (Broth-man et al., 1989). The cells were cultured in RPMI1640 (GIBCO, New York, NY) with 10% fetal bo-vine serum (FBS). The NCI-H660 (CRL-5813)prostate cancer cell line was obtained from theAmerican Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Rock-ville, MD) and cultured in RPMI growth mediumwith the additives recommended by the ATCC,supplemented with 5% FBS. NCI-H660 was de-rived from a small-cell prostate tumor metastatic tolymph nodes.
Harvesting, preparation of metaphase slides, andstaining for G-banding were done according to stan-dard protocols (Mandahl, 1992). The clonality criteriaand the description of karyotypes followed the rec-ommendations of the ISCN (ISCN, 1995). GenomicDNA was extracted for CGH using proteinase-K di-gestion and phenol-chloroform-isoamylalcohol ex-traction.
Comparative Genomic Hybridization
CGH was carried out and the results were ana-lyzed as described (Kallioniemi et al., 1992). Eight
to 12 ratio profiles were averaged for each chromo-some (except the Y chromosome), and green-to-red(g/r) fluorescence ratios of ,0.85 were scored aslosses, those exceeding 1.15 as gains, and regionalaberrations with a g/r ratio .2 as high-level ampli-fications.
Spectral Karyotyping (SKY)
A probe cocktail containing 24 differentially la-beled chromosome-specific painting probes andCot-1 blocking DNA (SKY kit, ASI Applied Spec-tral Imaging, Migdal Ha’Emek, Israel) was dena-tured and hybridized to denatured tumor meta-phase chromosomes according to the protocolrecommended by ASI. After hybridization andwashing, the chromosomes were counterstainedwith DAPI. Image acquisitions were performedusing a SD200 Spectracube system (ASI) mountedon a Zeiss Axioskop microscope with a custom-designed optical filter (SKY-1, Chroma Technol-ogy, Brattleboro, VT). The conversion of emissionspectra to the display colors was achieved by as-signing blue, green, and red colors to specific sec-tions of the emission spectrum. For each cell line,at least 14 metaphase cells were analyzed. SKYresults were confirmed with conventional two-colorFISH.
Deletion Analysis at the D8S1802 andD10S541 Loci
The microsatellite markers D8S1802 at 8q23 andD10S541 at 10q23.3 were used for deletion analysisin the cell lines LNCaP, PC-3, ALVA-31, andPPC-1. Primer sequences for D8S1802 (59-ACATCTGCCTCTCAATTTT-39 and 59-TG-CAGCCCTCAAAGAC-39) and D10S541 (59-AAG-CAAGTGAAGTCTTAGAACCACC-39 and 59-CCACAAGTAACAGAAAGCCTGTCTC-39), andpolymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions wereobtained from the Whitehead Institute database.The PCR products were separated on a 1.2% aga-rose gel.
Sequencing of Exon 5 of the TP53 Gene
Exon 5 of the TP53 gene was amplified by PCRwith the primers p53 5A (59-TTCAACTCT-GTCTCCTTC-39), and p53 5B (59-GCAAT-CAGTGAGGAATCA-39) and sequenced using anABI PRISM Dye Terminator Cycle SequencingReady Reaction kit (Perkin-Elmer, Foster City,CA) and an ABI310 sequencer (Perkin-Elmer).
188 PAN ET AL.
RESULTS
Comparative Genomic Hybridization
The copy number imbalances identified in thefive prostate cancer cell lines used in this study andin PC-3, DU145, and LNCaP from the previousstudy (Nupponen et al., 1998) are illustrated inFigure 1 and detailed for each case in Table 1. Themean number of CGH alterations was 21.1 6 10.2,mean 6 SD (range 4–35), per cell line. Losses werealmost as common as gains (11.1 6 4.9 vs. 10.0 65.9). The most commonly seen losses were de-tected at 13q21 (88%), 8cen-p12 (75%), 9p21-pter(75%), and 4q22-qter (63%), whereas gains morefrequently involved 8q23–24 (75%), 10q22 (63%),and 18p (63%). High-level amplifications wereseen at 20q and 8q23-qter in the TSU-Pr1 andALVA-31 cell lines, respectively, as well as at10p12–q23 and 14q12–24 in PC-3.
Karyotyping
All the cell lines were found to be near-triploid,with chromosome numbers ranging from 61-84(modal numbers 66–79, Table 2). The karyotypes
based on G-banding, CGH results, and SKY anal-ysis are shown in Table 2. Several complex trans-locations including chromosomal breakpoints up toseven were detected. Nine isochromosomes wereidentified, including i(1)(p10) in TSU-Pr1,i(5)(p10), i(13)(q10), and i(17)(p10) in JCA-1,i(18)(p10), and i(22)(p10) in ALVA-31, andi(5)(p10), i(18)(p10), and i(18)(q10) in PPC-1. TheY chromosome, double minutes, or ring chromo-somes were not detected in any of the cell lines.
Comparison of Karyotypes and Breakpoints
The karyotypes and breakpoints of the five celllines analyzed in this study were compared withthe previously published results for the prostatecancer cell lines DU145, LNCaP, and PC-3 (Pan etal., 1999; Beheshti et al., 2000). The derivativechromosomes were mainly the same in these celllines, especially in DU145 and LNCaP, in bothstudies, but the breakpoints were slightly different.The cell lines ALVA-31 and PPC-1 shared nineidentical derivative chromosomes, two of whichhave also been detected in PC-3 (Table 3). Exceptin the common derivative chromosomes in ALVA-
Figure 1. Summary of DNA copy number alterations detected by CGH in eight prostate cancer celllines. Each line represents one alteration detected in one cell line, with losses illustrated to the left and gainsto the right of the ideograms. High-level amplifications are shown by bold lines.
189RECURRENT BREAKPOINTS IN PROSTATE CANCER
31, PPC-1, and PC-3, the only rearrangements seenrecurrently in at least two cell lines were theabnormal chromosomes der(8)t(7;8)(q32;p11.2),del(8)(p11.1), i(5)(p10), del(9)(p22), and der(18)-t(15;18)(q22;p11.2). Eight recurrent breakpointswere found in at least four of the cell lines. Thebands 5q11, 8p11, and 10q22 were involved inrearrangements in five cell lines each (Fig. 2),whereas 5p11, 10p11, 12q24, 15q15, and 17q25were rearranged in four cell lines each. The chro-mosomal arms 8p and 10q were the most fre-quently altered in the CGH analyses.
Deletion Analysis of D10S541 and Sequencing ofthe TP53 Gene
Homozygous deletion of the marker D10S541was detected in PC-3, PPC-1, and ALVA-31,whereas in LNCaP one amplified band was de-tected. Marker D8S1802 was used as a control ofPCR amplification, which, in all cases, resulted in aPCR product of the expected size. A single basedeletion at codon 169 in exon 5 of the TP53 genewas found in PC-3, PPC-1, and ALVA-31, whereasin LNCaP the sequence was normal.
DISCUSSION
The prostate cancer cell lines TSU-Pr1, JCA-1,NCI-H660, ALVA-31, and PPC-1 have been
widely used in pathogenetic and functional pros-tate studies, but the cytogenetic composition ofthese cell lines has been poorly characterized. Par-tial karyotypes of these cell lines (Iizumi et al.,1987; Brothman et al., 1989; Johnson et al., 1989;Muraki et al., 1990; Brothman and Patel, 1992;Loop et al., 1993) have been reported previously,with many unidentified and poorly characterizedchromosomes. In this study, the composition of allthe chromosomes in five prostate cancer cell lineswas identified, clarifying many previously unchar-acterized chromosomes. The chromosome num-bers matched well with previous reports based onG-banding, suggesting that the cell lines have re-mained stable after repeated subculturing. How-ever, for TSU-Pr1, a slight discrepancy was de-tected between the karyotype originally reportedand the karyotype described in this study. Of theoriginal karyotype of 80,XXY,t(6;13)(q15;q32),i(1p),i(1q), inv(3)(p25;q11),8p2,10q2,17p1,20q1,10mar (Iizumi et al., 1987), only i(1p), 8p2, 17p1,and 20q1 were found in this study. The reason forthe difference might be the different interpretationof the chromosomes, with the poor quality of theG-bands in the original study or the complexity ofthe rearranged chromosomes. Double minuteswere not detected in PPC-1 in this study, whereas
TABLE 1. Chromosomal Imbalances in the Eight Prostate Cancer Cell Lines Detectedby Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH)
Cell line Losses Gainsb
NCI-H660 2q21–32, 4q21-qter, 5q14–23, 7q32-qter, 8p,13cen-q21, 15cen-q21, 16q, 22q
6, 7pter-q21, 8q, 10pter-q22
TSU-Pr1 Xp11.3-pter, 3cen-p14, 7q21–31, 8p,9p21-pter
Xq, 1p, 5q31-qter, 11p14-pter, 11cen-q14, 16p, 17,19pter-q13.1, 20 (20q)
JCA-1 X, 1q24–31, 5cen-q15, 6p, 7p14–q31, 8p,9p21-pter, 11cen-p14, 13cen-q31, 14cen-q12, 18q22-qter
1q41-qter, 5p14-pter, 5q23-qter, 7q32-qter, 8q,10q22-23, 16q, 17p, 18p, 20
ALVA-31 1p21–22, 1q25–31, 2q22, 3p13–14, 4q22-qter,5cen-q22, 6cen-q22, 7p14–15, 8p12–q21,9p21-pter, 10p, 10q23–24, 13q, 18q, 21q,22q
Xp11.3-q13, Xq25-qter, 1cen-q23, 2q34-qter, 3q26-qter, 5p14-pter, 5q32-qter, 7q32-qter, 8q23-qter, 9q22-qter, 10q21–22, 12p12–q13, 12q22-qter, 14q22-qter, 16, 17q22-qter, 18p, 19p, 20q
PPC-1 3cen-p13, 4cen-p15.1, 4q21-qter, 5cen-q13,8p, 9p13-pter, 10p12-pter, 11q13-qter,13q, 15q15-qter, 18q12, 20p
Xq, 1p33-pter, 1cen-q23, 1q32, 2p21-pter, 5p, 8q13-qter, 9q31-qter, 10p11.2-q22, 14q, 17q21-qter,18p, 18q21-qter, 19
PC-3a 4p, 4q21-qter, 5cen-q15, 5q23-q31, 6q, 8pter-q12, 9pter-q34, 10p13-pter, 10q24-qter,12p12-pter, 13q21, 15q21-qter, 16, 17pter-q12, 18q12–21, 19cen-q13, 22q
Xp22.2-qter, 1q21–25, 1q31-qter, 7pter-q35, 8q13-qter, 10p12–q23, 11q13-qter, 12q21-qter,14q12–24, 17q21-qter, 18p, 20pter-q13.2
DU145a Xp21-qter, 1p, 2q, 3pter-q22, 4cen-q31,4q31-qter, 6q, 9p21-pter, 10p12, 11p,12p12-pter, 13q, 16p, 18q21-qter, 20p
1q, 2p13-pter, 3q24-qter, 4p15-pter, 5p, 8cen-q24,9p13–q21, 11q14-qter, 12q21–23, 14q, 18pter-q12, 21q
LNCaPa 1p34-pter, 2p13–22, 6cen-q16, 13q14-qter —
aData from a previously published study (Nupponen et al., 1998).bThe high-level amplifications are listed in bold.
190 PAN ET AL.
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(p11
.1;q
11),2
Y,d
er(1
)t(1
;4)(
p36.
3;q2
5)t(
1;10
)(q2
1;q2
2),d
er(1
)(8q
ter2
.q1
3<12
?<1p
36.3
2.
q25<
10q2
42.
qter
),1de
r(1;
2)(q
10;q
10),1
ider
(1)(
q10)
t(1;
10)(
q21;
q22)
,del
(2)(
q23)
,der
(2)t
(2;8
)(p2
5;q1
3),d
er(2
)t(1
5;17
)(q
11.2
;q21
)t(2
;15)
(p25
;q15
),1de
r(2)
t(2;
7)(p
25;p
21),d
er(3
)t(3
;10)
(q11
.1;?p
11.2
),23,
23,
der(
4)(5
pter
2.
p11<
4p11
2.
q21<
10?
<13
q112
.qt
er),1
der(
4)t(
4;20
)(p1
1;q1
1.2)
del(4
)(q1
3)x2
,1id
er(4
)(q1
0)t(
4;10
)(q2
1;q2
2),i(
5)(p
10),d
er(5
)t(5
;15)
(q11
.2;q
13),
1de
r(6)
t(6;
7)(p
22;?)
t(7;
8)(?
;q22
),del
(8)(
p11.
1),d
el(9
)(p2
2),1
der(
9)t(
9;18
)(p1
1;p1
1.2)
,1de
l(9)(
?),d
er(1
,3,1
0)(3
pter
2.
p11<
10?<
1q?2
.qt
er<
10?<
1q?2
.qt
er<
10?<
3q11
.22
.qt
er)x
2,de
r(10
)(16
?<10
?<9?
<3q
122
.qt
er),1
der(
11)t
(11;
20)(
q12;
p11.
2),1
der(
?11)
(16p
ter2
.p1
1<11
?<15
q112
.q1
5<17
q212
.q2
5<10
?),d
er(1
2)t(
12;2
0)(q
24;?)
x2,d
er(1
2)t(
8;12
)(q1
3;q2
4),1
der(
12)t
(7;1
2)(?
;?),2
13,1
14,1
14,1
14,
der(
15)t
(5;1
5)(q
13;p
13),2
15,2
15,d
er(1
7)t(
1;17
)(p2
2;q2
5),i(
18)(
p10)
,1i(1
8)(q
10),d
er(1
9;22
)(p1
0;q1
0),1
der(
19)t
(18;
19)
(p11
;?)t(
5;19
)(q1
3;?)
x2,d
er(2
0)t(
13;2
0)(?
;p11
.1)t
(8;1
3)(?
;?),2
20,1
der(
21)t
(3;2
1)(?
;p11
.1),2
22[c
p15]
79
NC
I-H66
066
;70
^3n&
,X,d
er(X
)t(X
;8)(
q22;
q24)
,2Y
,del
(1)(
p13p
31),d
er(2
)t(2
;3)(
p25;
q23)
,der
(2)t
(2;3
)(q3
3;q2
5),2
2,de
l(3)(
q25)
x2,d
er(3
)t(3
;7)(
q25;
p15)
,1
der(
3)t(
3;5)
(q25
;q31
)t(2
;5)(
q33;
q35)
,del
(4)(
q23)
,der
(4)t
(4;1
0)(q
11;q
11.2
)t(1
0;15
)(q2
2;q2
2),d
el(5
)(q1
5),d
er(5
)del
(5)(
p12)
del(5
)(q3
1),
der(
5)t(
4;5)
(q22
;p11
)del
(5)(
q14q
23),1
der(
5)t(
3;5)
(q25
;q23
),der
(6)t
(6;1
2)(p
25;q
24)x
2,1
6,de
r(7)
t(7;
20)(
q21;
p11.
2),d
er(7
)t(7
;16)
(p22
;q11
.2)t
(7;2
0)(q
21;p
11.2
),der
(7)d
el(7
)(p1
4)t(
7;18
)(q1
1.1;
q11.
1),1
der(
7)(?
10pt
er2
.p?
<7p
222
.q2
1<18
q11.
22.
q21<
1p22
2.
pter
),de
l(8)(
p11.
1),d
er(1
0)t(
10;1
2)(q
22;q
14)x
2,1
der(
10)t
(1;1
0)(q
12;p
12),d
er(1
2)t(
X;8
)(q2
2;?)
t(8;
12)(
?;q22
),212
,der
(13;
14)(
q10;
q10)
x2,2
13,2
14,
215
,215
,der
(16)
t(7;
16)(
?;q11
.1),2
16,d
er(1
7)t(
17;1
8)(q
11.1
;q21
),1de
r(17
)t(1
7;?1
)(q2
5;?)
,del
(18)
(q11
.2)x
2,de
r(19
)t(8
;19)
(q11
.1;q
13.2
)x2,
119
,der
(20)
t(13
;20)
(q22
;p13
)t(8
;20)
(q11
.1;q
11.1
),der
(20)
(13q
ter2
.q2
2<20
p132
.11
.1<
19?<
8q11
.12
.qt
er),d
er(2
1)t(
7;21
)(q2
2;p1
1.1)
x2,
222
[cp1
4]
68
CG
H,c
ompa
rativ
ege
nom
ichy
brid
izat
ion;
SKY
,spe
ctra
lkar
yoty
ping
;FIS
H,fl
uore
scen
cein
situ
hybr
idiz
atio
n.
191RECURRENT BREAKPOINTS IN PROSTATE CANCER
they were reported to be present in the originalkaryotype (Brothman et al., 1989). However, themarker chromosomes characterized previously inPPC-1 (Brothman and Patel, 1992) were recogniz-able also in our study.
It is intriguing that all cell lines are near-triploid;however, the reason behind this remains unknown.One explanation could be that this is simply due toculturing artifacts as previously suggested (Ohnukiet al., 1980). On the other hand, it could also berelevant for the biological behavior of the tumor, sothat triploid subclones present in the primary tu-mors would have a selective advantage in the es-tablishment of cell lines. A parallel could be drawnfrom some of our previous studies of establishedcell lines of solid tumors in which near-tetraploidkaryotypes were frequently identified (Pan et al.,1999; Adeyinka et al., 2000; Kytola et al., 2000). Insome of these cases, as well as in some associatedprimary tumors, two clones were observed includ-ing a near-diploid and a near-tetraploid. In thetetraploid clones, several of the markers werepresent in duplicate, suggesting that structural andnumerical aberrations of individual chromosomesoccurred as earlier events, which were then fol-lowed by duplications of the entire genome.Hence, there has been a growth advantage for sub-clones with higher chromosome content in the es-tablishment of cell lines.
Numerous chromosomal abnormalities in allchromosomes were detected, suggesting a high de-gree of genetic instability in prostate cancer celllines. It is well known that cell lines usually aregenetically more complex than the correspondingprimary tumors, having secondary nonspecific
changes that are acquired during cell culture. Tak-ing together the results for all eight prostate cancercell lines characterized previously (Pan et al., 1999;Beheshti et al., 2000) and in this study, eight re-current breakpoints were detected. The break-points at 5q11 and 8p11 were detected in bothdeletion and translocation chromosomes, whereasthe others were seen only as a part of translocationevents. This phenomenon was supported by theCGH results, suggesting the importance of tumorsuppressor genes on 5q and 8p and oncogenes on8q, 10q, 5p, 12q, 14q, and 17q in prostate tumori-genesis. Complete or partial loss of 8p has beenreported repeatedly in prostate carcinomas and inprostate intraepithelial neoplasia (Bergerheim etal., 1991; Cher et al., 1994; Emmert-Buck et al.,1995; Visakorpi et al., 1995). Recently, the deletedregion of 8p has been narrowed down to a1–1.5-Mb region in 8p22 (Van Alewijk et al., 1999;Arbieva et al., 2000), but the tumor suppressorgene(s) in this region involved in prostate tumori-genesis remain unknown. The high frequency ofloss at 8p and the fact that the loss has also beendetected in premalignant lesions (Matsuyama etal., 1994; Jenkins et al., 1998) suggest that the lossat 8p might be an early event in prostate carcino-genesis. By CGH, loss of 8p is often associated withgain of 8q, as seen in JCA-1 and NCI-H660, indi-cating possible isochromosome formation, but noi(8q) was detected by SKY in this study. Loss of 5qand gains of 10q, 5p, 12q, 14q, and 17q have alsobeen detected previously in other studies (Joos etal., 1995; Visakorpi et al., 1995). None of the knowngenes in these regions has been found to be theamplified target genes. The identified recurrent
TABLE 3. Common Structural Alterations in the Prostate Cancer Cell Lines PPC-1, ALVA-31, and PC-3
Derivativechromosome
Cell line
PPC-1 ALVA-31 PC-3a
der(2)t(2;15)t(15;17) der(2)t(2;15)(p25;q15)t(15;17)(q11.2;q21)
der(2)t(2;15)(p25;q15)t(15;17)(q11.2;q21) der(2)t(2;15)(p25;q15)t(15;17)(q11.2;q21)
der(15)t(5;15) der(15)t(5;15)(q13;p13) der(15)t(5;15)(q13;p13) der(15)t(5;15)(q13;p13)der(12)t(8;12) der(12)t(8;12)(q13;q24) der(12)t(8;12)(q13;q24)der(1,3,10) der(1,3,10)(3pter2.p11<10?
<1q?2.qter<10?<1q?2.qter<10?<3q11.22.qter)
der(1,3,10)(3pter2.p11<10?<1q?2.qter<10?<1q?2.qter<
10?<3q11.22.qter)der(2)t(2;7) der(2)t(2;7)(p25;p21) der(2)t(2;7)(p25;p21)der(3)t(3;10) der(3)t(3;10)(q11.1;?p11.2) der(3)t(3;10)(q11.1;?p11.2)der(4)t(4;20) der(4)t(4;20)(p11;q11.2)
del(4)(q13)der(4)t(4;20)(p11;q11.2)
del(4)(q13)der(5)t(5;15) der(5)t(5;15)(q11.2;q13) der(5)t(5;15)(q11.2;q13)der(12)t(12;20) der(12)t(12;20)(q24;?) der(12)t(12;20)(q24;?)i(18) i(18)(p10) i(18)(p10)
aFrom the study by Pan et al. (1999).
192 PAN ET AL.
Figu
re2.
Illus
trat
ion
ofth
ech
rom
osom
alal
tera
tions
part
icip
atin
gin
brea
kpoi
nts
invo
lvin
g5q
11,8
p11,
and
10q2
2in
eigh
tpr
osta
teca
ncer
cell
lines
.The
dele
ted
and
tran
sloc
ated
chro
mos
omes
are
seen
asSK
Ydi
spla
yco
lors
(left
),in
vert
edD
API
-ban
ded
(mid
dle)
,and
clas
sifie
dco
lors
(rig
ht).
The
tran
sloc
atio
npa
rtne
rsar
esh
own
asnu
mbe
rsw
ithin
the
clas
sifie
dco
lors
.The
cyto
gene
ticde
scri
ptio
nfo
rea
chch
rom
osom
eis
give
non
the
righ
t.
breakpoints in the present study suggest the im-portance of genes in these specific breakpoints inprostate tumorigenesis.
The cell lines ALVA-31 and PPC-1 had ninecommon derivative chromosomes, three of themquite complex. Surprisingly, two of the derivativechromosomes were also observed in PC-3. Thispossible cell-line cross-contamination betweenPC-3 and PPC-1 has been reported previously(Chen, 1993). All three cell lines had a homozygousdeletion with the marker D10S541, and the sameTP53 gene mutation, suggesting a common originof these cell lines. The homozygous deletion andthe mutation in TP53 have previously been re-ported in PC-3 (Carroll et al., 1993; Vlietstra et al.,1998). Most likely, the PC-3 cells had contami-nated the PPC-1 and ALVA-31 cultures, due to thefact that the PC-3 was established and submitted tothe ATCC in 1979 (Kaighn et al., 1979), before thePPC-1 and ALVA-31 cell lines had been estab-lished.
To compensate for some drawbacks and weak-nesses of cytogenetic techniques when used alone,we characterized five prostate cell lines by usingG-banding, CGH, and SKY together. The mainfinding was the presence of the recurrent chromo-somal breakpoints in the cell lines, which helpsidentify genes in these regions in future studies.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank Mrs. Arja Alkula for technicalassistance.
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195RECURRENT BREAKPOINTS IN PROSTATE CANCER