6 Channel Auto Reverse Sequential Disco Running Lights

AProject-Report

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree

Bachelor of Technologyin

Electronics & Communication Engg.

DEC. 2009

Submitted To:- Submitted By:-Er.Pooja Nagpal Bhushan Mehta (6127)AP in ECE Deptt. Deepak Gumber (6129) Deepak Sharma (6130) Kushal Monga (6138)

Department of Electronics & Communication EngineeringJan-Nayak Chaudhary Devi lal College of Engg

&Technology,Sirsa

J.C.D.M. COLLEGE OF ENGG.SIRSA

To whom so ever it may concern

This is to certify that Mr. Bhushan Mehta, Mr. Deepak Gumber, Mr. Deepak Sharma and Mr. Kushal Monga has satisfactorily completed the project work entitled “6 Channel Auto Reverse Sequential Running Disco Lights” in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & communication Engineering of Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra during academic year 2009-10.

Er. Pooja Nagpal Er. Pooja NagpalProject Guide Lab Incharge

Er. Sukhdeep Kaur Mr. Vineet GoelHead of Department Principal

ABSTRACT

From 230 V AC a DC supply of + 5 V is obtained. The power supply is given to the

other blocks. The pulse generator at a particular frequency generates the clock pulses.

The clock pulses are counted by a counter and gives output after every 10 pulses. The

counter drives the transistors, which form the triac firing circuit. The transistors fire the

triacs and they provide sufficient current to the load. Decorative bulbs are connected as

load for each triac. The bulbs are sequentially turned ON and OFF in forward and reverse

way. The IC 555 works as the pulse generator and feeds the clock pulses to IC 4017. IC

4017 is the heart of this circuit. It works as a counter and gives the output after every 10

pulses. It drives the transistors, which in turn fire the triacs

. The triac provides sufficient current to the load. IC4017 is the heart of the circuit and its

main work is to fire the triacs

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are deeply indebted to ER. SUKHDEEP KAUR (H.O.D.) in E.C.E. Deptt. At

J.C.D.COLLEGE OF ENGG., SIRSA and incharge of Project Lab for her inspiring and

encouraging guidance without which this project work could not have been completed

inspire of their busy schedule. They always had time to attend the problem faced by us n

our project work. We will always remember their analysis comprehensive solution and

critical reviews. They have given throughout the project report.

Bhushan Mehta(6127)

Deepak Gumber(6129) Deepak Sharma(6130)

Kushal Monga(6138)

LIST OF FIGURES

FIG NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 33.1 IC 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR 93.2 INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM 103.3 PIN DIAGRAM OF IC4017 12

3.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF IC4017 13

3.5 TIMING WAVEFORM 14

3.6 IN 555 TIMER 15

3.7 PIN DIAGRAM 16

3.8 BT136 TRIACS 193.9 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT 20

3.10 BEL187 NPN TRANSISTOR 21

3.11 IN4148 ANDIN4007 DIODE 23

3.12 TYPES OF DIODE 24

3.13 BLOCK DIAGRAM 25

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO.

TITLE

2.1 LIST OF COMPONENTS 4-5

3.1 PIN DESCRIPTION OF IC555 17

3.2 SPECIFICATIONS OF 555 TIMER 18

3.3 APPLICATIONS OF 555 TIMER 18

CONTENTS

Chapter 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT

1.1 Introduction 1-2

1.2 Applications 2Chapter 2 PRESENT WORK 2.1 Circuit Diagram 32.2 Components 42.3 Working 5-72.4 How to build 7-82.5 Testing the Kit 8 Chapter 3 DETAILS OF COMPONENTS 3.1 LM7805 Voltage Regulator

3.1.1 Description 93.1.2 Pin Diagram 103.1.3 Internal Block Diagram 103.1.4 Features 11

3.2 Decade Counter IC40173.2.1 Pin Diagram 123.2.2 Circuit Diagram 133.2.3 Timing waveform 143.2.4 Features 143.2.5 Applications 14

3.3 IC555 Timer3.3.1 Description 153.3.2 Pin Diagram 163.3.3 Pin description 173.3.4 Specification 183.3.5 Applications 18

3.4 BT136 Triacs3.4.1 Description 193.4.2 Pin Diagram 193.4.3 Applications 20

3.5 BEL187 NPN Transistor3.5.1 Description 203.5.2 Pin Diagram 203.5.3 Advantages 21

3.5.4 Limitations 22

3.6 IN4148 and In4007 Diodes3.6.1 General Description 233.6.2 Diagram 243.6.3 Applications 24

3.7 Block Diagram 253.7.1 Description of Block Diagram 26-32

Chapter 4 conclusion and Future scope4.1 Conclusion 334.2 Future Scope 33

BIBLIOGRAPHY 34

CHAPTER 1

1.1 Introduction

In this Project 6 Channel Auto Reverse Sequentially Disco Running Lights the bulbs get

turned off and on sequentially this whole project is divided into 5 different blocks and

with the help of each block the output of the project is obtained.These different blocks are

Power Supply, Pulse generator, Counter, Triac Firing circuit and load In which the

decorative bulbs are connected as a laod. The 3 main IC’s are used for making the

circuit. IC7805 it is an voltage regulator ic This circuit is a small +5V power supply

hence this is used to provide the regulated supply .The IC 555 works as the pulse

generator and feeds the clock pulses to IC 4017. IC 4017 is the heart of this circuit. It

works as a counter and gives the output after every 10 pulses. It drives the transistors,

which in turn fire the triacs.

From 230 V AC a DC supply of + 5 V is obtained. The power supply is given to the

other blocks. The pulse generator at a particular frequency generates the clock pulses.

The clock pulses are counted by a counter and gives output after every 10 pulses. The

counter drives the transistors, which form the triac firing circuit. The transistors fire the

triacs and they provide sufficient current to the load. Decorative bulbs are connected as

load for each triac. The bulbs are sequentially turned ON and OFF in forward and reverse

way. The IC 555 works as the pulse generator and feeds the clock pulses to IC 4017. IC

4017 is the heart of this circuit. It works as a counter and gives the output after every 10

pulses. It drives the transistors, which in turn fire the triacs

. The triac provides sufficient current to the load. IC4017 is the heart of the circuit and its

main work is to fire the triacs The CD4017 is a5 stage divide by 10 Johnson counter with

10 decoded outputs and a carry out bit. These counter are cleared to zero by a logical “1”

on their reset line. These counter are advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal

when the clock enable signal is in the logical “0” state. The TRIAC is a three-terminal

device similar in construction and operation to the SCR. The triac controls and conducts

current flow during both alternations of an ac cycle, instead of only onein the TRIAC the

lead on the same side as the gate is "main terminal 1," and the lead opposite the gate is

"main terminal 2." This method of lead labeling is necessary because the TRIAC is

essentially two SCRs back to back .

And instead of all these main components other components like resistors and capacitors

are also having important role in the project. After connecting the whole components

according to the circuit diagram the output can be achieved by switch on the supply.

From the 230V supply a supply of 9v is taken and that 9v supply is applied to the 7805ic

from which 5V regulated supply is obtained, because all the IC’s work on low voltage

and also the voltage rating of the LED’s is upto 5V. And in this way we get the desired

output by using the different components.

1.2 Applications These are basically used in the Discos, Clubs.

In the various parties and different functions.

CHAPTER 2

Present WorkFrom 230 V AC a DC supply of + 5 V is obtained. The power supply is given to the

other blocks. The pulse generator at a particular frequency generates the clock pulses.

The clock pulses are counted by a counter and gives output after every 10 pulses. The

counter drives the transistors, which form the triac firing circuit. The transistors fire the

triacs and they provide sufficient current to the load. Decorative bulbs are connected as

load for each triac. The bulbs are sequentially turned ON and OFF in forward and reverse

way. The IC 555 works as the pulse generator and feeds the clock pulses to IC 4017. IC

4017 is the heart of this circuit. It works as a counter and gives the output after every 10

pulses. It drives the transistors, which in turn fire the triacs

2.1 Circuit Diagram

Fig 2.1

2.2 Component ListResistorsR 1 47 KR2 100 K PotentiometerR3 56 R4 – R9 8.2 KR10 – R15 47 All resistors are carbon composition type of ¼ watt and tolerance of maximum 5%.CapacitorsC 1 1000, 16 V ElectrolyticC 2 1, 16 V ElectrolyticC 3 0.01 Ceramic

Diodes, Transistors and TriacsD 1, D 2 IN 4007D 3 – D 10 IN 4148D 11 – D16 LED, Red color, 5mmT 1 – T 6 BEL 187, NPN TransistorT 7 – T 12 BT 136, 4A/400V

IC’sIC 1 7805, Voltage regulatorIC 2 555, Timer ICIC3 4017, Decade counterMiscellaneousSwitch (S1) 1 Pole 6 way Transformer (T) 230 V / 9 – 0 – 9, 500mAF 1, F 2 Fuse

TABLE-2.1

2.3 WorkingDividing the whole ckt in three parts as power supply section, detection section and

switching section, we have their detailed working as explained below:

1. Pulse Generator: A pulse generator can either be an internal circuit or a piece of electronic test equipment

used to generate pulses.

Simple pulse generators usually allow control of the pulse repetition rate (frequency),

pulse width, delay with respect to an internal or external trigger and the high- and low-

voltage levels of the pulses. More-sophisticated pulse generators may allow control over

the rise time and fall time of the pulses. Pulse generators may use digital techniques,

analog techniques, or a combination of both techniques to form the output pulses. For

example, the pulse repetition rate and duration may be digitally controlled but the pulse

amplitude and rise and fall times may be determined by analog circuitry in the output

stage of the pulse generator. With correct adjustment, pulse generators can also produce a

50% duty cycle square wave. Pulse generators are generally single-channel providing one

frequency, delay, width and output. To produce multiple pulses, these simple pulse

generators would have to be ganged in series or in parallel.

2. Counter

In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device which stores (and sometimes

displays) the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in

relationship to a clock signal. In practice, there are two types of counters:

Up counters, which increase (increment) in value

Down counters, which decrease (decrement) in value

3. Triac Firing Circuit

From 230 V AC a DC supply of + 5 V is obtained. The power supply is given to the

other blocks. The pulse generator at a particular frequency generates the clock pulses.

The clock pulses are counted by a counter and gives output after every 10 pulses.

The counter drives the transistors, which form the triac firing circuit. The transistors fire

the triacs and they provide sufficient current to the load.The triacs are fired with the help

of IC4017 this IC is the heart of the circuit The IC 555 works as the pulse generator and

feeds the clock pulses to IC 4017. IC 4017 is the heart of this circuit. It works as a

counter and gives the output after every 10 pulses.This ic drives the transistors which in

turn fires the triacs The triac provides sufficient current to the load.

4. Power Supply

Simple 5V power supply for digital circuits

This circuit is a small +5V power supply, which is useful when experimenting with

digital electronics. Small inexpensive wall tranformers with variable output voltage are

available from any electronics shop and supermarket. Those transformers are easily

available, but usually their voltage regulation is very poor, which makes then not very

usable for digital circuit experimenter unless a better regulation can be achieved in some

way. The following circuit is the answer to the problem.

This circuit can give +5V output at about 150 mA current, but it can be increased to 1 A

when good cooling is added to 7805 regulator chip. The circuit has over overload and

therminal protection.

5. Load

If an electric circuit has a well-defined output terminal, the circuit connected to this

terminal (or its input impedance) is the load. (The term 'load' may also refer to the power

consumed by a circuit; that topic is not discussed here.)In this case the decorative light

bulbs are used as a load

2.4 How to build

First of all read the given manual thoroughly and study the circuit given in figure.

Also have a look at PCB and components supplied along with the kit. Each

component has to be soldered in its position on PCB.

Identification of resistors is done by color coding. The color band on each resistor

corresponds to its exact value.

There are different methods in which values are defined on capacitors. But

usually values are specified numerically on them. Refer “basic electronics”

section of the manual for details of resistors and capacitors identification

methods.

Can you make out the whole working of the circuit and are you able to identify

each component separately as to where each of them has to be placed.

If yes, only then proceed further to actually mounting and soldering the parts.

Not IC’s but their sockets are to be soldered on PCB. This is to make mounting

and dismounting of ICs easy while troubleshooting.

Start from left most corner of PCB and soldered the components one by one on

their correct position on PCB.

Before soldering any component see that you have placed it as its right position

and with correct polarity. Give due attention to diodes and electrolytic capacitors

as they are polarity dependent.

Do the soldering of other components in same manner while keeping in mind that

components will long and sensitive leads like capacitors and transistors are

soldered last.

2.5 Testing the kit

1. After done with soldering of components, externally connect transformer as shown in

diagram.

2. Connect AC mains power supply to transformer. LEDs will glow instantly on each

power on operation.

3. If the LEDs will not glow effectively then change the resistance by using variable

resistance.

4. It’s not at all necessary to connect devices in same fashion as shown.

3.1 Pin Diagram of LM7805(VOLTAGE REGULATOR)

Fig 3.1

3.1.1 Description

This circuit is a small +5V power supply.The circuit will provide a regulated voltage to

the external circuit which may also I am required in any part of the external circuit or the

whole external circuit.The best part is that you can also use it to convert AC voltage to

DC and then regulate it ,simlpy You need a transformer to make the AC main drop down

to a safe value i.e 12-15 volts and then us a rectifier to convert AC into DC.

This circuit can give +5V output at about 150 mA current, but it can be increased to 1 A

when good cooling is added to 7805 regulator chip. The circuit has over overload and

therminal protection. The capacitors must have enough high voltage rating to safely

handle the input voltage feed to circuit. The circuit is very easy to build for example into

a piece of veroboard. If you need other voltages than +5V, you can modify the circuit by

replacing the 7805 chips with another regulator with different output voltage from

regulator 78xx chip family

3.1.2 Pinout of the 7805 regulator IC.

3.1.3 Internal Block Diagram:

Fig 3.2

3.1.4 Features

• Output Current up to 1A

• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V

• Thermal Overload Protection

• Short Circuit Protection

• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

3.2 IC 4017 Decade Counter

The CD4017 is a5 stage divide by 10 Johnson counter with 10 decoded outputs and a

carry out bit. These counter are cleared to zero by a logical “1” on their reset line. These

counter are advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable

signal is in the logical “0” state.

The configuration of CD4017 permits medium speed operation and assures hazard free

counting sequence. The 10 decoded outputs are normally in the logical “0” state and go to

the logical “1” state only at eir respective time slots.

Each decoded outputs remains high for 1 full clock cycle. The carry out cycle completes

a full cycle for every 10 clock input cycle and is used as a ripple carry signal to any

succeeding stage.The 4017 decade counter has ten outputs which go HIGH in sequence

when a source of pulses is connected to the CLOCK input and when suitable logic levels

are applied to the RESET and ENABLE inputs.

3.2.1 Pin Diagram

Fig 3.3

3.2.2 Circuit Diagram:

Fig 3.4

3.2.3 Description:

The decade counter is also known as a mod-10 counter.

A decade counter counts from 0 to 9 and then resets to zero.

The counter output can be set to zero by pulsing the reset line low.

The count then increments on each clock pulse until it reaches 1001 (decimal 9).

When it increments to 1010 (decimal 10)  both inputs of the NAND gate go high.

The result is that the NAND output goes low, and resets the counter to zero. D going low

can be a CARRY OUT signal, indicating that there has been a count of ten

3.2.4 Timing Waveform:

Fig 3.53.2.4 Features

Voltage supply range 3V to 15V

High noise immunity 0.45Vdd

Low power 10μV

Fully static operation

3.2.6 Applications

Instrumentation

Alarm system

Remote metering

3.3 IC LM 555 Timer

3.3.1 Description

The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or oscillation.

Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay

mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor.

For astable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and duty cycle are

accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be

triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can source or sink up to

200mA or drive TTL circuits.

Fig 3.6

The 555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) implementing a variety of timer and

multivibrator applications. The IC was designed by Hans R. Camenzind in 1970 and

brought to market in 1971 by Signetics (later acquired by Philips). The original name was

the SE555 (metal can)/NE555 (plastic DIP) and the part was described as "The IC Time

Machine"[1]. It has been claimed that the 555 gets its name from the three 5-kohm

resistors used in typical early implementations,[2] but Hanz Camenzind has stated that the

number was arbitrary[3]. The part is still in wide use, thanks to its ease of use, low price

and good stability. As of 2003, it is estimated that 1 billion units are manufactured every

year[3].

Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes over 20 transistors, 2

diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package

Ultra-low power versions of the 555 are also available, such as the 7555 and TLC555. [5]

The 7555 requires slightly different wiring using fewer external components and less

power.

The 555 has three operating modes:

Monostable mode: in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot". Applications

include timers, missing pulse detection, bouncefree switches, touch switches,

frequency divider, capacitance measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM) etc

Astable - free running mode: the 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses include

LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security

alarms, pulse position modulation, etc.

Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin

is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bouncefree latched

switches, etc.

3.3.2 Pin Diagram of 555 IC

Fig 3.73.3.3 Pin Description:

Nr. Name Purpose

1 GND Ground, low level (0V)

2 TRIG A short pulse high-to-low on the trigger starts the timer

3 OUT During a timing interval, the output stays at +VCC

4 RESET A timing interval can be interrupted by applying a reset pulse to low (0V)

5 CTRL Control voltage allows access to the internal voltage divider (2/3 VCC)

6 THR The threshold at which the interval ends (it ends if U.thr → 2/3 VCC)

7 DISConnected to a capacitor whose discharge time will influence the timing interval

8 V+, VCC The positive supply voltage which must be between 3 and 15 V

TABLE-3.1ParametersTemperature Min. 0 deg cTemperature Max. 70 deg c

3.3.4 Specifications:

These specifications apply to the NE555. Other 555 timers can have better specifications

depending on the grade (military, medical, etc).

Supply voltage (VCC) 4.5 to 15 V

Supply current (VCC = +5 V) 3 to 6 mA

Supply current (VCC = +15 V) 10 to 15 mA

Output current (maximum) 200 mA

Power dissipation 600 mW

Operating temperature 0 to 70 °C

TABLE-3.2

3.3.5 Applications

• Precision timing• Pulse generation• Sequential timing• Time delay generation• Pulse width modulation• Pulse position modulation• Linear ramp generator

TABLE-3.3

3.4 BT136 (Triacs)

3.4.1 Description

The TRIAC is a three-terminal device similar in construction and operation to the SCR.

The TRIAC controls and conducts current flow during both alternations of an ac cycle,

instead of only one. The schematic symbols for the SCR and the TRIAC are compared in

figure 3-23. Both the SCR and the TRIAC have a gate lead. However, in the TRIAC the

lead on the same side as the gate is "main terminal 1," and the lead opposite the gate is

"main terminal 2." This method of lead labeling is necessary because the TRIAC is

essentially two SCRs back to back, with a common gate and common terminals. Each

terminal is, in effect, the anode of one SCR and the cathode of another, and either

terminal can receive an input. In fact, the functions of a TRIAC can be duplicated by

connecting two actual SCRs as shown in figure 3-24. The result is a three-terminal device

identical to the TRIAC. The common anode-cathode connections form main terminals 1

and 2, and the common gate forms terminal 3.

SCRs are unidirectional (one-way) current devices, making them useful for controlling

DC only. If two SCRs are joined in back-to-back parallel fashion just like two Shockley

diodes were joined together to form a DIAC, we have a new device known as the TRIAC

3.4.2 IC BT136

Fig 3.8

3.4.3 Symbol and Equivalent Circuit:

Fig 3.9

3.5. BEL187 Transistors:

3.5.1 Description of NPN Transistor:

A bipolar (junction) transistor (BJT) is a three-terminal electronic device constructed

of doped semiconductor material and may be used in amplifying or switching

applications. Bipolar transistors are so named because their operation involves both

electrons and holes. Charge flow in a BJT is due to bidirectional diffusion of charge

carriers across a junction between two regions of different charge concentrations. This

mode of operation is contrasted with unipolar transistors, such as field-effect transistors,

in which only one carrier type is involved in charge flow due to drift. By design, most of

the BJT collector current is due to the flow of charges injected from a high-concentration

emitter into the base where they are minority carriers that diffuse toward the collector,

and so BJTs are classified as minority-carrier devices.

Fig 3.10

3.5.2 Advantages

The key advantages that have allowed transistors to replace their vacuum tube

predecessors in most applications are

Small size and minimal weight, allowing the development of miniaturized

electronic devices.

Highly automated manufacturing processes, resulting in low per-unit cost.

Lower possible operating voltages, making transistors suitable for small, battery-

powered applications.

No warm-up period for cathode heaters required after power application.

Lower power dissipation and generally greater energy efficiency.

Higher reliability and greater physical ruggedness.

Extremely long life. Some transistorized devices have been in service for more

than 30 years.

Complementary devices available, facilitating the design of complementary-

symmetry circuits, something not possible with vacuum tubes.

Insensitivity to mechanical shock and vibration, thus avoiding the problem of

microphonics in audio applications.

3.5.3 Limitations

Silicon transistors do not operate at voltages higher than about 1,000 volts (SiC

devices can be operated as high as 3,000 volts). In contrast, electron tubes have

been developed that can be operated at tens of thousands of volts.

High power, high frequency operation, such as used in over-the-air television

broadcasting, is better achieved in electron tubes due to improved electron

mobility in a vacuum.

On average, a higher degree of amplification linearity can be achieved in electron

tubes as compared to equivalent solid state devices, a characteristic that may be

important in high fidelity audio reproduction.

Silicon transistors are much more sensitive than electron tubes to an electromagnetic

pulse, such as generated by an atmospheric nuclear explosion

3.6 DIODE:

In electronics a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts electric

current in only one direction. The term usually refers to a semiconductor diode, the most

common type today, which is a crystal of semiconductor connected to two electrical

terminals, a P-N junction. A vacuum tube diode, now little used, is a vacuum tube with

two electrodes; a plate and a cathode.

The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current in one direction

(called the forward direction) while blocking current in the opposite direction (the

reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a check

valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert

alternating current to direct current, and remove modulation from radio signals in radio

receivers.

However diodes can have more complicated behavior than this simple on-off action, due

to their complex non-linear electrical characteristics, which can be tailored by varying the

construction of their P-N junction. These are exploited in special purpose diodes that

perform many different functions. Diodes are used to regulate voltage (Zener diodes),

electronically tune radio and TV receivers (varactor diodes), generate radio frequency

oscillations (tunnel diodes), and produce light (light emitting diodes).

3.6.1 IN4148 and IN4007 Diode

Fig 3.11

3.6.2 Types of Diodes:

Fig 3.12

3.6.3 Applications

Radio demodulation

Power conversion

Over-voltage protection

Logic gates

Temperature measurements

Current steering

3.7 Block Diagram of 6 Channel Auto Reverse Sequential Disco

Running Lights:

Fig 3.13

3.7.1 Description of the Block Diagram:

1. Pulse Generator

2. Counter

3. Triac Firing Circuit

4. Power Supply

5. Load

1. Pulse Generator:

A pulse generator can either be an internal circuit or a piece of electronic test equipment

used to generate pulses.

Simple pulse generators usually allow control of the pulse repetition rate (frequency),

pulse width, delay with respect to an internal or external trigger and the high- and low-

voltage levels of the pulses. More-sophisticated pulse generators may allow control over

the rise time and fall time of the pulses. Pulse generators may use digital techniques,

analog techniques, or a combination of both techniques to form the output pulses. For

example, the pulse repetition rate and duration may be digitally controlled but the pulse

amplitude and rise and fall times may be determined by analog circuitry in the output

stage of the pulse generator. With correct adjustment, pulse generators can also produce a

50% duty cycle square wave. Pulse generators are generally single-channel providing one

frequency, delay, width and output. To produce multiple pulses, these simple pulse

generators would have to be ganged in series or in parallel.

A new family of pulse generators can produce multiple-channels of independent widths

and delays and independent outputs and polarities. Often called digital delay/pulse

generators, the newest designs even offer differing repetition rates with each channel.

These digital delay generators are useful in synchronizing, delaying, gating and triggering

multiple devices usually with respect to one event. One is also able to multiplex the

timing of several channels onto one channel in order to trigger or even gate the same

device multiple times.

A new class of pulse generator offers both multiple input trigger connections and

multiple output connections. Multiple input triggers allows experimenters to synchronize

both trigger events and data acquisition events using the same timing controller.

Pulse generators are available for generating output pulses having widths (durations)

ranging from minutes down to under 1 picosecond. In general, generators for pulses with

widths over a few microseconds employ digital counters for timing these pulses, while

widths between approximately 1 nanosecond and several microseconds are typically

generated by analog techniques such as RC (resistor-capacitor) networks or switched

delay lines. Pulse generators capable of generating pulses with widths under

approximately 100 picoseconds are often termed "microwave pulsers", and typically

generate these ultra-short pulses using Step recovery diode (SRD) or Nonlinear

Transmission Line (NLTL) methods (see, for example, [1]). Step Recovery Diode pulse

generators are inexpensive but typically require several volts of input drive level and

have a moderately high level of random jitter (usually undesirable variation in the time at

which successive pulses occur). NLTL-based pulse generators generally have lower jitter,

but are more complex to manufacture, and are not suited for integration in low-cost

monolithic ICs. A new class of microwave pulse generation architecture, the RACE

(Rapid Automatic Cascode Exchange) pulse generation circuit [2],[3], is implemented

using low-cost monolithic IC technology and can produce pulses as short as 1

picosecond, and with a repetition rates exceeding 30 billion pulses per second. These

pulsers are typically used in military communications applications, and low-power

microwave transceiver ICs. Such pulsers, if driven by a continuous frequency clock, will

as microwave comb generators, having output freqency components at integer multiples

of the pulse repetition rate, and extending to well over 100 gigahertz (see, for example,

[4]).

Pulse generators are generally voltage sources, with true current pulse generators being

available only from a few suppliers. Light pulse generators are the optical equivalent to

electrical pulse generators with rep rate, delay, width and amplitude control. The output

in this case is light typically from a LED or laser diode.

These pulses can then be injected into a device under test and used as a stimulus or clock

signal or analyzed as they progress through the device, confirming the proper operation

of the device or pinpointing a fault in the device. Pulse generators are also used to drive

devices such as switches, lasers and optical components, modulators, intensifiers as well

as resistive loads.The output of a pulse generator may also be used as the modulation

signal for a signal generator. Non-electronic applications include those in material

science, medical, physics and chemistry.

2. Counter:

In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device which stores (and sometimes

displays) the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in

relationship to a clock signal. In practice, there are two types of counters:

Up counters, which increase (increment) in value

Down counters, which decrease (decrement) in value

In electronics, counters can be implemented quite easily using register-type circuits such

as the flip-flop, and a wide variety of designs exist, e.g:

Asynchronous (ripple) counter – changing state bits are used as clocks to

subsequent state flip-flops

Synchronous counter – all state bits change under control of a single clock

Decade counter – counts through ten states per stage

Up–down counter – counts both up and down, under command of a control input

Ring counter – formed by a shift register with feedback connection in a ring

Johnson counter – a twisted ring counter

Cascaded counter

Decade counter

A decade counter is one that counts in decimal digits, rather than binary. A decimal

counter may have each digit binary encoded (that is, it may count in binary-coded

decimal, as the 7490 integrated circuit did) or other binary encodings (such as the bi-

quinary encoding of the 7490 integrated circuit). Alternatively, it may have a "fully

decoded" or one-hot output code in which each output goes high in turn; the 4017 was

such a circuit. The latter type of circuit finds applications in multiplexers and

demultiplexers, or wherever a scanning type of behaviour is useful. Similar counters with

different numbers of outputs are also common.

The decade counter is also known as a mod-10 counter.

A decade counter counts from 0 to 9 and then resets to zero.

The counter output can be set to zero by pulsing the reset line low.

The count then increments on each clock pulse until it reaches 1001 (decimal 9).

When it increments to 1010 (decimal 10)  both inputs of the NAND gate go high.

The result is that the NAND output goes low, and resets the counter to zero.

D going low can be a CARRY OUT signal, indicating that there has been a count of ten

3. Triac Firing Circuit

From 230 V AC a DC supply of + 5 V is obtained. The power supply is given to the

other blocks. The pulse generator at a particular frequency generates the clock pulses.

The clock pulses are counted by a counter and gives output after every 10 pulses.

The counter drives the transistors, which form the triac firing circuit. The transistors fire

the triacs and they provide sufficient current to the load.The triacs are fired with the help

of IC4017 this IC is the heart of the circuit The IC 555 works as the pulse generator and

feeds the clock pulses to IC 4017. IC 4017 is the heart of this circuit. It works as a

counter and gives the output after every 10 pulses.This ic drives the transistors which in

turn fires the triacs The triac provides sufficient current to the load.

. Decorative bulbs are connected as load for each triac. The bulbs are sequentially turned

ON and OFF in forward and reverse way.

4. Power Supply

Simple 5V power supply for digital circuits

Summary of circuit features

Brief description of operation: Gives out well regulated +5V output, output

current capability of 100 mA

Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts down output when

regulator IC gets too hot

Circuit complexity: Very simple and easy to build

Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable operation

Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very common basic

components

Design testing: Based on datasheet example circuit, I have used this circuit

succesfully as part of many electronics projects

Applications: Part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply

Power supply voltage: Unreglated DC 8-18V power supply

Power supply current: Needed output current + 5 mA

Component costs: Few dollars for the electronics components + the input

transformer cost

Circuit description

This circuit is a small +5V power supply, which is useful when experimenting with

digital electronics. Small inexpensive wall tranformers with variable output voltage are

available from any electronics shop and supermarket. Those transformers are easily

available, but usually their voltage regulation is very poor, which makes then not very

usable for digital circuit experimenter unless a better regulation can be achieved in some

way. The following circuit is the answer to the problem.

This circuit can give +5V output at about 150 mA current, but it can be increased to 1 A

when good cooling is added to 7805 regulator chip. The circuit has over overload and

therminal protection.

Circuit diagram of the power supply.

The capacitors must have enough high voltage rating to safely handle the input voltage

feed to circuit. The circuit is very easy to build for example into a piece of veroboard.

Pinout of the 7805 regulator IC.

1. Unregulated voltage in

2. Ground

3. Regulated voltage out

Component list

7805 regulator IC

100 uF electrolytic capacitor, at least 25V voltage rating

10 uF electrolytic capacitor, at least 6V voltage rating

100 nF ceramic or polyester capacitor

Modification ideas

More output current

If you need more than 150 mA of output current, you can update the output current up to

1A doing the following modifications:

Change the transformer from where you take the power to the circuit to a model

which can give as much current as you need from output

Put a heatsink to the 7805 regulator (so big that it does not overheat because of

the extra losses in the regulator)

Other output voltages

If you need other voltages than +5V, you can modify the circuit by replacing the 7805

chips with another regulator with different output voltage from regulator 78xx chip

family. The last numbers in the the chip code tells the output voltage. Remember that the

input voltage muts be at least 3V greater than regulator output voltage ot otherwise the

regulator does not work well

5. Load

If an electric circuit has a well-defined output terminal, the circuit connected to this

terminal (or its input impedance) is the load. (The term 'load' may also refer to the power

consumed by a circuit; that topic is not discussed here.)In this case the decorative light

bulbs are used as a load

Chapter 4

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

Conclusion

The objective of this project was to illustrate the idea that what is the actual principle

behind the lights that sequentially turn on and off that are used in almost in every

function or party. so after following the all the step that are discussed earlier in this report

we will be able to obtain the required output .The project is an example of a practical

application which can be used in an disco.

Future scope

LED's work by using different semi-conducting materials to make electrons jump from

one material to the other. This "electron jump" makes the electrons emit photons in the

form of visible light, and the color of the light is dependent on the different materials

used in the diode. This process uses much less electricity to create the light, however the

intensity (lumens) are less than other forms of light. However, with more research and

more people buying these household LED's, you can bet that the cost per lumen will

continue to drop and we will soon have a superior product at very competitive

prices.L.E.D. DANCE FLOORS creatingb lighting colors!

LED DISCO-PANEL is specially Designed for the Night Club Industry!

BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.datasheetcatalog.com

www.efy.com

www.electronicsforyou.com

www.google.com