64

TABLE 1. DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF SELECTED DEVELOPINGECONOMIES IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION, 1993

Per Capita

GNP

(US$)

Growth

Rate OfiReal GDP

(Percent)

Population(1994)

(million)

Male Literacy

Rate

(Percent)

Country

95

96

99

87

96

99

65

99

94

88

9387476247

924448

19,31017,860

10,8507,6703,160

2,140

2,0401,610

1,5401,230

1,120980830830820

750730710600490430290220170

10.15.86.3

5.88.31.86.23.7

4.016.5

-16.02.16.2

7.3

6.915.11.93.74.58.1

4.1

1.7

0.4

6.08.7

2.90

6.10

21.0044.50

19.50

0.7859.40

0.1016.90

0.164.000.174.50

68.600.250.37

190.7077.4017.80

1191.80

126.60900.50

17.1072.5017.40

9.9019.10

0.050.11

43.900.01

Singapore

Hong KongTaiwan, Provo of China

Republic of Korea

Malaysia

FijiThailandTonga

KazakstanVanuatu

Papua New GuineaWestern Samoa

KyrgyzstanPhilippinesMaldivesSolomon Islands

IndonesiaKiribati (1993 fig.)Sri LankaPRCPakistanIndia

BangladeshViet Nam

AfghanistanCambodiaCook IslandsMarshall Islands

Micronesia, Fed. States

MyanmarTuvalu

--89

--indicates data not available.Source. Asian Development Bank (1995), Ke¥ Indicators of DeveloRing Asia

and Pacific Countries.

65

TABLE 2. MERCHANT SHIPPING FLEETS BY COUNTRY OF REGISTRY,

ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIES, 1985, 1990 and 1994.

1990 1994

No.

000 GT

No.

000 GT

No.

000 GTEast AsiaChina,

PRTaiwanHong

KongJapanKorea,

N.Korea, S.Macau

Subtotal

1,948660375

10,00089

2,110

13.905.776.5727.08

0.447.78

2,701642358

9,706115

2,1213

15,646

15.836.007.70

22.100.707.000.00

59.33

1,991396

10,28869

1,847

14639

07,

~169.171~182~

33

1,653

0.000.00

1.94

423

1,8841

498142

1,420774296273

5333

o.O.

2.O.

1.O.

8.7.'

O.

O.

23.

624

2,1362

632132

1,5181,239

459445

6629

00

202.

O.9.

1110

29

4691061,000

758244128

4364

1.770.124.596.500.590.30

15.82

Southeast AsiaBruneiCambodiaIndonesiaLaosMalaysiaMyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietnam

Subtotal

260741

3520774

91

1,228

0.366.60

0.130.040.450.000.638.22

308855

45.3671

678

1,399

0.466.48

0.080.100.350.000.357.82

287

881

56

5862

9

56

1,409

0.386.49

0.070.210.380.000.297.81

South

AsiaBangladeshIndiaMaldive

Is.MauritiusPakistanSeychellesSri

LankaSubtotal

0.000.052.38

1.010.550.052.350.510.020.353.140.063.680.870.02

15.03

0.000.054.74

1.040.530.041.850.310.020.361.680.083.720.750.02

15.19

0.000.173.80

0.880.650.062.020.260.020.561.060.285.451.020.02

16.25

79347

14864

8245247

2860

39853

817232

372763

87393

143586

2251752767

31168

86925339

2721

90429

117574

2121392061

262168

1,00029740

2896

West AsiaBahrainIran

IraqIsraelJordan

KuwaitLebanon

OmanQatarSaudi Arabia

SyriaTurkeyU.A.E.

'r'emen

Subtotal

.90

.65

.94.51.17

3600

180072B351936193

08

.37

.01

6800736841

.89

.37

.77~

66

TABLE 2. Continued.

72163

2.51

10.06

652 2.091

1178426

228

6

915

23,861

0.300.030.010.000.140.032.58110.81

1358435

2273

91322

25,7327.8

78,336

2.50

0.260.040.010.002.160.035.07

112.691.70

423.63

1.77

6285519

155853311

2877

1280

27,8608.3

80,676

3.00

3.010.030.010.250.050.010.052.000.015.41

118.725.35

475.86

12.33

AustraliaFijiMicronesia

New ZealandPapua N.G.Solomon

Is.TuvaluVanuatuW.

Samoa

SubtotalTotal

Asia Pac.% increaseWorld%

increaseAsia-Pacific

as% of World Total

76,395

~~

31.23 26.621 32.85 26.601 34.53 24.951

Source. Lloyd's Register of Shipping, Statistical Tables, 1985, 1990 and 1994.

MW-Jm«.- -(/)W-J~IZ0I-ZQ-J-Jm-M0)0)~I0ro...0)~00£t:~(.)u.0Wc..~>-mwc~I-WZ£t:0m~w(/)C-J£t:0~~

I

I

~~(5Q)

"0::JL-() 81 c.~Gi ~I

m ~I0>

~I

00 It)

0 (")

1I'--COCOO>O>

0>0>0>0>0>~~

~~

~

L/)"'" ~

0

1Q)

"f'- CO-

0>-

~~

~

It) f"..

"f" (V

) 0

1f"..OOOf".."f"

"f" °-

°- °-

°-

~~

~~

co 0

0 0

0

1~NL()'ft"ft' ~f'--f'--'ft'CON

riri,.f,.f

~

f'.. L().,- °1

L() f'..

(0 (0

01

(0 f'..

0.,-000

~

M f'..- ai

.,-.,-.,-.,-.,-

;II>>-.P

-c:'-roQ)U-Ee"-C>c::p0:Jc-CO0-NQ)::0rof-(Y)0>0>~t0II>c:rot=Q)

..§"t:ro~"-0~Q)":;:Q)~()~l)z~Q)u'-:J0(/)

67

68

TABLE 4. NATIONAL AND BENEFICIALL V-OWNED SHIPPING FLEETS OF MAJOR

ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIES, 31 DECEMBER 1993.

I tl as U;o ot~

World Ttl IFlag Flag Total Flag I15.94

29.73

21.279.85

5.35

2.566.40

10.397.39

7.603.74

8.010.912.913.30

as

% of Ttl24.3464.93

29.37

46.94

83.94

36.12

28.97

6.8237.943.13

6.750.02

78.327.88

23.4

3.2212.95

4.62.835.080.611.371.7

1.821.2

0.611.220.640.480.66

1077

1460

448

95426

310

395

191

363

276

15360

8036

1824

256

217

544

95

192

42

200

20

161

41

187

2901

1716

665

639

521

502

437

391383

292

154101

9843

COUNTRYRussian FednJapanChinaS.

Korea

Hong KongIndonesiaSingapore

IndiaTaiwan

TurkeyPhilippinesIranSaudi

ArabiaAustralia

Kuwait---

L Total I

~Share (%) I

8051

3747

~

135.33 70.07 205.39 478.871 38.99168.3 31.8 100.0 65.9 34.10 100.0

17911 1014228053 330.20 3,247.26

World

Total% of World

Total

49.58' 100~

45.00 36.90 100.001 40.98 21.60 100.00

NUMBER OF NATIONAL AND FOREIGNREGISTERED SHIPS, ASIA-PACIFIC (END 1993)

Kuwait

Australia

Saudi Arabia

Iran

Philippines

Turkey

Taiwan

India

Singapore

Indonesia

~~z~0u

S. Korea

China

Japan

Russian Fedn

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

~ UNCTAD (1994), Review of Maritime Transgort 1993, Table 10, p. 25.

_!~~~5.135.058.848.71

27.961.452.610.764.520.250.270.003.270.251.01

Total21.0784.7830.1118.5633.304.019.00

11.1511.907.85

I

4.018.014.183.164.31

69

TABLE 5. NUMBER OF SHIPS ON ORDER BY COUNTRY OF DOMICILE

AND COUNTRY OF FLAG, ASIA-PACIFIC COUNTRIES,

AS AT JUNE 1995

Country or area Country of Domicile Count'Y~q- Total on Order

dwt

no.

dwt

no.

dwt

no.

318

109

93

5550

625

72.09

12,283.0

6,497.7

5,596.52,093.5

2,227.928,698.6

74.59

144

41

305527

29760.61

2,416.12,293.41,935.01,235.11,524.49,404.0

57.21

46215012311077

92267.94

14,699.18,791.17,531.53,328.63,752.3

38,102.669.38

East AsiaJapanHong

KongKorea, SouthChinaTaiwan

Sub-total% of total

Southeast AsiaSingaporeMalaysiaIndonesiaThailandPhilippinesMyanmar

Sub-total% of total

6025

23204

2,413.9695.9131.0264.725.06.0

3,536.59.19

6624

15252

11423.27

2,050.3811.5100.930.095.06.0

3,093.7018.82

126493822

94

24838.72

4,464.21,507.4

231.9294.7120.0

12.06,630.2

12.07134~~

70

TABLE 6. A CREW MODEL BASED ON THE SHIPBOARD ORGANIZATIONFOR A MODERN SHIP

Number

Staff: CaptainChief engineerChief officer

111

Communication: Radio officer

1

Operation:Maintenance:

Dual-licensed officers

EngineerTechnical assistant

Dual-purpose ratingsApprentice

3

11

3

1

Catering Steward/cookSteward

11

Total 15

71

TABLE 7. TRENDS FOR CREW COMPLEMENT FOR VARIOUSSHIP TYPES, 1982-1992

Source: Alam (1992)

72

TABLE 8. SUPPLY OF AND DEMAND FOR SEAFARERS INASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIES, 1990

I~ Estimated Demand IOfficers I~a~

Surplus IOfficers I~Q!--J

East Asia

China, PR

China (Taiwan)

Hong Kong

JapanKorea, NorthKorea,

South_-

Sub-total% of Total Asia

20,9444,2662,131

23,7151,103

~69,72739.48

76,860 I2,597 I

4,04122.848

2,473

29,183

138,002

128.67

28,6222,6743,586

28,842879~

72,51356.63

61,356

2,6554,881

30,8502,2329,899

111,87355.31 j

322

1,592(1,455)(5,127)

224~

5,2148.10

15,504(58)

(840)(8,002)

241

19,284

26,1298.94

Southeast Asia

Indonesia

MalaysiaMyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeVietnam

Sub-total% of Total Asia

14,5101,8535,025

46,782842~

73,01241.34

37,9003,912

10,070143,377

2,895~209,154

43.45

10,0453,381

869

10,5266,670~

33,02725.79

18,8234,1432,055

13,2768,2733,241

49,81124.62

4,465(1,528)4,156

36,256(5,828)~

39,98562.09

19,077(231)

8,015130,101

(5,378)7,759

159,34354.55

South Asia

India

BangladeshMaldive IslandsMauritiusPakistan

SeychellesSri Lanka

Sub-total% of Total Asia

12,8791,100

231,8852,400

55

~19,480

1103

34,3116,7502,0884,4395,000

320

6,822

59,73012.41

6,1641,953

409

1,743474

24514

11,2818.81

15,8233,625

8263,7581,178

28629

25,86712.79

6,715(853)(386)142

1,92631

624

8,19912.73

18,4883,1251,262

681

3,822292

6,193

33,8631159

West Asia

BahrainIran

IraqIsraelJordanLebanonOmanQatarSaudi Arabia

TurkeyUAEYemen

2002,608

670151285

1,11386

247

1,5942,8191,133

40

10,94617.00

50965

65483

660350

1,172100

67,130

68,402 I~

9,768

1"'O;'ff8"6.10

6,949 9,022

7,523 9,7595.87 4.82

Sub-total% of Total Asia

2,042588

572428

2,562390

458304

Oceania

~ustralia

FijiMicronesiaNew ZealandPapua New Guine

I

Western Samoa

Sub-total% of Total Asia

3,630206

4,070200

1,261530

6,061~ 3,7142.90

3,487501

601380

4,969246

(520)19874

11412461

51008

583

(301)94

660

150

75

1,2610.43

Total Asia Pacific I 176,627 481 ,349 128,058 202,279 64,395 292,130 I

~

Wilson ~ (1990), The Worldwide Demand for and SUDDlv of Seafarers: Final ReDort,Table A 1 (mimeo.)

229

5,9931,520

51817

1,336105303

1,99058,108

1,36946

71,53424.49

73

TABLE 9. ESTIMATES OF THE SUPPLY OF SEAFARERS FROM FOUR

MAJOR ASIAN SUPPLY COUNTRIES, 1990 AND 1995

Source. Lawford, Herry (1995).

74

TABLE

10: DISTRIBUTION OF ACTIVE HONG KONG SEAFARERS, 1992

Ratings TotalOfficers

%

No.

%

No.

%

No.

3,068

73

1,728

75

1,340 72Seafarers at sea

27

583

25

524 28 1,107Seafarers ashore

1,864

100

4,175 100Total

2,311

100

Hong

Kong Merchant Navy Training Board, 1992, p.5Source:

75

TABLE 11: HONG KONG ACTIVE SEAFARERS, 1988-1992

~:Source:

Ships under HK ownership management or crewing agencyHong Kong Merchant Navy Training Board (1992), p. 19; (1994), p.24

76

TABLE 12: NUMBER OF SEAMEN ON THE REGISTER, AT SEA AND INTHE ACTIVE AND INACTIVE RESERVE POOL AS AT 31 DECEMBER 1992

Source: Singapore National Maritime Board, Annual Report, 1992, p. 26

77

TABLE 13: REGISTERED SEAFARERS EMPLOYED AT SEA UNDER VARIOUSFLAG STATES AS AT 31 DECEMBER 1992, SINGAPORE

Source: National Maritime Board, Annual Report 1992, p. 26

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

(0~NQ)

::0rn..-~-0Q)':;:~~0)0)~-0~UZ:)i

78

79

80

FIGURE III. SURPLUS SEAFARERS, ASIAN ECONOMIES, 1990

s

Ja~

\t1alaysia

Hd

ng

Kong0 Ratings

]Sa!Igladesh

People's Republic I)f China .Officers

-,

;ri

Lanka

Taiwan,

Province Iof China

:>akistan

P

Vietnam

~yanmarIdonesiaI,

India

)f KoreaRepublic

p~

lilippines

-20

0

20 40 60

80

100 120 140

NUMBER (thousand)

Source Wilson mJ!1. (1990)

cwz~0w(/)wzoc(D-oc(,c~oc(0mz0(,?zs:~~WG)(/)G

)

(/)-~

aw

!J

~WCfI)

u..(/)

~~

(/)Z(,?W~u..~~wI~~Z>W~~(,?LL

U)

ccuQ)C-oL-::JW"'0CcuU)"cu.I::.I-Q

)"'0::JUC-~Q).I::.

0~-.::>(/)-,-c0'c::>(/)-cQ)EcuQ)(/)ccua.cu-,~j

82

>w£t:::)~u.. III)=0)~CI)..JWCI)CI)w>cwz~0IWCI)WZ~ro::1c:c:«c:0~ro'(30(/)(/)«-(/)L-a>c:s:00-E-(/)a>(/)a>c:ro0-roJa>

83

84

FIGURE VII. AGE PROFILE OF HONG KONG RATINGS, 1994

61

& ABOVE3.68

56-6010.73

51-5519.73

D..::>0~~w~oct

46-50

21.38

41-45

20.64

31-4017.40

21-306.45

TOTAL 4997

17-200.000.005.00

10.00 15.00 20.00

25.00

PERCENTAGE

SOURCE. MERCHANT NAVY TRAINING BOARD, HONG KONG (1992).

85

FIGURE VIII. NUMBER OF SEAMEN REGISTERED,EMPLOYED AT SEA, AND MEMBERSHIP OF OFFICERS 'AND

SEAMEN'S UNIONS, SINGAPORE, 1988-1994

6,000

c=:J Registered -Employed At Sea

-SMOU -.-SOS

~

/'

./

5,000 "'/'/'

".~

4,000

~wm~~z ~ ,,~ , ~--

3,000

2,000

1,000

1988 1989

19901991

1992 1993 1994

N.Q.te.

National Maritime Board (NMB) requises registration and records ofemployment for ratings only. Membership with the Singapore MaritimeOfficers' Union (SMOU) open to all while for the Seamen's Organisation of

Singapore (SOS) became opened to non-citizens in 1993.