mutations gene: frame shift mutation (deletion) · mutations may or may not affect phenotype •...

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Key Point: Some mutations affect a single gene, while others affect an entire chromosome. others affect an entire chromosome. Ch lM t ti A mutation is a change in an organism’s DNA: Gene Mutations Where: DNA ChromosomalMutations Where: Chromosome When: during crossing When: during replication. 1. Point Mutation When: during crossing over. 1 Gene Duplication 2. Frame Shift Mutation (deletion or insertion) 1. Gene Duplication 2. Gene Translocation Gene: Point Mutations DNA mRNA fi d l id i b i df h Amino acids Defined : one nucleotide is substitutedfor another Often repaired by spellchecker enzyme M l dt i id h May leadto amino acid change See animation May not lead to any change (Silent Mutation) May not lead to any change (Silent Mutation) Ex: DNA “CCC” is mutated into “CCG» Same amino acid is created (glycine) Gene: Frame Shift Mutation (deletion) DNA mRNA Amino acids Defined : Insertion/deletion of a nucleotide Entire sequence of DNA/RNA after the mutation is shifted Entire sequence of DNA/RNA after the mutation is shifted (see animation) Much more serious to the structure/function of the final protein mRNA sequence may have early or late “stop codons”

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Page 1: Mutations Gene: Frame Shift Mutation (deletion) · Mutations May or May Not Affect Phenotype • Some gene mutations changephenotype. • Some gene mutations do notaffect phenotype

Key Point: Some mutations affect a single gene, while others affect an entire chromosome.others affect an entire chromosome. 

Ch l M t ti• A mutation is a change in an organism’s DNA:

Gene Mutations

Where: DNA

Chromosomal Mutations

Where: Chromosome

When: during crossingWhen: during replication.

1. Point Mutation

When: during crossing over.

1 Gene Duplication2. Frame Shift Mutation 

(deletion or insertion)

1. Gene Duplication

2. Gene Translocation

Gene: Point Mutations

DNA

mRNA

fi d l id i b i d f h

Amino acids

Defined: one nucleotide is substituted for another• Often repaired by spellchecker enzymeM l d t i id h• May lead to amino acid change– See animation

• May not lead to any change (Silent Mutation)• May not lead to any change (Silent Mutation)– Ex: DNA “CCC” is mutated into “CCG”

» Same amino acid is created (glycine)

Gene: Frame Shift Mutation (deletion)

DNA

mRNA

Amino acids

Defined: Insertion/deletion of a nucleotide• Entire sequence of DNA/RNA after the mutation is shiftedEntire sequence of DNA/RNA after the mutation is shifted (see animation)

• Much more serious to the structure/function of the final protein– mRNA sequence may have early or late “stop codons”

Page 2: Mutations Gene: Frame Shift Mutation (deletion) · Mutations May or May Not Affect Phenotype • Some gene mutations changephenotype. • Some gene mutations do notaffect phenotype

Gene: Frame Shift Mutation (insertion)

DNA

mRNA

A iAmino acids

Chromosome: Gene Duplication

Defined: a section of a gene is repeated. • Results from unequal crossing over.• Can affect many genes and the                                        overall chromosome structure.

Chromosome: Gene Translocation

Defined: When a section of a gene is repeatedDefined: When a section of a gene is repeated. • Results from the exchange of DNA segments between non‐homologous chromosomes.g

Page 3: Mutations Gene: Frame Shift Mutation (deletion) · Mutations May or May Not Affect Phenotype • Some gene mutations changephenotype. • Some gene mutations do notaffect phenotype

Mutations May or May Not Affect Phenotype• Some gene mutations change phenotype.

• Some gene mutations do not affect phenotype.

– May cause a premature stop codon.

– May be silent.

– May occur in a noncoding– Can change protein structure.

region.

– May not affect protein structure.

blockage

no blockage

Impact on OffspringS ti ll t ti G ll t ti• Somatic cell mutations– Affect only the individualNot passed on to future

• Germ cell mutations– May be passed to future generations (either– Not passed on to future 

generations– Ex: Muscle cell mutation

generations (either harmful or beneficial)

– Ex: Sperm cell mutationEx: Muscle cell mutation p

• Natural selection often removes mutant alleles from a population when they are less adaptive.

Mutation Causes

• Mutagen: agents in the environment that can change DNA– Speed up replication process– Speed up replication process

– Break apart nucleotides

• Ex: UV sunlight breaks hydrogen bond between thymine (T) g y g yand adenine (A)