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Dialogue for Democratic Development: Renewing the ACP-EU Partnership for the 21st Century 171

VII. APPENDICES

1. Structure and Agenda of the Conference2. List of Participants3. Selected Articles of the Lomé IV Convention as Revised by the Agreement

Signed in Mauritius on 4 November 19954. European Commission (EC). Commission Communication to the Council

and Parliament on Democratization, the rule of law, respect for human rights andgood governance: The challenges of the partnership between the European Union andthe ACP States, COM(98) 146, 24 February 1998

5. European Commission (EC). Dialogue and Analysis Grid for Democratization –Guidelines for Use. European Commission Working Document VIII/1140/98/EN

6. Annex to the draft discussion paper prepared by Dr Costantinos Tesfu-Behre, Director, Centre for Human Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia:Mechanisms for the Implementation of Democratic Development in ACP-EUDevelopment Co-operation. ACP Capacity-building Initiatives and Targets forSupport by the Commission of the European Union

7. About International IDEA

A p p e n d i x 1

Structure and Agenda of the Conference

Monday 23 November 1998

Plenary OPENING SESSIONin French and English

9.00–9.15 WELCOME AND INTRODUCTION

Mr Bengt Säve-Söderbergh, Secretary-General of International IDEA

9.15–10.30 OPENING ADDRESSES

CHAIR: Mr Bengt Säve-Söderbergh, Secretary-General of International IDEAProfessor João de Deus Pinheiro, Commissioner of the Commissionof the European CommunitiesMr Ng’andu Peter Magande, Secretary-General of the ACPSecretariatSir Shridath Ramphal, Chairman of the Board of InternationalIDEA, Chief Negotiator for the Caribbean, former Secretary-Generalof the Commonwealth

RAPPORTEURS: Ms Salma Hasan Ali, Ms Nina Seppälä, Mr MartinÄngeby, International IDEA

10.30–11.00 Coffee and Tea Break

Plenary CONTEXT OF THE DIALOGUE FOR DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENTin French and English

11.00–11.15 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE

Mr Roel von Meijenfeldt, Director of Programmes, InternationalIDEA

11.15–12.30 KEY-NOTE SPEECHES

CHAIR: Mr Ernest Mpofu, Permanent Secretary of the Ministry ofForeign Affairs, Botswana“The Global Context: The Challenges for Democracy andDemocratization in the Years Ahead” by Dr Kwesi Botchwey, formerMinister of Finance of Ghana, Chairman of the EconomicCommittee of the Global Coalition for Africa, Harvard Institute forInternational Development, Harvard University

Dialogue for Democratic Development: Renewing the ACP-EU Partnership for the 21st Century172

“The Challenges to the Culture of Lomé: How International Co-operation Can Respond to the Challenges of Advancing DemocraticDevelopment” by Mr Dieter Frisch, former Director General of DGVIII at the European Commission, Founding Member ofTransparency International“The Guiding Principles of the Dialogue for DemocraticDevelopment” by Ms Grâce d’Almeida Adamon, lawyer, formerMember of the Executive Committee of the National Conference ofBenin, former Minister of Justice of Benin and President of theAssociation of Women Lawyers of BeninRemarks by H.E. Mr Mats Karlsson, Secretary of State forInternational Development Co-operation, Ministry of ForeignAffairs, Sweden

RAPPORTEURS: Ms Salma Hasan Ali, Ms Nina Seppälä, Mr Martin Ängeby, International IDEA

12.30–14.00 Lunch Break

12.00–13.00 PRESS LUNCHEON (RESTRICTED)

Round Tables Reflections on Key-note Speeches

14.00–16.00 SIMULTANEOUS ROUND TABLES

Four round tables will discuss the concepts introduced by the key-note speakers with the objective of clarifying the guiding principles ofthe dialogue for democratic development. Each of the round tableswill take one of the four core elements of democratic developmentas specific points of departure:

1. Strengthening Democracy: The Challenges of Inclusion and the Dynamics of Democratization

MODERATOR: Dr David Beetham, Director of the Centre for Democratization Studies, University of Leeds

PRESENTATION: Monsignor de Souza, Archbishop of Contonou,Benin

RAPPORTEUR: Ms Nina Seppälä, Programme Assistant, InternationalIDEA in French and English

2. Promoting Respect for Human RightsMODERATOR: Dr Adama Dieng, Secretary-General of the

International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) and Member of the Boardof Directors of International IDEA

PRESENTATION: Dr Tajudeen Abdul-Raheem, Secretary-General of the Pan-African Movement

RAPPORTEUR: Ms Izumi Nakamitsu Lennartsson, Special Advisor tothe Secretary-General, International IDEA in French and English


3. Strengthening the Rule of LawMODERATOR: Hon Sir Anthony Siaguru, Transparency International

(PNG) Inc., Papua New GuineaPRESENTATION: Mr Ernest Mpofu, Permanent Secretary of the

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, BotswanaRAPPORTEUR: Dr Sakuntala Kadirgamar-Rajasingham, Senior

Executive, International IDEA4. Democracy and Good Governance

MODERATOR: H.E. Mr Tauilili Uili Meredith, Ambassador of Samoa, Embassy of Samoa, Belgium, ACP Committee ofAmbassadors

PRESENTATION: Dr Rob Davies, Member of Parliament, South Africa RAPPORTEUR: Mr Carlos Santiso, Senior Programme Officer,

International IDEA


Plenary The Guiding Principles of the Dialogue for Democraticin French and English Development

16.30–17.30 CHAIR: Sir Shridath Ramphal, Chairman of the Board of International IDEA, Chief Negotiator for the Caribbean, formerSecretary-General of the Commonwealth.Report-back from the round table sessions by the panelists and dis-cussion in the plenary.

PANEL: Monsignor de Souza, Archbishop of Contonou, BeninDr Tajudeen Abdul-Raheem, Secretary-General of the Pan-AfricanMovement Mr Ernest Mpofu, Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of ForeignAffairs, BotswanaDr Rob Davies, Member of Parliament, South Africa Dr Kwesi Botchwey, former Minister of Finance of Ghana, Chairmanof the Economic Committee of the Global Coalition for Africa,Harvard Institute for International Development, Harvard UniversityMr Dieter Frisch, former Director General of DG VIII at theCommission of the European Communities, Founding Member ofTransparency InternationalMs Grâce d’Almeida Adamon, lawyer, former Member of theExecutive Committee of the National Conference of Benin, formerMinister of Justice of Benin and President of the Association ofWomen Lawyers of Benin

RAPPORTEURS: Carlos Santiso, International IDEA with: Ms SalmaHasan Ali, Ms Nina Seppälä, Mr Martin Ängeby, International IDEA


EveningDinner and Social Contacts

19.00 Reception hosted by Mr Bengt Säve-Söderbergh, Secretary-Generalof International IDEA, at the manor house at Tammsvik

20.00 Dinner

Tuesday 24 November 1998

Workshops

09.00–10.30 SIMULTANEOUS WORKSHOPS

1. How to Deepen the Dialogue for Democratic Development at theInternational Level?

MODERATOR: Professor Laurence Whitehead, Nuffield College,Oxford

INTRODUCTION: Dr James Matheson, Senior Technical Adviser,Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery

RAPPORTEUR: Mr Dirk Drijbooms, Senior Executive, InternationalIDEA

2. How to Assess Democratic Development? (Development ofEvaluation Instruments)in French and English

MODERATOR: H.E. Herizo Razafimahaleo, former Vice Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Madagascar

INTRODUCTION: Mr Olivier Donnet, Director, Services for Economic,Political and Institutional Assistance, SEPIA

RAPPORTEUR: Mr Carlos Santiso, Senior Programme Officer, International IDEA

3. How to Enhance Decentralization and Local Capacity for DemocraticReforms?in French and English

MODERATOR: Mr James Mackie, Executive Secretary, Liaison Committee of Development NGOs to the European Union, Belgium

INTRODUCTION: Mr Ousmane Sy, Decentralization and InstitutionalReform Mission, Mali

RAPPORTEUR: Ms Nina Seppälä, Programme Assistant, InternationalIDEA

4. How to Support Democratic Development in CountriesTransforming From Armed Conflict?

MODERATOR: Mr Hans Carle, former Head of Unit, European Commission



INTRODUCTION: Dr Christopher Bakwesegha, Assistant ExecutiveSecretary of the Permanent Observer Mission of the Organization ofAfrican Unity to the United Nations

RAPPORTEUR: Dr Ben Reilly, Senior Programme Officer, International IDEA


11.00–12.30 SIMULTANEOUS WORKSHOPS (CONTINUED)

12.30–14.00 Lunch Break

Workshops

14.00–15.30 SIMULTANEOUS WORKSHOPS

5. How to Mainstream Co-operation on Democratic Principles?in French and English

MODERATOR: Mr Carl Greenidge, Deputy Secretary-General of the ACP Secretariat

INTRODUCTION: Mr Jean Bossuyt, Programme Coordinator, European Centre for Development Policy Management, ECDPM

RAPPORTEUR: Mr Martin Ängeby, Assistant Programme Officer, International IDEA

6. How to Deepen the Dialogue for Democratic Development at theNational Level?in French and English

MODERATOR: Dr Arnold McIntyre, Lead Technical Adviser, CARICOM

INTRODUCTION: Ms Grâce d’Almeida Adamon, lawyer, former Member of the Executive Committee of the National Conference ofBenin, former Minister of Justice of Benin and President of theAssociation of Women Lawyers of Benin

RAPPORTEUR: Mr Carlos Santiso, Senior Programme Officer,International IDEA

7. How to Support Democratic Development? (Development ofImplementation Mechanisms)

MODERATOR: Mr Hans Carle, former Head of Unit, European Commission

INTRODUCTION: Dr Costantinos Tesfu-Behre, Director, Centre for Human Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

RAPPORTEUR: Ms Nina Seppälä, Programme Assistant, International IDEA


8. How to Support Potential for Democratic Reforms in “Non-per-forming” States?

MODERATOR: Ms Ruth Jacoby, Assistant Undersecretary of State, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Sweden

INTRODUCTION: Dr Akiiki Mujaju, Head of Department, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Makerere University,Uganda

RAPPORTEUR: Ms Karijn de Jong, Programme Officer, ECDPM


16.00–17.30 SIMULTANEOUS WORKSHOPS (CONTINUED)

EveningDinner and Social Contacts

19.00 Reception hosted by the H.E. Mr Mats Karlsson, State Secretary,Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Sweden at the Vasa Museum,Stockholm

Wednesday 25 November 1998

Plenary Reports of the Workshop Sessionsin French and English

9.00–10.30 CO-CHAIRS:

Ms Francesca Mosca, Head of Unit, European Commission Dr Carl Greenidge, Deputy Secretary-General of the ACP SecretariatMr Roel von Meijenfeldt, Director of Programmes, InternationalIDEAThe experts of the workshops report back to the plenary, and thediscussion of the recommendations made and their potential institu-tional and policy implications is opened.

PANELISTS:

Dr James Matheson, Senior Technical Adviser, Caribbean RegionalNegotiating MachineryMr Olivier Donnet, Director, Services for Economic, Political andInstitutional Assistance, SEPIAMr Ousmane Sy, Decentralization and Institutional Reform Mission,MaliDr Christopher Bakwesegha, Assistant Executive Secretary of thePermanent Observer Mission of the Organization of African Unity tothe United Nations

Mr Jean Bossuyt, Programme Coordinator, European Centre forDevelopment Policy Management, ECDPMMs Grâce d’Almeida Adamon, lawyer, former Member of theExecutive Committee of the National Conference of Benin, formerMinister of Justice of Benin and President of the Association ofWomen Lawyers of Benin Dr Costantinos Tesfu-Behre, Director, Centre for HumanDevelopment, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaDr Akiiki Mujaju, Head of Department, Department of PoliticalScience and Public Administration, Makerere University, Uganda

RAPPORTEURS:

Carlos Santiso, International IDEA with: Ms Salma Hasan Ali, MsNina Seppälä, Dr Martin Ängeby, International IDEA, and Ms Karijnde Jong, ECDPM


11.00–12.30 CO-CHAIRS:

Ms Francesca Mosca, Head of Unit, European Commission Dr Carl Greenidge, Deputy Secretary-General of the ACP SecretariatMr Roel von Meijenfeldt, Director of Programmes, InternationalIDEADiscussions of the recommendations made and their potential insti-tutional and policy implications is opened.

RAPPORTEURS:

Carlos Santiso, International IDEA with: Ms Salma Hasan Ali, MsNina Seppälä, Mr Martin Ängeby, International IDEA, and Ms Karijnde Jong, ECDPM

12.30–14.00 Lunch

Plenary The Way Forward in Partnershipin French and English

14.00–15.30 CO-CHAIRS: Ms Francesca Mosca, Head of Unit, European Commission Dr Carl Greenidge, Deputy Secretary-General of the ACP SecretariatMr Roel von Meijenfeldt, Director of Programmes, InternationalIDEA

Final plenary session to discuss the recommendations of theConference and the options for ways to move forward.


RAPPORTEURS:

Carlos Santiso, International IDEA with: Ms Salma Hasan Ali, MsNina Seppälä, Mr Martin Ängeby, International IDEA, and Ms Karijnde Jong, ECDPM

15.30–16.00 Closing statements by representatives of InternationalIDEA, the Commission of the European Communitiesand the ACP Secretariat

Afternoon Departures and/or possibilities for bilateral meetings.


Dr Tajudeen Abdul-RaheemSecretary-GeneralPan African MovementBox 7168KampalaUgandaPhone: + 256 41 267075Fax: + 256 41 267075

Ms Kanta AdhinDeputy HeadMinistry of Foreign AffairsP.O. Box 200612500 EB The HagueThe NetherlandsPhone: + 31 70 3485346Fax: + 31 70 3485049

Dr Christopher BakweseghaDeputy Permanent ObserverOrganization of African Unity346 East 50th StreetNew York, N.Y. 10022USAPhone: + 1 212 319 54 90Fax: + 1 212 319 71 35

Dr David BeethamDirector Centre for Democratization StudiesUniversity of Leeds20 Parsonage RoadManchester M20 4PEUnited KingdomPhone: + 44 161 445 59 38Fax: + 44 161 445 59 38

Mr Neville BissemberLegal CounselACP General Secretariat451, Avenue Georges Henri1200 BrusselsBelgiumPhone: + 32 2 743 0607Fax: + 32 2 735 5573

Mr Jean BossuytProgramme CoordinatorECDPMOnze Lieve Vrouwepplein 216211 HE MaastrichtThe NetherlandsPhone: + 31 43 3502917Fax: + 31 43 3502902

Dr Kwesi BotchweyDirectorAfrica Research and ProgramsHarvard Institute for International Development14 Story StreetCambridge, MA 02138USAPhone: + 1 617 495 95 30Fax: + 1 617 496 94 66

Dr Compton BournePro Vice ChancellorUniversity of the West IndiesOffice of the Campus PrincipalSt. AugustineTrinidad & TobagoPhone: + 1 868 662 32 61Fax: + 1 868 662 06 00

Ms Claire BuryMember of Cabinet PinheiroEuropean CommissionAve d’Auberghem, 45B-1040 BrusselsBelgiumPhone: + 32 2 2960499Fax: + 32 2 2961098

Mr Erich ButtenhauserDirectorFederal Ministry for Foreign AffairsMinoritenplatz 9A-1014 ViennaAustriaPhone: + 43 1 53115/4449Fax: + 43 1 53185/271

Mr Hans CarleFormer Head of DivisionDGVIIIEuropean Commission BelgiumPhone: + 32 2 7362544

Mr Timothy ClarkeHead of UnitVIII/C/2European Commission 200 Rue de la LoiB-1049 BrusselsBelgiumPhone: + 32 2 2961704Fax: + 32 2 2969400


A p p e n d i x 2

List of Participants

Mr Philippe CompaoreDirecteurMinistère de l´Economique et FinancesBP 7012OuagadougouBurkina FasoPhone: + 226 310 003Fax: + 226 317 703

Dr Tesfu-Berhe CostantinosSenior Policy AdvisorUNDP Africa Bureau 24th Floor, Suite 24361 United Nations PlazaNew York, N.Y. 10017USAPhone: + 1 212 9065 869Fax: + 1 212 9066 478

Ms Grâce d’Almeida AdamonAvocat, Présidente del’Association des Femmes Juristes du Benin01 BP 2753CotonouBeninPhone: + 229 321 711Fax: + 229 322 786

Dr Robert Haydn Davies, MPHead Committee of Trade & FinanceParliament of Republic of South AfricaP.O. Box 15Cape TownSouth AfricaPhone: + 27 21 4033085Fax: + 27 21 4033614

Ms Karijn de JongProgramme OfficerECDPMOnze Lieve Vrouwepplein 216211 HE MaastrichtThe NetherlandsPhone: + 31 43 3502912Fax: + 31 43 3502902

Mr Tristan de LafondChef du bureau de l’Etat de droitMinistère des Affaires Etrangères20 Rue Monsieur75007 ParisFrancePhone: + 33 1 53694140Fax: + 33 1 53694359

Msgr Isidore de SouzaArchbishop of CotonouTransparency International – BeninBP 491CotonouBeninPhone: + 229 300 745Fax: + 229 300 707

Dr Adama DiengSecretary-GeneralInternational Commission of JuristsP.O. Box 2161219 Chatelaine / GenevaSwitzerlandPhone: + 41 22 9793800Fax: + 41 22 9793801

Mr Olivier DonnetDirectorS.E.P.I.A.Rue de la Science, 1000Brussels 10BeligumPhone: + 32 2 653 0738Fax: + 32 2 2306983

Mr Clément DuhaimeDirecteurOrganisation Internationale de la Francophonie2, Place Sainctelette1080 BrusselsBelgiumPhone: + 32 2 4205460Fax: + 32 2 4262002

Ms Andrea FenneszPrincipal AdministratorEuropean Commission 200 Rue de la LoiB-1049 BrusselsBelgiumPhone: + 32 2 2992190Fax: + 32 2 2992911

Mr Dieter FrischSpecial Adviser16 Av De L’yser (BTE 11)1040 BrusselsBelgiumPhone: + 32 3 7335514Fax: + 32 2 7329026


Maître Djovi GallyPresidentObservatoire Pan-Africain de la Démocratie, OPAD17 Av. du 24 Janvier, BP 7827LoméTogoPhone: + 228 210 330Fax: + 228 210 331

Mr Carl B GreenidgeDeputy Secretary-GeneralACP General Secretariat451, Avenue Georges Henri1200 BrusselsBelgiumPhone: + 322 7430611/12Fax: + 3 227 331 472

Prof Axel HadeniusUniversity of UppsalaDepartment of Political ScienceP.O. Box 514751 20 UppsalaSwedenPhone: + 46 18 4713305Fax: + 46 18 4713308

Dr Adrian HewittSenior Research FellowOverseas Development InstitutePortland House, Stog PlaceLondon SW1E 5DPUnited KingdomPhone: + 44 171 3931 600Fax: + 44 171 3931 699

Mr Simon HornerACP-EU Courier G12 1/14200 Rue de la LoiB-1049 BrusselsBelgiumPhone: + 32 2 299 2996Fax: + 32 2 299 3002

Prof Göran HydénUniversity of FloridaDepartment of Political ScienceGainesville, FL 32611USAPhone: + 1 352 3926 539Fax: + 1 352 3928 127

Ms Ruth JacobyAssistant Undersecretary of StateMinistry for Foreign Affairs103 39 StockholmSwedenPhone: + 46 8 405 55 43Fax: + 46 8 723 11 76

Ms Theresa JaintongPresidentBougainvaille Provincial Council of WomenP.O. Box 71Buka BougainvillePapua New GuineaPhone: + 675 983 9797Fax: + 675 983 9798

Ms Helen KananaghSecond SecretaryEmbassy of IrelandBox 10326100 55 StockholmSwedenPhone: + 46 8 6618005Fax: + 46 8 6601353

H.E. Mr Mats KarlssonState Secretary for International Development Co-operationMinistry for Foreign Affairs103 39 StockholmSwedenPhone: + 46 8 4055627Fax: + 46 8 7231176

Dr Abraham KinfePresidentEIIDDP.O. Box 18529Addis AbabaEthiopiaPhone: + 251 1 531955Fax: + 251 1 533398

H.E. Mr Michael Ian KingAmbassadorEmbassy of Barbados78, Avenue General Lartigue1200 BrusselsBelgiumPhone: + 32 2 732 1737Fax: + 32 2 7323266

Prof George KiryaHigh CommissionerUganda High Commission58/59 Trafalgar SquareLondon WC2N 5DXUnited KingdomPhone: + 441 718 395 783Fax: + 441 718 398 925


Mr Martin LandgrafEuropean Commission G12-10/100Rue de la Loi 200B-1049 BrusselsBelgiumPhone: + 32 2 2955607Fax: + 32 2 2958354

Dr Garth le PereExecutive DirectorFoundation for Global DialogueBox 32571Braamfontein 2017South AfricaPhone: + 27 11 3396585Fax: + 27 11 3396616

Dr Vaughan LewisConsultantSystems Research ServicesP.O. Box 610CastriesSt. Lucia, West IndiesPhone: + 7 584 522 399Fax: + 7 584 530 812

Ms Mari LinnapuomiResearcherMinistry for Foreign AffairsDepartment for International Development Co-operationP.O. Box 127FIN-00161 HelsinkiFinlandPhone: + 358 9 1341 6272Fax: + 358 9 1341 6261

Ms Jacqueline Lohoues-ObleMember of ParliamentAssemblée Nationale08 B.P.1457 Abidjan 08Ivory CoastPhone: + 225 326 049Fax: + 225 329 281

Mr James MackieExecutive SecretaryNGDO-EU Liaison CommitteeSquare Ambiorix, 101000 BrusselsBelgiumPhone: + 32 2 7438760Fax: + 32 2 7321934

Mr Ng’andu Peter MagandeSecretary-General of the ACP GroupACP General Secretariat451, Avenue Georges Henri1200 BrusselsBelgiumPhone: + 32 2 7430602Fax: + 32 2 7351137

Ms Marie-Virginie MamoudouNotarieAssociation des Femmes JuristesB.P. 10616NiameyNigerPhone: + 227 735 027

Dr James MathesonSenior Technical AdviserCaribbean Regional Negotiating MachineryAnnexe, Unit 5a Queens Studies117-121Salusbury RoadLondon NW6 6RGUnited KingdomPhone: + 44 171 372 8021Fax: +44 171 328 9201

Mr Arnold McIntyreLead AdvisorCARICOMMinistry of International Trade & BusinessUpton, St. MichaelBarbados, West IndiesPhone: + 1 2 464 302 205Fax: + 1 2 462 289 528

H.E. Tauilili Uili MeredithAmbassador of SamoaEmbassy of SamoaACP Committee of AmbassadorsAvenue Franklin Roosevelt, 123 Bte 14B-1050 BrusselsBelgiumPhone: + 32 2 6608450Fax: + 32 2 6750336

Msgr Joseph Serge MiotArchbishopChurch of HaitiC.P. 538Port-au-PrinceHaiti, West IndiesPhone: + 509 222 043Fax: + 509 454 678


Hon Thebe David MogamiMember of ParliamentParliament of the Republic of BotswanaP.O. Box 240GaboroneBotswanaPhone: + 267 373 200Fax: + 267 313 103

Ms Francesca MoscaHead of UnitDG VIIIEuropean CommissionRue de Genève 12BrusselsBelgiumPhone: + 32 2 299 3243Fax: + 32 2 299 2911

Mr Ernest S. MpofuPermanent SecretaryMinistry for Foreign AffairsP.B. 00368GaboroneBotswanaPhone: + 2 673 600 712Fax: + 267 313 366

Dr Akiiki Bomera MujajuProfessor & Head of DepartmentMakerere UniversityP.O. Box 7062KampalaUgandaPhone: + 256 41 534181Fax: + 256 41 534181

Mr Christopher C. MushohwePrincipal DirectorOffice of the President and CabinetPrivate Bag 7764, CausewayHarare, The Republic of ZimbabweThe Republic of ZimbabwePhone: + 263 4 756437Fax: + 263 4 756439

Mr David Nalo S.O.Chief EconomistMinistry of Planning and National DevelopmentP.O. Box 30005NairobiKenyaPhone: + 254 2 338111x146Fax: + 254 2 219365

H.E. Monica NashandiAmbassadorEmbassy of the Republic of NamibiaP.O. Box 26042100 41 StockholmSwedenPhone: + 46 8 6127788Fax: + 46 8 6126655

Mr Halidou OuedraogoPresidentInter-African Union of Human Rights, IUHR01 B.P. 1346OuagadougouBurkina FasoPhone: + 226 316 145Fax: + 226 316 144

Prof João de Deus PinheiroEuropean CommissionerDG VIIIBreydel 10/16200 Rue de la LoiB-1049 BrusselsBelgiumPhone: + 32 2 2954515Fax: + 32 2 2961098

Dr Satendra PrasadLecturerUniversity of the South PacificSchool of Social and Economic DevelopmentSuvaFijiPhone: + 679 212 136Fax: + 679 301 487

Hon Max PuigSecretario de EstadoGovernment House OfficeAvenida MexicoSanto DomingoDominican RepublicPhone: + 1 809 221-8618Fax: + 1 8092 218 617

Sir Shridath RamphalChief Negotiator – CARICOMChairman of the Board of Directors of International IDEA1 The Sutherlands188 Sutherland Ave.London W9 1HRUnited KingdomPhone: + 44 171 266 34 09Fax: + 44 171 286 23 02


H.E. Herizo RazafimahaleoFormer Deputy Prime Minister & Minister of Foreign AffairsGovernment of the Republic of MadagascarAnkoronarano, Z.I. NoryP.O. Box 171Antananarivo 101MadagascarPhone: + 261 202 220 310Fax: + 261 202 221 383

Prof Lourenco do RosarioVice-ChancellorInstituto Superior Politecnico e UniversitarioAv. Alberto Luthuli, 438MaputoMozambiquePhone: + 258 1 306700Fax: + 258 1 305950

Prof Severine RugumamuUniversity of Dar es SalaamP.O. Box 35125Dar es SalaamTanzaniaPhone: + 255 51 410410Fax: + 255 51 410237

Hon Augustine RuzindanaMember of ParliamentParliament of UgandaP.O. Box 9503KampalaUgandaPhone: + 256 41 256903Fax: + 256 41 256901

Hon Prof George Saitoti EGHChairman of the ACP-EU Council of MinistersMinistry of Planning and National DevelopmentP.O. Box 30005NairobiKenyaPhone: + 254 2 338111x256Fax: + 254 2 766045

Mr Saihou SanyangProgramme ManagerLocal Government Reforms and DecentralizationDepartment of State for Local Government, Landsand AffairsBanjulGambiaPhone: + 220 201 427Fax: + 220 201 545

Hon Sir Anthony SiaguruPresidentTransparency Int (PNG) IncP.O. Box 591 Port MoresbyNCD Papua New GuineaPapua New GuineaPhone: + 675 309 2000Fax: + 675 309 2099

Mr Babacar SineDirectorAfrican Institute for DemocracyBP 1780DakarSenegalPhone: + 221 8 235720Fax: + 221 8 235721

Ms Janet SinghAssistant to the ChairmanInternational IDEA1 The Sutherlands188 Sutherland Ave.London W9 1HRUnited KingdomPhone: + 44 171 266 34 09Fax: + 44 171 286 23 02

Mr Alexis-Paul StephanouCounsellorEmbassy of GreeceRiddargatan 60114 57 StockholmSwedenPhone: +46 8 660 88 60Fax: +46 8 660 54 70

Mr Ousmane SyChef de MissionMission de DecentralisationBP E1420BamakoMaliPhone: + 223 240 680Fax: + 223 240 700

Mr Wolfgang ThelenEmbassy of the Federal Republic of GermanyBox 27832115 93 StockholmSwedenPhone: + 46 8 670 15 20Fax: + 46 8 661 52 44


Ms Elisabeth ThioleronAdministratorDevelopment Assistance Committee (DAC)OECD 2, rue André Pascal75775 Paris Cedex 16FrancePhone: + 33 1 452 419 79Fax: + 33 1 452 419 96

Mr Patterson ThompsonRegional Mangement ConsultantLower Greys HouseChrist ChurchBarbados, West IndiesPhone: + 1 246 437 4080Fax: + 1 246 437 4777

Ms Ingrid WetterqvistDesk OfficerMinistry for Foreign Affairs103 39 StockholmSwedenPhone: + 46 8 4055627Fax: + 46 8 7231176

Prof Laurence WhiteheadNuffield College OxfordOX1 1NF OxfordUnited KingdomPhone: + 44 186 527 8612Fax: + 44 186 527 8557

Mr Roger WilsonHead Department for International Development94 Victoria StreetLondon, SW1E 5JLUnited KingdomPhone: + 44 171 917 0242Fax: + 44 171 917 0074

Mr Siegfried Paul WohlerMember of ParliamentChairman of SACUNational AssemblyRepublic of NamibiaPB 13323WindhoekNamibiaPhone: + 264 61 2882622Fax: + 264 61 247772

Mr Andre ZaaimanDirectorGoree InstituteB.P. 05GoreeSenegalPhone: + 221 217 081Fax: + 221 8225 476

Mr Anders O/rnemarkHead of SectionDanish Ministry of Foreign AffairsAsiatisk Plads 2DK-1448 Copenhagen KDenmarkPhone: + 45 33 921326

Participants from International IDEA

Mr Bengt Säve-SöderberghSecretary-General

Mr Roel Von MeijenfeldtDirector of Programmes

Mr Carlos SantisoSenior Programme Officer

Mr Martin ÄngebyAssistant Programme Officer

Ms Monika EricsonAssistant

Ms Nina SeppäläProgramme Assistant

Ms Salma Hasan AliSenior Editor

Mr Dirk DrijboomsSenior Executive

Dr Kennedy GrahamDirector of Planning and Co-ordination

Ms Helena HöglundPress and Information Assistant

Dr Sakuntala Kadirgamar-RajasinghamSenior Executive

Dr Azza KaramSenior Programme Officer

Prof Rafael Lopez PintorSenior Executive

Ms Izumi Nakamitzu LennartssonSpecial Adviser to the Secretary-General

Ms Tanja PetovarSenior Executive

Dr Ben ReillySenior Programme Officer

Ms Cilla Ungerth JolisInformation and Press Officer


A p p e n d i x 3Selected Articles from the Lomé IV Convention as revised by the agreement signed inMauritius on 4 November 1995Article 2

ACP–EC co-operation, underpinned by a legally binding system and the existence of joint institutions, shallbe exercised on the basis of the following fundamental principles:– equality between partners, respect for their sovereignty, mutual interest and interdependence;– the right of each State to determine its own political, social, cultural and economic policy options;– security of their relations based on the acquis of their system of co-operation.

Article 3

The ACP States shall determine the development principles, strategies and models for their economies andsocieties in all sovereignty

Article 4

Support shall be provided in ACP–EC co-operation for the ACP States’ efforts to achieve comprehensive self-reliant and self-sustained development based on their cultural and social values, their human capacities, theirnatural resources and their economic potential in order to promote the ACP States’ social, cultural and eco-nomic progress and the well-being of their populations through the satisfaction of their basic needs, the recog-nition of the role of women and the enhancement of people’s capacities, with respect for their dignity.

Such development shall be based on a sustainable balance between its economic objectives, the rational man-agement of the environment and the enhancement of natural and human resources.

In support of the development strategies of the ACP States, due account shall be taken of the objectives andpriorities of the Community’s co-operation policy, and the ACP States’ development policies and priorities.

Article 5

1. Co-operation shall be directed towards development centred on man, the main protagonist and benefi-ciary of development, which thus entails respect for and promotion of all human rights. Co-operationoperations shall thus be conceived in accordance with this positive approach, where respect for humanrights is recognized as a basic factor of real development and where co-operation is conceived as a con-tribution to the promotion of these rights.

In this context development policy and co-operation shall be closely linked to respect for and enjoymentof fundamental human rights and to the recognition and application of democratic principles, the con-solidation of the rule of law and good governance. The role and potential of initiatives taken by individu-als and groups shall be recognized in order to achieve in practice real participation of the population inthe development process in accordance with Article 13. In this context good governance shall be a par-ticular aim of co-operation operations.

Respect for human rights, democratic principles and the rule of law, which underpins relations betweenthe ACP States and the Community and all provisions of the Convention, and governs the domestic andinternational policies of the Contracting Parties, shall constitute an essential element of this convention.

2. The contracting parties therefore reiterate their deep attachment to human dignity and human rights,which are legitimate aspirations of individuals and peoples. The rights in question are all human rights, thevarious categories thereof being indivisible and inter-related, each having its own legitimacy: non-discrimi-natory treatment; fundamental human rights; civil and political rights; economic, social and cultural rights.

Every individual shall have the right, in his own country or in a host country, to respect for his dignity andto protection by the law.

ACP–EC co-operation shall help abolish the obstacles preventing individuals and peoples from actuallyenjoying to the full their economic, social, political and cultural rights and this must be achieved throughdevelopment which is essential to their dignity, their well-being and their self-fulfilment.


The Contracting Parties hereby reaffirm their existing obligations and commitment in international lawto strive to eliminate all forms of discrimination based on ethnic group, origin, race, nationality, colour,sex, language, religion or any other situation. This commitment applies more particularly to any situationin the ACP States or in the Community that may adversely affect the pursuit of the objectives of theConvention. The Member States (and/or, where appropriate, the Community itself) and the ACP Stateswill continue to ensure, through the legal or administrative measures which they have or will have adopt-ed, that migrant workers, students and other foreign nationals legally within their territory are not sub-jected to discrimination on the basis of racial, religious, cultural or social differences, notably in respectof housing, education, health care, other social services and employment.

3. At the request of the ACP States, financial resources may be allocated, in accordance with the rules gov-erning development finance co-operation, to the promotion of human rights in the ACP States and tomeasures aimed at democratization, a strengthening of the rule of law and good governance. Practicalsteps, whether public or private, to promote human rights and democracy, especially in the legal domain,may be carried out with organizations having internationally recognized expertise in this sphere.

In addition, with a view to supporting institutional and administrative reform, the resources provided forin the Financial Protocol for this purpose can be used to complement the measures taken by the ACPStates concerned, within the framework of its indicative programme, in particular at the preparatory andstart-up stage of the relevant projects and programmes.

Article 224

Within the framework of the Convention, development finance co-operation shall cover:

(a) capital projects and programmes;

(b) rehabilitation of projects and programmes;

(c) sectoral and general import support programmes, in accordance with Article 225, which may take theform of:(i) sectoral import programmes (SIPs) through direct procurement,(ii) sectoral import programmes (SIPs) in the form of foreign exchange released in instalments for

financing sectoral imports and/or(iii) general import programmes (GIPs) in the form of foreign exchange released in instalments for

financing general imports covering a wide range of products;

(d) budgetary support intended to alleviate domestic financial constraints:(i) either directly, for the ACP States whose currencies are convertible and freely transferable;(ii) or indirectly, from counterpart funds generated by the various Community instruments;

(e) support for measures which contribute to attenuate the debt burden and balance of payments problems;

(f) technical co-operation programmes;

(g) deployment of flexible resources in support of the efforts of grassroot communities;

(h) recurrent costs (including current administrative, operating, and maintenance costs, both local and for-eign) of new, on-going and completed projects and programmes;

(i) the human and material resources supplementary to those borne by the ACP States which are strictlynecessary for efficient and effective administration and supervision of projects and programmesfinanced by the European Development Fund, hereinafter referred to as ‘the Fund’.

(j) credit lines, and support of regional payment mechanisms and export credit operations in the ACPStates;

(k) equity participation;

(l) a combination of all or part of the above components integrated into sectoral development programmes.

(m) support for institutional and administrative reform measures, with a view to democratization and therule of law.


Article 251

1. The financial resources provided for in this Convention may be applied, at the request of the ACP States,to the co-financing (undertaken in particular with development agencies and institutions, CommunityMember States, ACP States, third countries or international or private financial institutions, firms orexport credit agencies).

2. Special consideration shall be given to the possibility of co-financing in the following cases, among others:(a) large-scale projects which cannot be financed exclusively by any source of financing alone;(b) projects in which Community participation, and an input of its project expertise, might facilitate the

participation of other additional sources of finance;(c) projects which may benefit from a blend of concessionary and non-concessionary financing;(d) projects which may be broken down into sub-projects which could be eligible for financing from dif-

ferent sources;(e) projects for which a diversification of financing may lead to an advantageous solution from the point

of view of the financing and investment costs and of other aspects of the implementation of the saidprojects;

(f) projects of a regional or inter-regional nature;

3. Co-financing may be in the form of joint or parallel financing. Preference will be given in each case to thesolution which is more suitable from the point of view of cost-effectiveness.

4. With the agreement of the parties concerned:(a) measures shall be taken to co-ordinate and harmonize operations of the Community and those of

other co-financing bodies, in order to minimize the number of procedures to be undertaken by theACP States and to render those procedures more flexible, notably as regards:(i) the needs of other co-financing bodies and recipients;(ii) the choice of projects to be co-financed and the arrangements for carrying them out;(iii) the harmonization of works, supply and services contracts rules and procedures;(iv) the payment terms;(v) the rules of eligibility and competition;(vi) the margin of preference granted to ACP enterprises;

(b) the process of consultation and co-ordination with other donors and co-financiers should be strength-ened and developed, where possible, through the establishment of co-financing framework agree-ments, and co-financing policies and procedures should be reviewed to ensure effectiveness and thebest terms possible;

(c) the Community may provide the other co-financing bodies with administrative help or may act as alead or co-ordinating agency for projects part-financed by it in order to facilitate the implementationof co-financed projects or programmes.

Article 251a

1. With a view to strengthening and diversifying the basis for the long-term development of the ACP States,and in order to encourage all agents from the ACP States and the Community which are in a position tocontribute to the autonomous development of the ACP States to put forward and implement initiatives,ACP–EC co-operation shall support, within limits laid down by the ACP States concerned, such develop-ment operations within the framework of decentralized co-operation, in particular where they combinethe efforts and resources of organizations from the ACP States and their counterparts from theCommunity. This form of co-operation shall, in particular, aim at making available for the developmentof the ACP States the capabilities, innovative operating methods and resources of the agents of decen-tralized co-operation.

2. The agents referred to this Article are decentralized public authorities, rural and village groups, co-oper-atives, trade unions, teaching and research institutions, non-governmental development organizations,other associations, groups and agents which are able and wish to contribute to the development of theACP States on their own initiative, provided that the agents and/or the operations are non-profit-making.


Article 282

1. The draft indicative programme shall be the subject of an exchange of views between the ACP State con-cerned and the community, due regard being given to the domestic needs of the ACP States and their sov-ereign rights to determine their development strategies, priorities and models as well as their overallmacro-economic and sectoral policies

2. The indicative programme shall be adopted by agreement between the community and the ACP State con-cerned on the basis of the draft indicative programme proposed by that State, taking account of the prin-ciples set out in Articles 3 and 4, and shall, when adopted, be binding on both the Community and thatState. It shall specify, inter alia, all the elements referred to in Article 281(2) and an amount representing70% of the indicative allocation, save for those ACP States for which the size of the indicative amount orthe concentration of the indicative programme on a single project do not justify separate allocations.

3. The indicative programme shall be sufficiently flexible to ensure that operations are kept constantly inline with the objectives and to take account of any changes occurring in the economic situation, prioritiesand objectives of the ACP State concerned. It may be revised at the request of the ACP State concerned.It shall be reviewed when the ACP State concerned has achieved a high level of commitments in the imple-mentation of the programme and, in any case, not later than three years after the entry into force of theSecond Financial Protocol.

4. At the end of the review referred to in paragraph 3, the resources required for completing the imple-mentation of the indicative programme may be allocated giving due consideration to:(a) the indicative allocation;(b) progress made in the implementation of the elements of the programme referred to in Article 281(2)

and the agreed timetable of commitments and disbursements, in the light of the annual reports ofthe Head of Delegation and of the National Authorising Officer referred to in Article 284(3);

(c) the state of preparation of the activities the ACP State intends to undertake within the framework ofthe second phase of the indicative programme; and

(d) the specific situation of the ACP State concerned.

5. Following the review referred to in paragraphs 3 and 4 and, in any case, not later than the end of the peri-od of the Second Financial Protocol, any unallocated resources remaining from the programmableresources shall be used for financing operations falling within the scope of development finance co-oper-ation, notably those relating to programmable assistance, save as otherwise decided by the Council ofMinisters.

Article 366a

1. Within the meaning of this Article, the term ‘party’ refers to the Community and the Member States ofthe European Union on the one side, and each ACP State, on the other.

2. If one Party considers that another Party has failed to fulfil an obligation in respect of one of the essentialelements referred to in Article 5, it shall invite the Party concerned, unless there is special urgency, to holdconsultations with a view to assessing the situation in detail and, if necessary, remedying it.For the purposes of such consultations, and with a view to finding a solution:– the Community side shall be represented by its Presidency, assisted by the previous and next Member

States to hold the next Presidency, together with the Commission;– the ACP side shall be represented by the ACP State holding the Co-Precidency, assisted by the previous

and next Member States to hold the Co-Precidency. Two additional members of the ACP Council ofMinisters chosen by the party concerned shall also take part in the consultations.The consultations shall begin no later than 15 days after the invitation and as a rule last no longer than30 days.

3. At the end of the period referred to in the third subparagraph of paragraph 2 if in spite of all efforts nosolution has been found, or immediately in the case of urgency or refusal of consultations, the Party whichinvoked the failure to fulfil an obligation may take appropriate steps, including, where necessary, the par-tial or full suspension of application of this Convention to the Party concerned. It is understood that sus-pension would be a measure of last resort.

The Party concerned shall receive prior notification of any such measure which shall be revoked as soonas the reasons for taking it have disappeared.


Annex IIIa

Community declaration on Article 4

In supporting the development strategies of the ACP States the Community shall, in its dialogue with the ACPStates, take account of its development objectives and priorities, and in particular:– the sustainable economic and social development of developing countries, especially the poorest among

them. In this context the enhancement of human resources and the environment shall receive particularattention;

– their smooth and gradual integration into the world economy, with particular emphasis on the revitalisa-tion of their economies through the promotion of the private sector;

– poverty alleviation;– the development and consolidation of democracy and the rule of law and adherence to human rights and

fundamental freedoms.

Annex LXXX

Joint declaration on the consultation and information of agents of development

With a view to encouraging the participation of the agents of decentralized co-operation in Fund projectsand programmes and to ensuring that their initiatives are taken into account in the formulation and in theimplementation of indicative programmes, ACP States will endeavour to organize exchanges of views withsuch agents. The ACP States and the Commission will also endeavour to provide information necessary fortheir participation in the implementation of the programmes.


A p p e n d i x 4

THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION.

The European Commission. Communication to the Council and Parliament onDemocratization, the rule of law, respect for human rights and good governance: thechallenges of the partnership between the European Union and the ACP States, 24February 1998, COM(98) 146.


SUMMARY

1. This is the latest in a series of Commission communications on human rights, democratization and therule of law. It follows and complements the communication of May 1995 on the inclusion of respect fordemocratic principles and human rights in agreements between the Community and third countries, thatof November 1995 on “The European Union and the external dimension of human rights policy: fromRome to Maastricht and beyond” and that of March 1996 on “The European Union and the issue of con-flicts in Africa: Peace-building, conflict prevention and beyond”.

2. Its purpose is threefold:■ to explain to the ACP partners how the Community interprets the revised fourth Lomé Convention, of

which Articles 5, 224(m) and 366a concern human rights, democracy, the rule of law and good gover-nance;

■ to help stimulate debate in the ACP countries to ensure that the essential elements of the LoméConvention are complied with when those countries make the political and social choices incumbenton them;

■ to prepare and facilitate discussions within the Council, and later with the ACP countries, on futureACP–EC relations.

The Lomé Convention was the first to refer to human rights.37 This places it in the vanguard of efforts to takeaccount of these fundamental principles in co-operation with non-member countries.

This is why the Commission considers it necessary to issue a specific Communication on ACP countries.

3. Within the general guidelines on human rights, this Communication:■ clarifies the concepts cited in Article 5 of the revised fourth Lomé Convention;■ proposes an action plan aimed at:■ establishing a systematic dialogue with the ACP countries and stimulating debate on such questions

within those countries with a view to helping them to take responsibility themselves for these issues.■ highlighting a number of practical measures and priorities for strengthening a culture of democracy

and an institutional climate more conducive to good governance, including guidelines for preventingand tackling corruption.

4. These elements will not only provide a concrete operational framework for the dialogue between the ECand the ACP countries and the programming and implementation of the associated funding: they will alsoinfluence the implementation of EDF programmes by establishing an efficient, transparent and equitableinstitutional environment.


37 See Lomé III: the Preamble, Article 4(t) and the joint declaration on Article 4.

CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION (i) General background (ii) The fourth Lomé Convention (iii) Developments in the ACP countries (iv) Objectives of this communication

II. STRENGTHENED AIMS OF CO-OPERATION AND PARTNERSHIPA. Human rights, the rule of law and democratic principles

Human rights The rule of law Democratic principles

(i) Legitimacy (ii) Legality (iii) Effective application

B. Good governance(i) Definition(ii) Aspects of good governance (iii) Corruption – the main obstacle to good governance

III. ACTION PLANA. Deeper dialogue with the ACP countries

(i) Developing a frame of reference (ii) Support for regional and national consultation networks

B. Stepping up support in priority fields (i) Institutional and administrative reforms(ii) Education in human rights and civics (iii) Strengthening civil society and women’s participation in the

democratisation and development process (iv) Measures to prevent and combat fraud and corruption

PreventionSanctions

C. Non-execution clause D. Conclusion

Annex 1: Key stages in taking account of human rights, democratic principles and the rule of law in external relations



38 COM(95) 567 final, 22 November 1995.

Democratisation, the rule of law, respect for human rights and good governance: the political issues of the partnership between the European Unionand the ACP States

I. INTRODUCTION

(i) General background

1. Over the last decade human rights, the rule of law and democratic principles have becomeincreasingly important in the Union’s policy generally, and its external relations in par-ticular.

2. The latter aspect was dealt with in the communication of November 1995 to the Counciland Parliament entitled “The European Union and the external dimension of humanrights policy: from Rome to Maastricht and beyond”.38 Besides recapitulating the acquis,principles and priorities of action by the Community and its Member States – the keystages in which are set out in Annex 1 – the communication lays out future strategies tobe implemented within a consistent and co-ordinated framework. Asserting the principlesof universality, indivisibility and interdependence that are the cornerstone of the inter-national system for the protection of human rights, the communication identifies priori-ties for a proactive, practical and constructive approach, among them:■ supporting democratisation as a long-term process involving developing civil society,

institutional reforms and the consolidation of change;■ promoting and strengthening the rule of law;■ supporting local and regional institutions;■ promoting pluralist civil society in a context of sustainable social and human develop-

ment.

The Communication recognises the need to take the debate on these issues further, dis-pose of a range of instruments for use according to a country’s circumstances and buildanalytical and technical capacities in these fields to tailor operations to different situa-tions.

This Communication seeks to address these issues in greater depth in the specific contextof the Lomé Convention, while maintaining a consistent approach to the developingcountries as a whole.

(ii) The fourth Lomé Convention

3. Articles 5, 224(m) and 366a of the fourth Lomé Convention as revised by the Agreementsigned in Mauritius on 4 November 1995 confirm these general guidelines. Article 5 statesthat “development policy and co-operation shall be closely linked to respect for and enjoy-ment of fundamental human rights and to the recognition and application of democrat-ic principles, the consolidation of the rule of law and good governance”. The same articlemakes respect for human rights, democratic principles and the rule of law an essential ele-ment of the Convention. These new provisions give the economic, social and commercialcontent of the Lomé Convention an added institutional and political dimension: humanrights, democratic principles, the rule of law and good governance are now areas of com-mon interest and fundamental elements of the dialogue between the parties, and, as such,an integral part of co-operation policy.

4. In order to take account of these provisions, Article 3(2) of the Financial Protocol to the8th EDF earmarks incentive financing of ECU 80 million from the regional allocation.

This amount is intended to finance “institutional and administrative reform measures,with a view to democratisation and the rule of law” (Article 224(m)) programmed by theACP States and financed from their National Indicative Programme (NIP) or the RegionalIndicative Programme (RIP). This incentive financing is in addition to the appropriationsin the general budget of the European Communities for positive measures in support ofhuman rights and democracy in the developing countries. Of ECU 526 million spentunder this heading since 1992, ECU 214 million has financed schemes for ACP countries.

5. In tandem with this positive approach, Article 366a of the Convention, in line with theCouncil’s decision of May 1995,39 provides for appropriate steps to be taken in the eventof serious and persistent human rights violations or interruptions in the democraticprocess. It introduces a “non-fulfilment clause” and a special procedure for consultationsbetween the parties in a joint forum. Dialogue takes precedence over negative measuresin the quest for a solution, except in cases of special urgency. It is emphasised that the sus-pension of co-operation is a measure of last resort.

Article 366a also stipulates that any measure “shall be revoked as soon as the reasons fortaking it have disappeared.” For this article, and in particular the process for adopting andrevoking sanctions, to be understood and applied correctly, not only must account betaken of the overall situation in the country and the nature of the violations reported, butalso the minimum requirements for remedying violations must be studied carefully. ACommission proposal for a decision on a framework procedure for implementing Article366a of the fourth Lomé Convention was presented to the Council on 21 February 1996.40

(iii) Developments in the ACP countries

6. In the space of a few years a large number of ACP countries have made appreciableprogress with reforms involving a radical reorganisation of the means of delegating andexercising political power and relations between government and citizens. These reformshave completely changed the institutional set-up and political practice by increasing pub-lic participation in the management of public affairs and the exercise of fundamental civilliberties. This progress has in many cases been achieved at a time of social and economicdifficulty, often coinciding with the implementation of structural adjustment pro-grammes. These processes have produced a great variety of outcomes, taking each coun-try down a different road.

Though the reforms share a common inspiration and pursue identical objectives, theirsequence, content and pace will inevitably be modulated by a country’s history and pre-sent circumstances. It is for the EU and its ACP partners to find appropriate responses toa multifaceted trend. The EU and the ACP countries will share the burden of this newpolitical responsibility. This commitment calls for a shared, practical and operationalunderstanding of such concepts as human rights, democracy, the rule of law and goodgovernance. This understanding would help deepen the dialogue and strengthen the cur-rent partnership on these issues.

7. The EU is increasingly focusing on preventing conflict and consolidating peace, especial-ly in Africa. The Commission communication of 6 March 1996 on this subject41 and thejoint action decided by the Council on 2 June 1997 on conflict prevention in Africa 42

recognise the importance of a democratic government for developing a country’s capaci-ty to prevent and settle conflicts. In this context, a government’s legitimacy and capacity


39 COM(95) 216 final, 23 May 1995.40 COM(96) 69 final, 21 February 1996.41 SEC(96) 332 final, 6 March 1996.42 OJ No L 153, 11.6.1997, p.1.

to formulate and implement policies in an institutional framework, which respects humanrights, democratic principles and the rule of law are a key factor in structural stability. Ademocratic system permits the establishment of mechanisms by which competing interestgroups can peacefully resolve their differences.

(iv) Objectives of this communication

8. Support for democratisation processes, respect for human rights, the rule of law and goodgovernance cannot be dissociated from co-operation in the wider context. It must act asboth framework and component part of co-operation policy.

If significant results are to be attained, not only must these concepts be defined andinstruments and operating procedures proposed but sufficient funding must also be madeavailable. Action must tie in with that taken by the Member States and other donors undera coherent strategy where the different partners co-ordinate their operations in pursuit ofa common objective.

9. The need for reflection is made all the greater by the draft negotiating directives on futurerelations between the EC and the ACP countries, which look at these issues in greaterdepth. This is one reason for focusing this communication on the geographical area cov-ered by the Lomé Convention. This Convention, moreover, establishes strong linksbetween political dialogue, the mobilisation of considerable financial resources and devel-opment.

The nature of the Lomé framework, which enables the 71 ACP countries and the EC toexchange views and reach agreement on a footing of partnership, offers an exceptionalforum for the first concrete proposals. As long ago as the third Lomé Convention, thisframework broke new ground by affirming the contracting parties’ commitment to theprinciples of the United Nations Charter and their faith in fundamental human rightsand human dignity.

10.To help implement and sustain institutional reforms relating to human rights, democrat-ic principles, the rule of law and good governance with due regard for the specific require-ments of each case, and enhance the visibility of the Union’s action, this communicationis intended to:■ clarify the concepts cited in Article 5 of the revised fourth Lomé Convention;■ set out an action plan aimed at:

– fixing the objectives and criteria for dialogue with the ACP countries and stimulat-ing debate on such questions in those countries with a view to helping them takeresponsibility themselves for these issues;

– tabling a number of practical measures and priorities for strengthening a culture ofdemocracy and an institutional climate more conducive to good governance, includ-ing guidelines for preventing and tackling corruption.

II. STRENGTHENED AIMS OF CO-OPERATION AND PARTNERSHIP

1. Article 5 of the revised fourth Lomé Convention states that “respect for human rights, democratic princi-ples and the rule of law, which underpins relations between the ACP States and the Community and allprovisions of the Convention, and governs the domestic and international policies of the ContractingParties, shall constitute an essential element of the Convention.”

The same article cites good governance as an objective of co-operation, though not an essential elementof the Convention.

2. History shows the objectives of Article 5 to be a prerequisite for sustainable economic and social develop-ment. It has become clear in recent decades that sustainable human development demands an institu-tional and political environment that respects human rights, democratic principles and the rule of law.


The connection between development and human rights is expressly recognised in the UN Declarationon the Right to Development.

Thus, though each country is free to choose the political and economic model for its society, such mod-els must be consistent with the universal principles in the matter of human rights and comply with the rel-evant international and regional conventions and legal acts.

A. HUMAN RIGHTS, THE RULE OF LAW AND DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES

Human rights3. Human rights are universal, indivisible and inter-dependent. They bind every government body

and may not be restricted. Whether civil and political or economic, social and cultural in nature,they must be respected and promoted in their entirety. They are the subject of a series of inter-national and regional agreements and legal acts constituting an international legal framework(the United Nations Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the 1969 AmericanConvention on Human Rights, the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights adopted inJune 1981 etc.). The commitments made in these instruments were reaffirmed by the participat-ing countries in the conclusions to the 1993 Vienna Conference on Human Rights.

The rule of law4. The primacy of the law is a fundamental principle of any democratic system seeking to foster and

promote rights, whether civil and political or economic, social and cultural. This entails meansof recourse enabling individual citizens to defend their rights. The principle of placing limita-tions on the power of the State is best served by a representative government drawing its author-ity from the sovereignty of the people. The principle must shape the structure of the State andthe prerogatives of the various powers. It implies, for example:■ a legislature respecting and giving full effect to human rights and fundamental freedoms;■ an independent judiciary;■ effective and accessible means of legal recourse;■ a legal system guaranteeing equality before the law;■ a prison system respecting the human person;■ a police force at the service of the law;■ an effective executive enforcing the law and capable of establishing the social and economic

conditions necessary for life in society.

Democratic principles5. By opting for the phrase “democratic principles” rather than “democracy”, Article 5 of Lomé IV

sought to emphasise the universally recognised principles that must underpin the organisation ofthe State and guarantee the enjoyment of rights and fundamental freedoms, while leaving eachcountry and society free to choose and develop its own model. A democratic system enableshuman rights to flourish in a climate of respect and recognition of the different cultures makingup the country by basing political power on the will of the people and every individual’s volun-tary contribution to the life of the community.

A democratic State is therefore a precondition for the exercise of human rights. It is a definingcharacteristic of a democracy, whatever the system or model adopted, that it formalises a non-vio-lent dialectic between the aspirations of the majority and those of a minority according to a bodyof rules accepted by all and based on respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

The strengthening of the democratic process and its assimilation by the countries concerneddepend on the ongoing adaptation of these rules to each country’s history, cultures and particu-lar ways of thinking.

The concept of “democratic principles” also serves to accentuate the dynamic process leading todemocracy. Democratisation is a gradual and ongoing process which must take account of acountry’s socio-economic and cultural context.


6. Democratic principles are inter-dependent and indivisible: each has potential applications thatinvolve one or more others to some degree. The whole they form and their specific manifesta-tions will be determined by each country’s democratic culture.

For example, the holding of elections, which is a fundamental step on the way to democratisa-tion, must be a logical step in a country’s process, history and culture. As an end in themselves,elections alone will not necessarily make a country a democracy or give it the political stabilitynecessary for it to flourish. They have to be part of a broader process, in which a series of factorscome together to prepare and consolidate a movement towards democracy.

This means giving priority to a pluralist, evolving and interactive vision of democratic principlesboth as objectives to be attained and respected and components of development co-operation intheir own right.

7. These principles can be defined in terms of three fundamental characteristics:(i) legitimacy(ii) legality(iii) effective application.

These principles are both objectives to be attained on the way to a State where a genuine rule oflaw, applies, and spheres of intervention where available funds may be used.

(i) Legitimacy

8. The foundation of the authority of the State, this concept means that leaders at local andnational level are freely appointed by systems recognised and accepted by the citizens.These systems should meet a number of criteria relating to non-discrimination and beemployed regularly.

The election of a country’s leaders by free universal suffrage in a secret ballot is a mecha-nism for legitimacy. The Community may continue providing specific help in this field,chiefly for the processes of consulting the people and appointing leaders and public offi-cials (censuses, electoral registers, electoral commissions, local or national elections,observers, voter education etc.).

(ii) Legality

9. Legality means the existence of clear-cut rules that are applied to all citizens without dis-crimination. It is reflected in:■ an appropriate constitutional, legislative and regulatory system;■ recognition of the human rights and the fundamental and individual freedoms set out

above in paragraph 3 of section II.A.

All support in this area will be aimed at drafting suitable rules and laws, including theincorporation into national law of the principles of the Universal Declaration of HumanRights.

(iii) Effective application

10. Effective application requires that the behaviour and practices of the authorities, institu-tions and legal persons be consistent with the rule of law and democratic principles.

It is against this background that the State’s institutional set-up, transparent institutionsand decision-making, institutional capacities and the existence of supervisory bodiesacquire their full significance. This is a long-term process affecting both the structure ofthe State and its administration and the constitution of a democratic culture enabling thedifferent social forces to interact and strengthen each other. A special emphasis must beplaced on capacity building and public participation in the decision-making processes.


In the final analysis, it is effective application that gives a democratic system substance andspawns the machinery needed for reaching consensus and peacefully resolving differencesbetween interest groups.

11. Effective application involves:■ the promotion and protection of fundamental freedoms, which are the very purpose of

any democratic system, since that system exists to uphold the freedoms of individualsand groups against the power of the State;

■ the separation of powers, which curbs the powers of the State and relates specificallyto:– the independence of the legislative and judicial powers from the executive power;– the effective exercise of the three powers;

■ institutional arrangements for participation in decision-making and developmentchoices at national, regional and local level:– the existence of institutions for consultation and participation in decision-making;– recognition of local democracy and the principle of the free administration of the

people, which may lead to administrative decentralisation;– recourse to “consultations” on certain major questions;

■ political and institutional pluralism (the State and civil society, i.e. all institutions andsocial and economic associations in a country that are independent of the govern-ment), which ensures a balance of powers and is reflected by:– a free and open political system;– the recognition of the role and status of the opposition, including the effective right

to engage in political activity;– representatives of civil society with the freedom to organise;– free and independent media;

■ transparency and integrity of the institutions: democratic power is a mandate limitedinter alia by the sovereignty of the people. Democratic institutions and those leadingthem are therefore accountable for their decisions and wholly responsible for theirmanagement. These principles are reflected by:– operational and independent control mechanisms;– the public nature of acts;– information and reporting on the activities of institutions;– citizens’ access to administrative services;– regulations conducive to fighting corruption.

B. GOOD GOVERNANCE

12. “Governance” generally describes the exercise of political, economic and administrativepower in the management of public affairs. “Good governance” implies managing publicaffairs in a transparent, accountable, participative and equitable manner showing dueregard for human rights and the rule of law. It encompasses every aspect of the State’sdealings with civil society, its role in establishing a climate conducive to economic andsocial development and its responsibility for the equitable division of resources.

Within this overall approach, good governance has two dimensions: the political dimen-sion concerns strictly political action by the government and the institutional dimensionthe economic and social management of resources.

13.Article 5 of the revised fourth Lomé Convention introduces good governance as an objec-tive of co-operation for equitable and sustainable development.

Good governance features alongside and complements the aims of respect for humanrights, democratic principles and the rule of law. Unlike those aims, however, it is not anessential element of the Convention:“Development policy and co-operation shall be closely linked to respect for and enjoy-ment of fundamental human rights and to the recognition and application of demo-cratic principles, the consolidation of the rule of law and good governance.”43


43 Second subparagraph of Article 5(1) of the revised fourth Lomé Convention.

(i) Definition

14.Under this approach, good governance refers to the transparent and accountable man-agement of all a country’s resources for its equitable and sustainable economic and socialdevelopment. The resources of a country include human resources (knowledge, know-how and skills), natural resources and internal and external economic and financialresources, including development aid.

The concept of good governance remains implicit in a political and institutional environ-ment respecting human rights, democratic principles and the rule of law. But it takes spe-cific account of the role of the authorities in managing resources, promoting a favourableclimate for economic and social initiatives and deciding how to allocate resources.

Good governance therefore implies the existence of competent and effective institutionsrespecting democratic principles. The concept therefore extends the aims of democrati-sation into the sphere of resource management.

(ii) Aspects of good governance

15.Transparent and accountable resource management for equitable and sustainable devel-opment has four related and complementary aspects. These naturally overlap with demo-cratic principles:■ Equity and the primacy of law in the management and allocation of resources call for

an independent and accessible judicial system that guarantees all citizens basic accessto resources by recognising their right to act against inequalities. In the specific con-text of governance, this involves establishing a legal and regulatory framework thatencourages private enterprise and investment.

■ The institutional capacity to manage a country’s resources effectively in the interests ofeconomic and social development implies an ability to draft, implement and supervisepolicies addressing the needs of the people. The government and civil society must beable to implement an equitable development model and guarantee the judicious useof all resources in the public interest. Building public and private institutional capaci-ties is vital because it directly determines economic and social development, and espe-cially the effectiveness of development co-operation.

■ Transparency which entails being accountable and organising effective procedures andsystems for monitoring the management and allocation of resources, implies thatresource management is open to scrutiny and subject to controls. It is both a key fac-tors in establishing trust between the various agents of development and a guaranteeof institutional integrity.

■ Public participation in the decision-making processes concerning the managementand allocation of resources. Development without the participation of civil society isinconceivable. Participation calls for the various agents of development to exchangeviews on major decisions relating to the management and allocation of resources anddevelopment programming. This dimension also concerns the scope to be given to pri-vate initiative, enterprise and civil society in development.

(iii) Corruption – the main obstacle to good governance

16. Corruption, which can be defined as “any abuse of power or impropriety in the decision-making process brought about by some undue inducement or benefit,”44 is a major obsta-cle to development in general and good governance.■ In a climate of corruption the criteria governing the choice of development projects

are not directly related to development objectives or the public interest but to vested


44 This definition of “corruption” is taken from the Communication from the Commission to the Council and theEuropean Parliament on a Union policy against corruption (COM(97) 192 final, 21 May 1997).

interests. This leads to a commensurate decline in the quality of the performance ofcontracts, when it does not render projects completely unsuited to objectives.Corruption involves increased costs or the diversion of resources.

■ The significant increase (10–20%)45 in the cost of supplies and services is an unwar-ranted surcharge on a country’s internal and external economic resources, leading toa commensurate increase in debt and reducing the effectiveness of co-operation. Theseunlawful costs are ultimately borne by the public (higher prices, loss or cutback of pub-lic services etc.).

■ Corruption inevitably leads to an economic system favouring short-term gains, arbitrarydecisions and private interests. It destroys all notions of transparency, equity, the ruleof law and participation.

■ Corruption also deters national and international private investors by creating hightransaction costs and offering neither guarantees as to the safety of investments nor thepossibility of supervising them.

■ Corruption is a barrier to reforms and the opening-up and liberalisation of the econo-my since it serves interests opposed to economic deregulation and the abolition ofmonopolies.

■ An underdeveloped civil service opens the way for corruption by organised crime.

Corruption is a “horizontal” problem for good governance. It undermines all its aspectsand must therefore be addressed as a priority.

III. ACTION PLAN

1. Democratisation is a long and complex process involving all forces in society. It calls not only for consti-tutional and legislative reform but also for reform of the apparatus of State and civil society.

Such a process cannot be properly launched or sustained without taking account of a country’s social, eco-nomic, political and cultural circumstances. It also requires a genuine political resolve on the part of itsleaders and the ownership of the process by its citizens or, at the very least, their substantial participationin it.

Taking account of the political and institutional dimension in development co-operation calls for a seriesof practical measures at various levels:■ a deeper dialogue with – and within – the ACP countries on human rights, democratic principles, the

rule of law and good governance;■ greater support in priority areas, including the drafting and introduction of measures to prevent and

combat corruption.

A. DEEPER DIALOGUE WITH THE ACP COUNTRIES

2. The dialogue between the Community and the ACP countries is the principal instrument andforum for developing the political and institutional dimension of co-operation in a mannerrespecting the sovereignty and specificity of the countries concerned.

There should be a permanent dialogue with the ACP countries. The procedures for this dialogueshould, in particular, be established during the reshaping of the EC – ACP partnership.46 In thatcontext, the Commission is proposing that procedures for political dialogue be as flexible as pos-sible. Dialogue should take place at the time and level most relevant to the subjects to be dis-cussed. It may, in particular, take the form of discussions and consultations in joint institutionsor meetings between representatives of an ACP country or region and representatives of the EU.


45 A figure calculated by Transparency International, an NGO working against international corruption.46 See Commission communication on directives for the negotiation of a new development partnership agreement with

the ACP countries (SEC(98) 119, 28 January 1998).

This dialogue must help:■ to clarify the concepts involved and the means for analysing them;■ to define strategies for implementing co-operation in these areas, strengthening them as a vital

adjunct of aid and economic co-operation;■ to identify support measures and priorities in this field;■ to stimulate deeper thought and debate on these issues between the authorities, politicians

and citizens in the ACP countries.

(i) Developing a frame of reference

3. A frame of reference for such issues must be proposed to initiate the dialogue. This frameof reference will serve as a basis for dialogue. It will provide a profile for charting theprogress of democratisation, the establishment of a state governed by the rule of law, thehuman rights situation and the quality of governance.

Its use should help a country and its partners:■ better identify the measures needed;■ evaluate activities already under way;■ assess more effectively any backward step or breach of an essential element of the

Convention.

Just as it is bound to help clarify this dimension of development policy, a frame of refer-ence will itself be an opportunity and a subject for dialogue between the Community andthe ACP countries. It would be difficult and pointless to embark on a purely theoreticaldialogue. This dialogue must be rooted in the realities of a given country’s process, albeiton the basis of universally accepted values. Initially, the frame of reference will provide thebasis for dialogue between the Community and the ACP countries.

The frame of reference will be a methodological tool for tracking a country’s progresstoward democracy. It will be based on the principles of democracy and the rule of law andthe dimensions of good governance as defined in this Communication and laid down asobjectives to be pursued.

The frame of reference will show whether a country is making progress towards theseobjectives. It will also help assess, monitor and assist progress.

With due regard for the Copenhagen criteria, the starting point for the analysis must takeaccount both of the relevant European Parliament and UN resolutions and reports by theUN’s special and thematic rapporteurs.

To make it as objective as possible and avoid all preconceptions and value judgments onpotentially sensitive issues, analysis will be governed by a number of strategic principles.

■ Assessment will be based on observation of the dynamics of the process in a given coun-try.

■ A country’s progress towards certain objectives will be assessed over time.■ Different countries’ profiles are not comparable. Each country will be judged on its

own performance. Comparison and analysis will be based on a country’s profiles at dif-ferent times.

■ The exercise must be carried out with or by the countries concerned.■ The exercise must be repeated at regular intervals to permit comparison and analysis

of change.■ The exercise must view all objectives as forming an indivisible whole.

(ii) Support for regional and national consultation networks

4. As a complement to its dialogue with the ACP countries, the EU should catalyse debateon such issues inside those countries. The partners need to be mobilised to stimulate sucha debate. This can be done by helping create or reinforce regional or national networks.


Such networks would be aimed at:■ complementing the approach proposed in this document for defining democratic

principles;■ applying this approach to the specific circumstances of the regions concerned;■ validating the frame of reference, defining suitable assessment criteria and preparing

the evaluation exercise in the various countries of the region;■ identifying priority measures for support;■ establishing procedures for developing regional support networks for democracy;■ establishing procedures for initiating and accelerating debate within the countries con-

cerned.

Meetings will bring together those with an interest in democratisation and good gover-nance, i.e. representatives of the government and the judiciary, political parties and civilsociety (NGOs, socio-economic institutions, trade unions, women’s movements, acade-mics, customary chiefs, media chiefs etc.) and representatives of development partners.

Pilot projects may be launched to test the proposed approach.

B. STEPPING UP SUPPORT IN PRIORITY FIELDS

5. Taking account of the new objectives of development co-operation also entails fixing the priori-ties. There can, however, be no blanket interpretation of what constitutes a priority. Each coun-try is a different case and pursues democratisation in its own way. Just as there can be no singlemodel for democracy, there can be no priority measures for application in every country. Eachcountry has a unique political process based on its specific cultural, social and economic circum-stances. When applying these criteria, the know-how of organisations working in these fieldsshould be used to the full.

That being said, certain types of action may be considered priorities on the way to democratisationand the rule of law. They appear to be essential components for making development policiesmore effective and improving governance. Such measures can be divided into four categories.

(i) Institutional and administrative reforms

6. Institutional reforms connected with democratisation and the rule of law are cited as afocal area of co-operation in Article 224(m) of the revised Lomé Convention. They aretherefore a priority approved by both the European Community and the ACP countries.

Several reforms warrant a particular emphasis.■ Constitutional reforms aimed at ensuring that the State’s foundations and structures

respect human rights, fundamental freedoms, democratic principles and the rule oflaw.

■ Judicial reform necessary for the independent and effective system of justice that is thebasis and guarantee of the rule of law and an environment conducive to development.This priority warrants special attention, with the implementation of programmes tosupport and develop the system of justice. Care will be needed to ensure that measurestaken under structural adjustment programmes remain compatible with the institu-tional reforms complementing those programmes. This concern is consistent with “sec-ond generation” structural adjustment programmes, which now include judicialreform among their objectives.

■ Administrative decentralisation which helps local democracy develop and take root.There can be no real democratisation process without its assimilation at grassrootslevel. These reforms are fundamental in restoring citizens’ responsibility for their owndevelopment, making them the government’s partners rather than its dependants, andrethinking and reassigning their respective roles in a climate conducive to initiativeand the exploitation of local know-how and cultures. These reforms must also tie inwith a decentralised approach to co-operation.


■ Support for legislative power, whose performance directly determines the democraticprocess and which must enable parliaments to perform their dual function of coun-terweight to the executive and lawmaker in an independent and constructive manner.Support for promoting the parliamentary system and regional co-operation betweenparliaments are just two ways of making national parliaments more effective and creat-ing strong ties between parliaments in a given region, which could in the long termhelp ACP members of parliament play a more effective role in the ACP – EC JointAssembly.

■ Support for suitable budget supervision and monitoring which is vital for institutionaltransparency in particular and good governance in general, especially in public pro-curement.

■ Support for regional systems to protect and monitor human rights (and in particularthe African Commission on Human Rights, the Inter-American Commission onHuman Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights).

(ii) Education in human rights and civics

7. Presented in Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a preconditionfor the development of the individual and a catalyst for democracy, education was reiter-ated as a priority in the conclusions of the Vienna Conference on Human Rights. Underthe approach of the UN, which has made this the decade of human rights education, edu-cation must emphasise human rights and democratic principles. Civics education plays adirect role in a people’s assimilation of the democratisation process.

It will involve:■ promoting a culture of democracy, especially through institutional programmes for

those educating young people;■ making citizens aware of their basic rights and obligations;■ opening the debate on the procedures by which democratic principles are actually

applied in the countries concerned.

(iii) Strengthening civil society and women’s participation in the democratisation anddevelopment process

8. The tasks of government cannot be redefined in the course of democratisation unless civilsociety is reinforced accordingly. This presupposes institutional changes (a) to allow atti-tudes and mechanisms for limiting powers to exist and counterbalance – and indeed val-idate – the working of democracy, and (b) to guarantee the participation and equality ofall groups in society: women, minorities etc.

Here, the following will be emphasised:■ Free and independent media which are both a crucial factor in the construction of a

pluralist system respecting democratic principles and one of its main manifestations.Support should focus on certain key issues, such as defending the freedom of the press(support for national, regional or international organisations and protecting the vic-tims of violations), professional ethics (training for journalists, improving the legal andregulatory framework), access to information (support for documentation centres,North-South and South-South exchanges between newspapers and radio stations,shared access for several publications to an international press or photo agency).

■ Gender issues which are crucial to the achievement of all development objectives in thecountries concerned. Taking account of the role of women in the democratic processfor sustainable development entails respect for fundamental rights and human dignityand action against all forms of abuse or exploitation they might suffer in the family, atwork, in the community and society in general. This presupposes the development ofinformation on their rights and guaranteed access to legal redress.


The democratisation processes under way or planned are also an opportunity toinvolve women, who make up more than 50% of the population in the countries con-cerned, in national and local political life. The aim is to prepare them to exercise theirresponsibilities as voters and potential candidates. The Council Resolution of20 December 1995 on integrating gender issues in development co-operation advo-cates promoting political power sharing and women’s full and equal participation indecision-making at every level. Efforts to strengthen civil society cannot but includeinstitutions or groups representing women, whose role in development is undeniable,and foster women’s access to all areas of decision-making.

■ The rights of ethnic, religious and cultural minorities have to be taken into account inthe interests of a country’s political and social stability. To that end the 1993 ViennaConference on Human Rights stressed the importance of protecting and promotingthe rights of members of minorities, among them the right to practice their own cul-ture and religion and use their own language.

(iv) Measures to prevent and combat fraud and corruption

9. Good governance directly determines the effectiveness of aid and is intrinsic to compli-ance with certain essential elements.

In its communication to the Council on negotiating directives relating to the partnershipagreement on development with ACP countries,47 the Commission proposes that goodgovernance be made an essential element of the new agreement.

Several of the measures cited under II in relation to the dimension of effectiveness andthe rule of law and the priority measures identified above will have a considerable impacton improving governance: there is no need to go into them again.

However, in terms of the sound management of resources, including development aid,special attention must be given to fighting international corruption.

An agreement was signed to that effect in the OECD on 17 December 1997. TheCommission has transmitted to the Council a communication on a Union policy againstcorruption.48 There has been a succession of international discussions on the subject. Itwas, for instance, debated by the Global Coalition for Africa in Maputo on 1 and2 November 1997.

In its efforts to tackle fraud and corruption, the Community has developed a strategy todeal with serious offences against Europe’s finances. A new legal framework, includingcriminal law, has been established to protect the Community’s financial interests.49 TheUnion’s rules against fraud and corruption already apply to financial and technical co-operation with the ACP countries, and will be strengthened.

Tackling corruption entails both preventive measures and sanctions. Both active and pas-sive corruption must be tackled together for measures to be effective.

The Commission communication on corruption identifies a number of principles andmeasures for an integrated Union policy. It addresses such issues as criminalising inter-national corruption, abolishing tax deductibility for bribes, making public procurementprocedures more transparent and the effectiveness of the accounting rules. The commu-nication also covers preventing corruption in countries receiving Community aid.


47 See footnote 10.48 COM(97) 192 final, 21 May 1997.49 Regulations, agreement and protocols on the protection of the Community’s financial interests and an agreement on

corruption.

These measures have the political backing of the European Council which in June 1997approved an action plan against organised crime, which commits the Union to fightingcorruption and practices fostering it at home and abroad.

Guidelines for combating corruption in the development policy sphere should take thefollowing form.

Prevention

10. Preventive measures are basically aimed at establishing the transparency necessaryfor a culture of integrity. They may take a number of forms:■ Measures relating to relevant regulations, involving principally support (techni-

cal assistance) for the drafting of appropriate legislation and rules which takeaccount of the problem of corruption.

■ Measures addressing means of control involving assistance so that countriesestablish effective and independent supervisory institutions and systems (courtsof auditors, government inspectorates, public procurement institutions, internaland external audits etc.).

■ Improvement of anti-corruption clauses in development-financing procedures(EDF) and co-ordination with the DAC and the World Bank on this matter.

■ Financing of direct action against corruption through the provision of technicalassistance, financing of projects (seminars etc.) and specialist institutions (e.g.the unit recently set up in Benin to promote ethical behaviour in public life) andNGOs working in the field.

■ Raising awareness which is vital: no strategy against corruption can be effectiveunless the general and specific facts and effects are brought to light. This calls forall levels of the existing media to be used to inform the public: schemes with andconcerning national and international media, training and information (semi-nars, including corruption as a topic in training programmes, etc.). These activi-ties also concern the institutions most directly involved: customs services, financeministries etc., which have to assimilate the communication strategies associatedwith domestic programmes against corruption. Such schemes have producedencouraging results, especially in Uganda.

■ Incentives which can make corruption less tempting to public officials, e.g. link-ing part of their pay to merit and performance.

■ EC support for “second generation” structural adjustment programmes, whichgive priority to improving the working of the administration and public institu-tions. One component of these programmes involves reforms of the civil serviceand supervisory systems, especially those for countering fraud, including a reviewof objectives, tasks and human resources.

■ Like the ACP countries, the EU also needs to introduce machinery for prevent-ing violations of the rule of law and economic dysfunctions caused by the influ-ence and activities of groups linked to organised crime, especially through thecorruption of officials or involvement in economic activities, and in particularthose in the public and parastatal areas. The EU and the ACP countries mustpledge to promote, ratify and enforce international agreements against corrup-tion, illegal activities and international criminal organisations in general.

Sanctions

11. Though not the preferred approach, clear and effective penalties are crucial to anyeffective policy against corruption:■ Clear disciplinary procedures are needed for public employees, especially in the

event of malpractice.■ The offences of fraud and corruption need to be clearly defined in national leg-

islation and that legislation enforced.


■ Whistle-blowers need protection. This must be the subject of a specific clause inthe code of integrity intended for staff and institutions involved in developmentaid.

■ The Commission must draw up, with due regard for Community law, and in par-ticular the principles of the directives on the protection of personal data, a black-list of the names, references and specific offences of firms, institutions and indi-viduals found to have been directly involved in corrupt practices in connectionwith the award or performance of contracts relating to development co-opera-tion. The Commission is currently studying the criteria and procedures for draw-ing up such a list.

C. NON-EXECUTION CLAUSE

12. As in other spheres, the European Community in general adopts a positive approach. Thisapproach is, however, backed up by the possibility of taking appropriate steps in the event of fail-ure to fulfil an obligation relating to an essential element of the Lomé Convention.

Article 366a of the Lome Convention sets out clearly the procedure to follow in such cases andspecifies the timing and players involved in this procedure, providing for consultations betweenthe parties before any action is taken, save in cases of special urgency.

Implementing such a procedure requires the capacity to assess the failure to fulfil an obligationin respect of human rights, democratic principles and the rule of law. The decision to initiateconsultations with a country will depend on a political assessment of each given case but thatassessment should take account of a detailed analysis of the country’s situation.

13. Besides the resolutions and reports referred to in the second subparagraph of III(i), this assess-ment should take account of reports from the heads of the Member States’ and the Commission’sdelegations. It must be based on a number of factors showing whether the country’s progress ismaking headway on one or more essential elements: respect for human rights, the rule of law anddemocratisation. Such an assessment plays an important part in the consultations between theparties, which are held “with a view to assessing the situation in detail and, if necessary, remedy-ing it.”

It should also help identify the measures needed to remedy or improve the situation that led tothe violation of an essential element.

14. If, in spite of all efforts, no solution is found, Article 366a provides for appropriate measures tobe taken by the party which invoked the violation. This may include full or partial suspension ofthe Convention, it being understood that suspension is a “measure of last resort”. Appropriatemeasures should aim to exert pressure in order to improve the situation that caused Article 366ato be invoked. This objective must be pursued with the least possible disruption to the workingof the Convention. The decision on the measures to be adopted must, as far as possible, go handin hand with positive measures of immediate interest to remedy and improve the situation.

Although it is difficult to lay down hard and fast rules on such measures outside the particularcontext in which they are to be applied, there are certain guiding principles.

� The measure will be proportional to the violation.

� The measures chosen must not penalise the population and should be accompanied by a step-ping-up of operations in its favour: if, for instance, the measure provides for the suspension of co-operation, a case-by-case review should be conducted of projects under way to establish whetherthey directly benefit the poorest sectors of the population and should therefore be exempt.

� The decision on the appropriate measures must be co-ordinated and consistent with measuresadopted by the Member States.


15. Lastly, the whole question of non-fulfilment or violation of one of the essential elements must belinked to prevention of these violations, which itself is connected with conflict prevention. A dete-rioration in respect for democratic principles, human rights and the rule of law threatens a sys-tem’s legality and the scope for peaceful solutions to tensions and conflicts within a country.

D. CONCLUSION

16. Together, the above elements should not only help establish a concrete operational frameworkfor EU – ACP dialogue and the programming and implementation of the associated funding, butinfluence positively the implementation of EDF programmes by creating an effective, transparentand equitable institutional environment.


ANNEX I

Key stages in taking account of human rights, democratic principles and the ruleof law in external relations

TREATY PROVISIONS

1. Article F.2 of the EU Treaty, which entered into force on 1 November 1993, for the very first time maderespect for human rights, democratic principles and the rule of law an essential element for EU mem-bership and a guiding principle for its activities.

Article 130u of the EC Treaty closely links development policy to democratic principles, the rule of lawand respect for human rights by specifying that “Community policy in this area shall contribute to the gen-eral objective of developing and consolidating democracy and the rule of law, and to that of respectinghuman rights and fundamental freedoms.”

These provisions represent a turning point in the Community’s history and reflect its development into apolitical entity aware of its international responsibilities in these matters.

INCREASING ACCOUNT TAKEN OF HUMAN RIGHTS, DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES, THE RULE OF LAW AND

GOOD GOVERNANCE IN EXTERNAL RELATIONS

2. In its resolution of 28 November 1991 on human rights, democracy and development, the Council notedthat respect for human rights, the rule of law and the existence of effective, responsible political institu-tions enjoying democratic legitimacy are the foundation for equitable development; it also underlined itsattachment to the principles of representative democracy, the rule of law, social justice and respect forhuman rights.

This resolution followed on from, and amplified, the declaration on human rights made by theCommunity’s Foreign Ministers on 21 July 1986, which stated that respecting, promoting and guarantee-ing human rights is a key factor in international relations and a cornerstone of European co-operation.

The same resolution introduced the concept of good governance by referring to a number of generalmanagement principles without which there can be no equitable, effective or sustainable development.Respect for such principles would, moreover, play a decisive role in relations between the Community, itsMember States and the ACP countries in the sphere of development co-operation.

On 18 November 1992 a second resolution referred back to the 1991 resolution, clarifying certain aspectsof its implementation for annual review by the Council. In November 1996 a further resolution on humanand social development reaffirmed the importance of promoting good governance for human-centreddevelopment.

3. In the resolution on democracy, human rights and development in the ACP countries adopted inGaborone on 31 March 1993, the ACP – EC Joint Assembly called on Parliament and the Commission toadopt positive flanking measures for ACP countries engaged in the democratic process and decide crite-ria and means for assessing respect for democracy and human rights.

4. In May 1995 the General Affairs Council took note of the Commission Communication on the inclusionof respect for democratic principles and human rights in agreements between the Community and thirdcountries and approved a clause to that effect for inclusion in all such agreements.50 This decision isaimed at giving the EU a more uniform and coherent approach to human rights and democratic princi-ples. Under it, all co-operation, association and free-trade agreements concluded by the Community withthird countries now contain a clause on respect for human rights. This clause is inspired by the UniversalDeclaration on Human Rights adopted by the UN General Assembly on 10 December 1948 (Resolution217A(III)).


50 COM(95) 216 final, 23 May 1995.

A p p e n d i x 5

DIALOGUE AND ANALYSIS GRID FOR DEMOCRATIZATION – GUIDELINES FOR USE

European Commission Working Document VIII/1140/98/EN

1. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF GRID

Questions concerning respect for human rights, democratic principles, the rule of law and goodgovernance are essential and indispensable, both in terms of the fundamental values they reflectand the role they play in creating a favourable climate for equitable and sustainable development.These questions and the reforms they prompt have become important aims of all developmentpolicies.

Among the measures proposed to ensure that account is taken of the political and institutionaldimension in development co-operation, it is necessary to initiate a close dialogue between theCommunity and the ACP countries on human rights, democratic principles, the rule of law andgood governance. This dialogue should help to clarify the above concepts with due regard for theparticular features of each country, provide the means for analysing them and identify the supportmeasures needed in these fields. The dialogue must be open and take in all the players concerned.No democratization process can move forward without an open and communicative approachthat involves all components of society in discussing the relevant issues.

A frame of reference must be established to get a coherent, structured and concrete dialogueunder way. This tool will provide a profile for charting the progress of democratization, the estab-lishment of the rule of law, the human rights situation and the quality of governance.

Use of this frame of reference by a country and its partners should help to:■ identify the measures needed to support the democratization process;■ evaluate activities already under way;■ assess more effectively any backsliding or breach of human rights, democratic principles or the

rule of law.

The frame will provide both: ■ an opportunity and subject for dialogue – a justification and guide that avoids an overly

abstract, theoretical approach or one which is too disparate from one country to another;■ an analytical tool to chart the democratization process, striking the difficult balance between

setting clear, well-defined principles identical for all partners and parties concerned, andrespecting the particular circumstances and differences of each country. There is no blueprintfor a universal democratization process. Each history and culture produces different andunique proposals and responses on the basis of common aspirations and principles.

Such a tool should respect the following main strategic principles:■ It will assess the development of a process in a given country, not an isolated situation; the exer-

cise should therefore be repeated at regular intervals.■ Countries’ profiles are not comparable and the only benchmark for a country will be itself as

analysed at another time. There is therefore no quantifiable threshold.■ The exercise must be carried out with the country and will initially entail finalising the frame

of reference itself so that it takes account of each country’s particular circumstances.


2. GRID FORMAT

The dialogue and analysis grid consists of 3 columns.

* COLUMN 1: OBJECTIVES

The first column sets out the aims of the exercise. An ongoing process in a country can then beassessed in relation to these objectives.

The aims included in the grid are the component elements of the definition of democratic prin-ciples, human rights and the rule of law as given in the Commission communication, on the basisof universally-accepted fundamental principles and values. These principles are presented as theaims to be achieved in each country. The grid will attempt to analyse a country’s progress or lackof progress in achieving these aims.

The grid does not present these objectives as criteria as such, since they are never completely orpermanently achieved in any country in the world. In addition, they can be pursued in differentways in processes that are always unique and unquantifiable. Consequently no threshold can beposited on any scale whatsoever.

This column should not, in principle, be the subject of debate. It states the principles that form thebasis of a mutual undertaking by the Member States of the European Community and the ACP coun-tries to comply with a certain number of fundamental rules that must be considered as essential.

These objectives fall into three categories:

■ legitimacy, which means that leaders are freely appointed by procedures that are recognisedand accepted by the people, are non-discriminatory and are implemented lawfully;

■ legality, which implies the existence of clearly defined rules – if not of a constitution or writtenor unwritten fundamental charter–and the formal recognition of human rights and funda-mental individual freedoms;

■ effectiveness or effective application of democratic principles, namely:

– the rule of law;– the promotion and protection of fundamental freedoms;– the separation of powers;– institutional arrangements for participation;– political pluralism and civil society;– transparency, accountability and integrity of institutions.

* COLUMN 2: OBSERVATION SITES

Column 2 sets out practical steps for implementation of the aims. It contains sub-objectives or spe-cific objectives together with operational principles, the combined implementation of whichshould allow the general objectives to be achieved.

These principles are called observation sites, i.e. the elements to be monitored. The analysis gridwill directly assess the extent to which they are achieved and implemented.

Since they constitute a guide to the practical implementation of objectives, observation sites arealso potential areas of co-operation in which support measures might be taken with a view to com-plying with the essential principles of the Lomé Convention.

The second column is also included because the elements it contains are, in one way or another,essential to the achievement of the general objectives. They are practical and are consequently lessneutral and abstract than those in column 1; they must therefore be analysed with a view to achiev-


ing a common consensus on the values and objectives that underpin them, as well as an awarenessthat although they are implemented in a standard manner, they are applied by each country inaccordance with its own historical and particular sociocultural and political circumstances.

The dialogue will be launched on the basis of this column. It will not really be able to change thecontent of the column but will define the concepts in line with the realities of the countries con-cerned. It may also propose new observation sites that are appropriate for a particular country.

There will be several observation sites for each objective:

■ legitimacy:– national and local elected representatives;

– transparent and inclusive access to administrative posts;

– institutions based on constitutional, legislative and statutory provisions.

■ legality:– for the existence of a constitution or basic charter:

– the way in which it is adopted;– the way in which it is amended;– the recognition of certain democratic principles.

– for the formal recognition of human rights:– the ratification of international conventions;– the transposition of international conventions into domestic law.

■ effective application:– for the rule of law:

– a legislature that respects and enforces human rights;– an effective and competent judiciary and legal system;– an equitable legal system;– a prison system that respects the human person;– a police force at the service of the law;– means of remedy.

– for the promotion and protection of fundamental freedoms:– real respect of rights and fundamental freedoms;– respect of civil and political rights;– respect of economic, social and cultural rights;– equality of the sexes;– protection of vulnerable groups.

– for the separation of powers:

■ independence of the legislature from the executive and a fully-fledged parliament;– independence of the judiciary from the executive;

– effective exercise of powers.

– for participation mechanisms:– mechanisms for consultation and participation in decision-making;– administrative decentralisation.

– for political pluralism and civil society:– political pluralism;– organisation of civil society;– independence and freedom of the media.


– for the transparency and integrity of institutions:– fully functioning and independent control mechanisms;– information and reporting on the activities of institutions;– citizens’ access to administrative services;– regulations conducive to fighting corruption.

Indicators will be used to monitor compliance with the above.

* COLUMN THREE: INDICATORS

Column three contains indicators. Indicators are the signals, effects and/or symptoms which givesimple, precise and clear information on each observation site (sub-objective) in the grid.

For example, a logical indicator for the observation site on civil and political rights would be thenumber of political prisoners.

An indicator never covers an entire observation site, but rather a specific and observable aspect ofit. For each observation site there will be several indicators, which together will cover all angles.

There are no set indicators to be included in the grid; in the example shown here, possible indi-cators are given in Italics. Indicators cannot be identical; they will depend on each country’s situ-ation, level of development, political situation and sociocultural features. They reflect a country’sinterpretation of objectives at a given time. This interpretation will itself change over time as anintrinsic component of democratic culture. New indicators will gradually be added to the grid andwill take account of developments in the way the societies concerned comply with and achieveobjectives.

The dialogue to be established with and in the countries is important here, as it must determinethe appropriate indicators to include in the grid.

To work, indicators must:■ be simple;■ be easily observable;■ not be based on value judgements;■ be culturally consistent;■ state the information sources on which they are based.

3. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GRID

On the basis of the foregoing, the grid will be implemented in the following order:

1. DIALOGUE WITH AND IN THE COUNTRIES CONCERNED ANDFINALISATION/ADAPTATION OF GRID

2. IMPLEMENTATION OF GRID:OBSERVATION

3. EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN INDICATORS OVER TIME ANDESTABLISHMENT OF A COUNTRY PROFILE CONCERNING DEMOCRATIZATION

4. ANALYSIS STIMULATES:■ PUBLIC DEBATE■ IDENTIFICATION OF MEASURES ■ EVALUATION OF MEASURES UNDERTAKEN■ PROGRAMMING OF DEVELOPMENT AID



This analytical and communicative process will follow certain implementation principles:■ It must involve to the greatest possible extent all the parties concerned in each country–public

officials and administrators, representatives of civil society, intellectuals, academics andresearchers, media, citizens, etc.–and ensure that they take on board the aims and elements ofthe grid. All those concerned must be involved in one way or another at every stage. A com-munication strategy must be implemented in tandem with the grid.

■ The first observation of a country does not necessarily have a reference point, as it can only becompared to the country’s situation as observed at an earlier date. The first exercise will haveto take this into account and incorporate into each indicator the need for observation overtime. This can be done by obtaining indicator data at two points in time: the present and sometime in the past (2-5 years earlier).

■ Observations of different countries are not comparable, as the grids are not the same for eachcountry. However, as the objectives and observation sites are similar, relevant dialogue betweencountries will be greatly facilitated and may even prove valuable.

■ The grids and accompanying analyses should be widely distributed, especially among theEuropean institutions.

OBJECTIVES

I. Legitimacy

Mechanisms for appoint-ing leaders– free from undue influ-

ence– recognised and

accepted by citizens– non-discriminatory– implemented lawfully

II. Legality

1. There is a constitutionor basic charter (writ-ten or unwritten)

OBSERVATION SITES

1. National and localelected representa-tives

2. Transparent andinclusive access toadministrative posts

3. Institutions based onconstitutional, legisla-tive and statutory pro-visions

1. Manner of adoption

2. Manner of amendment

3. The basic text recog-nises certain democ-ratic principles

INDICATORS

* Free universal suffrage* Census and reliable electoral registers* Independent and representative institution responsible for

organising elections with independent and adequate means* Number and limited duration of Head of State’s term of

office* Mechanisms for validating elections and independent

recourse* Mechanisms for the representation of minorities

* Clear, transparent mechanisms for appointing administrativeofficials

* Sociocultural representativeness of administrative officials

* Constitutional institutions are established in line with legalprovisions

* Institutions operate according to legal procedures

* Referendum, constituent assembly or other

* Sovereignty of the people* Rights and fundamental freedoms* Separation of powers* Universal and equal suffrage held by secret vote* Multi-party system* Institution to monitor compliance with the Constitution* Local administration free from interference in accordance

with the subsidiarity principle


2. Formal recognition ofhuman rights and fun-damental individualfreedoms

III. Effective application

1. Rule of law

2. Promotion and pro-tection of fundamen-tal freedoms

1. Ratification of inter-national conventions

2. The transposition ofinternational conven-tions into domesticlaw

1. A legislature thatrespects and enforceshuman rights andfundamental free-doms

2. An efficient and com-petent judiciary andlegal system

3. An equitable legal sys-tem

4. A prison system thatrespects the humanperson

5. A police force at theservice of the law

6. Means of remedy

1. Real respect for rightsand fundamentalfreedoms

* The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights* American Convention on Human Rights* International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural

Rights* International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights * International conventions on the elimination of all forms of

racial discrimination and discrimination against women* Convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman or

degrading treatment or punishment* Convention on the Rights of the Child

* Reservations expressed* National laws defending human rights and fundamental

freedoms* Rights to defence

Cf. II.II.2.

* Portion of national budget allocated to justice* Geographical spread of courts* Courts actually in place* Number of judges* Existence of a judicial council* Existence and activities of a legal training institution* Number of lawyers* Existence of legal professional body/bodies* Publication of case-law* Number of cases dealt with* Time taken for judicial decisions

* Actual right to defence* Cost of legal mediation* Existence of legal aid system* Existence of a prison policy (rehabilitation, etc.)* Number of prisoners/number of cells* Detention conditions* Average length of pre-trial detention* Existence of torture

* Level of training* Status of police* Corruption

* Human rights courts* Activity of these courts

* Reports by international human rights NGOs (Amnesty,Human Rights Watch, Federation of Human RightsLeagues, etc.)

* Reports by national governmental and nongovernmentalhuman rights organisations in the countries concerned

* Any other reports


3. Separation of powers

4. Mechanisms for insti-tutional articipation

2. Respect for civil andpolitical rights

3. Respect for economic,social and culturalrights

4. Equality of the sexes

5. Protection of vulnera-ble groups

1. Separation of the leg-islature from theexecutive and a fully-fledged parliament

2. Separation of the judi-ciary from the execu-tive

3. Effectivexercise ofpowers

1. Mechanisms for con-sultation and partici-pation in decision-making

2. Administrative decen-tralisation

* Number of political prisoners* Number of national refugees outside the country* Multi-party system* Freedom of the media* Existence of censorship* Existence of an ombudsman or similar system

* Liberalisation of the economy* Number of trade unions* Access to basic social services

* Number of women in decision making roles (government,parliament, local authorities, etc.)

* Equal treatment of men and women

* Mechanisms for including minorities* Regard for cultural and ethnic diversity* Language arrangements * Institutions for the protection of vulnerable groups

* Budgetary powers of parliament* Number and nature of arliamentary committees* Existence and purpose of supervisory committees and com-

mittees of inquiry* Existence of votes of confidence/no confidence* Parliamentary questions to the executive* Origin of bills passed* Fully fledged parliament (number of laws, etc.)* Independent and adequate operating budget

* Who appoints judges* Length of terms of office and irremovability of certain judges* Actual role of the Constitutional Court or equivalent* Actual role of the Supreme Court* Action taken by the executive on decisions by the judiciary

* Operation of the judiciary: Cf. III.I.2.* Operation of parliament: Cf. III.III.1.* The executive complies with decision-making procedures* The executive’s institutions are established and operational

* Use of referendum* Mechanisms for consultation of traditional powers* Use of dialogue with representatives of civil society (trade

unions, etc.)* Use of surveys and polls* Openness to public debate* Method of development programming

* How many levels in the administrative organisation of thecountry

* How many levels of decentralised administrative organisation* Territorial cover of decentralised local authorities* Definition of decentralised owers (subsidiarity)* Resources of local and regional authorities* Portion of national budget authorised at local level* Exercise of state supervision * Manner of appointing local leaders


5. Political pluralismand civil society

6. Transparency andintegrity of institu-tions

1. Political pluralism

2. Organisation of civilsociety

3. Independence andfreedom of the media

1. Operational andindependent controlmechanisms

2. Information andreporting on theactivities of institu-tions

3. Citizens’ access toadministrative ser-vices

4. Regulations conduciveto fighting corruption

* Number of political parties existing and represented in par-liament

* Are there »banned« parties?* Registration procedures* Equal access to the media* Freedom of political action (assembly, expression, etc.)* Recognition of the opposition* Do parties receive financial support?* Transparent financing rules* Are public offices held by members of the opposition?

* Procedures for the establishment of institutions of civil soci-ety (associations, foundations, etc.)

* Number already existing* Number to be set up* Social spheres covered by these institutions (categories,

areas, cultural field, etc.)

* Conditions for establishing media* Number of free and private/public media ( press, radio and

television stations, etc.)* Conditions of access to factors of production (paper, rinting,

services, etc.)* Access to information

* An independent (or similar) court of auditors* Mechanisms for monitoring local finances* Operation of these mechanisms (staff, etc.)

* Public nature of acts* A clear-cut government programme communicated to the

public* Public access to information on institutions* Written records and publication of parliamentary debates* Dissemination of laws* Procedures concerning confidentiality rules

* Simple procedures and systems* An administration open to users* Possibility of remedy and arbitration (mediators)* Costs of administrative services

* Clear and transparent ublic procurement procedures* Legislation to fight corruption


A p p e n d i x 6

Mechanisms for the Implementation of Democratic Development in ACP–EUDevelopment Co-operation. ACP Capacity-Building Initiatives and Targets for Supportby the Commission of the European Union.51

The following capacity-building targets and initiatives are suggested for discussions in developingmainstreaming human rights to the development co-operation arena. The capacity-building needsfor democracy target the ultimate goal of building a regime in which the authority to exercisepower derives from the will of the people. At minimum, a democratic regime maximises oppor-tunities for both political contestation and political participation. Political contestation refers toopen rivalry and competition among diverse political interests. Participation refers to the entitle-ment of citizens, considered as political equals, to be involved in choosing52 governmentalleaders and policies. Democratization refers to a more complex process of rule-making in whichcitizens obtain opportunities for political contestation and political participation. While no singleset of rules by itself defines democracy, there is a procedural minimum which participants canagree upon as necessary elements.53 The onset of democratization, as opposed to mere politicalliberalization and governance reform, is distinguished when the incumbent government callscompetitive elections of genuinely uncertain outcome.

Capacity for good governance refers to a conscious management of regimes with the aim ofenhancing the effectiveness of political authority. Governance can be thought of as the appliedrealm of politics, in which political actors seek mechanisms to convert political preferences intoconcrete outcomes. Good governance involves improvements in the technical competence andefficiency of the public sector as well as measures to make public policy more accountable, trans-parent and predictable to society at large. The following capacity-building targets in large measurerepresent generic and specific objectives, outputs and activities for democratization and goodgovernance.

OBJECTIVE

Capacity-buildingfor CSOs engagedin rights-relatedforums to legallyexist

OUTPUT

1) civil societyorganizations engagedin rights-relatedforums are legallyallowed to exist, andare there norestrictions placedupon them

ACTIONABLE AGENDA

1) develop legislation and supporting policies enabling thesmooth registration of CSOs engaged in rights-related forums.

2) institutionalize self-regulating mechanisms in state to protectCSOs engaged in rights-related forums from undueinterference

3) develop institutions, mechanisms and procedures thatundertake public opinion surveys, plebiscites and referenda toinvolve CSOs engaged in rights-related forums in decisionmaking

4) undertake civic education training as key component of local,district and national development programmes

51 Appendix to the draft discussion paper prepared by Dr Costantinos Tesfu-Behre, Director, Centre for Human Develop-ment, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Opinions expressed in the discussion paper reflect the views of its author and do not necessarily rep-resent the views of International IDEA, its Board or its Council Members, neither those of the Commission of the European Communitiesor the Member States of the European Union, nor the ACP Secretariat or its Member States.

52 A popular means of expression conducted for the formation of the Constituent Assembly or of central or regionalorgans of state power and their corresponding substitutes.

53 These include regular elections with universal adult suffrage, partisan competition and a secret ballot, as well as proce-dures for ensuring popular participation and executive accountability between elections.


OBJECTIVE

Capacity-buildingfor a range ofcountervailing civicorganizations thatfunction freely andopenly

Capacity-building(financial) for civilorganizations

OUTPUT

2) civil societyorganizations engagedin rights-relatedforums act asintermediaries fortheir members

3) civil society sector iswell- developed, withorganizations serving avariety of sectors ofthe population, ruralas well as urban?

4) there areorganizations whichfunction as politicalpressure groups

5) civil societyorganizations engagedin rights-relatedforums receivedifferent forms ofsubvention

6) legislation permittingCSOs engaged inrights-related forumsto be self-financing,earn revenue, collectmembershipcontributions, orreceive donations

ACTIONABLE AGENDA

5) developing organizational capacity referring to effectiveness ofthe organization at achieving its stated objectives

6) build the human and material resources of the organizationvis-à-vis membership, technical skills, and sufficient budgets

7) develop organizational complexity referring to thebureaucratization of an organization’s internal structure.54

8) Engender organizational cohesion: the sharing of commonvalues, goals and organizational culture among anorganization’s leaders and members

9) developing organizational autonomy referring to theindependence of the organization to set and pursue its owngoals and objectives. Independence is conceived in bothhuman terms – whether the organization selects its ownleaders – and material terms – whether the organization hasits own sources of revenue

10) develop mechanisms for civil society organizations engaged inrights-related forums to be independent of “external”interference – (a) have independent boards of directors, and(b) operate according to a constitution or other set ofbinding principles

11) mapping out CSOs engaged in rights-related forums andNGOs engaged in rights-related forums

12) institutional analysis of CSOs engaged in rights-related forumsand NGOs engaged in rights-related forums

13) organizational analysis of NGOs engaged in rights-relatedforums and CSOs engaged in rights-related forums

14) develop legislation for CSOs engaged in rights-related forumsto receive government subvention

15) develop norms for CSOs engaged in rights-related forums toreceive government subvention (a) undertake workshops,seminars and consultative meetings for government officials to evolve new norms of engagement with CSOs engaged inrights-related forums and (b) undertake Training of Trainers(ToTs) for local officials to educate them on the need tosupport CSOs engaged in rights-related forums andunderstand the legislation and norms developed in sub-activity 1 above

16) undertake desk study of all legislation on CSO self-financingand national and international support

17) draft legislation for CSOs engaged in rights-related forums toreceive support from local and international sources

18) develop fund raising strategies for CSOs engaged in rights-related forums to be self-financing

54 An organization with a professional staff and specialized sub-units (in an internal structure that is stratified both verti-cally and horizontally) is more complex than an organization run by generalist members who participate in all organi-zational tasks.


OBJECTIVE

Capacity-buildingfor processes forpopularparticipation

Capacity-buildingfor an electedlegislature which isresponsible to theelectorate

Capacity-buildingfor the legislatureto have oversightover policy

Capacity-buildingfor oppositiongroups to havelegitimacy, and toplay a role in the

OUTPUT

7) there are establishedways for the public toexpress opinion topolicy makers – suchas opinion polls orattitude surveys

8) there are means bywhich communitiescan express theirdevelopment prioritiesat the local level

9) local officials areelected and membersof the legislature areelected through openballot

10) the legislatureunderstands its role

11) members of thelegislature havesufficient access toinformation andtechnical resources

12) the opposition andthe public understandthe concept of a “loyalopposition”

ACTIONABLE AGENDA

19) establish and maintain opinion polls20) develop participatory methods for attitude surveys21) strengthen the media to air popular views that may lead to

establish the need for this opinion surveys

22) training in participatory methods of development needsassessment such as RRA, PRA, PLA, CBTP, PAPISL, etc. thatare understood by communities undertaken

23) needs assessment using the above tools undertaken

24) undertake free and fair elections at the local levels25) develop institutions and rules that foster elections 26) support and administer free and fair elections undertaken at

the local levels27) develop institutions and rules that foster election monitoring

and observation

28) training in democratic governance, good governance, thelegislative process and rules of parliament, lobbying,formulation and observance of codes of conduct, andlegislators visit other countries to observe and shareexperiences with other legislators

29) develop a training course that would upgrade the skills oflegislators in the functions outlined above

30) develop awareness for elected officials spend a minimumamount of time in their electoral district

31) provide a database containing reference material toparliamentarians

32) develop systems in place whereby public opinion can be madeknown to members of the legislature

33) develop a library for parliamentarians34) develop capacity for legislature to draft legislation35) develop procedures and provisions for individual members of

the legislature to introduce new legislation or amendments toexisting legislation on specific subjects

36) training in democratic governance, good governance, thelegislative process and rules of parliament, lobbying,formulation and observance of codes of conduct and the roleof opposition parties for the wider political public and theopposition

37) develop a training course that would upgrade the skills ofopposition leaders in the functions outlined above

38) opposition groups visit other countries to observe and shareexperiences with other opposition groups

39) develop awareness for opposition leaders to spend a minimumamount of time in their electoral district

40) develop provision for opposition groups to be involved in thepolitical process

41) opposition parties have clearly articulated political platforms,not to be dominated by individuals


OBJECTIVE

political processCapacity-buildingfor freedom ofspeech, assemblyand association

Capacity-buildingfor legal protectionof defined rights

Capacity-buildingfor independenceof the judiciary

Capacity-buildingfor informingpeople of theirrights and havingaccess to the legalsystem

Capacity buildingfor enforcement ofcontracts by thecourts

OUTPUT

13) necessary legislationexists to ensure thatpolitical parties toexist legally

14) political parties existand there areregulations governingwhat they can do,applying uniformly toall political parties

15) fundamental rightsare enshrined in aconstitution

16) the legal professionactively promotes itsindependence

17) multi-trackcommunicationsystems enhanced bypopularising tools forinforming people oftheir rights and havingaccess to the legalsystem

18) contracts are enforcedand respected

ACTIONABLE AGENDA

42) undertake desk study of the constitution and other legislativedocuments

43) undertake workshops and symposia to draft a bill of rights44) undertake national consultations on the bill of rights and

other meta-rules and legislation

45) develop codes for political parties to function freely46) develop electoral codes that enhance political participation of

the opposition47) develop norms and codes of conduct that ensure fair play48) all political parties allowed to campaign and raise funds in all

geographic areas

49) develop mechanisms for the entrenchment of the bill of rightsin the constitution

50) evolve legislation such that protecting and enforcing suchrights is outside of the control of the executive branch

51) develop mechanisms for judges to collectively defend theirroles in state and government

52) assist the development of independent bar associations53) undertake public meetings, workshops and symposia to create

awareness on the above54) regulations or legislation protecting the independence of the

judiciary are promulgated55) create mechanisms that ensure that career structure for

members of the judiciary is based on merit 56) develop criteria for remuneration to be commensurate with

the qualifications required57) training opportunities are commensurate with the need,58) train adequate number of legal professionals in required

aspects of the law

59) develop inputs for the multi-track communication systems oninformation about rights to be generally available in an easy tounderstand fashion

60) advice centres or other civic institutions staffed by paralegalsto use the inputs for the multi-track communication systemsfor information dissemination

61) develop inputs for the multi-track communication systems sothat there are means by which citizens can obtain informationabout their rights

62) develop a system of legal aid in which poor people can obtainlegal services

63) develop legal and institutional mechanisms for customary /traditional rights to correspond to legal rights, particularly inthe case of women

64) develop awareness in government for contracts to be enforcedin the courts

65) develop capacities, through training, legal specialists incontract law

66) develop awareness among the public that contracts aregenerally understood to be legally binding


OBJECTIVE

Capacity-buildingfor GSOs engagedin rights-relatedforums to controlcorruption andgraft

Capacity-buildingforoperationalizingpolitical rules

Capacity -buildingfor constitutionaland legal provisionfor privateinvestment?

Capacity-buildingfor administrativerules that enhancepoliticalcontestation andparticipation.

OUTPUT

19) there are laws andbureaucratic normsagainst corruption

20) entrenchment andenforcement of thebill of rights into theconstitution

21) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

22) provision made in theconstitution andadministrative normsdeveloped that areconducive to privateinvestment

23) a civil service, withappointments basedon merit, withminimum entryrequirements andclear system ofpromotion based onmerit, with checks andbalances to ensurethat this isimplemented.

ACTIONABLE AGENDA

67) the three branches of state develop administrative norms tocontrol grand corruption and graft

68) develop regulations in governmental departments to makecorruption more difficult

69) there is a system of checks and balances to ensure that suchregulations are adequately enforced

70) public education to fight corruption71) developing media awareness to fight corruption and graft72) develop a code of practice for management professionals

73) building in universally-recognized rights into the constitution74) develop public monitoring mechanisms that limit

governments’ ability to make use of state of emergencymeasures at will

75) put in force public monitoring of the state not to uselegislation to suspend individual and group rights at any stagein the process.55

76) enable officials, through training, to apply laws impartially 77) develop indicators of the status of legislated rules that include

the formal and actual requirements for registering a voluntaryassociation, registering a political party, operating anindependent newspaper or printing press, electoral codesprovide for universal adult suffrage, voter registration,electoral redistributing, secret ballot and transparent ballot-counting procedures.

78) sensitizing and educating the bureaucracy that privateinvestment is the key to capital formation and accumulation.

79) provide legislation so that private investment is permitted inall sectors

80) provide regulatory environment conducive to small-scalebusiness, the informal sector and women entrepreneurs

81) develop multi-track communication and information systemsabout investment options that will be readily available

82) develop a tax structure that is conducive to small-scale privateinvestment.

83) evolve legislation which ensures that credit is available to bothmen and women in rural as well as urban areas through avariety of mechanisms

84) define and delineate chain of commands and specificfunctions clearly

85) develop procedures, norms, and legislation that makegovernmental officials subject to the rule of law, includingregulations prohibiting acceptance of bribes or kickbacks.

86) install legal mechanisms that compensate civil servantscomparable to other sectors (salary paid to civil servants issimilar to that which they could earn in other sectors).

87) develop alternative employment opportunities for civilservants

88) develop benefits and access to government structures

55 These include inter alia the requirement to obtain an official permits to hold political meetings, the imposition of cur-fews or other restrictions on freedom of movement, separation and distribution of governmental powers, popular sov-ereignty expressed through the national assembly, local government, or traditional institutions and not the presidency,the ruling party, or army, the policy-making process, checks and balances available on executive power, constitutionalprovisions and mechanisms for the transfer of governmental power after an election.


OBJECTIVE

To strengthen thenational capacity todevelop, manageand deliver aneffective andbroad-basedcommunity civiceducationprogramme

OUTPUT

24) community level civiceducation programmedeveloped with fullparticipation ofappropriate grassrootsorganizations, politicalparties, democraticinstitutions and themedia

25) appropriateinstitutional andorganizationalstructures put in placefor the developmentand management ofcivic educationprogramme at thegrass-roots level

26) gender

ACTIONABLE AGENDA

89) develop an efficient civil service that affords significantattractions and civil service career development isindependent of the executive branch or political party inpower

90) institutionalise a system of political appointment at all levelsof the civil service, and ensure that such a system is publiclyknown and acknowledged

91) a training-needs assessment undertaken in Ethiopian villageswith specific emphasis on historical aspects of cultural andpolitical leadership, political participation rigged to the pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial era

92) a training-needs assessment undertaken in Ethiopian villageswith specific emphasis on historical aspects of culturaldimension gender relations

93) curriculum development undertaken and curricula for varioussectors of society in Ethiopia

94) strategy for dissemination, training of trainers and resourcemobilization developed

95) the formation of a national civic education think tank:96) extension: the relevance of the think tank depends largely on

the interface between qualitatively high and very relevantresearch, and the ability of the research results to informdebates among the Ethiopian public in general and specificinterest groups in particular

97) communication 98) research: there are two types of research for a think tank:

fundamental and practical 99) the architecture of the modern nation-state and relations

between the state, civic organizations and the market 100)gender equality in a modernizing society – how to identify and

combat forms of discrimination – the enrichment of a societyby equal chances and by eliminating barriers for self-development; the gender issue in rural development; thespecific requirements of an integrated program forreproductive health; emancipation and the role of thetraditional and the modern family

101)culture, tradition, renewal: the preservation of a culturalidentity in the age of globalization of cultural patterns; therole of religion and churches in the transformation of society;the social consequences of the transformation of theextended family; the importance of arts to the identity of anation and for the external promotion of a country

102)economic growth and globalization103)establishment of democracy resource unit within the centre 104)democratic transitions and nurturing democratic gains various

constraints facing the democratization processes andexplorations of context-specific and innovative responses willbe an invaluable resource for the work of the centre

105)democratic management of ethnic conflict

106)public education on participatory democracy and emergingpeace movements through the participation of scholars andinstitutions engaged in researching policy, humanitarian lawand the role of the military in a democracy

107) sensitising grassroots constituency and the public on the roleand responsibility of an independent media


OBJECTIVE OUTPUT

27) Strengthening CivilSociety and RightsCulture

ACTIONABLE AGENDA

108) initiation and promotion of ongoing dialogue on majorityrule and indigenous peoples’ minority rights

109)public debates on gender equality, highlighting women’scontribution to Ethiopian economic, social and politicaldevelopment; elaboration of constitutional guarantees andconstraints related to cultural and traditional practicesincluding violence and physical abuse against women

110) the rights and conditions of children and youth in Ethiopia

111)rule of law: is essential for a predictable, stable environmentin which citizens are informed of their rights and have faiththat such rights will be upheld by an independent,functioning legal system. Rule of law is also essential tocontrol private and public sector corruption and rent-seekingbehaviour, and to promote a climate conducive to privatesector development

112)bureaucratic and administrative consistency and financialaccountability are necessary to build public confidence ingovernment, promote sound economic management, limitopportunities for public sector rent-seeking behaviour andcontribute to a predictable economic climate. Attention tobudgetary policies and priorities is imperative to ascertain howpublic funds are managed and also the degree of centralgovernment discretionary use of such funds. Administrativeand bureaucratic consistency, along with rule of law,contributes to stability and predictability

113)political openness and tolerance is necessary if politicalpluralism, participation in the decision-making process,predictability, and government accountability are to bepromoted. Similarly, participation and communication areessential for interaction between state and civil society, and toensure that public concerns are made known to policymakers. While these are major issues to be addressed in thecurricular development, a serious effort will have to beinvested in the search for and identification of cultural andhistorical precedents for democracy in Ethiopia

114)a much more favourable environment for private enterprise isessential for economic growth and strengthening of civilsociety

A p p e n d i x 7

About International IDEA

International IDEA today has 23 members, of which 17 are countries and five are internationalnon-governmental organizations. The Institute was founded by 14 states at a conference inStockholm in February 1995, and started practical work in mid-1996. Currently, the members ofthe Institute are Australia, Barbados, Belgium, Botswana, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Denmark,Finland, India, Namibia, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, theInter-American Institute for Human Rights, the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ), theInternational Press Institute (IPI), Transparency International (TI) and Parliamentarians forGlobal Action (PGA). The Institute also has co-operative agreements with the InternationalCommission of Jurists (ICJ), the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) and the United NationsDevelopment Programme (UNDP). Switzerland also contributes to the work of the Institute.International IDEA’s Statutes allow for new members. The Institute’s work is not the reflection ofany specific national interest, but is based on the Statutes of the organization, on which the mem-bers have agreed.

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Sir Shridath Ramphal (Chairman), former Secretary-General of the Commonwealth and Co-Chairman of the Commission on Global Governance. Ambassador Thorvald Stoltenberg (Vice-Chairman), Ambassador of Norway to Denmark, former Foreign Minister and Minister of Defenceof Norway, and UN Special Representative in the former Yugoslavia. Sir Henry de Boulay Forde,lawyer and former Foreign Minister and Attorney-General of Barbados. Dr Adama Dieng,Secretary-General of the International Commission of Jurists. Dr Frene Ginwala, Speaker of theNational Assembly, South Africa. Prof Colin Hughes, Professor of Political Science, University ofQueensland and former Electoral Commissioner of Australia. Ms Mónica Jiménez de Barros,Executive Director of PARTICIPA and member of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission,Chile. Mr Manmohan Malhoutra, former Assistant Secretary-General of the Commonwealth andadviser to the former Prime Minister of India, Mrs Indira Gandhi. Ms Maureen O’Neil, Presidentof the International Development Research Centre, Canada. Dr Erling Olsen, former Speaker ofDanish Parliament and Economics Professor at the University of Roskilde, Denmark. Lord Steelof Aikwood, member of the House of Lords, former President of Liberal International. Ms AungSan Suu Kyi, General Secretary of the National League for Democracy in Burma and Nobel PeacePrize Laureate.

The Institute is run by a Secretary-General who is appointed by the Board for a term of five years.The present Secretary-General is Mr Bengt Säve-Söderbergh.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the Institute are:

■ To promote and advance sustainable democracy world-wide;■ To broaden the understanding and promote the implementation and dissemination of the

norms, rules and guidelines that apply to multi-party pluralism and democratic processes;■ To strengthen and support national capacity to develop the full range of democratic instru-

ments;■ To provide a meeting-place for exchanges between all those involved in electoral processes in

the context of democratic institution-building;


■ To increase knowledge and enhance learning about democratic electoral processes;■ To promote transparency and accountability, professionalism and efficiency in the electoral

process in the context of democratic development.

International IDEA has the following advantageous characteristics that assist it in undertakingsuch tasks:

■ It is global in ownership and scope;■ It is expressly devoted to advancing democracy as its main task;■ It brings together in its governing body, on an equal footing, governments and professional

international organizations involved in the process of furthering democracy; and■ It regards democracy as an evolving process and is able to take on long-term projects.

Decisions about what work International IDEA undertakes is guided, in part, by the uniqueness ofits members, which in turn reflect the diverse partners that are found in national democracies.The governments and organizations that founded International IDEA believed that the time hadcome for the creation of a dynamic institute that could creatively and practically assist in sustain-ing and developing a democratic process in a large number of countries.

THE INSTITUTE’S WORK IN THE AREA OF CAPACITY-BUILDING

Building a democratic culture is a major challenge. International IDEA meets this challenge byinitiating programmes to increase the capacity of national institutions vital to the functioning ofa democracy. The Institute’s capacity-building methodology is based on a participatory processbuilt on dialogue and consultation among key stakeholders within each county. The programmeinvolves two levels of interaction: the local environment where democracy is or is not taking shape;and the international environment that is facilitating or inhibiting democracy’s progress. TheInstitute prepares reports on the opportunities and constraints to democracy in numerous coun-tries. These reports are published in the “Capacity-building Series” which can be obtained fromthe Institute.


Publications about International IDEA

Newsletter (three times a year)available in English and Spanish

International IDEA’s Statutesavailable in English, Spanish and French

International IDEA’s Declarationin English, Spanish and French

Information Brochurein English and Spanish

For more information about International IDEA’s publications, the languages in which they areavailable and cost, please contact the International IDEA Information Services. Many of Inter-national IDEA’s publications are on our Website: http://www.idea.intAddress: Strömsborg, S-103 34 Stockholm, SwedenPhone: +46-8-698 37 00 Fax: +46-8-20 24 22E-mail: [email protected]


LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Beyond Elections ’96: A Two-Year Window of Opportunity for Democracy–Proposals for theTransition towards Peace and Democracy in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Electoral Systems in Divided Societies: The Fiji Constituion Review

ISBN: 07-31523-42-3 (1997)

Evaluating Election Observation Missions: Lessons Learned from the Russian

Elections of 1996

Evaluación del Impacto de la Asistencia Externa en el Proceso Electoral Nicaragüense ISBN: 91-89098-18-8 (1998)

International Election Observation: Lessons Learned

(A round table jointly organized by the United Nations Electoral Assistance Division and International IDEA,10–12 October, 1995)

Report of the »Democracy Forum« in Stockholm, 12–14 June, 1996

Report of the 1997 International IDEA, Democracy Forum

Report of the Round Table on National Capacity-Building for Democracy (12–14 February, 1996)

Voter Turnout from 1945 to 1997: A Global Report on Political Participation (A comprehensiveworld-wide compilation of voter turnout statistics since 1945.)

ISBN: 91-89098-04-8 (1997)

CD-ROM ACE PROJECT Version Ø, Adminstration and Cost of Elections Project

The ACE Project is a joint endeavour of International IDEA, United Nations, and International Foundationfor Election Systems (1998)

Code of Conduct Series (ISSN:1402-6767)

Série code du conduite (ISSN: 1403-123X )

Serie de Códigos de conducta (ISSN: 1403-2066)

Code of Conduct for the Ethical and Professional Discharge of Election Observation Activities(English, French, Spanish)

English ISBN: 91-89098-10-2 (1997)

French ISBN: 91-89098-14-5 (1998)

Spanish ISBN: 91-89098-16-1 (1998)

Code of Conduct for the Ethical and Professional Discharge of Election Administration Activities(English, French, Spanish)

English ISBN: 91-89098-11-0 (1997)

French ISBN: 91-89098-15-3 (1998)

Spanish ISBN: 91-89098-17-X (1998)


Capacity-Building Series (ISSN: 1402-6279)

1. Democracy in Romania: An Assessment Mission Report

ISBN: 91-89098-03-X (1997)

2. Consolidating Democracy in Nepal: An Assessment Mission Report

ISBN: 91-89098-02-1 (1997)

3. La Démocratie au Burkina Faso. Executive Summary/Rapport de Synthése

ISBN: 91-89098-08-0 (1997)

4. La Démocratie au Burkina Faso, Rapport de la Mission d’Analyse. La Cadence duDéveloppement Démocratique au Burkina Faso

ISBN: 91-89098-07-2 (1998)

5. Democracy in Burkina Faso. Assessment Mission Report

The Cadence of Democratic Development in Burkina Faso

ISBN: 91-89098-24-2 (1998)

6. Democracia en Guatemala. La misión de un pueblo entero

ISBN: 91-89098-23-4 (1998)

7. Democracy in Guatemala: A Mission for an Entire People

Synthesis Report–Síntesis del Informe

ISBN: 91-89098-25-0 (1998)

Handbook Series (ISSN: 1402-6759)

1. The International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System Design (An easy-to-use guide describingwhat factors to consider when modifying or designing an electoral system.)

ISBN: 91-89098-00-5 (1997)

2. Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers (A handbook examining the political impact women havemade through parliaments.)

ISBN: 91-89098-19-6 (1998)

3. Democracy and Deep-Rooted Conflict: Options for Negotiators

ISBN: 91-89098-22-6 (1998)

The International IDEA Technical Paper Series for Election Administrators (ISSN: 1403-3275)

The Internet and the Electoral Process

ISBN: 91-89098-21-8 (1998)


7. appendices 169 - international ideaarchive.idea.int/lome/background_documents/a169_230.pdfbehre,...

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