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74007400Samsung Confidential & Proprietary InformationCopyright 2006, All Rights Reserved.
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OfficeServOfficeServ 7x00 7x00Enterprise IP Solutions
Quick Install Guide- Data Server –
L3 Routing
Mar, 2006
OfficeServ Lab.
Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
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ContentsContents
Static Route ConfigurationRIP Configuration
OSPF Configuration
L3 Routing Overview
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Overview
Static routing is fine if the network is small, there is a single
connection point to other networks, and there are no redundant
routes. If any of these conditions is false, dynamic routing is
normally used.
Look at the dynamic routing protocols used by routers to
communicate with each other.
1. Introduction
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Overview
2. IGP 와 EGP -. IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)
. Routing protocol to communicate between the routers in each AS. . RIP (Routing Information Protocol) . OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
-. EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol) . Routing protocols that are used between the routers in different ASs. . BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
ASASASAS
IGPIGP IGPIGP
EGPEGP
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Overview
-. Popular routing protocols
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Overview
-. Autonomous systems
Interior routingInterior routing Exterior routingExterior routing
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Overview
R 172.16.8.0 [120/2] via 172.16.7.9, 00:00:23, eth0
R -- How the route was learned (RIP)
172.16.8.0 -- Destination logical network or subnet
120 -- Administrative distance
/2 -- Metric Value
00:00:23 -- Age of entry
eth0 -- outgoing interface
3. Routing information
-. Example
-. Metric If there are multiple paths within the AS from a router to a network, the router selects the path with the smallest hop count.
-. RIP : Hop Counts -. OSPF : Bandwidth, Cost, ….
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Overview
-. Administrative distance
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Overview
4. Static Route (example)
130.100.1.1/24
130.120.1.1/24
130.120.1.2/24 130.130.1.1/24130.130.1.2/24
130.140.1.1/24
130.140.1.2/24
130.150.1.1/24
130.150.1.2/24
B
A
C
D
E
e1
e0
e0s0 s0
e0 e0
e1
e1
Router B
ip route 130.100.1.0 255.255.255.0 130.120.1.1 ip route 130.140.1.0 255.255.255.0 130.130.1.2 ip route 130.150.1.0 255.255.255.0 130.130.1.2
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Overview
5. RIP
• Use UDP datagram• UDP datagram Format
20 bytes 8bytes
IP header UDP headerRIP
message
• Metric: Hop Counts
• Hop Count’s limit : 15
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Overview
5. RIP
• is based on distance vector routing, which uses the Bellman-Ford algorithm for calculating the routing tables.
• Distance Vector Routing– each router periodically shares its knowledge about the entire
internet with neighbors– the operational principles of this algorithm
1. Sharing knowledge about the entire autonomous system
2. Sharing only with neighbors
3. Sharing at regular intervals (ex, every 30 seconds)
Distance Vector Routing Table
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Overview
5. RIP
Command(1-6) Version(1) (must be zero)
Address family(2) (must be zero)
32-bit IP address
(must be zero)
(must be zero)
Metric(1-16)(up to 24 more routes, with same format as previous 20 bytes)
-. RIPv1 message format
Command : request (1) or response (2)Version of RIPv1 : 1Address : destination network address Distance : defining the hop count from the advertising router to the destination network
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Overview
5. RIP
-. RIPv2 message format
command(1-6) Version(2) routing domain
address family(2) Routing tag
32-bit IP address
32-bit subnet mask
32-bit next-hop IP address
metric(1-16)
(up to 24 more roues, with same format as previous 20 bytes)
20bytes
Route Tag : carrying information such as the autonomous system number Subnet mask : carrying the subnet mask Next-hop address : showing the next hop
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Overview
5. RIP
• Timers in RIP
– Periodic timer : controlling the advertisements of regular update messages
– expiration timer : governing the validity of a route
– the garbage collection timer : advertising the failure of a route
• Periodic timer
– controlling the advertising of regular update messages
– using random number between 25 to 35 seconds
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Overview
5. RIP
• Expiration timer– In normal situation, the new update for a route occurs every 30 seconds– But, if there is a problem on an Internet and no update is received within the
allotted 180 seconds, the route is considered expired and the hop count of the route is set to 16.
– Each router has its own expiration timer.
• Garbage Collection Timer– When the information about a route becomes invalid, the router continues to
advertise the route with a metric value of 16 and the garbage collection timer is set to 120 sec for that route
– When the count reaches zero, the route is purged from the table.
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Overview
5. RIP
Timer Example
A routing table has 20 entries. It does not receive information about five routes for 200 seconds. How many timers are running at this time?
The timers are listed below:
Periodic timer: 1
Expiration timer: 20 - 5 = 15
Garbage collection timer: 5
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Overview
5. RIP
255.255.255.255255.255.255.255
255.255.255.255
RIPv1(Broadcast)
224.0.0.9224.0.0.9
RIPv2(Multicast)
-. Routing update
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Overview
5. RIP
-. Routing update
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Overview
5. RIP (Example)
130.100.1.1/24
130.120.1.1/24
130.120.1.2/24 130.130.1.1/24130.130.1.2/24
130.140.1.1/24
130.140.1.2/24
130.150.1.1/24
130.150.1.2/24
B
A
C
D
E
e1
e0
e0s0 s0
e0 e0
e1
e1
Router A
router rip
network 130.100.1.0/24
network 130.120.1.0/24
Router B
router rip
network 130.120.1.0/24
network 130.130.1.0/24
Router D
router rip
network 130.140.1.0/24
network 130.150.1.0/24
Router E
router rip
network 130.150.1.0/24
Router C
router rip
network 130.130.1.0/24
network 130.140.1.0/24
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Overview
6. OSPF
Area 0
Area 1 Area n
Backbone routerArea border router
Internal router
In a distance-vector protocol, each router sends and receives the messages which contain a vector of distances.(hop
counts)
In a link-state protocol, each router actively tests the status of
its link to each of its neighbors, sends this info. to its otherneighbors, which then propagate it throughout the AS.
From a practical perspective, the important difference is that a
link-state protocol will always converge faster thana distance vector protocol.
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Overview
6. OSPF
Features that make OSPF superior to RIP
– OSPF can calculate a separate set of routes for each IP type-of-service.
– Each interface is assigned a dimensionless cost.(throughput, RTT, etc.)
– Load balancing: When several equal-cost routes to a destination, OSPF distributes traffic equally among the routes.
– OSPF supports subnets.
– Point-to-point links bet’n routers do not need an IP addr. at each end.
– A simple authentication scheme can be used.
– OSPF uses multicasting instead of broadcasting.
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Overview
6. OSPF
Function/Feature RIPv1 RIPv2 OSPFStandard number RFC 1058 RFC 1723 RFC 2178
Link-state protocol No No Yes
Large range of metricsHop count(16 = infinity)Hop count(16 = infinity)Yes, based on 1-65,535
Update policyRouting table every 30
secondsRouting table every 30
secondsWhen link state change
Or every 30 minutes
Update address Broadcast Broadcast, multicast multicast
Dead interval 300 seconds total 300 seconds total Variable settings
Supports authentication No Yes Yes
Convergence timeMedia delay +Dead interval
Variable(based on Number of routers * DI)
Variable(based on Number of router * DI)
Variable-length subnets NO Yes Yes
Type of service(TOS) NO NO Yes
Network diameter 15 hops 15 hops 65,355 possible
RIP via OSPF
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Overview
6. OSPF
OSPF Message Format
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Overview
6. OSPF
Hierarchical Routing• Consists of areas and autonomous systems• Minimize routing update traffic
Area 0
Area 1 Area 2
Autonomous System
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Overview
6. OSPF
The Backbone and Virtual Links
• Backbone center of communication
• Virtual link provide path to backbone
• Avoid configuring virtual link if possible
Area 0Area 1
Area 2
Area 3
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Overview
6. OSPF
Link-State DB & Advertisement• Link-State DB
– represents the network topology– shared with OSPF routers in same area
• LSA (Link-State Advertisement)– sourced by router connected to link– flooded by all other routers in area– transmitted at each link-state change
LSA
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Overview
6. OSPF
Link-State Advertisement Operation
LSALSA
LSA
LSA receivedIs entry intopologicaldatabase
reset timer for entry
add to database
flood LSA
run SPF to caculatenew table
Y
N
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Overview
6. OSPF
Type of Link-State Packets
router
network
summary
external
ABR ASBR
externalASO - OSPF derived intra-area (router)
IA - inter-area (summary)E1 - type 1 externalE2 - type 2 external
OSPF routing table
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Overview
6. OSPF
130.100.1.1/24
130.120.1.1/24
130.120.1.2/24 130.130.1.1/24130.130.1.2/24
130.140.1.1/24
130.140.1.2/24
130.150.1.1/24
130.150.1.2/24
B
A
C
D
E
e1
e0
e0s0 s0
e0 e0
e1
e1
Router B
router ospf
network 130.130.1.0/24 area0
network 130.120.1.0/24 area1
Router C
router ospf
network 130.130.1.0/24 area0
network 130.140.1.0/24 area2
Router D
router ospf
network 130.140.1.0/24 area2
network 130.150.1.0/24 area2
Area 1
Area 0Area 2
Configuration Example
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Overview
6. OSPF
Virtual Link Example
130.100.1.1/24
130.120.1.1/24
130.120.1.2/24 130.130.1.1/24130.130.1.2/24
130.140.1.1/24
130.140.1.2/24
130.150.1.1/24
130.150.1.2/24
B
A
C
D
E
e1
e0
e0s0 s0
e0 e0
e1
e1
Area 1
Area 0Area 2
Area 3
Router C
router ospf 100
network 130.130.1.0 area 0
network 130.140.1.0 area 2
area 2 virtual-link 130.150.1.1
Router D
router ospf 100
network 130.140.1.0 area 2
network 130.150.1.0 area 3
area 2 virtual-link 130.140.1.1
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1. Configuration
-. Configure routing entry using static route.
-. We can use Default GW option of Interface
Static Route
Network
165.213.100.0
165.213.89.238
165.213.89.237
ip route 165.213.100.0 255.255.255.0 165.213.89.238
or
ip route 165.213.100.0/24 165.213.89.238
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Static Route
2. Static Route command & status -. For static route using Input Configuration Command -. Current Configuration Status
add static route
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1. Configuration
RIP Configuration
PC #110.0.0.100
10.0.0.0/24
OS7400 #1 192.168.30.0/24 OS7400 #2 172.16.0.0/24
30.0.0.0/24PC #230.0.0.100
OS7400 #3
OS7400 #1 configuration router rip version 2 (or version 1) network 192.168.30.0/24 redistribute connected
OS7400 #2 configuration router rip version 2 (or version 1) network 172.16.0.0/24 network 192.168.30.0/24 redistribute connected
OS7400 #3 configuration router rip version 2 (or version 1) network 172.16.0.0/24 redistribute connected
OS7400 #1 configuration router rip version 2 (or version 1) network 192.168.30.0/24 redistribute connected
OS7400 #2 configuration router rip version 2 (or version 1) network 172.16.0.0/24 network 192.168.30.0/24 redistribute connected
OS7400 #3 configuration router rip version 2 (or version 1) network 172.16.0.0/24 redistribute connected
OS7400 #2 Routing TableR>* 10.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 192.168.30.1, eth0, 00:01:23R>* 30.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 172.16.0.2, eth1, 00:02:02C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, loC>* 172.16.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth1C>* 192.168.30.0/24 is directly connected, eth0
OS7400 #3 Routing TableR>* 10.0.0.0/8 [120/3] via 172.16.0.1, eth0, 00:03:09C>* 30.0.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth1C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, loC>* 172.16.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth0R>* 192.168.30.0/24 [120/2] via 172.16.0.1, eth0, 00:01:08
OS7400 #2 Routing TableR>* 10.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 192.168.30.1, eth0, 00:01:23R>* 30.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 172.16.0.2, eth1, 00:02:02C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, loC>* 172.16.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth1C>* 192.168.30.0/24 is directly connected, eth0
OS7400 #3 Routing TableR>* 10.0.0.0/8 [120/3] via 172.16.0.1, eth0, 00:03:09C>* 30.0.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth1C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, loC>* 172.16.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth0R>* 192.168.30.0/24 [120/2] via 172.16.0.1, eth0, 00:01:08
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2. RIP command and status
RIP Configuration
Example) Configuration of OS7400 #3 -. RIP version 2 -. Redistribute Connected route (address of Network Interface)
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1. Configuration
OSPF Configuration
PC #110.0.0.100
10.0.0.0/24
OS7400 #1192.168.30.0/24 OS7400 #2 172.16.0.0/24
30.0.0.0/24PC #230.0.0.100
OS7400 #3
OS7400 #1 configuration router ospf network 192.168.30.0/24 area 0 redistribute connected
OS7400 #2 configuration router ospf network 172.16.0.0/24 area 0 network 192.168.30.0/24 area 0 redistribute connected
OS7400 #3 configuration router ospf network 172.16.0.0/24 area 0 redistribute connected
OS7400 #1 configuration router ospf network 192.168.30.0/24 area 0 redistribute connected
OS7400 #2 configuration router ospf network 172.16.0.0/24 area 0 network 192.168.30.0/24 area 0 redistribute connected
OS7400 #3 configuration router ospf network 172.16.0.0/24 area 0 redistribute connected
OS7400 #2 Routing TableO>* 10.0.0.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.30.1, eth0, 00:04:21O>* 30.0.0.0/24 [110/20] via 172.16.0.2, eth1, 00:02:22C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, loO 172.16.0.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, eth1, 00:04:22C>* 172.16.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth1O 192.168.30.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, eth0, 00:04:22C>* 192.168.30.0/24 is directly connected, eth0
OS7400 #3Routing TableO>* 10.0.0.0/24 [110/20] via 172.16.0.1, eth0, 00:02:31C>* 30.0.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth1C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, loO 172.16.0.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, eth0, 00:03:10C>* 172.16.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth0O>* 192.168.30.0/24 [110/74] via 172.16.0.1, eth0, 00:02:32
OS7400 #2 Routing TableO>* 10.0.0.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.30.1, eth0, 00:04:21O>* 30.0.0.0/24 [110/20] via 172.16.0.2, eth1, 00:02:22C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, loO 172.16.0.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, eth1, 00:04:22C>* 172.16.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth1O 192.168.30.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, eth0, 00:04:22C>* 192.168.30.0/24 is directly connected, eth0
OS7400 #3Routing TableO>* 10.0.0.0/24 [110/20] via 172.16.0.1, eth0, 00:02:31C>* 30.0.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth1C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, loO 172.16.0.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, eth0, 00:03:10C>* 172.16.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth0O>* 192.168.30.0/24 [110/74] via 172.16.0.1, eth0, 00:02:32