E U R A U 2 0 1 4 I C O M P O S I T E C I T I E S I N o v e m b e r 1 2 - 1 4 , 2 0 1 4 , I I s t a n b u l - T u r k e y

ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE CITY. THE URBAN TRANSFORMATION OF ANCIENT FOUNDATION CENTERS AND EVOLUTION OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE

PROTECTION

Gianluigi de Martino1, Martina Suppa2

1: Researcher, Adjunct Professor Department of Architecture Università degli studi di Napoli “Federico II”

Interdepartmental Center “Calza Bini”. Via Roma, 402 - 80132 - Napoli

e-mail: g.demartino@unina.it

2: Architect, Research Fellow Politecnico di Milano Polo Territoriale di Mantova

e-mail: martina_suppa@virgilio.it

Abstract

Since the twentieth century the transformation of city acquires acceleration in the direction of lifestyle development reflecting in the new transport networks and infrastructure. With the present paper is to show how the evolving relationship between the city and its deepest traces, and especially those in the ground, has changed, often through conflicting relationships between cultural operators and policy makers. It will mark a substantial increase in awareness by the operators responsible for the protection of the environment and culture, together with even greater sensitivity on the part of public opinion, in respect of such archaeological evidence.

The speech will also refer to the current problems associated with the creation, in the big cities of works that intercept the deep layers where there are numerous exhibits. In particular, the construction of subways and underground, and the stations, where the archaeological remains are often able to influence and direct the design choices. The debate in most cases is ample on journalism and newspapers, but the enforcement of modern theoretical information about restoration and conservation is still entrusted to the ministerial bodies. Through the peripheral organs, the superintendents, the action of protection is almost always timely and thorough, but over time we have realized that the needs of social and functional could not influence the choices of conservation and vice versa. To avoid conflicts in recent years it has been adopted a methodological approach of prior investigation, ie hypothesis testing design through essays and investigations into the ground at the layout of the underground lines and stations.

It will make specific reference to the city of Naples, and his new metro lines, about the projects, the findings and also the needs of the exhibition brought to light.

Keywords: Conservation, Archaeological Heritage, EURAU 2014, Composite City, Istanbul

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1. INTRODUCTION

This paper would not reconstruct the complex dynamics according to which in the Italian expertise in the field of urban transformation overlaps or leave gaps in the law, without creating clear conditions in the management of both public and private interventions. The situation well summarized in an article by Stefano De Caro (De Caro, 2009) rightly outlines preventive archaeology as desirable solution for many red tape burdens in terms of cost and substantial risk to the national archaeological heritage. Historical inquiry must be understood as a preliminary to any restoration. It may, in fact, provide information on the materials used and the construction techniques and may indicate the transformations undergone by the buildings, and sometimes explain the presence of some static instability phenomena; it can give useful information about the changes undergone by the building as a result of use changes or natural disasters, such as earthquakes, which may have produced irreversible damage on structures.

The analysis to be carried out, relating to the structures over and under the ground, must be added to those affecting the foundation soil for which it is necessary to acquire the largest number of data regarding the terrain, its stratigraphy, the position of the aquifer, in any subsidence phenomena that may be of interest in some way the building.

Regarding the complex and layered urban fabric the analyzes leading onto archival records and current bibliography are certainly consolidated support for project ideas, but the matter unfolding to operators from time to time can confirm or contradict these hypotheses.

The decision to carry out infrastructure works of such great impact as a new line underground in a city like Naples is perhaps a poor predictive decision. The history of this work dates back to the mid-70s with a first draft that wants to join the hilly part of the city with the central one. After several setbacks and lack of funds, the construction start again in the 90's with an even more ambitious program and especially confirming a plan for the path passing through some "strategic" nodes in the city. Almost at the same time the plan for a light rail line debuts, further tracing some already existing lines (Ferrovia Cumana and FS metro). This one is intended, however, to pass through the quarter of Fuorigrotta serving the Stadio San Paolo. The project in fact is part of the works for the football championship in 1990 and it was announced the opening of this additional line in time for that event. All this apparently should enhance urban transport, but the line is not only inaugurated with 17 years of delay and only 2.5 km, (closed after a few years), but suggests the obsolescence of the existing tram lines that are almost dismantled at all. This line will be reopened and connected with line 1 in interchange station of Municipio. And precisely at Piazza Municipio the largest construction site is opened in 1999 with design of Alvaro Siza Vieira and Eduardo Souto de Moura. The design for many of the stations was entrusted to international renowned architects, maybe not always fully aware of all the cultural layers of the places in which they intervene, offering design solutions that overlap a personal vision and stylistic features in a tissue needing act in a less emphatic way.

The compositional research conducted by the two Portuguese architects might seem, at first glance, indifferent to the complex pre-existing system, pursuing its "internal" logic of axial symmetry, which is very simple and straightforward, according to two slightly divergent tree-lined trails running from the sea towards the bottom of the square formed by the Palazzo San Giacomo.

Of course, Piazza Municipio has its own historicized spatial configuration, formed both by sedimentation and additions, whether as a result of demolition and insulation (such as those that affected the whole Angevin Castle - Castel Nuovo, in the thirties of the twentieth century, led by Riccardo Filangieri), and also reflecting the shape received in the sixties during the administration of

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Mayor Achille Lauro. The scheme proposed by the two designers accentuates existing regularization superimposing a more marked axis, which is interrupted only by the lifts path and by redefinition of the exteriors, at a lower one, behind the walls of the fort and other ruins, in a sort of walkway slightly downward toward the Angevin-Aragonese castle.

Figure 1. Naples. Piazza Municipio. 3d visualization of the first project.

The basic criterion adopted by the group headed by Siza is intended to focus on an exclusively underground vision, with an introversion deliberately not linking the structures of the station with the archaeological finds to exploit the element of surprise for travellers or visitors exiting then to the surface. But, for this purpose, "the designers suggest a (painful) break in Aragonese and viceregal walls to achieve an open portal, able to visually frame the walls of the castle; however, through numerous rounds of talks and discussions, we were able to avoid too long cutting.”(Gizzi, 2013)

2. HISTORICAL ASPECTS AND GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

The situation of the ancient city of Naples, with even its port facilities in the Roman era, hypothesized by Bartolomeo Capasso in the early years of the 20th century, is the result of the 2000 years old stratifications, layered continuously on themselves since the early years of foundation.

This situation also for a several legislative and administrative reasons which will endure until the eighteenth century (ie it was not allowed to build outside the walls), has been heavily altered over the centuries. Also because of a history made of recurring seismic disaster the buildings are reconstructed more and more over themselves while increasing in height and number of storeys too.

This urban and social pathology, has led to determine roads with narrower proportions, especially leading to occupy, from the Middle Ages onwards, progressively open spaces and even roadways.

The street level is increased in height and the foundations of the buildings were built partly

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on old masonry and partly on inhomogeneous ground and debris. Right in this case is therefore particularly important preventive diagnosis with imaging procedures of the subsurface, using skills to understand the resulting data also and above all from the archaeological point of view.

The concept of resilience is present in many different disciplines with variations depending on the object or system where such a feature is found and applied. In complex ecosystems and / or in social systems, the concept is linked to the interaction of factors; the more numerous they are the more the system itself is sophisticated.

If we want to apply this definition to a city, it can be summarized and simplified as the ability to absorb shocks and cross traumatic events without quick decay, or rather with the ability to regenerate and restore equilibrium conditions.

Begin this speech by Napoli - as in any other city - is obviously instrumental to a broader discussion and specificity, and such differences in each city will be underlined and, if necessary, enhanced.

Foundation of Naples enjoys a fair amount of "myth" being very remote in time. The complex layering of the city overlaps and intersects with a complex historical and social stratification. The occurrence of all these elements is surely significant in explaining how the city - this time as an environmental, urban, architectural and social system - has historically found and still has room to find motivation and inspiration to keep going, even perhaps to improve in times of great adversity. if these ideas came from just one aspect of the city would be unacceptable model, but testing the quantities and proportions for a reproducible recipe would be just as ineffable.

Intangible values come overwhelmingly in the history of Naples with positive balance, but the alchemic product at different times has generated different results, suggests an open mind to suggestions coming from the city itself. Indeed, artificially dispensing solutions to the city will produce short-term results.

2.1. persistence - transformation.

This dualism not so opposed as it seems, contains a vital formula for fabrics of all cities. In the case of Naples, the two thousand years path from the foundation remains despite all the build-up of events (even catastrophic) that are layered, even physically, although without causing a significant fluctuation in the population. Just think of the areas where the shape of the current city is still "bent, deformed and shaped" by structures no longer in use for many centuries.

“Integrated conservation is achieved by the application of sensitive restoration techniques and the correct choice of appropriate functions. In the course of history the hearts of towns and sometimes villages have been left to deteriorate and have turned into areas of substandard housing. Their deterioration must be undertaken in a spirit of social justice and should not cause the departure of the poorer inhabitants. Because of this, conservation must be one of the first considerations in all urban and regional planning.”

This definition officially dating back almost forty years ago, already contains all instances to be answered in order to find solutions to improve the sustainability and liveability in the cities and in environments that are likely to be ruined in their delicate balance of tangible and intangible assets. After a period of decline in the interest of the international scientific community, if read carefully, it shows an extraordinary relevance in the pinpointing of problematic issues, in both directions of virtuous programs, most of which are perhaps too advanced for the time of formulation but particularly forward-thinking for the last few years of great change.

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Culture is not an obvious aspect in the city development, on the contrary the interests revolving around the events of history of art and civilization, could also avoid deliberately to culturally affecting choices for the management of the city. It's been already verified the case of financial stakeholders indicating the political culture of conservation as an unnecessary obstacle to development, and the danger that this attitude returns, in times of economic crisis, it is not so remote.

Invoking greater caution in interventions that affect such a significant urban fabric and in delicate balance, not only is well known attitude to archaeologists, well aware that archaeological deposits of this importance are an incalculable wealth of knowledge, but runs the risk of being trapped in the (false) commonplace of opposition between development and conservation.

The same attitude of opposition recurs in every large program of public works. About a century before the works that involved just town hall square and the layout of the course Umberto - carried out by the City and the Society for the cleansing have undergone the same debate of "progress" in competition with the demand for greater caution.

Ignoring how the concept of conservation has evolved, already acquired as the physiological process of cities regeneration as urban and environmental systems, denotes a voluntary lack of renovation compared to the challenges that come from the cultural environment, from society itself and especially from the younger generations.

Article 9 of the Amsterdam Charter in fact reads “Although the architectural heritage belongs to everyone, each of its parts is nevertheless at the mercy of any individual. The public should be properly informed because citizens are entitled to participate in decisions affecting their environment. Each generation has only a life interest in this heritage and is responsible for passing it on to future generations.”

The gap between theory and practice in the field of conservation is to be found mainly in the sense that even today many attribute to the restoration, mistakenly seen as preservation of the image and not rather of the material consistency. In other words, and in this aspect the misunderstanding is also fuelled by the 'restoration of Cards', it's often given more importance to the aesthetics instance, regardless the form - especially in architecture - can not be separated from matter.

To define any proper restoration the phase of the diagnosis is a crucial knowledge. The use of non-destructive investigation is becoming more widespread and it has a broad consensus among all those who, rather than 'restoration project', prefer to deal with 'conservation project'.

The conservation is proposed as the objective of the restoration and at the same time tends to give back the readability partially lost. Assuming the document / monument value as unrepeatable historical evidence, it is necessary to assign it the highest degree of attention in the field of critic speculation as in the structural or surface interventions that act on the matter.

3. THE WORKS FOR METRO LINE

The theme of the protection and preservation of cultural heritage has always been, in Italy, opportunity for discussion and confrontation between the actors responsible for the policies and practices of conservation, Superintendents, and state and local agencies responsible of urban transformation. However, this debate had a first definition only from the late nineties, when, through the Consolidated Law on Cultural Heritage 490/1999 and significant political changes,

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new criteria have been established and reports of competence between state bodies and local authorities regarding the development, the protection, utilization and conservation of cultural heritage.

Until the seventies, in fact, the legal character of the permissive 1089 / 1939 law - the only law in force at that time about the conservation and safeguard - had allowed a wide range of interpretation in the practice of protection, archaeological investigation and identification of cultural heritage.

Figure 2. Naples. Piazza Municipio (2008). The del Balzo palace has been dismantled and will be reassembled after the work completion inside the station

A change of trend has started in the eighties, when, for the first time, appeared the concept of programming in the protection, explicated through evaluation (understood as the sum of the potential of the territory), strategy (indication of objectives consistent with the potential, the choices for the protection and resources available), and sequence, that is to give order to the historical achievements. However, despite this optimistic attitude, there have been few concrete outcomes: you have to wait, as mentioned above, the legal and political change began in the nineties.

Today, based on the arguments of protection described above, together with the awareness of the transformation of the urban fabric and historical consolidated, it is understood the need to initiate a co-planning between urban and archaeological material.

In a contemporary perspective the territory is no longer conceived as a series of isolated elements, but as a landscape unit, "understood as the total size of the design, protection, retrieval, integration" (Ceccarelli 2002). The concept of co-planning involves a design of the territory more attentive to the implementation practices rather than to the result to obtain -

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unlike the traditional city-planning -, in order to highlight not the type of results but the way in which they are achieved.

Although theoretically and methodologically the co-planning, for its multidisciplinary nature, is the guarantor of the relationship between urban transformations, which lead the consolidated historical tissues to adapt to the needs of contemporary life, and the dynamics of conservation and protection of the same, on practical the design of protection and preservation, and urban planning, are sometimes irreconcilable, as times and purposes of the first are inherently more complex compared to those purely technical and functional of the second.

A concrete example of this theoretical framework is the planning of the new metro stations of Line 1 in Naples. The new project of the Naples underground, born in the mid-Nineties in consultation between the Ministry of Heritage and Culture, the City of Naples and the Company Metropolitana, concessionaire of the works, especially for some stations of Line 1 (Municipio station in Piazza Municipio, the Duomo station in Piazza Nicola Amore, University station in Piazza Giovanni Bovio), immediately adjacent to the route of the ancient city, is characterized for its methodological and procedural aspects, as a project of preventive archeology. Therefore the realization of civil engineering that stands out as the most important intervention in the transformation of the city of Naples, if not the only one in the last twenty years, creates one of the largest construction sites of urban archeology at a European level.

Of particular relevance to the investigation were the archeological excavations conducted between Piazza Nicola Amore and Piazza Municipio, through which it was possible to reconstruct the evolution and variation of the coastline of the Gulf of Naples, from the greek -roman age to Late Antiquity. It was ascertained the presence of a creek, used as a harbor basin, probably as early as the age of the first foundation of the city and, with certainty, from the end of the fourth century. B.C., until his silting up that occurred in the late Roman period (fifth century AD.). Important elements, thanks to the fact-finding investigations and stratigraphic, were found during the excavations still in progress, for the design of Municipio Station, entrusted to architects Alvaro Siza and Souto de Moura, that as interchange between Line 1 (connection with the hilly area of Naples) and Line 6 (connected to Naples west), involves the construction of two station wells and a department to maneuver. The first project, which began in January 1999 and has concluded in April 2000, covered an area of 2070mq at the center of the Piazza Municipio, and has been investigated to a depth of 4.50m-5.00m approx from ground level, with the aim of highlighting the existing structures, prior to the implementation of the bulkheads of the Well and the Mezzanine of the Station. The second campaign, conducted between December 2002 and September 2004, concerned the only area of the Well Station (1058mq), whose excavation started at the altitude of 5.50 meters above sea level; it has been brought to completion. The third intervention, still in progr ess, covers a wide area in the extended end of the gardens that surround the north-west New Castle. During the excavation of the pit of Line 1, in October 2004, it was found, at a depth of 13 meters from the current plan of campaign of the square, an area of the port basin closed and protected with shallow waters with function of port of call and landing (Giampaola 2006). A further aid in the understanding of the development of the coastal zone has came from the excavation of the pit of the Station of Line 6, near which were discovered parts of a residential building, probably belonged to Senator Lucullus, and a terraced thermal building , grafted on the inlet. In the same area was reached the origin layer of dredging of the seabed of the Greek-roman age, dating between the late fourth and half of the second century. BC, thus confirming the port functions of the area under investigation.

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There were various layers of silting up of the creek, of which the most conspicuous is datable to the first century AD, at the end of which can be traced the construction of a breakwater perpendicular to the coastline, in the north-west, consisting of a dry wall of limestone put in place without mortar, contained by wooden poles of various sizes put up vertically into the san d. At the same period belong two of the three boats found in the same area (wrecks A and C), while at the end of the next century belongs the third vessel (wreck B). All three boats, now preserved in a depot of the ANM (Azienda Napoletana Mobilità), are built to "mortise and tenon", a typical method of shipbuilding of Greek-roman age; specifically the wreckage A and B are classified as cargo ships, used for commercial purposes, while the wreck C, is a specimen of Horeia used for port service, loading and unloading or fishing activities. The stratigraphic tests show that the dock continued to be used until the fourth century. d. C and then abandoned and covered with sand until the late sixth century AD due to the formation of a lagoon environment (Giampaola 2009).

No less interesting are the results obtained in the area of the gardens overlooking Castel Nuovo, where there has been a stratigraphy urban variously articulated. Beneath the ancient Aragonese city walls, the first discovery in the area of Line 1, of which was put in evidence the north-western area with the two towers (Torri dell'Incoronata) and the tower of the Pier (torrione del Molo) overlooking the sea, in 2009 have emerged parts of a medieval building dating from the late thirteenth century and belonging to the noble Del Balzo family. This finding has assumed considerable importance in urban stratigraphy of the city of Naples, as the only witness of the Angevin period. In fact, it confirms the extensive program of urbanization in the immediate vicinity of Castel Nuovo between the age of Charles II D'Anjou and that of Charles III. The excavation has shown that the environments of the Angevin age were completely hidden by the bulwark and the access ramp to the "Citadel Aragonese", the latter made by Alfonso I of Aragon in age coeval with the radical reconstruction of New Castle.

During the excavation between the ramparts and the outer wall of Castel Nuovo, within the circuit of the second ditch, emerged the structures that had arisen in connection with the activities of the castle from the fifteenth century to the second half of the nineteenth century.

The discovery of the Aragonese Citadel confirmed the representation of the Tavola Strozzi from 1472: in the central area of the excavation was identified a low crenellated wall with its towers (shown in the table shortly after the completion of work) which traces the Wall delimitation of first ditch, partly traced from the current structure, which dates back to the Aragonese restructuring and the outer wall from the dock that connects to Torre San Giorgio, found during the excavation for a large stretch up to the ramp leading to the door. The area of the second trench was occupied by a series of buildings already from the age viceregal, below the road surface outside of the Largo del Castello, while the decking internal height reached 3.00m.

During the investigations for the construction of Duomo station in Piazza Nicola Amore designed by Massimiliano Fucsas, there were significant data: abundant ceramics (from the middle bronze age to late Iron Age), which have certified the attendance of the community from the most remote founding of the city. The stratigraphic sands have revealed that in the sixth century. a. C . this area, located below the plateau on which will be built Neapolis, was a beach where the first human settlement occurs during the fourth century B.C. with the construction of a monumental complex, probably with sacred character, and the emergence of craft workshops.

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Relevant to the understanding of the urbs development was the discovery of a temple-sanctuary for Isolimpic Games, in the south-east of the ancient plateau, dating from around the second century. B.C. This excavation has confirmed the presence along the coastline of an agonistic district dating back to the expansion of the city building in the imperial age.

It has been recognized the great contribution brought by the archaeological discoveries that allowed the reconstruction of the historic urban landscape of the city of Naples from its first foundation until the nineteenth century, allowing the detection of actual data previously received from written and iconographic sources, but we must observe the practices specific for the excavation campaigns have stretched the time of completion of the construction. In fact, the installation of underground lines, having the purpose of urban-functional connection, should ensure a speedy enjoyment by the public and, according to the declared intentions of the public administration and a redevelopment of the urban fabric at social level. In reality, these processes if not correctly scheduled in anticipation are largely slowed down by procedural archaeological method, which, while providing significant evidence of the history of our city, ends up subordinating the functionalist aspects of historical and cultural interests.

Figure 3. Naples, 1465 ca.,Tavola Strozzi, part. The Castel Nuovo renewal just completed

From these considerations it is clear that if the co-planning, including town planning and archaeology, has its own dignity on a theoretical level it is rather a poor workable policy for

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urban transformation of the contemporary city.

4. CONCLUSIONS

We recognize the uniqueness of architectural production means taking note of the irreproducibility of the material dimension, as a point essential to start with.

- To this finding we add awareness - as already stated - that the matter is the only mean to transmit ancient cultural values and as such its existence and its preservation also ensure the transmission of aesthetic, historical, symbolic meanings of the built environment.

- Any intervention on the built environment, therefore, should result in the least loss of material and positively address its physiological modifications.

- To ensure the transmission of the testimony we refer to the recognition of the material authenticity as core value around which combine approaches on urban landscape, whether it be that of static consolidation of functional adaptation.

- Therefore, the operations that are performed on the contemporary city requiring functional adjustments and / or infrastructure are more hazardous than most because they involve loss of matter or a partial irreversibility.

- Any intervention which interferes deeply with the historic city fabric, intercepting the stratigraphy in depth, produces much larger changes as the intervention is invasive. Even the most sensitive designers have therefore come to the conclusion that it is necessary to minimize interventions if you want to preserve the object of restoration.

These brief considerations on the methodology of addressing a restoration project, if on the one hand have the purpose of indicating a systematization in performing operations, at the same time end up with the confirm that each restoration, maximally in archaeological contexts, is a unique case that should be studied carefully, as each site should be seen as an irreproducible document of authenticity.

The p. 1,2,4 was written by G. de Martino. The p. 3 was written by M. Suppa.

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BIOGRAPHY

Gianluigi de Martino in 1998 Graduate cum laude in Architecture at “Federico II” University of Naples. In 1999 he is a winner of scholarship for class attendance of PhD in 'Conservation of heritage' (XIV cycle) at the Politecnico di Milano. 2003 He holds a Ph.D. in “Heritage Conservation” at the Politecnico di Milano, with a thesis entitled "Ruins: theoretical and methodological aspects." Get involved in research projects of national interest and partecipate with scientific contributions to national and international conferences.

Educational Activities

He played lectures on "Historic urban fabric as a museum", under the training project for "expert in design, implementation and management of virtual museums" financed by MIUR. (2003)

In 2005 was nominated Researcher for SSD ICAR/19, at the Faculty of Architecture of the ‘Federico II’ University of Naples.

In 2005-06 he teaches Laboratory of Architectural Restoration in the course Degree of the Faculty of Architecture of ‘Federico II’ University of Naples. Since 2006 - teaches Laboratory of Architectural Restoration of the post degree course in Architecture of the Faculty of Architecture of ‘Federico II’ University of Naples. In 2007 He joined the faculty of the doctoral program in "Conservation of Architectural Heritage" at the Faculty of Architecture, University "Federico II" of Naples. In 2007-08 He teaches in Final thesis Laboratory at the degree course in Architecture (Specialization in Conservation) of the Faculty of Architecture at Syracuse University of Catania. In 2008-2009 He teaches Theory and History of the Restoration at Degree Course of the Faculty of Architecture, Syracuse University of Catania. Since 2010 he teaches Consolidation at the School of Specialization in Architectural and Landscape Heritage.

Martina Suppa, graduated in March 2013 in Architecture at the 'University of Naples Federico II with a degree in Architectural restoration about "The gates system of Pompeii, the case study Porta Stabia". He previously earned a bachelor thesis in Environmental Design for the recovery and of the mills system architecture in Sant'Agata dei Goti. She is honorary fellow for the chair of synthesis laboratory in Architectural Restoration for AA 2014-16. He is currently research fellow at the University of Milan-Territorial Pole of Mantua (Laboratory Heritage Survey Technology - LARIMA) for the research project "SURVEY OF HUMAN ARTEFACTS AND STRUCTURES FOUND DURING THE EXCAVATION OF NAPLES METRO - TOWN HALL STATION, NAPLES”.

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