6 Feb Opener: Who came up

with the idea of evolution? Agenda

Review of Natural Selection

Big Picture on Evolution

Homework

Experience

Intuition

Authority

Philosophy

Science

Science, in terms of the ways of knowing

discussed by Kerlinger (1973), might be

considered a special case of the

combination of experience and reason.

While inspiration or intuition often plays

an important role in scientific discovery,

it must be subjected to experience that

can be publicly verified and reason

before it is accepted.

Ways of Knowing

Evolution Misconceptions

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/misconceps/IHowitworks.shtml

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/variation/misconceptions/

10 Feb Opener:

What types of evidence do you think Darwin used to support his idea of natural selection?

Agenda History of Evolutionary

Thought

Homework none

Natural selection There is heritable variation within

populations

More offspring are born than can survive

The result is a competition for limited resources

Some organisms survive & reproduce based on adaptationCharles Darwin

11-13 Feb Opener:

What types of evidence do you think Darwin used to support his idea of natural selection?

Agenda Evidence for Evolution

by Natural Selection Prezi

Homework

Evidence for Evolution Prezi:

http://prezi.com/-22ga7qqd6hr/copy-of-ap-bio-evolution-3-evidence-of-evolution/

16 Feb Opener: The diagram below

shows a comparison of nitrogen base sequences in the DNA of some organisms to those of a human.  According to this diagram, humans may be most closely related to _________

Agenda Great Transformations

video

Homework none

17 Feb Opener Agenda

Finish Video Evidence for Evolution

worksheets

Homework

18 Feb Opener: The diagram below

shows a comparison of nitrogen base sequences in the DNA of some organisms to those of a human.  According to this diagram, humans may be most closely related to _________

Agenda Review

Homework Formative quiz

tomorrow

19 Feb Agenda

Unit 8 Formative Quiz

Homework

Extra Slides

4 Apr Opener Agenda

Welcome Back! New Seats Review natural selection Artificial Selection

Homework Read p. 287 and 8.2 (again) BRING BOOK TOMORROW

Examples of Natural Selection

In a group of Zebras, some are fast, some are slow

Lions catch the slowest zebras first

Slow zebras are often killed before they can reproduce

Therefore, the genes for slowness don’t get passed on, but the genes for fastness do

Over time, the population of zebras becomes faster

•How else could a population of Zebras change to avoid being eaten?•How do you think the population of lions changes?

5 Apr Opener:

Page 287 in our book talks a lot about “chance and selection” in regard to evolution. How does “chance and selection” summarize evolution?

Agenda Chapter 8

participation assignment

Co-evolution/mimicry

Homework None

6 Apr Agenda

Mimicry Start “Evolutionary Arms

Race”

7 Apr Agenda

Finish “Evolutionary Arms Race”

Review for Quiz

Evolution is not disputed among mainstream scientists – how it occurs is.

Regents Biology

Evidence for Evolutionby

Natural Selection

Regents Biology

Evidence supporting evolution Fossil record

shows change over time

Anatomical record comparing body structures

homology & vestigial structures embryology & development

Molecular record comparing protein & DNA sequences

Artificial selection Biogeography

Regents Biology

1. Fossil record Layers of rock contain fossils

new layers cover older ones creates a record over time

fossils show a series of organisms have lived on Earth over a long period of time

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Fossils tell a story…

the Earth is oldthe Earth is old

Life is oldLife is old

Life on Earth has changedLife on Earth has changed

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Fossil of Archaeopteryx lived about 150 mya links reptiles & birds

Today’s organisms descended from ancestral species

Today’s organisms descended from ancestral species

Evolution of birds

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Land Mammal

?

???

Where are the

intermediate

fossils?Where are the

intermediate

fossils?

Ocean Mammal

Someone’s idea of a joke!

But the joke’s on them!!

Complete seriesof transitional

fossils

We found the fossil — no joke!

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Evolution from sea to land 2006 fossil discovery of early tetrapod

4 limbs Missing link from sea to land animals

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2. Anatomical record

Animals with different structures on the surfaceAnimals with different structures on the surface

But when you look under the skin…But when you look under the skin…

It tells an evolutionary story of common ancestorsIt tells an evolutionary story of common ancestors

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Compare the bones The same bones under the skin

limbs that perform different functions are built from the same bones

How could thesevery different animals

have the same bones?

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Homologous structures Structures that come from the same origin

homo- = same -logous = information

Forelimbs of human, cats, whales, & bats same structure

on the inside same development in embryo different functions

on the outside evidence of common ancestor

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But don’t be fooled by these…

Analogous structures look similar

on the outside same function different structure & development

on the inside different origin no evolutionary relationship

Solving a similar problem with a similar solutionSolving a similar problem with a similar solution

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Analogous structures Dolphins: aquatic mammal Fish: aquatic vertebrate

both adapted to life in the sea

not closely related

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Convergent evolution 3 groups with wings

Does this mean they have a recent common ancestor?

Flight evolved 3 separate times — evolving similar solutions to similar “problems”

Flight evolved 3 separate times — evolving similar solutions to similar “problems”

No!

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Convergent Evolution

Human Eye (blind spot)

Octopus Eye (no blind spot)

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Convergent evolution led to mimicry Why do these pairs look so similar?

Monarch male Viceroy male

fly bee moth bee

Which is the fly vs. the bee?Which is the moth vs. the bee?

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Vestigial organs- body part that no longer serves a function

Hind leg bones on whale fossils

Why would whales have pelvis & leg bones if they were always sea creatures?

Why would whales have pelvis & leg bones if they were always sea creatures?

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Comparative embryology Development of embryo tells an

evolutionary story similar structures during development

all vertebrate embryos have a “gill pouch” at one stage of development all vertebrate embryos have a “gill pouch” at one stage of development

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3. Molecular record

100 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

LampreyFrogBirdDogMacaqueHuman

328 45 67 125

Comparing DNA & protein structure everyone uses the same genetic code!

DNA

compare common genes compare common proteins

compare common genes compare common proteins

number of amino acids different from human hemoglobinnumber of amino acids different from human hemoglobin

Regents Biology

Building “family” treesClosely related species are branches on the tree — coming from a common ancestorClosely related species are branches on the tree — coming from a common ancestor

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How do we know natural selection can change a population? we can recreate a similar process “evolution by human selection”

4. Artificial selection

“descendants” of wild mustard“descendants” of wild mustard

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Selective BreedingHumans create the change over timeHumans create the change over time

“descendants” of the wolf“descendants” of the wolf

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Artificial Selection…and the examples keep coming!

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Artificial Selection gone bad! Unexpected

consequences of artificial selection

Pesticide resistancePesticide resistance

Antibiotic resistanceAntibiotic resistance

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Insecticide resistance Spray the field, but…

insecticide didn’t kill all individuals variation

resistant survivors reproduce

resistance is inherited insecticide becomes

less & less effective

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Organisms found in a particular area tend to be more closely related to each other than they are to organisms found in other areas.

5. Biogeography

Regents Biology