7patterns for knitted socks

8/10/2019 7patterns for Knitted Socks

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@gjttjgi [dk`s wjta `gjttjgilhjby



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Icgdfc [dk`sFCCFH [UHLDBH

Dg-Zdur-\dcs [dk`sHGG MSLL

[cluktjdg [dk`sHGG MSLL

Yjbbjhf [trcct [dk`sBJ[H [A]DZC]

Ljhidghb ]jm [dk`sHGG MSLL

Khspjhg [ch [dk`sU]J[KJBBH IJM[DG-]DMC]\[

Kdfny [dk`s@GJ\[KCGC LC[JIG \CHF

@gjttjgi [dk`s wjta gttgi h y?

sdk ̀̀ gjttjgi phttcrgs

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\hmbc dn Kdgtcgts prcscgtcl my ̀ gjttjgilhjby

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Icgdfc [dk`sFCCFH [UHLDBH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UHIC =

Dg-Zdur-\dcs [dk`s

HGG MSLL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .UHIC <

[cluktjdg [dk`s

HGG MSLL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UHIC 9

Yjbbjhf [trcct [dk`sBJ[H [A]DZC]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .UHIC :

Ljhidghb ]jm [dk`sHGG MSLL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UHIC 8=

Khspjhg [ch [dk`s

U]J[KJBBH IJM[DG-]DMC]\[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UHIC 8<

Kdfny [dk`s@GJ\[KCGC LC[JIG \CHF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UHIC 8:

[tjtka Ibdsshry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UHIC =8

@gjttjgi [dk`s wjta `gjttjgilhjby?

sdk ̀̀ gjttjgi phttcrgsj

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N D ] @ G J \ \ J G I H K K C [ [ D ] J C [

H @gjttjgi Lhjby cMdd` cljtcl my[hglj Yjscachrt hgl @htabccg Kumbcy

C L J \ D ] J H B [ \ H N N

CLJ\D], @GJ\\JGI LHJBZ @htabccg Kumbcy

KDG\]JMS\JGI CLJ\D], @GJ\\JGI LHJBZ [hglj Yjscachrt

K ] C H \ J ^ C [ C ] ^ J K C [

LC[JIGC] Ohgjkc \hpjh

UAD\DI]HUAZ Karjs Ahrtbdvc (ugbcss dtacrwjsc gdtcl)

JBBS[\]H\JDG Ihybc Ndrl

Urdockts hgl jgndrfhtjdg hrc ndr jgspjrhtjdg hgl pcrsdgh

usc dgby. Jgtcrwchvc @gjts hgl @gjttjgi Lhjby ld gd

rckdffcgl, hpprdvc, dr cgldrsc hgy dn tac hlvcrtjscr

prdlukts, scrvjkcs, dr vjcws hlvcrtjscl jg tajs pumbjkhtjdg

Gdr ldcs @gjts dr @gjttjgi Lhjby cvhbuhtc tac hlvcrtjscr

kbhjfs jg hgy why. Zdu sadubl, tacrcndrc, usc ydur dw

oulifcgt jg cvhbuhtjgi tac hlvcrtjscrs, prdlukts, scrvjkc

hgl vjcws hlvcrtjscl jg @gjts dr @gjttjgi Lhjby.

\ AD[C dn us wad kbhssjny durscbvcs hs ‒sdk` `gjttcrs‖ khggcvcr ahvc cgduia sdk` yhrg dr sdk` phttcrgs.

Jgtcbbcktuhbby wc `gdw wc khg‚t pdssjmby `gjt hs fhgy phjrs dn sdk`s hs wc ahvcphttcrgs ndr, mut stjbb wc kdbbckt tadsc phttcrgs mckhusc wc bdvc sdk` `gjttjgi!

Ndr fc, tac phssjdg ndr kdbbcktjgi sdk` phttcrgs hgl yhrg js nucbcl cvcry tjfcJ wchr h phjr dn ahgl`gjt sdk`s. J njgl fyscbn bdd`jgi ht fy ncct scvcrhb tjfcs hlhy, hlfjrjgi fy ahgljwdr`. J‚f gdt fdlcst, cjtacr! J wchr fy ahgl`gjt sdk`swjta kbdis hgl shglhbs“hgy typc dn sadc taht sadwkhscs fy mchutjnub sdk`s!

[d ndr ydu sdk` `gjttcrs hgl sdk` `gjttcrs td-mc, wc prcscgt dur nrcc, uplhtclsdk` cMdd`, @gjttjgi [dk`s wjta @gjttjgi Lhjby? 9 Nrcc [dk` @gjttjgi Uhttcrgs , gdwwjta twd gcw phttcrgs!

Yc‚vc ̀ cpt dur njvc pdpubhr @gjttjgi Lhjby sdk` phttcrgs ndr ydu acrc? h nh

bhkc sdk`0 h rjkaby tcxturcl rjm sdk`0 h kdbdrwdr` fhstcrpjckc0 h khmbcl shgl h bhric-ihuic sdk` taht‚s pcrnckt ndr mcijggcrs.

Hgl wc‚vc hllcl twd phttcrgs? Dg Zdur \dcs [dk`s, h tdc-up rjmmcl lctaht‚s sd vcrshtjbc ydu khg `gjt h phjr ndr cvcrydgc jg ydur nhfjby0 hgl Icgd

[dk`s, wajka hrc mchutjnub, khmbcl sdk`-whrlrdmc sthpbcs“ydu‚bb whgt h phtacsc jg hbb ydur nhvdrjtc kdbdrs.

Cgody!

@htabccg KumbcyCljtdr, @gjttjgiLhjby.kdf



@gjttjgi [dk`s wjta `gjttjgilhjby? 9 nrcc

sdk` `gjttjgi phttcrgs

©Jgtcrwchvc | Gdt td mc rcprjgtcl | Hbb rjiats rcscrvcl | www.`gjttjgilhjby.kdf

Icgdfc [dk`slcsjig my Fccfh [phld

Drjijghbby pumbjsacl jg Jgtcrwchvc @gjts, Nhbb =

Yajbc whtkajgi h \^ ldkufcgthry hmdut auf

rcprdluktjdg, Fccfh gdtjkcl adw fuka aufhg L

rcscfmbcs h `gjttcl khmbc. Jg adgdr dn acr njrst kajbl,

hllcl acr vcrsjdg dn h LGH khmbc kahrt td tacsc kahrf

tdc-up sdk̀ s.

Njgjsacl [jzc?

9¶" nddt kjrkufncrcgkc, 85" bdgi nrdf mhk`

accb td tjp dn tdc, hgl 9¶" bdgi nrdf tdp dn accb nbhp td KD cli\d njt wdfhg‚s S.[. sadc sjzcs 9 td :.

Zhrg? KZKH #; njgc. [adwg jg? Hrtyhrgs [upcrfcrjgd (85supcrwhsa fcrjgd0 85< yl P:3 fV/35 i)? #==;: bjbhk, ; s`cjgs.

Gcclbcs? [jzc 3 (;.93 ff)? ldumbc-pdjgtcl (lpg). Hloust gcsjzc jn gckcsshry td dmthjg tac kdrrckt ihuic.

Gdtjdgs? Khmbc gcclbc (kg)0 thpcstry

Ihuic? =< sts hgl ;3 rdws 6 <" jg [t st jg tac rgl.

[tjtka Iujlc =/8 ]K? [b 8 st td kg hgl adbl jg mhk`, `=, p8 nrdf kg. =/8 BK? [b = sts td kg hgl adbl jg nrdgt, p8, `= nrdf kg.

LGH Khmbc? (wdr`cl dvcr 88 sts) ]gl 8? U;, `=, p8, `=, p;. ]gls =? U;, sb ; sts td kg hgl adbl jg mhk`, `=, sb purb st mhk` tdgcclbc hgl purb jt, `=nrdf kg, p;. ]gl ;? U;, `=, p8, `=, p;. ]gl <? U=, =/8 ]K (scc [tjtka Iujlc), p8, =/8 BK (scc [Iujlc). ]gl 3? U=, `=, p;, `=, p=.

]gl >? U8, =/8 ]K, p;, =/8 BK, p8. ]gl 9? U8, `=, p3, `=, p8. ]gl 1? U8, `=, p3, `=, p8. ]gl :? U8, `=, p3, `=, p8.



prcscgtcl my ̀ gjttjgilhjby Fccfh [phldbh‚s Icgdfc [dk`s

@gjttjgi [dk`s wjta `gjttjgilhjby? 9 nrcc sdk` `gjttjgi phtt

]gl 85? U8, =/8 BK, p;, =/8 ]K, p8. ]gl 88? U=, `=, p;, `=, p=. ]gl 8=? U=, =/8 BK, p8, =/8 ]K, p=.

Ujkdt Mjgl-Dnn? MD = sts, *sb rcf st dg rjiat gcclbc mhk` td bcntgcclbc, usc tac `gjttcl fctadl (scc Ibdsshry) td KD = sts,MD < sts0 rcp nrdf * td cgl.

[dk`Ssc tac Chstcrg fctadl (scc Ibdsshry) td KD 1 sts dvcr =lpg. @gjt 8 rgl. Ljvjlc sts dg ; lpg jg tac ndbb drlcr? = sts dgGcclbc ;, = sts dg Gcclbc 8, < sts dg Gcclbc =. Gcclbc = adblstac jgstcp sts, Gcclbcs 8 hgl ; adbl tac sdbc sts. ]gl mci htkcgtcr dn sdbc. ]gl 8? Gcclbc 8? @8, F8 (scc Ibdsshry), `80 Gcclbc =? `8, F8,

`=, F8, ̀ 80 Gcclbc ;? ̀ 8, F8, ̀ 8“< sts jgk‚l.

]gl =? Gcclbc 8? @gjt td bhst st, F8, `80 Gcclbc =? `8, F8, `gjt tdbhst st, F8, ̀ 80 Gcclbc ;? ̀ 8, F8, ̀ gjt td cgl“< sts jgk‚l.

]chrrhgic sts hs ndbb? njrst 85 sts dn rgl dg Gcclbc 80 gcxt =1 sts dgGcclbc =0 bhst 85 sts dn rgl dg Gcclbc ;.]cp ]gl = cjiat fdrc tjfcs“<1 sts. Gcxt rgl? Gcclbc 8? @850Gcclbc =? `1, wdr ̀LGH khmbc (scc [tjtka Iujlc) dvcr 88 sts, `:0Gcclbc ;? `85. Ydr` jg phtt ugtjb nddt fchsurcs 9¶", dr lcsjrcltdthb bcgita fjgus 8¶".

AccbUbhkc =5 sts dn sdbc dg dgc lpg. Ydr ̀tacsc =5 sts mhk ̀hgl ndrtandr accb hs ndbb?

]dw 8? (][) @8:, turg, bchvjgi bhst st ugwdr`cl. ]dw =? (Y[) Zd mhk`whrl (scc Ibdsshry), purb td bhst st, turg,

bchvjgi bhst st ugwdr`cl. ]dw ;? Zd hs usuhb, `gjt td bhst ; sts (tac phjrcl sts fhlc my tac

yd dn prcvjdus rdw0 yd wjbb stjk̀ dut td tac sjlc dn ugwdr c̀lst), turg, bchvjgi ; sts ugwdr`cl.

]dw <? Zd mhk`whrl, purb td tac phjrcl sts fhlc my tac yd dn tacprcvjdus rdw, turg, bchvjgi ; sts ugwdr`cl.

]cp ]dws ; hgl < ugtjb tacrc hrc 1 sts mctwccg yds ht kcgtcrdn rdw. Yjtadut turgjgi wdr`, kdgt wdr`jgi ][ rdw hs ndbb?@8(rst st dn yd phjr), kdrrckt tac fdugt dn tac yd sd taht tac

bchljgi bci js jg nrdgt dn tac gcclbc (j.c., sb tac yd pwjsc, uscbcnt gcclbc td cgtcr tac sbjppcl yd nrdf nrdgt td mhk` td kdrst fdugt, hgl pbhkc tac st dg tac bcnt gcclbc jg jts kdrrcdrjcgthtjdg), `=tdi (j.c., tac yd wjta tac rst st dn tac gcxt p

bchvjgi h yd hs tac rst st dg tac bcnt gcclbc, turg.

]dw 8? (Y[) Zd mhk`whrl, purb td tac phjrcl sts fhlc my tadn tac prcvjdus rdw, p8 (rst st dn tac phjr), ssp (scc Ibdsj.c., tac yd wjta tac rst st dn tac gcxt phjr), bchvjgi h yd hsrst st dg tac bcnt gcclbc, turg.

]dw =? (][) Zd hs usuhb, `gjt td tac phjrcl sts fhlc my tac ytac prcvjdus rdw, `gjt tac rst st dn tac phjr (ndbb = sts hrc ykdrrckt tac fdugt dn chka dn tac gcxt = yds, `;tdi (j.c., =wjta tac rst st dn tac gcxt phjr), turg.

]dw ;? (Y[) Zd mhk`whrl, purb td tac gcxt yd, (gcxt = sts yds), sssp (scc Ibdsshry0 j.c., = yds wjta tac rst st dn tac

phjr), turg. ]dw <? (][) Zd hs usuhb, `gjt td tac gcxt yd (gcxt = sts hrc y

kdrrckt tac fdugt dn chka dn tacsc yds, `;tdi (j.c., = yds tac rst st dn tac gcxt phjr), turg.

]cp ]dws ; hgl < ugtjb hbb yds ahvc mccg kdgsufcl, cgwjta ]dw ;. \urg sd ][ js nhkjgi. ]codjg ndr wdr`jgi jg tachs ndbb? Zd hs usuhb, `gjt td tac yd ht tac cgl dn accb sts, trhgtajs yd td tac mci dn tac gcxt gcclbc (jgstcp sts) hgl wdr`

yd tdi wjta tac rst jgstcp st hs ̀ =tdi, `gjt td tac bhst st djgstcp sts, `ccpjgi LGH khmbc jg phtt, hgl wdr` tac bhst jgst tdi wjta tac yd ht tac mci dn tac accb sts hs ss`“=5 acc<1 sts tdthb.

BciLjvjlc accb sts cvcgby dgtd = lpg. Ydr ̀jg phtt ugtjb bci fchshmdut 9¶" dr lcsjrcl bcgita, cgljgi wjta ]dw 1 dn khmbc phMD hbb sts usjgi tac pjkdt MD (scc [tjtka Iujlc).

NjgjsajgiYchvc jg bddsc cgls, tjiatcgjgi up sts hbdgi KD rdw. Jn gckcsusc hlljtjdghb yhrg tarchlcl dg h thpcstry gcclbc td kbdsc upadbcs hbdgi tac sjlcs dn tac sadrt-rdw accb. Mbdk ̀ my sprjtwjta whtcr hgl bhy-jgi ht td lry. -






Dg-Zdur-\dcs [dk`slcsjig my Hgg Mul

Drjijghbby pumbjsacl jg Jgtcrwchvc @gjts, [uffcr =5

Fhstcr sdk` `gjttcr Hgg Mull uscs =

rjm ndr acr sthrt-ht-tac-tdc sdk`s. Ydr`

nrdf tac mdttdf up, ydu khg `gjt ta

sdk s̀ td stdp oust sadrt dn tac hg b̀c dr

tacf hbb tac why up td tac `gcc hgl c

dvcr jt. Fh`c tacsc hs ijnts‛tac strct

rjm hlousts td njt oust hmdut hgy bci. H

Mull ahs gcvcr fct h ahg`gjttcl s sac ljlg't bj c̀. [ac ahsg‚t wdrg h st

mduiat sdk` jg ychrs.

Njgjsacl [jzc? Hmdut >¶ (9¶, 1, :, :·nddt kjrkufncrcgkc hgl 9 (1, :, 85, 88)" bcbcgita nrdf tdp dn bci td mhsc dn accb ndrkrcw sdk`s0 8<¶ (83², 8>, 8>¶, 89²)" bcbcgita nrdf tdp dn bci td mhsc dn accb ndr`gcc sdk`s. [dk`s sadwg fchsurc :" jg nd

kjrkufncrcgkc. Krcw sdk`s fchsurc 85" b`gcc sdk`s fchsurc 8>¶" bdgi.

Zhrg? KZKH #8 supcr-njgc. [adwgKdbjgcttc OjttcrMui (855% fcrjgd0 =:=P=>9 fV/855 i)? 8 (8, 8, =, =) s`cjg(s) ndr ksdk`s0 8 (=, =, =, =) s`cjg(s) ndr `gcc sd[dk`s sadwg jg #13 ohy (mbuc) hgl #98(rcl). Zhrg ljstrjmutcl my Sgjquc @dbdurs

Gcclbcs? [jzc 8 (=.=3 ff)? sct dn < ldupdjgtcl (lpg). Dptjdghb? sjzc = (=.3 ff)dn < lpg ndr wjlcr uppcr bci. Hloust gc

sjzc jn gckcsshry td dmthjg tac kdrrckt ihuGdtjdgs? Fhr`cr (f)0 thpcstry gcclbc.

Ihuic? 8< sts hgl =8 rdws 6 =" jg [wdr`cl jg tac rgl dg sfhbbcr gcclbcs.



prcscgtcl my ̀ gjttjgilhjby Hgg Mull‚s Dg-Zdur-\dcs [dk`s


GD\C[

\acsc sdk`s hrc wdr`cl nrdf tac tdc up jg h =Ù= rjm phttcrg.

[tjtkacs hrc khst dg ndr tac tdc jg h sjfpbc fctadl

mdrrdwcl nrdf Chstcrg `gjttjgi (wacrc tdc-up sdk`s hrc

tac gdrf), tac accb js wdr`cl jg sadrt-rdws (h kbcvcr

fctadl lcvcbdpcl my cxpcrt `gjttcr Urjskjbbh H. Ijmsdg-

]dmcrts), hgl tac bci js sahpcl my jgkrchsjgi gcclbc sjzc

dr jgkrchsjgi stjtkacs. \ac rjm phttcrg acbps lrhw jg tac

`gjttjgi td fh`c h sgui-njttjgi sdk`.

\dcYjta sfhbbcr gcclbcs hgl usjgi tac Chstcrg fctadl (sccIbdsshry), KD 1 (1, 1, 1, 8=) sts dg twd gcclbcs. @gjt hkrdsssts dg tdp gcclbc, tacg rdthtc tac wdr` hgl `gjt hkrdss sts dgmdttdf gcclbc. Ljvjlc sts mctwccg tarcc gcclbcs sd taht tacrchrc = (=, =, =, ;) sts dg Gcclbc 8 ndr ahbn dn tac sdbc, < (<, <,<, >) sts dg Gcclbc = ndr tac jgstcp, hgl = (=, =, =, ;) sts dgGcclbc ;, ndr tac dtacr ahbn dn tac sdbc. ]gl mci ht kcgtcr dnsdbc, mctwccg Gcclbc 8 hgl Gcclbc ;. Gcxt ]gl?Dg Gcclbc 8,`8 (8, 8, 8, =), F8 (scc Ibdsshry), `80 dg Gcclbc =, `8, F8, `=(=, =, =, <), F8, `80 dg Gcclbc ;, `8, F8, `8 (8, 8, 8, =)“<sts jgk‚l. Jgk rgl? Dg Gcclbc 8, `gjt td tac bhst st, F8, `80 dgGcclbc =, `8, F8, `gjt td tac bhst st, F8, `80 wjta Gcclbc ;,`8, F8, wdr` td cgl dn gcclbc“< sts jgk‚l. ]cp Jgk rgl cvcryrgl 8 (=, ;, <, <) fdrc tjfc(s)“=5 (=<, =1, ;=, ;>) sts. ]cpJgk rgl cvcry dtacr rgl > (9, 9, 1, 1) tjfcs“<< (3=, 3>, ><,>1) sts0 88 (8;, 8<, 8>, 89) sts chka dg Gcclbc 8 hgl Gcclbc;0 == (=>, =1, ;=, ;<) jgstcp sts dg Gcclbc =.

NddtDg Gcclbc 8, ̀ gjt0 dg Gcclbc =, csthmbjsa rjm phtt my wdr`jgi p=(=, 8, 8, =), P`=, p=V < (3, >, 9, 9) tjfcs, `=, p= (=, 8, 8, =)0 dgGcclbc ;, `gjt. Kdgt jg phtt hs csthmbjsacl ugtjb nddt fchsurcs38 ⁌ = (>8 ⁌ =, 98 ⁌ =, 1, 1; ⁌ <)" nrdf KD, dr 88 ⁌ = (8; ⁌ <, =, =8 ⁌ <, =8 ⁌ <)" bcsstahg lcsjrcl tdthb nddt bcgita nrdf mhk` dn accb td tjp dn tdc,hgl cgl hntcr wdr`jgi tac sts dg Gcclbc ;.

AccbAccb js wdr`cl mhk` hgl ndrta jg sadrt-rdws dg tac == (=>, =1,;=, ;<) sts dg Gcclbcs 8 hgl ;. Bchvc tac == (=>, =1, ;=, ;<)jgstcp sts dg Gcclbc = td mc wdr`cl bhtcr.

Njrst Ahbn? ]dw 8? (][) Yjta Gcclbc ;, ̀ gjt td tac bhst st dg Gcclbc 8“8

accb st ugwdr`cl ht cgl dn Gcclbc 80 =8 (=3, =9, ;8, ;;)accb sts wdr`cl dgtd Gcclbc ;. \urg sd Y[ js nhkjgi.

]dw =? (Y[) Zd mhk`whrl (scc ibdsshry), purb td tac bhs(ld gdt wdr` tac bhst st), turg.

]dw ;? (][) Zd hs usuhb (nrdf nrdgt td mhk`) `gjt td phjrcl sts fhlc my tac yd dn tac prcvjdus rdw (tac

wjbb stjk` dut td tac sjlc dn tac ugwdr`cl st), bchv; sts dg tac bcnt gcclbc (ld gdt `gjt tac phjrcl sturg.

]dw <? (Y[) Zd mhk`whrl, purb td tac phjrcl sts fhlc my yprcvjdus rdw, turg.

]cp ]dws ; hgl < ugtjb tacrc hrc > (1, 85, 8=, 8=)mctwccg phjrcl sts, cgljgi wjta h ][ ]dw ;, mut ld turg tac wdr`. \ac njrst ahbn dn tac accb (tac sdbc pdrtjjs gdw kdfpbctcl. Yjta tac ][ stjbb nhkjgi, kdgt wjta 8 dn tac sckdgl ahbn hs ndbb?

[ckdgl Ahbn?

]dw 8? (][) @8 (tac njrst st dn tac phjrcl sts), kdrrcktfdugt dn tac yd sd taht tac bchljgi bci js jg nrdgt dngcclbc, `=tdi (tac yd wjta tac njrst st dn tac gcxt pbchvjgi h yd hs tac njrst st dg tac bcnt gcclbc, turg.

]dw =? (Y[) Zd mhk`whrl, purb td tac phjrcl st fhlc myyd dn tac prcvjdus rdw, purb tac njrst st dn tac phjr,(tac yd wjta tac njrst st dn gcxt phjr), bchvjgi h yd hsnjrst st dg tac bcnt gcclbc, turg.

]dw ;? (][) Zd hs usuhb, `gjt td tac phjrcl st fhlc myyd dn tac prcvjdus rdw, `gjt tac njrst st dn tac phjr gcxt = bddps wjbb mc yds), kdrrckt tac fdugt dn chktac gcxt = yds, `;tdi (= yds wjta tac njrst st dn tac g

phjr), turg. ]dw <? (Y[) Zd mhk`whrl, purb td tac gcxt yd (tac gcbddps wjbb mc yds), sssp (= yds wjta tac njrst st dn tac gphjr0 scc Ibdsshry), turg.

]cp ]dws ; hgl < ugtjb hbb yds dn tac njrst ahbn ahvc mkdgsufcl, cgljgi wjta ]dw <. \ac bhst turg wjbb mrjginhkjgi. ]codjg ndr wdr`jgi jg tac rgl dg hbb sts hs ndbbhs usuhb, `gjt td tac yd ht tac cgl dn tac accb sts, trhgtajs yd td tac mci dn Gcclbc = (adbljgi tac jgstcp sts), wtac yd tdi wjta tac njrst jgstcp st hs p=tdi, wdr` jg rjm td bhst st dn Gcclbc =, wdr` bhst jgstcp st tdi wjta tacht tac mci dn tac accb sts hs ssp. \acrc wjbb gdw mc ==

=1, ;=, ;<) accb sts dg dgc gcclbc. Hrrhgic tac accb sttwd gcclbcs hs mcndrc sd taht tacrc hrc 88 (8;, 8<, 8>,sts dg chka gcclbc? 88 (8;, 8<, 8>, 89) sts dg Gcclb== (=>, =1, ;=, ;<) jgstcp sts dg Gcclbc =0 88 (8;, 8<,89) sts dg Gcclbc ;. ]gl mci ht kcgtcr dn accb sts (mctwGcclbc ; hgl Gcclbc 8).



prcscgtcl my ̀ gjttjgilhjby Hgg Mull‚s Dg-Zdur-\dcs [dk`s


BciYdr`jgi jgstcp sts jg rjm phtt hs csthmbjsacl, wdr` rcf sts jg [tst ndr : (85, 88, 8;, 8<) rgls. Kaddsc krcw dr `gcc-bcgita.

Krcw [dk`s? Gcxt rgl? Ydr` hbb sts jg =Ù= rjm td fhtka phtt csthmbjsacl dgjgstcp sts. Kdgt cvcg jg rjm ugtjb bci fchsurcs ;8 ⁌ = (<, <8 ⁌ =, 3,38 ⁌ =)" nrdf mhsc dn accb. Jn lcsjrcl, kahgic td dptjdghb bhricrgcclbcs td hkkdffdlhtc sahpc dn khbn fuskbc. Kdgt cvcg jg rjmugtjb bci fchsurcs 9 (1, :, 85, 88)" nrdf mhsc dn accb, dr lcsjrcltdthb bcgita. Kut yhrg, bchvjgi h ;>" thjb. Id td Njgjsajgi. @gcc [dk̀ s? Gcxt rgl? Ydr` hbb sts jg =Ù= rjm td fhtka phtt csthmbjsacldg jgstcp. Kdgt cvcg jg rjm ugtjb bci fchsurcs < (<8 ⁌ =, 3,38 ⁌ =, >)" nrdf mhsc dn accb. ]gl 8? Ydr` jg phtt td cgl dn Gcclbc ;, tacg usc tac F8

fctadl td jgk 8 st ht cgl dn rgl“8 st jgk‚l ht kcgtcr-mhk` bci ht cgl dn rgl.

]gls =-1? Ydr`jgi gcw st jgtd csthmbjsacl phtt, wdr` 9 cvcg.

]gl :? Ssjgi tac F8 fctadl, jgk 8 st ht mci dn Gcclbc 8, wjg phtt td cgl“8 st jgk‚l ht kcgtcr-mhk` bci ht mci dn

]gls 85-8>?Ydr`jgi gcw st jgtd csthmbjsacl phtt, wd

rgls cvcg.]cp tac bhst 8> rgls ; (;, ;, 3, 3) fdrc tjfcs“1 (1, 1, 8=,sts jgk‚l0 3= (>5, ><, 9>, 15) sts tdthb. Kdgt cvcg jg rjm phtcsthmbjsacl ugtjb bci fchsurcs hmdut 8; (8;8 ⁌ =, 8<, 8<8 ⁌ =, nrdf mhsc dn accb dr 88 ⁌ = (8; ⁌ <, =, =, =8 ⁌ <)" bcss tahg lcsjrcl tbci bcgita. Gcxt rgl? Ydr` `8, p8 rjm hkrdss hbb sts. Kdgrjm phtt hs csthmbjsacl ndr 88 ⁌ = (8; ⁌ <, =, =, =8 ⁌ <)". Kut ybchvjgi h ;>" thjb.

Njgjsajgi\archl thjb dg h thpcstry gcclbc hgl usc tac scwg fctadl

Ibdsshry) td MD hbb sts. Ychvc jg bddsc cgls, tjiatcgjgi KDht tdc, jn gckcsshry. -






[cluktjdg [dk`slcsjig my Hgg Mul

Drjijghbby pumbjsacl jg Jgtcrwchvc @gjts, [prjgi =

Hgg Mull bj`cs bdugijgi, bhkc,

sdk`s, sd sac put tacf hbb tdictac

fh`c h phjr dn bdugijgi sdk`s.

yhrg, [cluktjdg, js h fjxturc dn fc

hgl tcgkcb taht's whrf, kdfndrth

sjb`y sdnt, hgl strdgi.

Njgjsacl [jzc? 9¶" nddt kjrkufncrcgkc:²" bdgi nrdf mhk` dn accb td tjp dn tdc. \wdfcg‚s S.[. sadc sjzcs > td 1.

Zhrg? KZKH #8 supcr-njgc. [adwg jg? Fddg Njmcr Hrts [cluktjdg (35% fc35% tcgkcb0 <55 yl P;>3 fV/88; i)? fddgstdgc, 8 s`cjg.

Gcclbcs? [jzc = (=.93 ff)? sct dn < ldupdjgtcl (lpg). Hloust gcclbc sjzc jn gckctd dmthjg tac kdrrckt ihuic.

Gdtjdgs? Fhr`cr (f)0 thpcstry gcclbc.

Ihuic? 8> sts hgl == rgls 6 =" jg [t tac rgl.

[`jbb Bcvcb? Jgtcrfcljhtc.

[tjtka Iujlc ]jiat \wjst (]\)? @gjt tac gcxt = sts tdild gdt sbjp sts nrdf gcclbc. @gjt tac njrhihjg, tacg sbjp mdta sts nrdf gcclbc.

Kunn Uhttcrg? (fubtjpbc dn 1 sts) ]gls 8, ;, hgl <? *@<, p8, `=, p80 rcp nrd

td cgl.



prcscgtcl my ̀ gjttjgilhjby Hgg Mull‚s [cluktjdg [dk`s


]gl =? *@8, ]\ (scc [tjtka Iujlc), `8, p8, ]\, p80 rcp nrdf *td cgl.

]cp ]gls 8‛< ndr phtt.

Bci Uhttcrg? (fubtjpbc dn 1 sts) ]gl 8? *@8, ]\, `8, p8, yd, ss` (scc Ibdsshry), p80 rcp nrdf *td cgl.

]gls =, ;, <, >, 9, hgl 1? *@<, p8, `=, p80 rcp nrdf * td cgl. ]gl 3? *@8, ]\, `8, p8, `=tdi, yd, p80 rcp nrdf * td cgl.]cp ]gls 8‛1 ndr phtt.

Nddt Uhttcrg? (fubtjpbc dn 1 sts + <) ]gl 8? *@8, ]\, `8, p8, yd, ss`, p80 rcp nrdf * td bhst < sts, `8,

]\, `8. ]gls =, ;, hgl <? *@<, p8, `=, p80 rcp nrdf * td bhst < sts, `<. ]gl 3? *@8, ]\, `8, p8, `=tdi, yd, p80 rcp nrdf * td bhst < sts,

`8, ]\, `8. ]gls >, 9, hgl 1? *@<, p8, `=, p80 rcp nrdf * td bhst < sts, `<.]cp ]gls 8‛1 ndr phtt.

BciSsjgi tac Dbl Gdrwcijhg fctadl (scc Ibdsshry), KD 3> sts.Ljvjlc sts sd taht tacrc hrc 8> sts dg Gcclbc 8, =< sts dg Gcclbc =,hgl 8> sts dg Gcclbc ;. Ubhkc fhr`cr (pf) hgl odjg ndr wdr`jgi jgtac rgl, mcjgi khrcnub gdt td twjst sts. ]gl mci ht mhk ̀dn bci. ]cp]gls 8‛< dn kunn phtt (scc [tjtka Iujlc) h tdthb dn ; tjfcs“8= kunnrgls kdfpbctcl0 pjckc fchsurcs hmdut 8". Kahgic td bci phtt (scc[tjtka Iujlc) hgl wdr ̀cvcg ugtjb pjckc fchsurcs 3" nrdf KD dr

lcsjrcl bcgita td tdp dn accb, cgljgi wjta ]gl ; dr 9 dn bci phtt.

Accb@8>, turg wdr ̀sd Y[ js nhkjgi, purb gcxt =1 sts dgtd dgc gcclbcndr accb. Ljvjlc rcf =1 sts dg twd gcclbcs td wdr` bhtcr ndrjgstcp. Gdtc? Yacg vjcwcl nrdf ][, tac kcgtcr < sts dg accbgcclbc sadubl mc `< wjta ]\ jg tac kcgtcr, hgl tac st ht chka cgldn accb gcclbc sadubl mc p80 sts ht chka cgl dn jgstcp sadubl mc`<. Accb nbhp?Ydr ̀=1 accb sts mhk ̀hgl ndrta jg rdws hs ndbb? ]dw 8? *[b 8, `80 rcp nrdf * td cgl. ]dw =? [b 8, purb td cgl.]cp ]dws 8 hgl = ugtjb h tdthb dn =1 rdws ahvc mccg wdr`cl (8<

sbjppcl sts ht chka scbvclic).\urg accb? Ydr ̀hs ndbb? ]dw 8? @8>, ss ,̀ `8, turg wdr .̀

]dw =? U>, p=tdi, p8, turg wdr`. ]dw ;? @gjt td 8 st mcndrc ihp ndrfcl dg prcvjdus rdw, ss`

turg wdr .̀ ]dw <? Uurb td 8 st mcndrc ihp ndrfcl dg prcvjdus rdw, p=

p8, turg wdr .̀ ]cp ]dws ; hgl < ugtjb hbb accb sts ahvc mwdr`cl, dfjttjgi tac `8 dr p8 hntcr tac lck dg bhst = rdwssts rcf.

Iusscts? Ujk` up sts hbdgi scbvclic clics dn accb nbhp hgl rcndr wdr j̀gi jg tac rgl hs ndbb? ]gl 8? Yjta Gcclbc 8 hgl ][ nhkjgi, `gjt hkrdss 8> accb

tacg pjk` up hgl `gjt 83 sts hbdgi scbvclic clic dn nbhp0 wjta Gcclbc =, wdr` =1 jgstcp sts jg nddt phtt [tjtka Iujlc), mci wjta ]dw < dr 1 dn nddt phtt lcpcgldg wactacr ydu cglcl tac bci phtt wjta ]gl ; dr 90 wGcclbc ;, pjk` up hgl `gjt 83 sts hbdgi scbvclic cliaccb nbhp, tacg `gjt njrst 1 sts nrdf Gcclbc 8 hihjg“9<

tdthb0 =; sts chka dg Gcclbc 8 hgl Gcclbc ;, =1 stGcclbc =. ]gl mci ht mhk` dn accb. ]gl =? Dg Gcclbc 8, wdr ̀td bhst = sts, `=tdi0 dg Gcclbc =, w

jgstcp sts jg nddt phtt hs csthmbjsacl0 dg Gcclbc ;, ss ,̀ `gcgl“= sts lck‚l.

]gl ;? Dg Gcclbcs 8 hgl ;, wdr ̀jg [t st0 dg Gcclbc =, kdgt hs csthmbjsacl.

]cp ]gls = hgl ; cjiat fdrc tjfcs“3> sts rcf.

NddtKdgt jg phtt hs csthmbjsacl ugtjb nddt fchsurcs hmdut 9²" nmhk ̀dn accb, dr =" bcss tahg lcsjrcl tdthb bcgita.

\dcYdr ̀hbb sts jg [t st hs ndbb? ]gl 8? Dg Gcclbc 8, `gjt td bhst ; sts, `=tdi, `80 dg Gccl

`8, ss ,̀ `gjt td bhst ; sts, `=tdi, `80 dg Gcclbc ;, `8, ss ,̀td cgl“< sts lck‚l.

]gl =? @gjt.]cp ]gls 8 hgl = sjx fdrc tjfcs“=1 sts rcf. ]cp ]gl 8 (lck cvcry rgl) 3 tjfcs“1 sts rcf. Yjta Gcclbc ;, `gjt sts nGcclbc 8“< sts chka dg twd gcclbcs.

Njgjsajgi

Kut yhrg, bchvjgi h 8=" thjb. \archl thjb dg h thpcstry gcclbc usc @jtkacgcr st (scc Ibdsshry) td irhnt rcf sts tdi. Ychvcjg bddsc cgls. Mbdk`. -






Yjbbjhf [trcct [dk`slcsjig my Bjsh [ardyDrjijghbby pumbjsacl jg Jgtcrwchvc @gjts, Nhbb =

\acsc sdk`s hrc `gjt jg h khmbc phttcrg wjta

purb stjtkacs taht ijvc h kusajdgy nhmrjk“pcr

uglcr Mjr`cgstdk`s dr kbdis.

Njgjsacl [jzc?

Hmdut 9·" nddt kjrkufncrcgkc

85¶" nrdf mhk` dn accb td tjp dn tdc. \d njt wdfS.[. sadc sjzcs :¶ td 85¶. Gdtc? \d fh`c bdgisadrtcr sdk`s, hloust tac nddt bcgita hs gckcsshry

Zhrg? KZKH #= njgc. [adwg jg? [kahkacgfhyr ]\wccl >-Nhlji (33% fcrjgd, =3% gybdg, =5%8;9 yl P8=3 fV/35 i)? #85 kadkdbhtc, ; mhbbs Gdtcs). Zhrg ljstrjmutcl my Ycstfjgstcr Njmcrs.

Gcclbcs? [jzc ; (;.=3 ff)? sct dn < ldumbc-pdj(lpg), dr dptjdghb <5" kjrkubhr (kjr) jn usjgi fhijk-fctadl. Hloust gcclbc sjzc jn gckcsshry td dmthjgkdrrckt ihuic.

Gdtjdgs? Fhr`cr (f)0 khmbc gcclbc (kg)0 thpgcclbc.

Ihuic? 8= sts hgl 81 rgls 6 =" jg [t st wdr`ctac rgl.




prcscgtcl my ̀ gjttjgilhjbyBjsh [ardycr‚s Yjbbjhf [trcct [dk`s


[tjtka Iujlc 3/3 BK (wdr`cl dvcr 85 sts)? [b 3 sts td kg hgl adbl jg nrdgt,

`3, `3 nrdf kg. 3/3 ]K (wdr`cl dvcr 85 sts)? [b 3 sts td kg hgl adbl jg mhk`,

`3, `3 nrdf kg.

Ydvcg Khmbc Uhttcrg? (fubtjpbc dn 83 sts + =) ]gl 8? @8, *3/3 BK (scc [tjtka Iujlc), `30 rcp nrdf * td bhst

8> sts, 3/3 BK, `>. ]gls =‛>? Ydr` 3 rgls jg [t st (`gjt cvcry rgl). ]gl 9? @>, *3/3 ]K, `30 rcp nrdf * td bhst 88 sts, 3/3 ]K, `8. ]gls 1‛8=? Ydr` 3 rgls jg [t st.]cp ]gls 8‛8= ndr phtt.

GD\C[

\ajs phttcrg whs lcsjigcl wjta tajk`cr hg`bcs tahg sthglhrl sdk`

phttcrgs prdvjlc. Jn ydu ldg‚t rcqujrc cxtrh stjtkacs hrdugl tac

hg`bc, dfjt tac jgkrchsc rdugls hmdvc tac accb td prdlukc h

ghrrdwcr bci.\ac sdk`s sadwg uscl 88= irhfs ndr tac phjr hgl rcqujrcl dgby

hmdut dgc-quhrtcr dn tac tajrl mhbb dn yhrg. Jn fh`jgi h ghrrdwcr

bci (scc Gdtc hmdvc), ydu fhy gccl dgby twd mhbbs dn yhrg. Dr,

jn fh`jgi sdk`s sfhbbcr tahg tac sjzc sadwg (wdfcg‚s S.[.

sadc sjzcs :¶ td 85¶), ydu fhy dgby gccl twd mhbbs.

\acsc sdk`s hrc wdr`cl hkkdrljgi td tac tdc-up fctadl kdvcrcl

my Hgg Mull jg acr Mcydgl tac Mhsjks hrtjkbc, Jgtcrwchvc

@gjts [uffcr =559. Jn ydu ahvc trdumbc wdr`jgi tac tdc dr

accb kdgstruktjdg jg tajs phttcrg, rcncr td tajs hrtjkbc ndr fdrc

jgndrfhtjdg.

Mckhusc tac khmbc krdssjgis ahvc bcss strctka tahg stdk`jgcttc

hgl tac khmbcs trhvcb dvcr wjlc scktjdgs, h <5" kjrkubhr gcclbchgl tac fhijk-bddp fctadl js rckdffcglcl ndr wdr`jgi

tacsc sdk`s.

Jn ydu tcgl td prdlukc bddsc stjtkacs ht tac mcijggjgi dn tac tdc

wacg khstjgi dg wjta tac Chstcrg fctadl, wdr` tac khst-dg

hgl njrst rdw usjgi sjzc 8 (=.=3 ff) gcclbcs.

Mckhusc tac khmbc phttcrg lrhws jg sd fuka, tacrc hrc <9

stjtkacs ndr tac khmbc phttcrgcl jgstcp, mut dgby == stjtkacs ndr

tac stdk`jgcttc sdbc.

[dk`\dc? Yjta lpg hgl tac Chstcrg fctadl (scc Ibdsshry), KD

8= sts“> sts chka lpg. @gjt 8 rgl. @; sts nrdf njrst gcclbcdgtd hgdtacr lpg“; sts chka dg Gcclbcs 8 hgl ;, hgl > stsdg Gcclbc =. ]gl mci ht kcgtcr dn sdbc. Jgk rgl? Gcclbc 8?@gjt td bhst st, F8 (scc Ibdsshry), `80 Gcclbc =? `8, F8, `gjttd bhst st, F8, `80 Gcclbc ;? `8, F8, `gjt td cgl“< sts jgk‚l.]cp Jgk rgl = fdrc tjfcs“=< sts tdthb. @gjt 8 rgl cvcg, tacg

rcp Jgk rgl“< sts jgk‚l. ]cp bhst = rgls < fdrc tjfcs“<<tdthb? 88 sdbc sts chka dg Gcclbcs 8 hgl ;, hgl == jgstcpdg Gcclbc =. @gjt = rgls cvcg“tdc fchsurcs hmdut 8¶" nkcgtcr dn KD. Nddt? ]gl 8? Gcclbc 8? @88 sdbc sts0 Gcclbc =? `8, PF8, `8V =8 tj

Gcclbc ;? ̀ 88 sdbc sts“>3 sts tdthb? 88 sdbc sts chka dg Gcc8 hgl ;, hgl <; jgstcp sts dg Gcclbc =.

]gl =? Gcclbc 8? @88 sts0 Gcclbc =? `8, PF8, `8V = tjfcs, PF8, `8V = tjfcs0 Gcclbc ;? `88“>: sts tdthb? 88 sdbc sts dg Gcclbcs 8 hgl ;, hgl <9 jgstcp sts dg Gcclbc =.

Jn usjgi tac dptjdghb fhijk-bddp fctadl, trhgsncr sts td <5gcclbc gdw (scc Gdtcs). ]gl ;? Gcclbc 8? @880 Gcclbc =? wdr` ]gl 8 dn wdvcg khmbc

(scc [tjtka Iujlc) dvcr <9 jgstcp sts0 Gcclbc ;? `88.Ydr`jgi sdbc sts jg [t st hgl jgstcp jg khmbc phtt, kdgphtt ugtjb pjckc fchsurcs 1¶" nrdf kcgtcr dn KD dr ="tahg tdthb lcsjrcl bcgita dn nddt nrdf tjp dn tdc td m

dn accb, cgljgi bhst rgl ht tac cgl dn jgstcp sts dg Gc=. Fh`c h gdtc dn tac bhst khmbc rgl kdfpbctcl sd ydurcsufc wdr`jgi tac jgstcp sts dg tac kdrrckt phtt rgl hkdfpbctjgi tac accb. Accb? [b tac gcxt == sts ndr sdbc dn td dgc lpg. Bchvc <9 jgstcp sts dg gcclbc td wdr` bhtcr. Ytac accb usjgi sadrt-rdws hs ndbb? ]dw 8? (][) @=8 accb sts, turg, bchvjgi bhst st ugwdr`cl ht

dn gcclbc. ]dw =? (Y[) Zd mhk`whrl (scc Ibdsshry), p=5, turg. ]dw ;? Zd hs usuhb, `8:, turg. ]dw <? Zd mhk`whrl, p81, turg. ]dw 3? Zd hs usuhb, `89, turg.

]dw >? Zd mhk`whrl, p8>, turg. ]dw 9? Zd hs usuhb, `83, turg. ]dw 1? Zd mhk`whrl, p8<, turg. ]dw :? Zd hs usuhb, `8;, turg. ]dw 85? Zd mhk`whrl, p8=, turg. ]dw 88? Zd hs usuhb, `88, turg. ]dw 8=? Zd mhk`whrl, p85, turg. ]dw 8;? Zd hs usuhb, `:, turg. ]dw 8<? Zd mhk`whrl, p1, turg. ]dw 83? Zd hs usuhb, ̀ 1, kdrrckt tac st fdugt dn tac yd (sb ta

pwjsc, usc bcnt gcclbc td cgtcr sbjppcl st nrdf nrdgt td td kdrrckt st fdugt, tacg sb st mhk` td bcnt gcclbc wjta

twjstjgi), `=tdi (kdrrcktcl yd tdi wjta `gjt st hntcr jt), t ]dw 8>? Zd mhk`whrl, p:, ssp (gcxt yd tdi wjta purb st hnt

scc Ibdsshry), turg. ]dw 89? Zd hs usuhb, `gjt td njrst yd, kdrrckt st fdugt

gcxt = yds, `;tdi (= kdrrcktcl yd‚s tdi wjta `gjt st htacf), turg.



prcscgtcl my ̀ gjttjgilhjbyBjsh [ardycr‚s Yjbbjhf [trcct [dk`s


]dw 81? Zd mhk`whrl, purb td njrst yd, sssp (gcxt = yds tdi wjta`gjt st hntcr tacf0 scc Ibdsshry), turg.

]dws 8:‛=1? ]cp ]dws 89 hgl 81 njvc fdrc tjfcs“hbb accb stsahvc mccg wdr`cl.

]codjg ndr wdr`jgi jg tac rgl hs ndbb? \urg accb sd ][ js nhkjgi, yd hs usuhb ht mci dn accb sts, `== accb sts, sb gcxt yd td mci

dn jgstcp gcclbc, `=tdi (sbjppcl yd tdi wjta njrst jgstcp sthntcr jt), wdr` jg phtt td bhst jgstcp st, sb tac yd ht mci dn accbgcclbc td cgl dn jgstcp gcclbc, `=tdi (bhst jgstcp st tdi wjtasbjppcl yd hntcr jt)“>: sts. Jn wdr`jgi dg lpg, hrrhgic sts dg; gcclbcs hihjg? 88 sts chka dg Gcclbcs 8 hgl = ndr mhk` dnbci, hgl <9 sts dg Gcclbc ; ndr jgstcp. ]gl gdw mci ht sthrtdn mhk` dn bci. Bci? Ydr`jgi mhk` dn bci sts jg [t st hgl kdgt jg phtt dg jgstcpsts, wdr` 8 rgl cvcg. Ndr h ghrrdwcr bci (scc Gdtcs), kdgt tdmci dn kunn dg >: sts. Ndr sdk`s wjta bhricr hg`bc hs sadwg,wdr` tac gcxt > rgls hs ndbb?

]gl 8? Gcclbc 8? F8, `gjt td cgl0 Gcclbc =? `gjt td cgl, Gcclbc ;? wdr` jg phtt td cgl“= sts jgk‚l? 8 dg chka dn mhk` dn bci.

]gl =? Ydr` 8 rgl cvcg. ]gls ;‛>? ]cp ]gls 8 hgl = twd fdrc tjfcs“93 sts? 8<

chka dg Gcclbcs 8 hgl =, stjbb <9 sts dg Gcclbc ;.

Kdgt cvcg jg phtt ugtjb bci fchsurcs ;" nrdf cgl dn sahpjgi, dr ;²" bcss tahg tdthb lcsjrcl bci bcgita, cgljgi ]gl 8 dr 9 dn khmbc phtt.Kunn? Gcxt rgl? *@;, p=0 rcp nrdf * hrdugl, jgk 8 st jn wdr`cl tac bci usjgi >: sts“95 sts ndr ghrrdwcr bci, stjsts ndr wjlcr bci. Kdgt jg `;, p= rjm hs csthmbjsacl ugtjb rjmkunn fchsurcs ;²" hmdvc bhst khmbc phtt rgl. MD hbb sts bddjg rjm.

NjgjsajgiYchvc jg bddsc cgls.-

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Ljhidghb ]jm [dk`slcsjig my Hgg Mul

Drjijghbby pumbjsacl Gdvcfmcr =

\acrc‚s gd cgl td tac typcs dn lckdrh

rjmmjgis taht hrc hpprdprjhtc ndr sd

\ac dgc acrc hbtcrghtcs strjpcs dn

p8 rjm hgl ljhidghb stjtkacs. Jt‚s dgc

fhgy rjm phttcrgs jg Gjk`y Cpstc

@gjttcl Cfmcbbjsafcgts (Jgtcrwc

Urcss, 8:::).

Njgjsacl [jzc? Hmdut 1" (=5.3 kf) kjrkufncrcgkc hgl :¶" (=< kf) bdgi nrdf dn accb td tjp dn tdc. \d njt wdfcg‚s S.[. ssjzcs 1‛:.

Zhrg? KZKH #8 supcr-njgc. [adwg jg? IDphb (855% fcrjgd0 ==3 yl P=53 fV/855tdmhkkd, = s`cjgs. Zhrg ljstrjmutcl my Bd[hbcs. (Gdtc? \ajs yhrg js gdw sdbl hs BIcfs Njgicrjgi Ycjiat, hgl kdfcs jg 813-

s`cjgs. Ndr tacsc sdk`s, ydu fhy gccl ; s`lcpcgljgi dg lcsjrcl sjzc. \ac kdbdr tdmhkkdmccg ljskdgtjgucl.)

Gcclbcs? [jzc = (=.93 ff)? sct dn < ldupdjgtcl (lpg). Hloust gcclbc sjzc jn gckcsshrdmthjg tac kdrrckt ihuic.

Gdtjdgs? Fhr`cr (f)0 thpcstry gcclbc.

Ihuic? 8< sts hgl 8: rgls 6 =" (85 kf) jg wdr`cl jg tac rgl.


H g g j c A h r t f h g M h ` ` c g






Khspjhg [ch [dk`slcsjig my Urjskjbbh Ijmsdg-]dmcr

Drjijghbby pumbjsacl Ohguhry =

\ac Khspjhg [ch, tac bhricst bh`c dg chrta, js surrduglcl my bhgls rjka jg kdbdr hgl ajstd

\ur`fcgjsthg, Hzcrmhjohg, Jrhg, ]ussjh, hgl @hzh`asthg, kdugtrjcs wadsc vcry ghfcs cv

cxdtjk bhglskhpcs hgl vjmrhgt kubturcs. Urjskjbbh Ijmsdg-]dmcrts ahs khpturcl tac nbhvdr dn

rcijdg jg tacsc ndur-kdbdr fhrvcbs. [ac mcijgs ht tac trhljtjdghbby pdjgtcl tdc, wdr`jgi tac

hgl mdttdf dn tac sdk` jg ljnncrcgt phttcrgs. \ac accb dpcgjgi js wdr c̀l jg whstc yhrg, sd stjtk

ndr tac accb khg mc pjk̀ cl up ht tac cgl, hntcr tac strj j̀gi mhgls dn tac kunn hrc kdfpbctcl. \a

sdk s̀ hrc gdt hg dvcrgjiat prdockt, mut

tckagjqucs hrc sd jgtrjiujgi taht ydu f njgl ydurscbn sthyjgi up gjiats ugtjb tacy

ldgc. Hgl h njghb whrgjgi? jn ydu jgtcgl

ijvc tacsc hs ijnts, mc prcphrcl ndr tac nb

dn rcqucsts ndr fdrc phjrs.

Njgjsacl [jzc? 1" nddt kjrkufncrcgkc, hg(:¶)" bdgi nrdf tjp dn tdc td mhk` dn accb, twdfcg‚s S.[. sadc sjzcs > td 9 (9¶ td 1¶). [sadwg hrc :¶" bdgi.

Zhrg? KZKH #= njgc. [adwg jg? Lhbc dn Gdr\jur (>5% fdahjr, <5% wddb0 8= > yl P88 3fVi)? #<3<3 wjgc, = s`cjgs0 #<<=3 pjg`, #=3=> ihgl #93>= lhr` tchb, 8 s`cjg chka. (Gdtc?

yhrg ahs mccg ljskdgtjgucl. Bdd` ndr h spwcjiat fdahjr mbcgl wjta sjfjbhr kdbdrs.)

Gcclbcs? [jzc = (; ff)? sct dn 3 ldumbc-pdjg(lpg)0 sct dn 3 ldumbc-pdjgtcl ibdvc gcc(hmdut <" P85 kfV bdgi) hrc dptjdghb mut fhacbpnub ndr khst-dg.

Gdtjdgs? \hpcstry gcclbc0 sfhbb hfdug

sfddta, kdgtrhstjgi whstc yhrg.Ihuic? 8> sts hgl 83¶ rgls 6 =" (3 kfstrhglcl twd-kdbdr [t st wdr`cl jg tac rgl nkahrts. Hloust gcclbc sjzc jn gckcsshry td dmtac kdrrckt ihuic.

[`jbb Bcvcb? Cxpcrjcgkcl.



prcscgtcl my ̀ gjttjgilhjbyUrjskjbbh Ijmsdg-]dmcrts‚ Khspjhg [ch [dk`s


GD\C[

Ndr sadrtcr sdk`s wjta h sfhbbcr nddt kjrkufncrcgkc, usc sfhbbcr

gcclbcs (S[ 8 ‛ 8¶ P=.3 ffV suiicstcl) ndr h tjiatcr ihuic,

hgl mcijg tac tdc sahpjgi dg ]dugl : dn tac sdk` kahrt hs ndr

tac sadrtcr nddt bcgita.

\ac sdk`s hrc lcbjmcrhtcby `gjt ht h ihuic taht js tjiatcr tahg

kustdfhry ndr tajs yhrg.

Yacg dgby dgc fchsurcfcgt dr stjtka kdugt js ijvcg, jt hppbjcstd mdta sjzcs.

Chka sdk` mcijgs ht tac kbdscl cgl dn tac tdc hgl js wdr`cl

upwhrls td tac tdp dn tac bci. \ac bdkhtjdg dn tac accb dpcgjgi

js fhr`cl my wdr`jgi tac accb stjtkacs usjgi whstc yhrg,

hgl tac sdk` kdgtjgucs td tac twjgcl clijgi ht tac tdp dn tac

bci. Hntcr tac bci js njgjsacl, tac whstc yhrg js rcfdvcl, hgl

tac accb js wdr`cl dutwhrl td tac mhk` dn tac accb, wacrc

tac rcfhjgjgi accb stjtkacs hrc irhntcl tdictacr td kbdsc tac

accb.

Dg tac sdk` kahrt, tac tdc sahpjgi dn tac sadrtcr nddt hgl tac

bdkhtjdg dn tac whstc yhrg jgscrtcl ndr tac accb hrc sadwg jg

achvy mbhk` dutbjgcs.

NddtSsjgi wjgc hgl pjg`, KD 1 sts dgtd chka gcclbc hs sadwg(Chstcrg KD, scc Ibdsshry)“8> sts tdthb0 chka gcclbc ahs ;sts ht chka cgl jg pjg`, hgl = kcgtcr sts jg wjgc. Dg tac tdpgcclbc, tac sts wjbb ahvc tac bchljgi sjlc dn chka bddp dg mhk`dn gcclbc jg h gdg-sthglhrl stjtka fdugt0 hgl stjtkacs dgmdttdf gcclbc wjbb mc fdugtcl jg tac sthglhrl fhggcr wjtatac bchljgi sjlc dn chka bddp jg nrdgt dn gcclbc. Ydr` hkrdsstac sts dg tac tdp gcclbc my wdr`jgi jgtd tac nrdgt dn tac bddpssd tac sts hrc lcbjmcrhtcby twjstcl. \wjstjgi tac sts dg tac tdpgcclbc wjbb gulic chka st td tac rjiat, fh`jgi tac stjtkacs

hppchr td mc hbjigcl, jgstchl dn dnnsct my dgc-ahbn stjtka hsusuhbby ahppcgs wacg wdr`jgi jg dppdsjtc ljrcktjdgs nrdf tajstypc dn wrhppcl khst-dg. Ydr` ]gl 8 dn sdk` kahrt, pbhkjgifhr`cr (pf) ht mci dn rgl, hgl ljvjljgi sts cvcgby dg < lpghs ydu wdr` ]gl 8. ]gl mcijgs ht sthrt dn sdbc sts. Ydr` ]gls=‛< dn kahrt. Ssc tac gcclbc tjp td tjiatcg tac sts dn tac KD jngckcsshry, wdr`jgi tac cxtrh sbhk` jg tac yhrg tdwhrl tac thjbs.\dc sahpjgi? Ndr :" nddt bcgita dgby, s`jp ]gls 3‛1 dn kahrt.\dc sahpjgi mci dg ]gl : (3) dn sdk` kahrt hs ndbb? ]gl : (3)? Ndr sdbc dn nddt, *wdr` < sts jg phtt, usc tac Bjntcl

Jgkrchsc ]jiat [bhgt (BJ]0 scc Ibdsshry) td jgk 8 st jg kdbdrsadwg, usc tac Bjntcl Jgkrchsc Bcnt [bhgt (BJB0 scc Ibdsshry)

td jgk 8 st jg kdbdr sadwg, wdr` < sts jg phtt0 rcp nrdf * ndrtdp dn nddt“=5 sts. ]gl 85 (>)? Ndr sdbc dn nddt, *wdr` < sts jg phtt, BJ] wjta kdbdr

sadwg, wdr` = sts jg kcgtcr dn ‒gd stjtka‖ hrch jg kdbdrsadwg, BJB wjta kdbdr sadwg, wdr` < sts jg phtt0 rcp nrdf *ndr tdp dn nddt“=< sts.

]gl 88 (9)? Ndr sdbc dn nddt, *wdr` 3 sts jg phtt, BJ] wjta kdbdr

sadwg, wdr` =kcgtcr sts, BJB wjtakdbdr sadwg, wdr`3 sts jg phtt0 rcpnrdf * ndr tdp dnnddt“=1 sts.

]gl 8= (1)? Ndr sdbcdn nddt, *wdr` >sts jg phtt, BJ] wjtakdbdr sadwg, wdr`= kcgtcr sts, BJBwjta kdbdr sadwg,wdr` > sts jg phtt0rcp nrdf * ndr tdpdn nddt“;= sts.

]gl 8; (:)? Ndr sdbcdn nddt, *wdr` 9sts jg phtt, BJ] wjta

kdbdr sadwg, wdr` = kcgtcr sts, BJB wjta kdbdr sadwg, w9 sts jg phtt0 rcp nrdf * ndr tdp dn nddt“;> sts. ]gl 8< (85)? Ndr sdbc dn nddt, *wdr` 1 sts jg phtt, BJ]

kdbdr sadwg, wdr` = kcgtcr sts, BJB wjta kdbdr sadwg, w1 sts jg phtt0 rcp nrdf * ndr tdp dn nddt“<5 sts.

]gl 83 (88)? Ndr sdbc dn nddt, *wdr` 1 sts jg phtt, BJ] kdbdr sadwg, wdr` < kcgtcr sts, BJB wjta kdbdr sadwg, w1 sts jg phtt0 rcp nrdf * ndr tdp dn nddt“<< sts.

]gl 8> (8=)? Ndr sdbc dn nddt, *wdr` 1 sts jg phtt, BJ] kdbdr sadwg, wdr` > kcgtcr sts, BJB wjta kdbdr sadwg, w1 sts jg phtt0 rcp nrdf * ndr tdp dn nddt“<1 sts.

]gl 89 (8;)? Ndr sdbc dn nddt, *wdr` 1 sts jg phtt, BJ]

kdbdr sadwg, wdr` 1 kcgtcr sts, BJB wjta kdbdr sadwg, w1 sts jg phtt0 rcp nrdf * ndr tdp dn nddt“3= sts. ]gl 81 (8<)? Ndr sdbc dn nddt, *wdr` 1 sts jg phtt, BJ]

kdbdr sadwg, wdr` 85 kcgtcr sts, BJB wjta kdbdr sadwdr` 1 sts jg phtt0 rcp nrdf * ndr tdp dn nddt“3> sts.

]gl 8: (83)? Ndr sdbc dn nddt, *wdr` 1 sts jg phtt, BJ] kdbdr sadwg, wdr` 8= kcgtcr sts, BJB wjta kdbdr sadwdr` 1 sts jg phtt0 rcp nrdf * ndr tdp dn nddt“>5 sts.

]gl =5 (8>)? Ndr sdbc dn nddt, *wdr` 1 sts jg phtt, BJ] kdbdr sadwg, wdr` 8< kcgtcr sts, BJB wjta kdbdr sadwdr` 1 sts jg phtt0 rcp nrdf * ndr tdp dn nddt“>< sts.

Ydr` 8 (3) rgls cvcg jg phtt, cgljgi wjta ]gl =8 0 bchvc

yhrg ahgijgi ht cgl dn bhst idbl st jg ]gl =8 . ]gl ==? Ydr` jg phtt td mci dn idbl sts. Ndr tac gcxt 8<`gjt tac sts sadwg jg wjgc dr pjg`, hgl sbjp tac idbl ststd purb wjta yhrgs jg mhk` (pwjsc, wym).

\urg tac sdk` sd Y[ js nhkjgi ydu0 idbl yhrg wjbb mc ahggchr tac mci dn tac gcclbc. Ydr` mhk` hkrdss tac 8< stswdr`cl, purbjgi tac idbl sts, hgl sbjppjgi tac wjgc hgl





sts hs jn td purb wjta yhrg jg nrdgt (pwjsc wyn). \urg tac wdr`hihjg sd tac ][ js nhkjgi ydu, hgl sb 8< sts pwjsc wym. Kdgt jgphtt td cgl dn rgl. Ydr` ]gl =; cvcg. Ydr` ]gls =< hgl=3 hs ndr ]gls =8 hgl == , sbjppjgi 8= sts ndr idbl scktjdg jg]gl =3. Ydr` cvcg jg phtt ugtjb ]gl ;> ahs mccg kdfpbctcl.Ndr ]gls ;9, ;1, <5, hgl <8, wdr` tac lhr` tchb sts hs sadwg

dg kahrt hs ndr tac idbl sts jg ]gls =8, ==, =<, hgl =3. Ydr`cvcg jg phtt ugtjb ]gl 3= ahs mccg kdfpbctcl, tacg wdr` tacidbl sts dn ]gls 3;, 3<, 3>, hgl 39 hs ndr tac idbl sts jg ]gls=8, ==, =<, hgl =3. Ydr` cvcg jg phtt ugtjb ]gl 3: ahs mccgkdfpbctcl. ]gl >5? Yjta sfddta, kdgtrhstjgi whstc yhrg, `;=. Lrdp

whstc yhrg. Mci ht sthrt dn rgl wacrc wdr`jgi yhrgs hrcahgijgi, wdr` ]gl >5 hkrdss hbb sts jg phtt. [ts ndr accbbdkhtjdg fhr`cl dg kahrt wjbb ahvc mccg wdr`cl twjkc,dgkc wjta whstc yhrg, hgl dgkc wjta sdk` kdbdrs.

Bci

Ydr` ]gls >8‛95 jg phtt nrdf kahrt. Dg ]gl 98, jgk =sts hs sadwg usjgi F8 (scc Ibdsshry)“>> sts. Ydr` ]gls9=‛85= jg phtt nrdf kahrt. Ydr` twjgcl clijgi ndr tdp dnbci hs ndbb? ]gl 85;? *@8 pjg`, `8 wjgc0 rcp nrdf * td cgl. ]gl 85<? Mrjgi mdta yhrgs td nrdgt. @ccpjgi tac yhrgs jg nrdgt

tarduiadut, purb chka st wjta jts fhtkajgi kdbdr, mrjgijgitac gcw kdbdr dvcr tac strhgl dn tac prcvjdus kdbdr ht chkakdbdr kahgic. Zhrgs wjbb mckdfc vcry twjstcl, mut wjbb mcugtwjstcl wacg ydu wdr` tac gcxt rdw.

]gl 853? @ccpjgi mdta yhrgs stjbb jg nrdgt, purb chka st wjtajts fhtkajgi kdbdr, mrjgijgi tac gcw kdbdr uglcr tac strhgl

dn tac prcvjdus kdbdr ht chka kdbdr kahgic. Ld gdt kut pjg` yhrg.

]gl 85>? Yjta wjgc, `gjt hbb sts.MD jg wjgc. Kut yhrgs, bchvjgi 85" strhgls dn pjg` hgl wjgc.Fh`c h sadrt twjstcl kdrl (scc Ibdsshry) usjgi tac = strhgls.Kdrls ht tac tdp clic dn ctagjk sdk`s hrc uscl td tjc tac sdk`stdictacr hgl ahgi tacf wacg gdt jg usc0 tac kdrls hrc ugtjclhgl ahgi nrcc wacg tac sdk`s hrc wdrg.

AccbKhrcnubby rcfdvc whstc yhrg nrdf accb sts hgl pbhkc ><cxpdscl bjvc sts cvcgby dg < gcclbcs hs tacy hrc rcbchscl nrdf

tac whstc yhrg“;= sts chka nrdf tdp hgl mdttdf dn accbdpcgjgi. Odjg yhrgs td sjlc clic dn accb wjta ][ nhkjgi sd njrststs td mc wdr`cl hrc sts nrdf tac sdbc dn tac nddt. Ydr` jg phttnrdf accb kahrt hgl sahpc accb hs ndbb?

]gl 8? Ujk` up hgl `gjt 8 st nrdf sjlc dn accb dpcgjgi wjgc hs sadwg dg kahrt, wdr` ;= sts jg phtt, pjk` up`gjt 8 st nrdf sjlc dn accb dpcgjgi wjta wjgc hs sadwkahrt0 rcp nrdf * dgkc fdrc“>1 sts0 89 sts dg chka gc\ac cxtrh sts pjk`cl up wjbb acbp kbdsc hgy ihps ht tac dn tac accb.

]gl =? Cbjfjghtc cxtrh pjk`cl-up sts hs ndbb? @=tdi wjta ksadwg, wdr` ;5 sts jg phtt, ss`0 rcp nrdf * dgkc fdrcsts0 8> sts dg chka gcclbc.

]gls ;‛3? Ydr` cvcg jg phtt. ]gl >? *Ydr` 1 sts jg phtt, ss` wjta kdbdr sadwg, wdr

kcgtcr sts jg phtt, `=tdi wjta kdbdr sadwg, wdr` 1 sphtt0 rcp nrdf * dgkc fdrc“>5 sts.

]gls 9-88? Ydr` hs ndr ]gl >, wdr`jgi = ncwcr sts mctwlcks chka rgl“<5 sts hntcr kdfpctjgi ]gl 88 0 = sts wdmctwccg lcks jg ]gl 88 .

]gl 8=? *Ydr` 1 sts jg phtt, ss` wjta kdbdr sadwg, `=tdi kdbdr sadwg, wdr` 1 sts jg phtt0 rcp nrdf * dgkc fdrc

sts. ]gl 8;? *Ydr` 9 sts jg phtt, ss` wjta kdbdr sadwg, `=tdi kdbdr sadwg, wdr` 9 sts jg phtt0 rcp nrdf * dgkc fdrcsts.

]gl 8<? *Ydr` > sts jg phtt, ss` wjta kdbdr sadwg, `=tdi kdbdr sadwg, wdr` > sts jg phtt0 rcp nrdf * dgkc fdrcsts.

]gl 83? Ydr` cvcg jg phtt. ]gl 8>? *Ydr` 3 sts jg phtt, `=tdi wjta kdbdr sadwg, ss`

kdbdr sadwg, wdr` 3 sts jg phtt0 rcp nrdf * dgkc fdrcsts.

]gl 89? *Ydr` < sts jg phtt, `=tdi wjta kdbdr sadwg, ss`

kdbdr sadwg, wdr` < sts jg phtt0 rcp nrdf * dgkc fdrcsts. ]gl 81? *Ydr` ; sts jg phtt, `=tdi wjta kdbdr sadwg, ss`

kdbdr sadwg, wdr` ; sts jg phtt0 rcp nrdf * dgkc fdrcsts0 < sts chka dg < gcclbcs.

Yjta wjgc dgby, rc-hrrhgic sts hs ndbb? @gjt njrst < sts dn usjgi hg cfpty gcclbc, `gjt tac gcxt 1 sts dgtd dgc gcwjta hgdtacr gcclbc, `gjt tac bhst < sts dn rgl, tacg tac njrst < sts hihjg dgtd tac shfc gcclbc“1 sts chka gcclbcs0 sts dg chka gcclbc hrc ahbn nrdf tac sdbc dn tac hgl ahbn nrdf tac mhk` dn tac bci. Yjta wjgc tarchlcl thpcstry gcclbc, usc @jtkacgcr stjtka (scc Ibdsshry) td i

sts tdi ht mhk` dn accb.

NjgjsajgiYchvc jg cgls. [tchf bjiatby td mbdk`. -





@ gj t tj g i Lhjb y \ ^

[c rjc s <55 j s

gd w

h vhjbh mbc d g L ^ L!

Fh`c \jfc ndr Zhrg Cvcry Lhy\F

@gjttjgi Lhjby \^ J [ H ^ H J B H M B C D G L ^ L !

Yhtka ydur nhvdrjtc cpjsdlcs ht hgy tjfc. Jgvjtc Cuggy Ohgi, @rjstjg Dflhab,

hgl [ahy Ucglrhy jgtd ydur adfc ndr dgc-dg-dgc bcssdgs

jg `gjttjgi, krdkact, hgl cvcg stjtkajgi.

^jsjt @gjttjgiLhjby\^.kdf

hgl purkahsc ydur pcrsdghb

L^L dn @gjttjgi Lhjby \^ \dlhy!?

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[dk`?






Kdfny [dk`slcsjig my @gjtskcgc Lcsjig \chDrjijghbby pumbjsacl @gjtskcgc, Nhbb/Yjgtcr =

@gjt h phjr dn khrcnrcc kaug`y rcl sd

td whrf ydur ncct“dr tadsc dn h bd

dgc“ychr rdugl.

Njgjsacl [jzc? Hmdut >· (1, :²)" (89 P==;.3V kf) kjrkufncrcgkc hgl 9 (:, 88 )"

P=;, =1V kf) bdgi nrdf mhk` dn accb td tdcnjt h kajbl (wdfhg, fhg).

Zhrg? KZKH #3 mub`y. [adwg jg? Mbhk` NdGhturwdbbc \wccl (855% wddb0 885 yl fV/855 i)? #\=-;; rcl fubtj, 8 (=, =) s`Zhrg ljstrjmutcl my Fucgka Zhrgs.

Gcclbcs? [jzc 88 (1 ff)? sct dn < ldupdjgtcl (lpg). Hloust gcclbc sjzc jn gckcstd dmthjg tac kdrrckt ihuic.

Gdtjdgs? [tjtka fhr`cr (f)0 thpcstry gcc

Ihuic? > sts hgl 1 rgls 6 =" (3 kf) jg [wdr`cl jg tac rgl.


K h r d b @ h p b h g



prcscgtcl my ̀ gjttjgilhjby@gjtskcgc Lcsjig \chf‚s Kdfny [dk`s


BciKD =5 (=<, =1) sts. Ljvjlc sts hs cvcgby hs pdssjmbc dg ; lpg,pbhkc fhr`cr (pf), hgl odjg ndr wdr`jgi jg tac rgl, mcjgikhrcnub gdt td twjst sts. @gjt cvcry rgl ugtjb pjckc fchsurcshmdut 3· (>¶, 9²)" (8<.3 P8>.3, 81.3V kf) nrdf mci.

Accb Accb nbhp? @3 (>, 9), turg wdr`, p85 (8=, 8<). \acsc 85 (8=,8<) sts wjbb mc wdr`cl mhk` hgl ndrta jg rdws ndr tac accb nbhp0ljvjlc tac rcf 85 (8=, 8<) sts cvcgby dg = lpg (3 P>, 9V sts chkagcclbc) hgl ld gdt wdr` tacf hihjg ugtjb bhtcr. Ydr` tac 85(8=, 8<) accb sts hs ndbb? ]dw 8? (][) *[b 8 purbwjsc wjta yhrg jg mhk`, `80 rcp nrdf *. ]dw =? (Y[) [b 8 purbwjsc wjta yhrg jg nrdgt, purb td cgl.]cp ]dws 8 hgl = ugtjb h tdthb dn 85 (8=, 8<) rdws ahvcmccg wdr`cl, cgljgi wjta h Y[ rdw.\urg accb? Ydr` sadrt-rdws td sahpc accb hs ndbb? [adrt-rdw 8? (][) @3 (9, :), ss` (scc Ibdsshry), `8, turg.

[adrt-rdw =? (Y[) [b 8, p8 (;, 3), p=tdi, p8, turg. [adrt-rdw ;? [b 8, `gjt td 8 st mcndrc ihp, ss`, `8, turg. [adrt-rdw <? [b 8, purb td 8 st mcndrc ihp, p=tdi, p8, turg“>

(1, 85) sts rcf. [ahpc iussct? Kdgt jg tac rgl hs ndbb? ]gl 8? Yjta Gcclbc 8, `> (1, 85) accb sts, tacg pjk` up hgl

`gjt 3 (>, 9) sts hbdgi clic dn accb nbhp0 wjta Gcclbc =, `85(8=, 8<) jgstcp sts0 wjta Gcclbc ;, pjk` up hgl `gjt 3 (>,

9) sts hbdgi dtacr clic dn accb nbhp, tacg `; (<, 3) acchihjg“=> (;=, ;1) sts tdthb0 1 (85, 8=) sts chka dg Gcclhgl Gcclbc ;0 85 (8=, 8<) sts dg Gcclbc =.

]gl =? Gcclbc 8? @gjt td bhst = sts, `=tdi0 Gcclbc =? Gcclbc ;? [s`, `gjt td cgl“= sts lck‚l.

]gl ;? @gjt.

]cp ]gls = hgl ; ugtjb =5 (=<, =1) sts rcf.

NddtKdgt cvcg dg =5 (=<, =1) sts ugtjb pjckc fchsurcs hmdut(9, 1¶)" (8< P81, =8.3V kf) nrdf mhk` dn accb, dr hmdut 8¶=¶)" (;.1 P3, >.3V kf) bcss tahg lcsjrcl tdthb bcgita, cgljgfhr`cr.

\dcLck ndr tjp dn tdc hs ndbb? ]gl 8? Gcclbc 8? @gjt td bhst = sts, `=tdi0 Gcclbc =? [s`, `g

bhst = sts, `=tdi0 Gcclbc ;? [s`, `gjt td cgl“< sts lck‚l ]gl =? @gjt.

]cp ]gls 8 hgl = ugtjb 8= sts rcf. \acg rcp ]gl 8 dgby (lsts cvcry rgl) ugtjb < sts rcf.

NjgjsajgiMrch` yhrg, bchvjgi hg 1" (=5.3-kf) thjb. \archl thjb dthpcstry gcclbc, lrhw tarduia rcf sts twjkc, hgl pubb tjiakbdsc adbc. Ychvc jg bddsc cgls. [prjtz wjta whtcr hgl bhytd lry. -

K h r d b @ h p b h g



[tjtka Ibdsshry prcscgtcl my ̀ gjttjgilhjby


Njiurc 8 Njiurc =

[s` Lckrchsc

[bjp twd stjtkacs `gjtwjsc dgc ht h tjfc (Njiurc 8). Jgscrtpdjgt dn bcnt gcclbc jgtd nrdgt dn twd sbjppcl stjtkacs hgl`gjt tacf tdictacr tarduia mhk` bddps wjta rjiat gcclbc(Njiurc =).

Ibdsshry

Njiurc 8 Njiurc =

Njiurc ; Njiurc <

Dbl Gdrwcijhg Khst-DgBchvjgi h bdgi thjb, fh`c h sbjp`gdt, hgl adbl yhrg hs sadwg (Njiurc 8).

*Mrjgi gcclbc jg nrdgt dn taufm, uglcr mdta yhrgs hrdugl taufm, ldwgjgtd kcgtcr dn taufm bddp, mhk` ndrwhrl, hgl dvcr tdp dn yhrg hrdugljglcx njgicr (Njiurc =), khtka tajs yhrg, hgl mrjgi gcclbc mhk` ldwgtarduia taufm bddp (Njiurc ;), turgjgi taufm sbjiatby td fh`c rddf ndrgcclbc td phss tarduia. Lrdp bddp dnn taufm hgl pbhkc taufm mhk` jg ^kdgnjiurhtjdg wajbc tjiatcgjgi up rcsubtjgi stjtka dg gcclbc (Njiurc <).]cpcht nrdf *.

Njiurc 8 Njiurc =

[sp Lckrchsc

Adbljgi yhrg jg nrdgt, sbjp twd stjtkacs `gjtwjsc dgc ht tjfc dgtd rjiat gcclbc (Njiurc 8). [bjp tacf mhk` dgtbcnt gcclbc hgl purb tac twd stjtkacs tdictacr tarduimhk` bddps (Njiurc =).

Njiurc 8 Njiurc =

Zhrgdvcr Mhk`whrl

Ssuhbby, yds dg tac purb sjlc hrc wdr`cl my mrjgijgitac yhrg nrdf tac nrdgt dvcr tac tdp dn tac gcclbc tdtac mhk`, tacg uglcr tac gcclbc td nrdgt hihjg (Njiurc8). Jg wdr`jgi h sadrt-rdw accb, yds hrc wdr`cl jg tacdppdsjtc ljrcktjdg. Mrjgi yhrg uglcr gcclbc td mhk`,tacg dvcr gcclbc td nrdgt hihjg, hgl kdgtjguc purbjgirdw (Njiurc =).

[ssp

[bjp tarcc sts ̀ gjtwjsc, dgc hth tjfc, hgl purb tdi tarduiatac mhk` bddps.



[tjtka Ibdsshry prcscgtcl my ̀ gjttjgilhjby


Ibdsshry

\wjstcl KdrlKut scvcrhb bcgitas dn yhrg hmdut njvc tjfcs tac lcsjrcl njgjsacl kdrl bcgita. Ndbl tac strhgls jgahbn td ndrf twd cquhb irdups. Hgkadr tac strhgls ht tac ndbl my bddpjgi tacf dvcr h lddr`gdm.Adbljgi dgc irdup jg chka ahgl, twjst chka irdup tjiatby jg h kbdk`wjsc ljrcktjdg ugtjb tacy mcijgtd `jg`. Uut mdta irdups jg dgc ahgl, tacg rcbchsc tacf, hbbdwjgi tacf td twjst hrdugl chkadtacr kdugtcrkbdk`wjsc. [fddta dut tac twjsts sd taht tacy hrc ugjndrf hbdgi tac bcgita dn tackdrl. @gdt tac cgls.

Njiurc 8 Njiurc =

Chstcrg Khst-DgAdbl twd lpg phrhbbcb td chka dtacr. Bchvjgi h >" (83 kf) thjb, wrhp tacwdr`jgi yhrg hrdugl mdta gcclbcs kdugtcrkbdk`wjsc (Njiurc 8) ahbn hs fhgytjfcs hs tac gufmcr dn stjtkacs ydu whgt. Ndr cxhfpbc, jn ydu whgt td khstdg 8= stjtkacs, wrhp tac yhrg hrdugl tac twd gcclbcs sjx tjfcs. \d mcijg,mrjgi tac yhrg ndrwhrl mctwccg tac twd gcclbcs hgl usc h tajrl gcclbc td`gjt hkrdss tac wrhps dg tac tdp gcclbc (Njiurc =). ]dthtc tac twd gcclbcs sdtaht tac gcclbc taht ahl mccg dg tac mdttdf js gdw dg tac tdp0 usc tac nrccgcclbc td `gjt hkrdss tac wrhps dg taht gcclbc (Njiurc ;).

Njiurc 8 Njiurc =

Njiurc ;

@gjttcl Khst-DgUbhkc sbjp`gdt dg bcnt gcclbc jn tacrc hrc gd csthmbjsaclstjtkacs. *Yjta rjiat gcclbc, `gjt jgtd njrst stjtka (drsbjp`gdt) dg bcnt gcclbc (Njiurc 8) hgl pbhkc gcw stjtkadgtd bcnt gcclbc (Njiurc =). ]cpcht nrdf *, hbwhys`gjttjgi jgtd bhst stjtka fhlc.

Njiurc = Njiurc 8

[cwg Mjgl-dnn Kut tac yhrg ; tjfcs tac wjlta dn tac `gjttjgi tdmc mdugl dnn, hgl tarchl dgtd h thpcstry gcclbcYdr`jgi nrdf rjiat td bcnt, *jgscrt thpcstry gcclbcpurbwjsc (nrdf rjiat td bcnt) tarduia njrst = sts(Njiurc 8) hgl pubb tac yhrg tarduia, tacg mrjgigcclbc `gjtwjsc (nrdf bcnt td rjiat) tarduia tac njrstst (Njiurc =), pubb tac yhrg tarduia, hgl sbjp tajs st dntac `gjttjgi gcclbc. ]cpcht nrdf *.

Njiurc 8 Njiurc =




Ibdsshry

@jtkacgcr [tjtka [tcp 8? Mrjgi tarchlcl gcclbc

tarduia nrdgt stjtka hs jntd purb hgl bchvc stjtka dggcclbc.

[tcp =? Mrjgi tarchlcl gcclbctarduia mhk` stjtka hs jn td `gjt hgl bchvc stjtka dggcclbc.

[tcp ;? Mrjgi tarchlcl gcclbc tarduia shfc nrdgtstjtka hs jn td `gjt hgl sbjp tajs stjtka dnn gcclbc. Mrjgitarchlcl gcclbc tarduia gcxt nrdgt stjtka hs jn td

purb hgl bchvc stjtka dg gcclbc. [tcp <? Mrjgi tarchlcl gcclbc tarduia njrst mhk` stjtkahs jn td purb (hs jbbustrhtcl), sbjp tajs stjtka dnn, mrjgigcclbc tarduia gcxt mhk` stjtka hs jn td `gjt, bchvctajs stjtka dg gcclbc.

]cpcht [tcps ; hgl < ugtjb gd stjtkacs rcfhjg dggcclbcs.

[tcp 8. @gjt jgtd tac mhk` dnstjtka (jg tac ‒purb mufp‖) jgtac rdw ljrcktby mcbdw tacstjtka dg tac gcclbc.

[tcp 8. Jgscrt bcnt gcclbcjgtd mhk` dn tac stjtka mcbdwstjtka oust `gjttcl.

[tcp =. @gjt tajs stjtka.

[tcp =. @gjt jgtd tacstjtka dg tac gcclbc,tacg sbjp mdta stjtkacsdnn tac gcclbc.

Bjntcl Jgkrchsc ]jiat [bhgt (BJ])

Bjntcl Jgkrchsc Bcnt [bhgt (BJB)

]hjscl (F8) Jgkrchscs

]jiat [bhgt (F8]) Yjta bcnt gcclbc tjp, bjnt strhgl mctwccgcclbcs nrdf mhk` td nrdgt (Njiurc 8). @gjt bjntcl bddtarduia tac nrdgt (Njiurc =).

Njiurc 8 Njiurc =

Njiurc 8 Njiurc =

Uurbwjsc (F8U) Yjta bcnt gcclbc tjp, bjnt strhgl mctwccgcclbcs, nrdf mhk` td nrdgt (Njiurc 8). Uurb bjntcl bdd(Njiurc =).

Yjta bcnt gcclbc tjp, bjnt strhgl mctwccg gcclbcs nrdfnrdgt td mhk` (Njiurc 8). @gjt bjntcl bddp tarduia tac mhk`(Njiurc =).

Njiurc 8 Njiurc =

Bcnt [bhgt (F8B) hgl [thglhrl F8

Ljskdvcr `gjtwchr

lcsjigs taht wjbb

khpturc ydur

jfhijghtjdg.\h`c hlvhgthicdn tajs spckjhbrjs`-nrcc dnncr tdlhy!

jgtcrwchvc.kdf/id/`ljw`

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