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    xiii

    Contents

    Preface vii

    List of Abbreviations xxi

    List of Tables xxiii

    List of Figures xxv

    Acknowledgments xxvii

    Chapter 1 Knowledge in an Organizational Context 1

    Knowledge Objectives 1

    1.1 Introducing the Chapter 1

    1.2 The Notion of Knowledge from a Philosophical 3

    Perspective

    1.3 Organizational Knowledge Defined 5

    1.4 Knowledge Hierarchy 9

    1.5 Perspectives on Knowledge in Organizations 14

    1.6 The Role of Knowledge in an Organizational Context 18

    1.7 Concluding Summary 20

    Further Reading 23

    References 23

    Chapter 2 Strategic Role of Knowledge Management 31

    Knowledge Objectives 31

    2.1 Introducing the Chapter 31

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    2.2 Relevant Topics Associated with Knowledge 33

    Management

    2.2.1 Organizational Knowledge and Its Typology 342.2.2 Knowledge Transfer 35

    2.2.3 Knowledge Creation 36

    2.2.4 Knowledge Storage 37

    2.3 Knowledge Management Defined 38

    2.4 Knowledge Management Process 45

    2.4.1 Acquisition of Organizational Knowledge 47

    2.4.2 Creation of Organizational Knowledge 482.4.3 Storage of Organizational Knowledge 49

    2.4.4 Transfer of Organizational Knowledge 49

    2.4.5 Application of Organizational Knowledge 51

    2.5 The Role of Knowledge Management in 51

    Organizations

    2.6 Concluding Summary 56

    Further Reading 59

    References 59

    Chapter 3 Debates in the Knowledge Management Field 71

    Knowledge Objectives 71

    3.1 Introducing the Chapter 71

    3.2 Lack of a Homogeneous Definition for 74

    Organizational Knowledge3.3 Lack of a Universal Definition for Knowledge 75

    Management

    3.4 Knowledge Management: A Multidisciplinary Subject 76

    or a Specific Ideology?

    3.5 Knowledge Management: A Universal Paradigm or a 79

    Management Fad?

    3.6 Perspectives on Knowledge Management: A 86

    Technical-Centric or Social-Centric View?3.6.1 Perspectives on Knowledge Management: 88

    The Social-Centric View

    3.6.2 Perspectives on Knowledge Management: 88

    The Technical-Centric View

    xiv Knowledge Management: An Interdisciplinary Perspective

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    3.6.3 Combined Approach to Knowledge 89

    Management: The Socio-Technical Approach

    3.7 Concluding Summary 90Further Reading 93

    References 93

    Chapter 4 The Sources of Organizational Knowledge 99

    Knowledge Objectives 99

    4.1 Introducing the Chapter 99

    4.2 Existing Theories of Organizational Knowledge 100

    4.2.1 Polanyis Theory of Knowledge 101

    4.2.2 Nonakas Theory of Knowledge 102

    4.2.3 Spenders Theory of Knowledge 106

    4.2.4 Blacklers Theory of Knowledge 107

    4.3 Gaps in Theories of Organizational Knowledge 109

    4.3.1 Sources of Organizational Knowledge 111

    4.3.2 The Role of External Sources of 112Organizational Knowledge

    4.3.3 The Organizational Knowledge of Various 113

    Stakeholders Outside an Organization

    4.4 Alternative View of Knowledge Typology 116

    4.5 Concluding Summary 120

    Further Reading 121

    References 121

    Chapter 5 Organizations in the Knowledge-Based 125

    Economy

    Knowledge Objectives 125

    5.1 Introducing the Chapter 125

    5.2 The Notion of the Knowledge-Based Economy 128

    5.2.1 Features of the Agrarian, Industrial and 129Knowledge Societies

    5.3 Organizations in the Knowledge Economy 133

    5.3.1 Typology of Organizations Based on 134

    Knowledge Intensity

    Contents xv

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    5.3.2 Knowledge-Based Organization (KBO) 134

    5.3.3 Knowledge-Intensive Firm (KIF) 135

    5.3.4 Professional Service Firm (PSF) 1405.3.5 Knowledge-Creating Company (KCC) 141

    5.4 Knowledge Intensity Continuum 142

    5.4.1 The Notion of Hybrid Organizations in the 145

    Knowledge Economy

    5.5 Concluding Summary 147

    Further Reading 148

    References 148

    Chapter 6 Disciplinary Roots of Knowledge 155

    Management

    Knowledge Objectives 155

    6.1 Introducing the Chapter 155

    6.2 Genesis of the Knowledge Management Field 157

    6.3 Knowledge Management: An Offshoot of a Single 158Discipline or Many Disciplines?

    6.4 Connections Between Knowledge Management 164

    and Other Disciplines

    6.5 Concluding Summary 169

    Further Reading 170

    References 170

    Chapter 7 Knowledge Management and Information 175

    Management

    Knowledge Objectives 175

    7.1 Introducing the Chapter 175

    7.2 The Notion of Information Management 177

    7.3 The Origin of Information Management 178

    7.4 Scholars Views on the Connection Between 182Knowledge Management and Information Management

    7.4.1 Knowledge Management as an Offshoot 183

    of Information Management

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    7.4.2 Information Management and Knowledge 185

    Management as Complementary to

    Each Other7.5 The Intersection Between Knowledge Management 187

    and Information Management

    7.6 Concluding Summary 197

    Further Reading 199

    References 200

    Chapter 8 Knowledge Management and Organizational 205Learning

    Knowledge Objectives 205

    8.1 Introducing the Chapter 205

    8.2 Organizational Learning Defined 209

    8.3 Origins of Organizational Learning 213

    8.4 The Role of Organizational Learning 213

    8.5 Properties of Organizational Learning 2158.6 Scholars Views on the Connection Between Knowledge 218

    Management and Organizational Learning

    8.6.1 Knowledge Management as an Outcome 220

    of Organizational Learning

    8.6.2 Knowledge Management and Organizational 221

    Learning as Two Distinct Disciplines

    8.6.3 Knowledge Management and Organizational 222

    Learning as Complementary to Each Other8.7 Linkage Between Knowledge Management and 224

    Organizational Learning

    8.8 Concluding Summary 232

    Further Reading 234

    References 235

    Chapter 9 Knowledge Management and Strategic 245Management

    Knowledge Objectives 245

    9.1 Introducing the Chapter 245

    Contents xvii

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    9.2 Strategic Management Defined 249

    9.3 The Origins of Strategic Management 252

    9.4 Key Areas of Strategic Management Research 2549.5 Scholars Views on the Connection Between 261

    Knowledge Management and Strategic Management

    9.5.1 Knowledge Management as a Key Element 262

    of Strategic Management

    9.5.2 The Strategic Management Role for 264

    Knowledge Management Implementation

    9.5.3 Strategic Management and Knowledge 266Management as Complementary to

    Each Other

    9.6 Linkage Between Strategic Management and 267

    Knowledge Management

    9.7 Concluding Summary 273

    Further Reading 274

    References 275

    Chapter 10 Knowledge Management and Innovation 285

    Management

    Knowledge Objectives 285

    10.1 Introducing the Chapter 285

    10.2 Innovation Management Defined 287

    10.3 Terminology Associated with Innovation Management 289

    10.4 Typologies of Innovation 295

    10.4.1 Typology of Innovation Based on the Nature 295

    of Innovation

    10.4.2 Typology of Innovation Based on the Form 297

    of Innovation

    10.5 The Role of Innovation Management 298

    10.6 Key Areas in Innovation Management 301

    10.7 Scholars Views on the Connection Between 303Knowledge Management and Innovation Management

    10.8 Linkage Between Knowledge Management and 308

    Innovation Management

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    Contents xix

    10.9 Concluding Summary 313

    Further Reading 316

    References 317

    Chapter 11 Knowledge Management Challenges 325

    Knowledge Objectives 325

    11.1 Introducing the Chapter 325

    11.2 A Brief Overview 326

    11.3 The Challenges of Knowledge Management 329

    11.4 Epilogue 342Further Reading 343

    References 344

    Bibliography 349

    Index 397