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By

Ashutosh Roy

Upkar Prakashan, Agra-2

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© Publishers

Publishers

UPKAR PRAKASHAN2/11A, Swadeshi Bima Nagar, AGRA–282 002Phone : 4053333, 2530966, 2531101 Branch Offices :Fax : (0562) 4053330, 4031570 4845, Ansari Road, Daryaganj,E-mail : care@upkar.in, Website : www.upkar.in New Delhi–110 002

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ISBN : 978-93-5013-340-8

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Printed at : UPKAR PRAKASHAN (Printing Unit) Bye-pass, AGRA

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Third Edition : 2014

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Contents� Previous Years’ Solved Papers

Paper–II

Unit–1

Political Theory and Thought ........ 3–68� Approaches to the Study of

Political Theory .............................. 3� Meaning and Nature of Approaches

and Methods .................................. 3� Major Traditional Approaches and

Methods ........................................ 4� Philosophical Approach .................. 4� Historical Approach ....................... 5� Institutional–Structural Approach .... 5� Legal Approach ............................. 5� Normative Approach ...................... 6� Empirical Approach or Empiricism .. 6� Empirical or Normative Approach ... 7

� Ancient Indian Political Thought ...... 9� Greek Political Thought .................. 12� Features of Ancient Greek Political

Thought ......................................... 12� European Political Thought ............. 15� Contemporary Political Thought ...... 24� Political Liberalism ......................... 26� Modern Indian Political Thought ...... 35� Church State Relationship and Theory

of Two Swords .............................. 40

� Behaviouralism .............................. 41� Post-Behaviouralism ...................... 42� Decline and Resurgence of Political

Theory .......................................... 42

� Democracy, Liberty and Equality .... 42

� Merits of Democracy ..................... 43

� Demerits of Democracy ................. 44

� Dimensions of Equality ................... 45

� Objective Type Questions ............... 46

Unit–2

Comparative Politics and PoliticalAnalysis ........................................ 69–108

� Approaches to the Study ofComparative Politics ...................... 70

� Constitutionalism : Concepts Problemsand Limitations .............................. 71

� Forms of Government .................... 72

� Organs of Government ................... 73

� Party System ................................. 74

� Pressure Groups ............................ 75

� Electoral Systems .......................... 75

� Bureaucracy ................................. 75

� Political Development .................... 77

� Political Modernisation ................... 77

� Political Culture ............................. 78

� Political Socialisation ...................... 78

� Political Communication ................. 78

� Political Elite ................................. 78

� Elitist Theory of Democracy .......... 78

� Power ........................................... 79

� Authority ....................................... 79

� Legitimacy .................................... 79

� Revolution–Theories and Types ...... 80

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� Dependency : Development and

Under Development .................... 80� Objective Type Questions ............ 82

Unit–3Indian Government andPolitics ........................................ 109–148� National Movement .................... 109� Constitutional Development ......... 109� Making of the Indian Constitution

and Its Ideological Basis .............. 111� Fundamental Rights .................... 111� Fundamental Duties .................... 112� Directive Principles of

State Policy ................................ 112� Constitution as Instrument of

Socio-Economic Change ............. 112� Amendment Process ................... 113� Review of the Constitution ........... 113� Structure and Process-I ............... 113� Working of Parliamentary

Government ............................... 115� Structure and Process-II ............. 115� Panchayati Raj Institutions ........... 116� Federalism : Theory and Practice in

India .......................................... 117� Suggestions for Resolving the

Issue .......................................... 118� Centre-State Relations in

Present Context .......................... 118� Judiciary .................................... 119� What is Needed in Judicial

Reforms? ................................... 120� Judicial Reforms in India–Need of

the Hour .................................... 120� How does the Commission

Function ..................................... 122� Political Parties ........................... 123� Public Relations .......................... 124� Subaltern Movement ................... 124

� Peasant Movements ................... 125� Elections .................................... 125� Electoral Behaviour .................... 126� Election Commission ................... 126� Electoral Reforms ....................... 126� Objective Type Questions ........... 127

Unit–4

Public Administration ................. 149–178� Development of Public Adminis-

tration as a Discipline .................. 149

� Approaches to the Study of PublicAdministration ............................ 149

� Decision Making ......................... 150

� Problem Analysis ........................ 150

� Ecological Systems Theory .......... 151

� Theories of Organisation ............. 152

� Principles of Organisation ............ 152

� Chief Executive : Types, Functionsand Roles ................................... 154

� Personnel Administration ............. 154

� Bureaucracy : Theories, Typesand Roles ................................... 155

� Civil Servant-MinisterRelationship ................................ 156

� Leadership, Its Role inDecision Making ......................... 156

� Financial Administration .............. 157

� Good Governance : Problems ofAdministrative Corruption ............ 158

� Accountability and Transparency ... 158

� Right to Information .................... 158

� Grievance Redressal Institutions .. 159

� Objective Type Questions ............ 160

Unit–5

International Relations ..............179–224� Theories and Approaches to the

Study of International Relations ... 180

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� Power, Interest and Ideology inInternational Relations ................. 181

� Arms and Wars : Nature, Causesand Types of War ConflictsIncluding Ethnic Disputes etc., ..... 182

� Nuclear Warfare ........................ 183� Arms Race, Arms Control and

Disarmament ............................. 185� Peaceful Settlement of Disputes ... 185� Conflict Resolution ...................... 186� Diplomacy as Instrument for

Promotion of Peace .................... 186� Cold War ................................... 187� Alliances .................................... 189� Non-Alignment ........................... 189� Globalisation ............................... 190� Rights and Duties of States in

International Law ....................... 190� Intervention ................................ 190� Treaty Law ................................ 191� Prevention and Abolition of War .... 191� Political Economy of International

Relations .................................... 192� New International Economic

Order ......................................... 192� North-South Dialogue ................. 193� South-South Co-operation ............ 193� The World Trade Organisation ..... 193� Neo-Colonialism ......................... 193� Regional and Sub-Regional

Organisations ............................. 194� SAARC ..................................... 195� The ASEAN .............................. 195� OPEC ........................................ 195� OAS .......................................... 196� United Nations ........................... 196� Revision of Charter .................... 197� Financing and Peace-Keeping

Operations ................................. 198� India’s Role in International

Affairs ....................................... 198

� Indian Contribution to Maintenanceof Peace and Security ................. 203

� Distinguishing Features of India’sForeign Policy and Diplomacy ..... 204

� Objective Type Questions ............ 206

Paper–III

Unit–1

Political Theory ......................... 225–289� Nature of Political Theory ........... 225

� Decline of Political Theory .......... 226

� Resurgence of Political TheorySince 1970’s ............................... 227

� Liberalism .................................. 228

� Marxism .................................... 232

� Individual and Social Justice ........ 235

� Role of Ideology ......................... 237

� Lenin ......................................... 243

� Mao Tse Tung ............................ 248

� M.K. Gandhi .............................. 252

� Objective Type Questions ........... 263

Unit–2

Political Thought ........................ 290–399� Plato ......................................... 290� Plato’s Communism Vs Modern

Communism ............................... 300� Aristotle .................................... 305� Machiavelli ................................ 321� Thomas Hobbes ......................... 328� John Locke ................................ 336� Jean Jacques Rousseau .............. 346� John Stuart Mill .......................... 352� Karl Marx .................................. 358� M.N. Roy .................................. 368� Sri Aurobindo Ghosh ................... 372� Objective Type Questions ........... 376

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Unit–3

Comparative Politics and PoliticalAnalysis ...................................... 400–472� Meaning of Comparative Politics .... 401� Approaches to the Study of

Comparative Politics ................... 401� Constitutionalism in Theory

and Practice ............................... 408� The Executive ............................ 412� The Legislature .......................... 417� Judiciary .................................... 422� Party System and Role

of Opposition ............................. 425� Electoral Process ....................... 430� Separation of Powers ................. 434� Rule of Law .............................. 435� Judicial Review .......................... 437� Objective Type Questions ........... 441

Unit–4

Political Development ............... 473–521� Political Development ................. 473� Political Modernisation ............... 474� Political Socialisation .................. 476� Political Culture ......................... 480� Definitions ................................. 480� Power and Authority .................. 481� Factors which Influence the

Exercise of Power ..................... 483� Authority ................................... 483� The Political Elite ....................... 485� Objective Type Questions ........... 488

Unit–5

Indian Constitution .................... 522–613� Making of Indian Constitution ...... 522

� Salient Features of the IndianConstitution ................................ 536

� Fundamental Rights .................... 541

� Fundamental Duties .................... 545� Directive Principles

of State Policy ............................ 546� The Union Executive .................. 549� Membership and Composition

Parliament ................................. 562� The Supreme Court .................... 566� Judicial Activism ......................... 574� The State High Courts ................ 577� Indian Federalism : Theory Practice

and Problems ............................. 579� Federal Features of

the Constitution .......................... 580� Objective Type Questions ........... 588

Unit–6

Dynamics of State Politics ......... 614–693� Dynamics of State Politics .......... 614� Local Government ...................... 614� Political Parties ........................... 628� Pressure Groups ......................... 631� Public Opinion ............................ 632� Elections .................................... 635� Electoral Reforms ...................... 636� Meaning of Class ....................... 636� Caste ........................................ 637� Gender Justice ........................... 640� Dalit Movement ......................... 642� Regional Issues .......................... 645

(A) Secession from the Union ..... 646(B) Demands for Statehood ........ 652(C) Demand for Full Statehood ..... 657(D) Inter-State Disputes ............. 657(E) Disputes Over River Waters .... 658(F) Demand for State Autonomy ... 662(G) Sons of the Soil Theory ......... 662(H) Militant Regionalism ............. 663

� Problem of Nation Buildingand Integration ........................... 665

� Objective Type Questions ........... 669

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Unit–7

Growth of Public Administrationas a Discipline ........................... 694–724� Development of Public

Administration ............................ 694

� New Public Administration .......... 695

� Theories of Organisation ............. 696

� Principles of Organisation ........... 700

� The Chief Executive ................... 702

� Control over Administration ......... 704

� Bureaucracy .............................. 706

� Objective Type Questions ........... 710

Unit–8

Development Planning andAdministration in India .............. 725–748� Development Administration ........ 726

� Bureaucracy and Challenges ofDevelopment .............................. 727

� Administrative Culture ................ 728

� Administrative Corruption ........... 729

� Administrative Reforms .............. 731

� Impact of Liberalisation on PublicAdministration ............................ 732

� Objective Type Questions ........... 734

Unit–9

Theories of InternationalRelations .................................... 749–799� Ideology ..................................... 756

� Power ....................................... 761

� National Interest ......................... 764

� Conflict and Conflict Resolution .. 769

� Changing Conceptof National Security .................... 771

� Challenges to theNation State System ................... 774

� Arms and Arms Control .............. 777

� Objective Type Questions ........... 783

Unit–10

End of Cold War ........................ 800–920

� End of Cold War ........................ 801

� Globalisation and Political Economyof International Relations ............ 802

� Case for Globalisation ................. 803

� India’s Nuclear Policy ................. 809

1. No-first–use ........................... 813

2. Credible minimum deterrent ..... 813

3. Nuclear CommandAuthority (NCA) .................... 813

� India’s Relationswith Neighbours ......................... 821

� Relation in 21st Century .............. 868

� India’s Relations with USA .......... 876

� India’s Role in theUnited Nations ........................... 886

� India and SAARC ...................... 888

� Seventeenth Summit ................... 891

� List of SAARC Summits ............. 891

� Prospects ................................... 892

� India and ASEAN ....................... 895

� ASEAN Summit ......................... 899

� ASEAN Formal Summits ............ 899

� Indian Ocean .............................. 900

� Objective Type Questions ........... 905

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Syllabus

PAPER–II

1. Political Theory and Thought

Ancient Indian Political Thought : Kautilya and Shanti Parva.

Greek Political Thought : Plato and Aristotle.

European Thought - I : Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau.

European Thought - II : Bentham, J. S. Mill, Hegel, Marx and Green.

Contemporary Political Thought - I : Lenin, Mao, Gramsci.

Contemporary Political Thought - II : Rewls, Nozic and Communitarians.

Modern Indian Thought : Gandhi, M.N. Roy, Aurobindo Ghosh, Jai Prakash, Ambedkar,Savarkar.

Concepts and Issue - I : Medieval Political Thought : Church State Relationship and Theory ofTwo Swords.

Concept and Issue - II : Behaviouralism and Post-Behaviouralism, Decline and Resurgenceof Political Theory.

Democracy, Liberty and Equality.

2. Comparative Politics and Political Analysis

Evolution of Comparative Politics as a discipline; nature and scope.

Approaches to the study of comparative politics : Traditional, Structural-Functional, Systemand Marxist.

Constitutionalism : Concepts, Problems and Limitations.

Forms of Government : Unitary-Federal, Parliamentary - Presidential.

Organs of Government : Executive, Legislature, Judiciary - their interrelationship in comparativeperspective.

Party Systems and Pressure Groups ; Electoral Systems.

Bureaucracy - types and roles.

Political Development and Political Modernization.

Political Culture, Political Socialization and Political Communication.

Political Elite; Elitist theory of Democracy.

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Power, Authority and Legitimacy.

Revolution : Theories and Types.

Dependency : Development and Under Development.

3. Indian Government and Politics

National Movement, Constitutional Developments and the Making of Indian Constitution.

Ideological Bases of the Indian Constitution, Preamble, Fundamental Rights and Duties andDirective Principles.

Constitution as Instrument of Socio-Economic Change, Constitutional Amendments and Review.

Structures and Process - I : President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, Working of theParliamentary System.

Structure and Process - II : Governor, Chief Minister, Council of Ministers, State Legislature.

Panchayati Raj Institutions : Rural and Urban, their working.

Federalism : Theory and Practice in India; Demands of Autonomy and Separatist Movements;Emerging trends in Centre-State Relations.

Judiciary : Supreme Court, High Courts, Judicial Review, Judicial Activism including PublicInterest Litigation cases, Judicial Reforms.

Political Parties, Pressure Groups, Public Opinion, Media; Subaltern and Peasant Movements.

Elections, Electoral Behaviour, Election Commission and Electoral Reforms.

4. Public Administration

Development of Public Administration as a discipline; Approaches to the study of PublicAdministration : Decision-making, Ecological and Systems; Development Administration.

Theories and organization.

Principles of organization : Line and staff, unity of command, hierarchy, span of control,centralization and decentralization, Types of organization - formal and informal; Forms oforganization ; department, public corporation and board.

Chief Executive : Types, functions and roles.

Personnel administration : Recruitment, Training, Promotion, Discipline, Morale; Employee-Employer Relations.

Bureaucracy : Theories, Types and Roles; Max Weber and his critics, Civil servant - Ministerrelationship.

Leadership, its role in decision-making; Communication.

Financial Administration : Budget, Audit, Control over Finance with special reference to Indiaand UK.

UGC NET/JRF/SET Political Science(Paper II & III)

Publisher : Upkar Prakashan ISBN : 9789350133408 Author : Ashutosh Roy

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