8.7 mutations mutations are changes in dna that may or may not affect phenotype. mutations

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8.7 Mutations Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype . Mutations

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Page 1: 8.7 Mutations Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype. Mutations

8.7 Mutations

Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype.

Mutations

Page 2: 8.7 Mutations Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype. Mutations

8.7 Mutations

Some mutations affect a single gene, while others affect an entire chromosome.

• A mutation is a change in an organism’s DNA.

Page 3: 8.7 Mutations Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype. Mutations

8.7 Mutations

• Many kinds of mutations can occur, especially during replication.

Page 4: 8.7 Mutations Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype. Mutations

8.7 Mutations

Mutagens• Agents in the environment that can change DNA.

– UV rays– X-rays– Tobacco– Viruses

Page 5: 8.7 Mutations Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype. Mutations

8.7 Mutations

Point Mutation (Base-pair substitution)

• substitutes one nucleotide for another

mutatedbase

Page 6: 8.7 Mutations Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype. Mutations

8.7 Mutations

– inserts or deletes a nucleotide in the DNA sequence– If nucleotide is inserted it can also be called Base insertion.– If nucleotide is deleted it can also be called Base deletion.

– Cystic Fibrosis is caused by a specific deletion.

• Frameshift Mutation

Page 7: 8.7 Mutations Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype. Mutations

8.7 Mutations

• Chromosomal mutations affect many genes. • Chromosomal mutations tend to have a big effect.

• Chromosomal mutations may occur through crossing over during meiosis.

• Two types of chromosomal mutations:• Gene duplication• Gene translocation

• Chromosomal Mutation

Page 8: 8.7 Mutations Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype. Mutations

8.7 Mutations

• Gene duplication results from unequal crossing over.• Chromosome has two copies of a gene or genes.• Opposite of deletion.

• Chromosomal Mutation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gene-duplication.png

Page 9: 8.7 Mutations Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype. Mutations

8.7 Mutations

• Translocation results from the exchange of DNA segments between nonhomologous chromosomes.• Causes rearrangements without changing the chromosomal number• Causes changes to chromosome number-Downs Syndrome

• Chromosomal Mutation

Page 10: 8.7 Mutations Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype. Mutations

8.7 Mutations

• Effects of Mutations• Somatic Mutations

• Mutations in body cells (not passed from parent to offspring)• Usually silent but can dramatically affect an individual’s

phenotype.• Skin and Lung cancers

• Germ Mutations• Mutations in gametes, sex cells (can be passed from parent to

offspring)• Affect the survival of an organism and change the traits of the

organism’s descendants• Can be beneficial or harmful• Beneficial mutation may help an organism survive in a changing

environment

• Hemophilia and Color blindness

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