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MANUAL FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF

HANDDUG DRINKING WATER WELLS

IN SARVODAYA VILLAGES IN SRI LANKA

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SARVODAYA RURAL TECHNICAL SERVICE (SRTS)

MANUAL FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF HANDDUG DRINKING WATER WELLS IN SARVODAYA VILLAGES IN SRI LANKA

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Preface

In the context of Sarvodaya.'s efforts to build a new person, a new village and a new society, Sarvodaya is concerned to assist the people in satisfying the ten basic human needs, i.e. environment, water,

clothing, food, housing, health, communication, fuel, education,

spiritual and cultural needs.

The Sarvodaya Rural Technical Service (SRTS) has been asked to find

simple solutions to the problem of adequate and safe drinking water.

The actual situation of the drinking water supply in Sri Lanka is as follows: Only about 20JC of the total population have access to safe drinking water. In the rural areas, the large majority of the people obtain their daily requirements of water from shallow wells or surface sources, which are not sanitarily protected, hence the quality of the water is highly questionable. Often there is in addition the problem of these sources drying up during the dry season, especially in the dry zone of the country. As a consequence of this poor situation, it is not surprising that 40% of the hospital beds are occupied by patients suffering from water related bowel diseases. Outbreaks of cholera epidemics etc. are common, not to mention even the large number of people weakened by intestinal parasites like amoeba, worms, etc., without being aware of it.

The main problems on the way to a lasting improvement of this situation

are:

to create an awareness among the villagers of the relation between

good health and safe and adequate drinking water.

to motivate, educate, organize and train the people to under­take water supply projects

to finance the cost and to implement the project

to maintain the new installation

This manual deals with the technical aspects of constructing handdug

£omm^jn£_ty_we_l^s_ with the assistance of Sarvodaya and its Rural Technical

Service. It is not a textbook which covers all the relevant aspects

in depth, but a working manual which sets out some basic principles

and design standards applicable to all Sarvodaya drinking water well

projects.

It is Sarvodaya's policy to promote the sealing of the dug wells and the installation of a handpump for maximum protection of the precious groundwater. Handpump installation and maintenance will bp rlpalt with in a separate manual, in more detail.

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1.2. Decision Making Flow Chart for the Construction of a Community Well in Sarvcdaya Villages with SRTS-Assistance

FLOW OF INFORMATION

« project not feasible

letter to committee

Villagers-*—General Sarvodaya Activities

Committee/Shramadana Society

Request to District Coordinator

Site visit by SRTS worker (Preliminary survey)

1 project technically feasible and fitting into construction programme in district

selection of project for construction programme

RTS-engineer Donor agency

Financing of project Family gatherings, education, motivation, organization, preliminary Shramadana work appointment of caretaker

-—i Well site selection

Shramadana; Digging of well in dry season

Preparation of cement rings by SRTS

Lining of well with shaft backfill Wellhead construction

No handpump to be installed

IN COOPERATION WITH

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Handing over of project to the villagers

Handpump to be installed

Manufacture handpump, train caretaker

Install handpump I

Gramodaya Worker Health worker others

Gramodaya worker villagers

District Coordinator SRTS worker Committee

District Coordinate Committee

District Coordinator ! Gramodaya Worker

Committe SRTS worker

Villagers .Committee SRTS

Villagers Committee SRTS

Sarvodaya Workshops

SRTS worker ca_retaker

District Coordinator

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1.3. Duties and Responsibilities of Parties involved in the construction of Community liiells in Sarvodaya Villages

Sarvodaya District Centre / Gramodaya Centre;

Selection of village

Motivation and education work (health, etc.)

Organizing the village and organizing shramadana work (together with shramadana society and SRTS supervisor).

Raising of funds for the project

Promoting installation of handpumps

Sarvodaya Rural Technical Service

Responsible for all ^chnical aspects like

preliminary survey (together with the Gramodaya worker and the villagers)

construction work (supervision, skilled labour)

supply of building materials which are not supplied by villagers (e.g. cement)

supply and installation of handpumps

Training of villagers and caretakers for the maintenance phase

Assisting the district coordinators and the villages in finding financial aid.

Village

Establishment of Sarvodaya Shramadana Society

Establishment of committee (water committee, development committee)

Selection of well site in collaboration with SRTS worker

Settlement of legal requirements (land, access rights)

Participation in leadership, health, and general training courses

Contribute local building materials (sand, metal) and try to find financial aid.

Select caretaker

Do all unskilled labour like

digging and backfilling of wellshaft

assistance for heavy work (placing of rings, etc.)

supply all locally available building materials like metal, sand, stones

transports to construction site

Make an informed decision about the installation of a handpump. If a handpump is to be installed

set up maintenance fund

set caretaker for training

Take over the full responsibility for operation and maintenance of the finished project.

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The Aquifer

Soil formations 'which contain and transport groundwater are called aquifers. The objective of constructing a well is to penetrate the soil into the aquifer.

The aquifer functions as a ££n.d]Ji.t^ a s a ^9.L—2^.' anc' a s a f-iitHZ ^or

the groundwater. These functions depend on the size and the arrangement of the soil particles.

The bjater_Table

The upper surface of the water, in the aquifer is called the water table . This is the unpumped water level found in a well. The water table is usually sloping in the direction of the groundwater flow.

Groundwater Discharge

Under the force of gravity, groundwater finds its way gradually down­ward, until it .either emerges from the ground as a spring, or returns below ground into rivers, lakes and the sea. Discharges may appear in the form of diffuse seepage over a wide area (swamp), or in the form of a concentrated outflow in a small area (spring).

Quantity of Groundwater

The quantity of groundwater which can be extracted from a well depends on

the properties of the intake area

rainfall

groundwater recharge from nearby rivers or lakes

soil properties (porosity, permeability, etc.)

In general, a well will always yield enough water for drinking purposes, as long as the well penetrates sufficiently below the dry season water table.

Quality of Groundwater

Groundwater is usually filtering through very small openings in the soil, which removes most' of the particles which might otherwise be suspended in the water. Therefore, groundwater is generally clear, colorless, with little suspended matter. It does seldom requiretreatment before use, except when it is extracted close to sources of pollution such as latrines. Very often, however, groundwater can be quite corrosive to metals and even concrete.

Pollution Travel in Soil and Groundwater

Downward travel of bacterial pollution (e.g. from latrines) has seldom been found to be more than about 2 metres (7 feet). If pollution reaches the water table, it will generally not travel farther than approximately 30 m (100 feeO in horizontal distance. Wells should therefore always be located at least 30 m fr.om the nearest source of pollution (latrine, washplace, etc.).

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Chemical pollution (e.g. from insecticides) travels approximately three times as far a bacterial pollution.

Groundwater Exploration

Water can be found almost anywhere under the earth's surface. We do not have any sophisticated equipment at our disposal to predict the occurance of groundwater, its yield, etc. However, simple observations can already provide a lot of basic information:

Observing existing wells will tell about water quality, properties of soil (rock ), water table variations, etc.

Surface indications of groundwater;

streams, springs, swamps, ponds

vegetation (green spots in dry season)

animals (white ants)

Ground water is likely to occur under valleys rather than under hills. Sand and gravel deposits along river banks usually are very productive aquifers.

In coastal areas, we very often find brackish groundwater, which may be indicated by vegetation (e.g. salt water grass).

WELL SITE SELECTION

Well sites are selected by the village population or its representatives (shramadana society) and the SRTS-representative in the district. The following points are to be considered when selecting a site for a well:

Groundwater available

No hard rock above water table

Above flood level, with good drainage conditions

General access rights during construction and use secured (in writing)

Distance to sources of pollution:

at least 30 (thirty) metres or 100 feet from th nearest latrine, washplace or cattle watering hole, if possible uphill from source of pollution

Not in a paddy field (pesticides, fertilizer)

Number of houses served:

at least 8 - 1 0 families per well

not more than 50 families per well

Distance to houses to be served:

None of the families served should have to walk more than 250 m to the nearest well.

Number of wells per village: at least 2, but generally about 4 to 5 y/eljs should be constructed, depending on the population.

A proper well site selection is one of the keypoints for a successful well project}

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t\. WELL^CONSTRUCTION

Drinking water wells constructed with SRTS-assistance are designded according to the drawings in the appendix. The design of the well is quite simple, and the construc­tion does not require highly trained technicians.

The following drawings illustrate the basic sequence of construction.

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4 . 1 . Digging of Well

Important; reach bottom at end of dry season

the

dig at least 1 .5m (5 feet) below the lowest water level

always provide for rapid . emergency exit (e.g. robe ladder)

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HARD, STABLE SOIL »<;, £© OM

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minimum waterlevel

Diameter = 1.5 m or concrete ring diameter + 40 cm (whichever

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LOOS SOIL LS/WVDj_ l<Sld »C£ (©tg)

Rings s i n k f u r t h e r down

Excavation at bottom

minimum water level r

ISO

1

)'.'•+* BQC S^a)

1

4.2; Construction of Wellshaft

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- always use to lower the (if rings not directly into

make rings or nearby possible (to

try pod rings cast

well)

site whenever involve

at

the community and to avoid long transport)

in hard soil, wellshaft can be cast directly in well

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Filterring (see drawing No. 2)

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Backfill with stones %" - B" (fiterpacking)

Concrete seal, min. 5cm thick around wellshaft

Minimum waterlevel in well

Normal water level in well

Backfill with compacted soil (backfill in stages along with building up of wellshaft)

Seal the E^fJiSii joints with mortar 1:3

Second ring from top with connecting reinforcement to apron

Top ring with socket (for nice fit to cover)

Bottom ring with cutting edge in loose soil (fill clay in concrete mold)

Filter metal g" to 2" in sandy soil to prevent excessi­ve sanding of well

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4.3. Construction of Wellhead

(For well head, see standard drawing No. 3) •

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Plant grass and live fence around well

Place hardcore around apron (rubble stones)

Drainage should off the wellhead

go min, 5m

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For covers lab see i n s t a l l a t i o n manual pa ra t i on )

handpump (in p re-

For handpump see handpump manual

installation installation

Make well cover only when handpump-is ready for install­ation (you need the pumpframe to make the cover)

handpump installation only if explicitly requested by the users (after health education classes)

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6.5. Desinfection_of_U)ell 4.5. Q$ USgSd 2S>jC3gHfl gSo®

Desinfection with clorine solution is an absolute requirement after construction and after installation cf a handpump. The procedure is decribed in form B in the appendix.

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J^SSIBLE_CDN5!RUCT^0N_S2ANDflRD5_FaR^^ (Standard ."5 can be reached directly or in stages from standard 1)

Ge ner_£l_D e scr p ti on

The groundwater is tapped by digging only (e.g. unlined wellshaft in hard soil; water hole with access path in sand).

Health Aspects

The totally unprotected water source may be easily polluted by

A) rain and drainage water washing in pollutants from the surround­ings; the wind blowing in dirt.

B) Collaps of shaft, small animals in well (frogs, etc.)

C) Feet of users

D) Straying animals

E) Accidents

F) Using, individual buckets (buckets and rops may be infected by hand and ground contact).

G) Vandalism

H) Close proximity to soak pits, latrines, cattle watering holes, etc.

Maintenance

Depending on the situation, a conti-nous but easily understandandable maintenance is necessary (additional digging in times of drought, re-excavation after collaps, removing of rubbish, etc.)

Construction standard (1) is charac­terized as follows:

Lining of wellshaft, raised head-wall, watersealed drainage apron, drainage to sufficient distance from well.

Construction standard (1) already eliminates a number of pollution hazards, namely A),B),C),D), and reduces E). This type of well is still easily polluted by mechanisms F) and G).

Experience shows that this construc­tion standard effectively maintains a relatively high standard of health only with small user groups (e.g. single families).

H) can only be eliminated

The necessary maintenance for cons­truction standard (1) is minimal (cleaning of drainage apron, possibl -y yearly cleaning of well).

In construction standard (2) the well is partly covered. Through a small opening water is drawn with a winch. The remaining opening is covered when the well is not used. Bucket and rope are fixed.

The construction standard (3) is similar to (2), but the well is completely sealed, and for water-lifting a handpump is installed. This handpump is preferably made of locally available materials to make village level maintenance possible.

By fixing a single bucket in the well preventing ground contact of bucket and rope, pollution hazard F) can be effectively reduced. Studies have shown that this stan­dard can be as effective in preven­ting health hazards as standard (3), especially if during prolonged breakdowns of a handpump traditional unprotected water sources are used.

A good handpump, correctly installed, liiii prevent all hazards _A_ _t£ Fj_. Suction pumps should be avoided because they require priming with clean ( I ) water from time to time (and clean water, might just not be available).

Pump break downs carry a double risk for water infection: Directly when the repairs are done impro­perly without the necessary clean-lyness; indirectly, if during prolonged breakdowns traditional unprotected water sources are used.

with proper well site selection (for all well types)

In addition to the maintenance work necessary for standard (1), standard (2) wells necessitate £o_mmuna_l maintenance of water lift­ing equipment (bearings of winch, rope, bucket). This communal.main­tenance requires a certain degree of community organisation and common sense of responsibility, which might require intensive andthorough educational and motivational work.

In addition to the maintenance work necessary for standard (ijl handpumps must be well maintained and always kept in working order. Even if the pump is designed for simple village level maintenance, a considerable awareness for the problems related to organization and financing of the pump main­tenance is necessary among the users. The required degree of orga­nization and committment of the community to the water supply installation is appreciably higher than in standard (2).

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Sarvodaya Rural Technical' Services (SRTS)

APPENDIX TO UIELL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL

Standard Drawings;

No. 1 Sectional drawing of a finished well

No. 2 Concrete rings (full ring, filter ring)

including list of materials

No. 3 Wellhead, including list of materials

Forms;

^orm A Preliminary Survey for Villages proposed for Wellprogrammes

Form 8 Disinfection of Drinking Water Well

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Con craft. SCQI of {//Ms Fkckaje

?!/(&• Concrete Qi/ifJ fain. 2*fot- «*fc aac/ifis)

Pumpba&e

S a r v o d a y a R u r a l T e c h n i c a l S e r v i c e

WELLPROGRAMME DRINKING WATER

WELL

Plan No. W - 1

Date: Sep 84

Scale: approx. 1:20

Drawn: US

Amendments:

FULL CONCRETE RING FILTER RING

WEIGHT 350 KG

MIXTURE: 1:2:3 (cement.sand:metal%')

WEIGHT 350 KG

MIXTURES: 1:2:3 full concr.

1:4 (cement: metal &"- V ) filter concr.

full concrete

filfer concrete

•full concrete

a

Spigot (downside, bottom)

Socket (upper side,top)

NOTE If norebat rings to form spigot and socket are available, rings may also be made with flat top and bottom sides. Flat joints will require special attention for cleaning and mortaring during construction of wellshaft.

The top ring of the well should have a socket, however, to fit the cover nicely. (use a wooden template if you have no rebat ring )

Sarvodaya Rural Technical Service

Wellpropamme •

Prefabricated Concrete Plan NO. fV - 2

Date: S*fit. 8<t

Sco/e- / 20

Drown •• (JS

R/nqs \^j—

Amendment: 48 /1 / &S, (l ft

•LIST OF MATERIALS

cement

sand

metal, *"

• " . i - i"

reinforcement rods, 0 6 mm

Full concrete rings Filter rings

1 ring

4/5 bag= 4 pans

80 L =10 pans

105 L =13 pans

18m = 4 kg

10 rings

8 bags

800 L

1'050 L

40 kg

.1 ring

4/5 bag = 4 pans

22 L = 3 pans

45 L = 6 pans

11'5 L =15 pans

18m = 4 kg

10 rings

8 bags

220 L

450 L

1'150 L

40 kg

GENERAL POINTS OF IMPORTANCE

cast rings in shady place

mix concrete on a mixing platform, use only little water

place moulds on even and clean surface

oil the mould, specially the faces which come into contact with concrete (use vegetable oil)

centre inside mould with rebat rings or wooden spacers for equal wall-thickness (remove wooden spacers during casting!)

pour concrete some 10cm deep at a time and compact by tamping with re-rod and pounding the mould with a wooden piece

wash the outside of the moulds and the bolts immediately after concreting

mark date of casting on top o-f the ring

remove moulds only 24 hours after casting, but leave the concrete ring in place for at least 3 days

cover the rings with wet grass, leaves or bags

cure the rings 3 times a day for at least one week

transport the rings not before one week of setting, transport always in upright position

give special attention to the offloading (e.g. use strong timber to roll the rings from the trailer)

SPECIAL POINTS FOR FILTERRINGS

filter material has to be sieved (£" to ?"), preferably metal from filter-bed

if it contains organic or clay particles : wash them out

when casting filterrings :

first pour full concrete (1:2:3), 10 cm deep and compact

then pour filter concrete (1:4), 40 cm deep (but only 10 cm at a time, and compact before pouring the next 10 cm) at last pour full concrete (1:2:3), 10 cm deep and compact

CONCRETE RINGS CAN ALSO BE CAST DIRECTLY IN WELL

precast filter rings outside of well and place with tripod (other solution: cast a ring which is only 20 - 30 cm high, lower it into the well, level it carefully so that it can be used as guidance for the rings cast into the well)

then cast concrete wellshaft directly in well (at a speed of one ring per day; or if you have 2 moulds, you can even do 2 per day)

advantages of'in situ' casting:

less transport no leaky joints, stronger shaft no special attention to curing required maximal involvement of villager's' in the wellconstruction

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Form

SRTS drinking water Well Programme

DISINFECTION OF DRINKING WATER WELLS

Preventing contaminated wastes from entering the well water is a more effective strategy in the long term for rural areas than disinfecting the water before it is used. (Such preventive measures are: location of well sites, e.g. off latrines, etc., sealing of well head and shaft to prevent any surface water etc. from entering, safe extraction = handpump).

Disinfection is however essential after the well has been constructed. Open, handdug wells are particularly a risk for contamination during construction by well diggers. Disinfection should not only consist of disinfecting the well water but also the well-shaft and pump. Below, a simple and easy way of disinfection of the completed well incl. handpump is described.

Disinfection of well shaft:

Prepare a solution by dissolving ca. 100 gram (i pound) of tropical bleaching powder ( 25-35 % ) in one bucket ( 10 It. = 2 gal. ) of watsr and scrub the entire well shaft and the inside of well head with this solution.

Disinfection of well water, filter rings and package:

The amount needed to disinfect the well water is 100 gr. of bleaching , powder per 1 m3 • of water (one ring holds approx. 300 L' of water, or 3 rings hold approx. • 1 m3 of water). The powder is dissolved in water like above and then poured into the well. The water in the well must be well agitated to ensure good mixing (e.g. circulate the water with engine pump).

The strongly chlorinated water is left in the well for at least 12 hours. During this time the water should not be used. After this time the water is pumped to waste until the odour of chlorine disappears.

Disinfection of handpump:

Prepare a solution to disinfect the well water as described above and pour it into the well. Operate the handpump till the chlorine odour appears at the spout, then re-circulate the water back into the well for at least one hour.

After 12 hours the handpump is brought into operation again, and the well water is pumped to waste until the odour of chlorine disappears.

Keep in mind that this one time disinfection will not keep the well water sterilized or more that a few days. So take all necessary measures to keep any co-ntamination away from the well by sealing up the well head, keeping the surrounding clean, keeping the drainage channel clear, keeping the animals off the apron by a fence, preventing people from washing at the well site and instructing them to operate the handpump with cr-c, attending promptly to any repairs required.

SRTS Drinking Water Well Programme Form A

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P r e l i m i n a r y Survey f o r V i l l a g e s p roposed f o r Wel lprogrammes

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Name of V i l l a g e : 03©® 255®

D i s t r i c t / A r e a : SeJzJstejca/goifesca

Gramodaya Centre responsible: Population:

Infrastructure:

Sarvodaya Activities/Previous Shramadana:

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Present Water Situation: »2S>0 g©ca:fd255c30 cozrfzro d g e c i dfitosSca;

Are t h e r e t r a d i t i o n a l w e l l s ? .

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Are t h e r e p l a c e s w i t h p o s i t i v e s i g n s f o r g r o u n d w a t e r ? Cg©Z5> 6Q<S tf2553255,23 ®QS> ©O^S]®2ad2S5 cSOiTSi z9®Sc^

Any reliable spring available? Yield : ..

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Months of dry season :

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Who made the request for the well programme ?

Remarks : . . .

Name of S u r v e y o r : Date : C3§25»2»c33©Gf 255©: ?2550»:

Situation plan of the village and the proposed well sites (handsketch, not to scale)

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