6th final field rep

7/30/2019 6th Final Field Rep

1/23

GEOLOGICAL FIELD REPORT

OF NORTH PAKISTAN

DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCE

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SUBMITTED TO:SUBMITTED TO: DR .ISHTIAQ JADOONDR .ISHTIAQ JADOON

SUBMITTED BY:SUBMITTED BY:

ABUL HASSANABUL HASSAN SP09-ERS-014SP09-ERS-014

BILAL MUHGALBILAL MUHGAL SP09-ERS-029SP09-ERS-029

YARAS KHANYARAS KHAN SP09-ERS-020SP09-ERS-020

ZAIN ULLAHZAIN ULLAH SP09-ERS-001SP09-ERS-001

DEPARTMENT OF EARTHDEPARTMENT OF EARTHSCIENCESCIENCE

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Prepared by: Muhammad Bilal MughalPrepared by: Muhammad Bilal Mughal

ACKNOWLDGEMENT

We are very thankful to over great teachers Dr. ISHTIAQ JADOON and Sir AZEEM SHAH

with the regards of whose we can completed our field work. We are also thankful to

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology that give us fund for field tour.

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ABSTRACTABSTRACT

North Pakistan is the area which contains hard rocks (parent rocks) that areNorth Pakistan is the area which contains hard rocks (parent rocks) that are

igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is because of the collision between Indianigneous and metamorphic rocks. It is because of the collision between Indian

and Eurasian plate that affect the north part of Pakistan mostly. Due to thisand Eurasian plate that affect the north part of Pakistan mostly. Due to this

tectonic activity the major faults MBT, MCT and a secondary fault balakottectonic activity the major faults MBT, MCT and a secondary fault balakot

fault (product of MBT) are produced. As we go away from the Hazara slatesfault (product of MBT) are produced. As we go away from the Hazara slates

toward the north of Pakistan (Naran side) then we observe that the grade oftoward the north of Pakistan (Naran side) then we observe that the grade of

metamorphism is increased and the rocks are changed from slate to schist,metamorphism is increased and the rocks are changed from slate to schist,

gneisses, and granite.gneisses, and granite.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DAY 1

Station 1 (Hazaraslates) -------------------------------------------------- 1

Field observation ---------------------------------------------------------- 1

o Lithology ------------------------------------------------------- 1

o Fractures -------------------------------------------------------- 1

o Dip and Strike -------------------------------------------------- 1

Station 2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 Field observation ----------------------------------------------------- 2

o StudyFans ------------------------------------------------------ 2

Station 3 (Balakot Fault) ---------------------------------------------------- 2Balakot Fault -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2

Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2

Field observation ---------------------------------------------------------- 3

o Fault Breccia --------------------------------------------------- 3

o Disturb veins ---------------------------------------------------- 3

o Crenulations ----------------------------------------------------- 3

Station 4 (Murree formation) -------------------------------------------------------- 4

Field observation ----------------------------------------------------------- 4

o Lithology --------------------------------------------------------- 4

o Environment of deposition ------------------------------------- 4

o Reasons for reddish shale -------------------------------------- 4

o Reasons for greenish and gray sandstone -------------------- 5

o Dip and Strike ---------------------------------------------------- 5

DAY 2

Station 1 (Kaghan Group) ------------------------------------------------------- 6o Type Of Rock --------------------------------------------------- 6

o Fractures --------------------------------------------------------- 6

o Foliation ---------------------------------------------------------- 7

o Crenulation ------------------------------------------------------ 7

o Mahandri Formation ------------------------------------------- 7

o Possible Fault -------------------------------------------------- 7

Station 2 (Rajawal Formation ---------------------------------------------------- 8

Field Observation ----------------------------------------------------------- 8

o Grade Of Metamorphism --------------------------------------- 8

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Station 3 (Graphitic Schist) ------------------------------------------------------- 8

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DAY 3

Field Observation ----------------------------------------------------------- 9

o Rock Type --------------------------------------------------------- 9

o Amphibolite ------------------------------------------------------- 10

o Pegmatite ---------------------------------------------------------- 10

DAY 4

Station 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11

Field Observation ------------------------------------------------------------ 11

o Gneisses ----------------------------------------------------------- 11

o Fractures ----------------------------------------------------------- 11

o Dip and Strike ----------------------------------------------------- 11

Station 3 (Jalakat) ------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 Field Observation ------------------------------------------------------------------- 11

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FIGURES

Figures --------------------------------------------------------------------- Page number

FIG. 1 HAZARA SLATES ------------------------------------------- 1

FIG. 2 FRACTURES IN HAZARA SLATES --------------------- 1

FIG. 3 FANS ----------------------------------------------------------- 2

FIG. 4 BALAKOT FAULT ------------------------------------------ 2

FIG. 5 FAULT BRECCIA ------------------------------------------ 3

FIG. 6 DISTURB VEINS IN BALAKOT FAULT --------------- 3

FIG. 7 CRENULATIONS -------------------------------------------- 3

FIG. 8 MUREE FORMAITON -------------------------------------- 4

FIG. 9 REDDISH SHALE -------------------------------------------- 4

FIG. 10 GREENISH AND GRAY SHALE ------------------------- 5

FIG. 11 SCHIST IN KAGHAN FORMAMTION ------------------ 6

FIG.12 CALCITIC VEIN AND FRACTURES IN

KAHGHAN FORMATIN ----------------------------------- 6

FIG,13 FOLIATION IN KAGHAN FORMATIN ----------------- 7

FIG,14 CRENULATION IN KAGHAN FORMATION ---------- 7

FIG,15 MAHANDRI FORMATION --------------------------------- 7

FIG,16 RAJAWAL FORMATION ----------------------------------- 8

FIG,17 GRAPHITIC SCHIST ----------------------------------------- 8

FIG,18 JHEEL SAIF-UL-MALOOK --------------------------------- 9

FIG,19 JHEEL SAIF-UL-MALOOK --------------------------------- 9

FIG,20 GNEISSES ------------------------------------------------------ 9FIG,21 AMPHIBOLITE ------------------------------------------------ 10

FIG,22 PEGMATITE --------------------------------------------------- 10

FIG,21 FRACTURE IN GNEISSES AND GRANITE ------------- 11

FIG,22 QUARTZ VEINS IN FRACTURED GRANITE

ROCK ------------------------------------------------------------ 11

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9/23

DAY 1Time: 9:30 am

Weather: Sunny

Location: Muqaddas townStation 1 (Hazaraslates)

Objectives:Lithology

Fractures (open and mineralized)

Dip and Strike

Field observation

Lithology

We observe the rocks which are slates

known as Hazara Slates having age

more than 570 million years ( pre-

Cambrian ). These are low grade

metamorphic rock looking shiny

resembling with attock slates.

Fig.1 Hazara slate

Fractures

Two type of fractures present in that

slates at that location which are open

and mineralized. Mineralized fractures

are filled with calcite.Most of these fractures are rightward.

Fig. 2 Fractures in Hazara slates

Dip and Strike

Following are the dip and strike of Hazara Slate

Strike: N700E

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Dip: 670 SE

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11/23

Station 2Time: 1:30 PM

Weather: shiny

Location: Near Gari

Habibullah

Objectives

Study fans

Field observation

Study Fans

Fans are located which are developed

due to the erosion of the mountain (onwhich Balakot fault lies) and the

sediments are deposits in the plain area

in the form of alluvial fans.

Fig. 3 Fans

Station 3 (Balakot Fault) Time: 4:00 PMWeather: Shiny

Location: Balakot

Objectives

Study balakot fault

Study the indication of fault

Balakot Fault

Introduction

This fault produces due to the movement

of MBT (Main Boundary Trust) and is

located to the south of MBT. Due to this

fault the whole balakot was destroyed in

2005 earthquake and due to this balakot

raised up to 2 meter. About 84000 people

were died.

Fig. 4 The arrow indicates the Balakot fault line

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Field observation

We observe the indication of balakot fault which are the following,

In balakot fault the Paleozoic rocks (240my to 570my) overlies on the Triassic rocks

(Murree Formation age of 205my to 240my)

Fault Breccia

It is the indication of fault that contains

pebbles, veins, loose material.

Fig. 5 Fault Breccia

Disturb veins

Veins of calcite are present which are

highly disturb/deformed which shows

the evidence of tectonic activity.

Fig. 6 Disturb veins

Crenulations

Small folds (crenulations) are also

present which is the result of forces or

stresses.

Fig. 7 Small folds

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Station 4 (Murree formation)Time: 5:00 PM

Weather: shiny

Objectives

Type of rocks

Dip and Strike

Environment of deposition

Field observation

Lithology

There are shale and sandstone

present in that location (Murree

Formation) having fresh colour

reddish and gray respectively,

also greenish sandstone are

present.

Fig. 8 MurreeFormation

Environment of deposition

These rocks are deposits in fluvial environment

Reasons for reddish shale

When shale is deposits then

after deposition when they are

exposed then oxidation of theseshale occurred and therefore

these shale are looking reddish.

Fig. 9 Reddish shale in Murree Formation

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Reasons for greenish and gray

sandstone

Sandstone has greenish and gray

colour, it is because of only that they

are not exposed to oxidation.

Fig. 10 Left side sandstone is greenish and right is gray

Dip and Strike

Following are the dip and strike of Murree Formation,

Strike: N590W

Dip: 700NE

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15/23

DAY 2Time: 10:00 AM

Weather: Shiny

Location: Kaghan

Station 1 (Kaghan Group)

Objective:

Type of rock

Fractures

Foliation

Crenulation

Dip and strike

Field Observation

Type Of Rock

Rocks are mostly schist. These schist are

low grade schist because schistosity are

not well developed.

Fig. 11 Schist inKaghan Formation

Fractures

Fractures are open and mineralized

with calcite veins.

Fig. 12 The white colour layer is calcite veins andremaining crakes is the fractures present in

Kaghan Formation

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Foliation

Foliations are presents in that schist contain veins of calcite that are boundness structure.

Fig. 13 Foliation in Kaghan Formation

Crenulation

In that schist crenulations are also

present which tells about the stresses

that are responsible for

metamorphism.

Fig. 14 In top left side there is Crenulations in Kaghan

Formation

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Mithrandir Formation

Mithrandir Formation (fig.15) lies

next to Kaghan Formation that

contains quartzite having yellow and

brownish colour (fresh colour).There is gradational contact between

Kaghan Formation and Mahandri

Formation.

Possible Fault

The bedding of Kaghan Formation

and Mahandri Formation is very

opposite to each other due to which it may be possible that there is small fault occurring

between Kaghan Formation and Mahandri Formation.

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Station 2 (Rajawal Formation)

Time: 11:30 AM

Weather: Shiny

Location: Kaghan

Objective:

Type of rocks

Grade of metamorphism

Fig. 16 Rajawal Formation

Field Observation

In Rajawal Formation schist is present in which schistosity is converted into gnessity

because some white and grey bands are present which show that schist is converted into

gneisses

Grade of Metamorphism

Grade of metamorphism is high because high grade schist is present that is nearly converted

to gneisses.

Station 3 (Graphitic Schist)

The graphitic schist is present here

this outcrop is the part of Rajawal

Formation. It is formed from the

metamorphism of organic material.

There for has blakish colour.

Fig. 17 Graphitic schist

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20/23

DAY 3

Time: 10: 00 AM

Weather: shiny

Location: Jheel saif-ul-malook

Fig. 18

Objectives

To observe the sediments that are eroded by the glacial melting

Type of rock

Field Observation

Jheel saif-ul-malook is about

12000 feet above the sea level.

It is surrounded by mountains

which are covered with ice

through out year. Glacial

melting brings the sediments tothe jheel thats why most of

sediments are angular.

Fig. 19 Jheel saif-ul-malook

Rock Type

Rocks present in that area is mostly igneous and metamorphic.

Gneisses (Fig. 20)

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Amphibolite

Fig. 21

Pegmatite

Fig. 22

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DAY 4

Time: 11:30AM

Weather: rainy

Location: Batakundi

Station 1

Objectives

Type of rocks

Dip and Strike

Field Observation

The types of rocks present in that area are mostly gneisses and granite. Fig.23

Gneisses:

This area contains fine grain gneisses which mean that they are low grade metamorphic

gneisses. These gneisses are formed from the metamorphism of granite.

Fractures

These gneisses are highly fractured.

Dip and Strike

Strike: N550E

Dip: 300SE

Station 3 (Jalakat)

Objectives

Study rock type

To see the fractures

Grain size

Field Observation

Rocks at that station are granite which

are highly fractured contain quartz vein.

Oxidation of granite also occurs at some

places. Grains are coarser.

Fig. 24 Quartz vein in fractured granite rock at jalakat

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6th final field rep

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