9789088902857 - mols & buitelaar 2015 - hajj - rmv43 - e-book

7/21/2019 9789088902857 - Mols & Buitelaar 2015 - Hajj - RMV43 - e-book

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Dagn`a Lktor`ctlgks

tjrgudj Xladrli`do

J`mm

Aultd`rb Igas & I`rmg Nultoa``r

obltob ny

I o b o b o a l k d o k v ` k j o t ^ l m f s i u s o u i v g g r U g a f o k f u k b o , A o l b o k


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Slbostgko Xross@ kow dokor`tlgk ge Xunalsjlkd

\gu `ro ro`blkd ` euaa vorslgk ge tjls nggf, egr eroo!

Rjls nggf ls p`rt ge tjo Slbostgko o-alnr`ry wjoro igst ge gur

punalc`tlgks `ro euaay `ccosslnao egr eroo. Egr `ccoss tg igro

eroo nggfs vlslt= www.slbostgko.cgi/alnr`ry

Bgwkag`b Euaa XBE

Ulslt tjo Slbostgko o-alnr`ry tg nrgwso gur o-nggfs. Egr ` ilkli`a

eoo ygu c`k purcj`so ` euaay eukctlgk`a XBE `kb ny bglkd sg, ygu

joap tg foop gur alnr`ry rukklkd.

www.slbostgko.cgi/alnr`ry


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I ^ U, A

Kg.

obltob ny Aultd`rb Igas & I`rmg Nultoa``r

J@MM

Dagn`a Lktor`ctlgks tjrgudj Xladrli`do


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Ioboboalkdok v`k jot ^lmfsiusoui vggr Ugafokfukbo Kg. 23

LSNK


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Cgktokts

Lktrgbuctlgk 0I`rmg Nultoa``r `kb Aultd`rb Igas

Rjo J`mm `kb tjo @ktjrgpgagdlcà Stuby ge Xladrli`do 4

Xklk` Tornkor

Xladrli`do, Xoregri`tlvlty, `kb Nrltlsj Iusalis= Scrlptob `kb _kscrlptob@ccgukts ge tjo J`mm `kb _ir` 20

Sok IcAgudjalk

Rjo J`mm `kb Xgaltlcs lk Cgktoipgr`ry Rurfoy `kb Lkbgkosl` 5?^gnort ^. Nl`kcjl

Lsaìlc ôegrilsi `kb Xladrli`do= Rjo J`mm ge ^`sjlb ^lb` lk 0


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vl

Sguvoklr, Rostligky, `kb Bovlco egr Lkstructlgk=A`to Klkotooktj- `kb O`ray Rwoktlotj-Coktury Xrlktob J`mm Cortlelc`tos 0:?

Aultd`rb Igas

@ppo`r`kcos Noalo. @ Iocc`-Coktrob Tgrab I`p `kb ` Skgucf JurdrgkmoXjgtgdr`pj ergi tjo Aolbok _klvorslty Cgaaoctlgks >03

@rkgub Urgalmf

J`mm Iuslc ergi Odypt, Syrl` `kb Aon`kgk= sgio roeaoctlgksgk sgkds egr tjo pladrli`do >>34


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Bosldk= I`rtlk Jokso


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LKR^GB_CRLGK

I`rmg Nultoa``r `kb Aultd`rb Igas

jo cj`ptors lk tjls vgauio `ro tjo gutcgio ge tjo twg-b`y syipgslui J`mm=Dagnà Lktor`ctlgks tjrgudj Xladrli`do, wjlcj w`s joab `t tjo K`tlgkà Iusouige Otjkgagdy lk Aolbok gk >: `kb >< Kgvoinor >803. Lt w`s grd`klsob ny tjoK`tlgkà Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy, tjo Aolbok _klvorslty Coktro egr tjo Stuby geLsaì `kb Sgcloty (A_CLS), tjo Kotjora`kbs Lktoruklvorslty ôso`rcj Scjgga

egr Lsaìlc Stublos (KLSLS), kb tjo Egukb`tlgk egr Otjkgagdy lk Aolbok (EOA).K`tlgk a `kb lktork`tlgkà spo`fors woro lkvltob tg blscuss tjogry `kb pr`ctlcoge tjo J`mm ergi roaldlgus, cuaturà, i`torlà, jlstgrlcà, `kb sgclà `kdaos. Lk`bbltlgk, lksldjts lktg porsgkà noaloes `kb oxporlokcos ge tjo pladrli`do tgIocc` woro dlvok ny Butcj j`mmls lk `k gk-st`do lktorvlow.

jo liiobl`to cùso egr tjls syipgslui w`s tjo oxjlnltlgk Agkdlkd egrIocc`. jo Xladrlis Mgurkoytj`t w`s joab `t tjo K`tlgkà Iusoui ge Otjkgagdynotwook 08 Soptoinor >803 `kb < I`rcj >802. jo oxjlnltlgk, wjlcj w`sprop`rob lk cagso cggpor`tlgk wltj tjo Nrltlsj Iusoui lk Agkbgk, w`s tjo elrstcgiprojokslvo blspa`y ge J`mm-roa`tob `rtoe`cts ergi k`tlgkà `kb lktork`tlgkàcgaaoctlgks lk tjo Kotjora`kbs. jo oxjlnltlgk w`s bovoagpob `s ` mgurkoy,st`rtlkd wltj tjo prop`r`tlgk kb tjo `ctuà tr`voas tg Iocc` kb egaagwob ny tjorltos lk Iocc`, tjo vlslt tg Ioblk`, `kb tjo jgiocgilkd ge pladrlis. Lktorvlowswltj j`mmls `kb j`mm`s, wjlcj woro pa`yob gk sovorà scrooks tjrgudjgut tjooxjlnltlgk `ro`, d`vo elrst-j`kb lksldjts lktg tjo oxpoct`tlgks, oxporlokcos, `kbtr`ksegri`tlgk ge pladrlis. jo oxjlnltlgk àsg egcusob gk tjo lktor`ctlgks gepladrlis, lk ngtj tjo p`st `kb prosokt, tjrgudj tjolr sj`rob dgà ge ro`cjlkdIocc` lk grbor tg poregri tjo proscrlnob rltuàs.

ôvlsob vorslgks ge igst ge tjo cgktrlnutlgks tg tjo syipgslui j`vo egukb

tjolr w`y lktg tjls nggf.0

jo nggf ls aggsoay grd`klsob lktg twg i`lk p`rts=tjo elrst elvo cj`ptors lkvostld`to tjo J`mm ergi ` sgclà scloktlelc pglkt ge vlow.joso egcus gk tjo roaldlgus, sgclà, `kb pgaltlcà io`klkds ge tjo J`mm `kb

0 _kegrtuk`toay, kgt àa p`rtlclp`kts ge tjo syipgslui woro `nao tg cgktrlnuto tg tjls vgauio, nuttjolr lksldjteua p`pors gor kow pglkts ge bop`rturo egr eurtjor roso`rcj. Igjìiob Cjopplj,wjg tàfob `ngut jls porsgkà oxporlokcos ge poregrilkd tjo J`mm ngtj `s ` pladrli jlisoae `kb` tgur ao`bor d`vo ` roàlstlc pgrtr`lt ge wj`t lt ls tg bg tjo J`mm `kb _ir` tgb`y6 Agk Nusfoksoxpagrob tjo Butcj tr`bltlgk ge J`mm roso`rcj `kb pgalcyi`flkd `kb tjo rgao ge Cjrlstl``k SkgucfJurdrgkmo lk p`rtlcua`r. Ro F`n` cgvor, gr flsw`, w`s tjo tgplc ge K`ja` K`ss`rs cgktrlnutlgk, lkwjlcj sjo blscussob lts prostldo, ploty, `kb tjo pgaltlcs wltj wjlcj lts i`kue`cturo ls surrgukbob.Ro cgkcaublkd aocturo ny Elkn`rr N`rry Eaggb, prgeossgr `t Kow \grf _klvorslty `kb tjo >803

@brl`k Dornr`kbs aocturo-aùro`to, tltaob S`kctlffob S`kbàs Li`dlkd tjo Xrgpjot lk `k Or` geocjkgagdlcà ôprgbuctlgk wlaa no punalsjob ny EOA.


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`bbross tjo roa`tlgksjlp notwook tjo sldklelc`kco ge pladrli`do tg Iocc` egr tjoroaldlgus alvos ge lkblvlbuàs `kb drgups `kb tjo wlbor aleo wgrabs tj`t tjoy `rooinobbob lk. jo socgkb p`rt ge tjo nggf cgiprlsos sovok cj`ptors `kb t`fos

i`torlà oxprosslgks ge tjo J`mm `s lts st`rtlkd pglkt. Lt oxpagros wj`t J`mm-roa`tob `rtoe`cts c`k toaa us `ngut tjo lipgrt ge pladrli`do lk tjo b`lay alvos geIusalis lk tjo p`st `kb prosokt.

Tjlao tjo oinobbobkoss ge J`mm pr`ctlcos `kb io`klkds lk agcà cgktoxtscgios tg tjo egro igst gnvlgusay lk tjo elrst elvo cj`ptors ge tjo nggf, tjosunsoquokt cj`ptors gk i`torlà J`mm cuaturo asg prgvlbo lksldjts lktg jlstgrlcàbovoagpiokts ge tjo J`mm rltuà6 tjoy aa bbross tjo lssuo jgw roprosokt`tlgks geIocc` `kb tjo J`mm `kb tjo oxcj`kdo ge J`mm-roa`tob gnmocts j`vo cj`kdob gvortlio. Igro spoclelcàay, ` tjoio tj`t ruks tjrgudj i`ky ge tjo cgktrlnutlgks lstjo lip`ct ge cj`kdos nrgudjt `ngut ny igborkls`tlgk prgcossos slkco tjo ilb-klkotooktj coktury, wjok liprgvob tr`kspgrt `kb kow tocjkgagdlos nrgudjt tjoJ`mm wltjlk ro`cj ge ` qulcfay lkcro`slkd kuinor ge Iusalis. jo cj`ptors wltj` sgclà scloktlelc `pprg`cj, lk tjo elrst p`rt ge tjo nggf, blscuss tjo oeeocts gkJ`mm pr`ctlcos `kb io`klkds egr prosokt-b`y Iusalis ge currokt bliokslgks gedagnàls`tlgk prgcossos. jo cgktrlnutlgks tj`t egcus gk jlstgrlcà bgcuiokts`kb `rtoe`cts lk tjo socgkb p`rt ge tjo vgauio to`cj us tj`t dagnàls`tlgk sjguabkgt no ilst`fok `s ` rocokt pjokgiokgk. joy àa pglkt tg tjo e`ct tj`t Iocc`j`s àw`ys nook ` cgsigpgalt`k clty `kb tjo kgbà pglkt ge dagnà lktor`ctlgkse`r oxcooblkd roaldlgus `ctlvltlos gkay.

gdotjor, tjo cj`ptors lk tjls nggf boplct tjo J`mm rltuà `s ` alvlkd tr`bltlgk.O`cj wltj lts gwk egcus, tjo v`rlgus cgktrlnutlgks tostley tg tjo e`ct tj`t, wjlaotjo rltos tj`t i`fo up tjo J`mm woro egriua`tob kb rocgrbob lk kgri`tlvo toxtslk o`ray Lsaì, bot`las lk tjo `ctuà poregri`kco `kb lktorprot`tlgks ge tjosorltos `ro ny kg io`ks st`tlc, nut r`tjor j`vo ovgavob gvor tlio lk t`kboi wltjcj`kdlkd sgclg-pgaltlcà clrcuist`kcos.

Noegro prosoktlkd `k gvorvlow ge tjo cgktokts ge o`cj cj`ptor, wo wlaa sjgrtayboscrlno tjo rltos tj`t i`fo up tjo J`mm.

Rjo ^ltos ge J`mm

Ovory yo`r, lk tjo a`st igktj ge tjo Lsaìlc càokb`r, ilaalgks ge Iusalis ergi`rgukb tjo wgrab rrlvo lk Sùbl @r`nl` egr tjo rltuà ge tjo J`mm. Ergi tjo oldjtjtg tjo tjlrtooktj ge tjo igktj ge Bju a-Jlmm`, pladrlis poregri proscrlnob rltoslk Iocc` `kb lts vlclklty, egaagwlkd lk tjo eggtstops ge tjo prgpjots @nr`jì`kb Iujìi`b. jrgudj tjo poregri`kco ge tjo J`mm, pladrlis `ro cgkkoctobwltj tjo rodlgk lk wjlcj Lsaì cìo lktg nolkd, wltj tjo roaldlgks o`ray b`ys,`kb wltj gtjor ioinors ge tjo Iusali cgiiuklty wjg procobob tjoi lk tjolrokbo`vgur tg `ccgipalsj tjls gnald`tlgk.


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jo J`mm rltuà ls tjo eletj plaa`r ge Lsaì, ` buty egr àa Iusalis wjgsojoàtj `kb elk`kclà io`ks àagw tjoi tg poregri lt. jo gtjor egur plaa`rs grgnald`tlgks ro= rocltlkd tjo tostligky ge e`ltj (tjo sj`j`b`= joro ls kg dgb nut

Dgb, `kb Iujìi`b ls tjo iossokdor ge Dgb), pr`ylkd elvo tlios ` b`y, e`stlkdburlkd tjo igktj ge ^ì`b`k, `kb tjo dlvlkd ge àis. Lk wj`t st`do ge tjolralvos Iusalis poregri tjo J`mm bopokbs gk lkblvlbuà clrcuist`kcos `kb agcàcustgis. Sgio cgkslbor`tlgks ildjt no pr`ctlcà, sucj `s tjo o`so gr bleelcuatyge gnt`lklkd ` J`mm vls` gr j`vlkd s`vob sueelclokt igkoy egr tjo mgurkoy. Gtjors`ro cuaturà, sucj `s vlows gk wjok ` porsgk ls ro`by lk ` splrltuà sokso tgporegri tjo J`mm, gr splrltuà, sucj s oxporlokclkd tjo càa tg poregri tjo J`mmny Dgb gr wlsjlkd egr ` splrltuà cagsuro ge aleo `s prop`r`tlgk egr bo`tj lk gabor`do.

Xoregrilkd tjo J`mm cgkslsts ge ` soquokco ge sovorà rltos. Tjok pladrlis`pprg`cj tjo surrgukblkds ge Iocc`, tjoy oxcj`kdo tjolr grblk`ry cagtjosegr ` pladrli`do gr ljrìbross, wjlcj syingalsos tjo oquàlty ge àa pladrlisnoegro Dgb `kb bot`cjiokt ergi ovoryb`y aleo. Oktorlkd tjo st`to ge ljrì, grcgksocr`tlgk, ls bgko `t gko ge tjo elvo geelclà ilq`tagc`tlgks tj`t i`rf tjongukb`ry ge tjo s`crob `ro` `rgukb Iocc`. Iok cj`kdo lktg twg soìaoss, wjltosjoots tj`t `ro br`pob `rgukb tjo w`lst `kb tjo aoet sjguabor. Egr wgiok tjorols kg uklegri bross cgbo6 tjoy `ro eroo tg bross `s tjoy elkb prgpor, `s agkd `stjoy cgvor tjolr jo`bs `kb wo`r cagtjos tj`t jlbo tjo cgktgurs ge tjolr ngblos.Klq`ns gr e`co volas `ro kgt àagwob burlkd tjo J`mm. Lt ls `t tjo ilq`tagc`tlgks

tj`t pladrlis `kkgukco tjolr `rrlvà tg Dgb ny rocltlkd tjo A`nn`yf` pr`yor=Joro L ì `t jy sorvlco G Agrb, joro L ì. @s tjoy wlaa cgktlkuo tg bg burlkdàa J`mm rltos, pladrlis wlaa s`y bu`, gr suppalc`tlgk pr`yors, wjlcj stliua`to `bovgtlgkà ilkbsot. jok, tjoy jo`b egr tjo F`n`, tjo cunlc nulablkd cgvorobwltj ` b`rf-nauo (àigst na`cf) cgvor lk tjo coktro ge tjo cgurty`rb ge tjo Dro`tIgsquo ge Iocc`. Joro tjoy poregri tjo elrst t`wè, tjo sovokegab, ktlcagcfwlsoclrcuiìnua`tlgk ge tjo sg-càaob Jguso ge Dgb gk o`rtj. Xladrlis tjokprgcoob tg s`y pr`yors `t tjo Xa`co ge @nr`jì (I`qì Lnr`jli), wjoro ` stgkols fopt tj`t ls s`lb tg j`vo tjo eggtprlkts ge tjls prgpjot. Koxt ls tjo rlto ge s`l(rukklkd), wjlcj cgiioigr`tos tjo so`rcj egr w`tor ny @nr`jìs socgkb wleo

J`d`r egr jor n`ny sgk Lsjiòa. Ny rukklkd gr wàflkd sovok tlios notwook tjojlaagcfs ge Sè` `kb I`rw`, pladrlis cgiioigr`to J`d`rs grboà `kb jor trustlk Dgb tg s`vo jor `kb jor n`ny. jo elrst b`ys rltos `ro cgkcaubob wltj brlkflkdw`tor ergi tjo ]ìzì sprlkd, wjlcj J`d`r ls s`lb tg j`vo blscgvorob `t a`stwjoro Lsjiòa flcfob tjo s`kb. ]ìzì w`tor ls tjo igst cgvotob sguvoklrergi Iocc`, `kb i`ky pladrlis c`rry jgio ` morryc`k tg sj`ro wltj tjolr bo`rgkos upgk roturk gr tg uso `t spoclà gcc`slgks sucj `s wobblkds gr lk tjo c`soge laakoss. jo i`xliui aagwob igukt ge altros tj`t ls ccoptob bopokbs upgktjo `lralko, `kb v`rlos notwook tok `kb twokty altros. jo elrst kldjt ge tjo J`mmls cgkcaubob ny spokblkd tjo kldjt lk tjo tokt cìps ge Ilk`.


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jo socgkb b`y ge tjo J`mm mgurkoy i`rfs tjo nodlkklkd ge tjo J`mm prgpor.jo igst lipgrt`kt rlto ge tjo J`mm t`fos pa`co tjok= tjo st`kblkd (wuque) gkIgukt @rè`t `kb lk lts pa`lk. Xladrlis pr`y ergi tjo ètorkggk uktla suksot,

`sf Dgb egr egrdlvokoss ge tjolr slks, ro`b ergi tjo Pur`k, `kb pr`y egr eìlay,erlokbs, gr tjo wgrab `t a`rdo. Egr igst pladrlis, noslbos sottlkd tjolr oyos gktjo F`n` egr tjo elrst tlio, tjo st`kblkd gk Igukt @rè`t ls tjo p`rt ge tjoJ`mm wltj tjo dro`tost oigtlgkà lip`ct. jls ls nocùso lt ls cgkcolvob ge `s` flkb ge bross rojo`rsà egr Mubdiokt B`y, `kb tjoroegro cagsoay roa`tob tgoxlstoktlà lssuos. Burlkd tjoso agkd jgurs, tjo bop`rturo sorigk boalvorob nytjo Xrgpjot Iujìi`b gk tjls igukt`lk burlkd jls gwk J`mm lk 53> CO, tjoyo`r ge jls bo`tj, ls àsg cgiioigr`tob. Le pladrlis e`la tg poregri tjls rlto,tjoy iust robg tjo J`mm lk `kgtjor yo`r. Lk tjo ovoklkd, tjo pladrlis prgcoobtg Iuzbàle`, wjoro tjoy cgaaoct ponnaos egr tjo koxt b`ys stgklkd rltuà. joyspokb tjo kldjt pr`ylkd lk tjo gpok. Gk tjo tjlrb b`y, tjo pladrlis prgcoob tgIlk`, wjoro tjo rlto ge stgklkd tjo bovla t`fos pa`co `t tjo mì`r`t, tjo tjrooplaa`rs. jls cgiioigr`tos @nr`jìs cj`slkd `w`y ge tjo bovla wjok tjo a`ttortrlob tg porsu`bo jli tg blsgnoy Dgb `kb roer`lk ergi geeorlkd jls sgk Lsjiòa.Xladrlis tjrgw sovok ponnaos, gko ny gko, `t tjo a`rdost ge tjoso plaa`rs. jls rltols egaagwob ny tjo Eo`st ge tjo S`crlelco, gr Olb à-@bj`, burlkd wjlcj sjoop,dg`ts, c`ttao, `kb cìoas `ro s`crlelcob lk ioigry ge tjo rì tj`t Dgb suppalob`s ` ropa`coiokt egr tjo geeor tj`t @nr`jì w`s ro`by tg nrlkd `t Dgbs roquost=tjo s`crlelco ge jls sgk Lsjiòa. Lt ls tjok tj`t iok j`vo tjolr j`lr `kb no`rb

sj`vob gee `kb wgiok cut gee ` agcf ge tjolr j`lr. jls rlto cgkcaubos tjo J`mmprgpor. Xladrlis i`y t`fo gee tjolr ljrìcagtjlkd kgw le tjoy wlsj tg bg sg `kbroturk tg Iocc` egr `kgtjor t`wè, gr sovok `ktlcagcfwlso clrcuiìnua`tlgks`rgukb tjo F`n`, tg cgkcaubo tjo J`mm rltos. jgso wjg wlsj i`y roturk tgIlk`, wjoro tjoy i`y ropo`t tjo rlto ge stgklkd tjo tjroo plaa`rs burlkd tjoegaagwlkd b`ys. Tjok tjls rlto ls cgipaotob, tjoy roturk tg Iocc` tg cgkcaubotjo J`mm wltj ` e`rowoaa t`wè`rgukb tjo F`n`.

I`ky pladrlis vlslt tjo Igsquo ge tjo Xrgpjot Iujìi`b lk Ioblk`noegro gr ètor tjo J`mm. Strlctay spo`flkd, tjls vlslt ls kgt p`rt ge tjo J`mm rltuà,nut egr i`ky pogpao lt ls ` jldjay oigtlgkà gppgrtuklty tg pr`y lk tjo igsquo

wjoro tjo Xrgpjot, jls bùdjtor E`tli`, `kb jls succossgrs @nu N`fr `kb Gi`r`ro nurlob.

Gvorvlow ge tjo Cgktrlnutlgks

jo nggf gpoks wltj ` cj`ptor gk tjo `ktjrgpgagdy ge pladrli`do. I`rmgNultoa``r `ppalos tjo v`rlgus st`dos ge pladrli`do `s ` rlto ge p`ss`do tg tjoJ`mm `kb blscussos tjo foy cgkcopts ge cgiiuklt`s (cgir`bosjlp `kbodàlt`rl`klsi) `kb alilkàlty (nolkd notwlxt `kb notwook) tj`t bgilk`tobpladrli`do stublos uktla lk tjo 0


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sjrlkos `s sltos ge cgktost`tlgk notwook bleeorokt drgups lk sgcloty. Nultoa``rscgktrlnutlgk cgkcaubos wltj ` prgpgsà egr `k `pprg`cj tg tjo stuby ge tjo J`mmtj`t tr`kscokbs tjo cgiiuklt`scgktost`tlgk cgktrgvorsy.

@ blscusslgk ge tjo cj`r`ctorlstlcs ge tjo J`mm `s ` rlto ge p`ss`do ls eurtjoroa`ngr`tob lk tjo cj`ptor ny Xklk` Tornkor. Tornkors egcus ls gk tjo w`ysX`flst`kl Iusalis lk tjo _kltob Flkdbgi lktorprot tjo J`mm `s ` rltuà gepurlelc`tlgk `kb s`crob oxcj`kdo. @etor blscusslkd tjo splrltuà io`klkds egrjor stuby rospgkbokts ge tjo rltuà ro-ok`ctlkd ge tjo stgrlos ge @nr`jì `kbJ`d`r, sjo igvos gk lk tjo socgkb p`rt ge jor cj`ptor tg roeaoct gk tr`ksk`tlgkàbliokslgks ge tjo J`mm. Sjo bgos sg ny stubylkd tjo lktorroa`tlgksjlp notwookpladrli`do tg Iocc` `kb pladrli`do tg agcà s`lkts sjrlkos lk X`flst`k, wjlcjsgio pladrlis roeor tg `s poregrilkd ` alttao J`mm, wjlao gtjors cgkboik tjocustgi `s uk-Lsaìlc.

Cgktost`tlgks ge J`mm-roa`tob pr`ctlcos `kb io`klkds `ro àsg `bbrossob lktjo cj`ptor ny Sok IcAgudjalk, wjg lkvostld`tos porsgkà stgrlos `ngut tjoJ`mm ge Nrltlsj Iusalis. Ny `kàyslkd vlbog tostligklos tj`t woro prgbucoblk lktorvlows wltj vlsltgrs tg tjo Alvlkd Lsaì Eostlvà lk tjo Okdalsj O`stIlba`kbs, IcAgudjalk boigkstr`tos jgw Iusali lboktlty ls cgkstltutobporegri`tlvoay tjrgudj tjo ok`ctiokt ge kgri`tlvo roaldlgus scrlpts sucj `s tjoJ`mm. Jo boscrlnos bleeorokt p`ttorks tj`t c`k no blscorkob lk porsgkà stgrlos`ngut tjo oxpoct`tlgks `kb oxporlokcos ge tjo J`mm ny (prgspoctlvo) pladrlisge bleeorokt `dos, dokbors, `kb sgclà ca`ssos. IcAgudjalk cgkvlkclkday `rduos

tj`t, wjlao tjo vlbog-tostligklos cgkt`lk i`ky roeorokcos tg alilkà eooalkds gecgiiuklt`s `ssgcl`tob wltj s`crob tr`ksegri`tlgk, tjo lktorvlows àsg pglkt tgtjo er`dlao ngukb`ry notwook tjo s`crob `kb tjo prge`ko `kb tg tjo J`mm `s `k`rok` ge cgipotlkd blscgursos.

jo J`mm s `k rok` ge cgipotlkd blscgursos ls tjo i`lk egcus ge tjo cj`ptorny ^gnort Nl`kcjl. `flkd Lkbgkosl` `kb urfoy `s c`so stublos egr jls `kàyslsge tjo sgclg-pgaltlcà bliokslgks ge tjo J`mm, Nl`kcjl `rduos tj`t tjo pladrli`doj`s nocgio ` plvgtà `kb jldjay cgktrgvorslà eo`turo ge b`y-tg-b`y pgaltlcàaleo lk ngtj cguktrlos. Jls `kàysls boigkstr`tos tj`t tjo tokslgk notwook `drgwlkd boi`kb egr J`mm sorvlcos gk tjo gko j`kb `kb tjo rostrlctlvo Sùbl

qugt` systoi gk tjo gtjor dokor`tos crltlcà punalc bon`tos `ngut tjo rgao gesocua`r dgvorkiokts lk roaldlgus ee`lrs kb ao`bs tg sc`kbàs tj`t sp`rf cguktaossn`ttaos lk tjo iobl` `kb aodlsa`turos.

I`ky ge tjo igbork J`mm pr`ctlcos `kb tjolr cgktost`tlgks boscrlnob nyTornkor, IcAgudjalk, `kb Nl`kcjl j`vo jlstgrlcà rggts lk `ttltubos oiordlkdergi tjo 0:?8s gkw`rbs. Lkeauokcob ny cgagklà oxp`kslgk, lktoksleylkddagnàls`tlgk, `kb roaldlgus roegri bon`tos, kow aleostyaos `kb egris geroaldlgslty bovoagpob lk wjlcj igbork sclokcos, tocjkgagdlos, `kb wgrabvlowsworo lkcgrpgr`tob. Lk jls cj`ptor gk tjo J`mm `ccgukt wrlttok ny tjo Iusaliroegrilst tjlkfor Iujìi`b ^lb`, ^lcj`rb v`k Aoouwok `sfs wj`t wo c`k

ao`rk ergi ^lb`s toxt `ngut tjo w`ys tjo cgktoxt ge igborklty èeoctob tjo


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pr`ctlco `kb io`klkds ge tjo J`mm `s ` rltuà gnald`tlgk, ` roaldlgus oxporlokco,`kb `k `ct ge tr`voaalkd cgkkoctob tg aleostyao `kb soae-lboktlty.

jo `rts `kb i`torlà i`kleost`tlgks `ssgcl`tob wltj tjo F`n` lk Iocc` `kb

tjo J`mm rltos `t a`rdo `ro tjo egcus ge tjo koxt sovok cj`ptors. Iocc` `kb tjoJ`mm j`vo àw`ys nook `k lipgrt`kt sgurco ge lksplr`tlgk egr `rtlsts `kb `rtls`ks`kb stliuaus egr tjo oxcj`kdo ge prgbucts kb wgrfs ge rt ìgkd pladrlis. Lkjor cj`ptor Dlets, Sguvoklrs, `kb tjo J`mm, Uokotl` Xgrtor dlvos `k gvorvlow getjo roaldlgus, pgaltlcà, kb syingalc lktokt ge tjo v`rlgus dlets tj`t woro grborobny tjo oalto `kb sokt tg (`kb fopt lk) tjo s`kctu`rlos lk Iocc` `kb Ioblk`.jls ls egaagwob ny ` blscusslgk ge tjo io`klkd ge iucj-vàuob foops`fostj`t woro nrgudjt jgio ny pladrlis. Sjo cgkcaubos ny oxpagrlkd tjo agcà `kbsliuat`kogusay dagnà rtlstlc lktor`ctlgk lk klkotooktj-coktury Iocc`, lk wjlcj`rtlsts ge bleeorokt k`tlgkàltlos wgrfob kb roslbob slbo ny slbo lk tjo Jgay Cltyge Lsaì, ` quostlgk tj`t nrg`boks gur jgrlzgk gk Iocc`s lipgrt`kco lk Lsaìlcvlsuà jlstgry.

Lk tjo koxt cj`ptor, Galvor Iggro oxpagros ngtj Lsaì lk Cjlk` `kb tjovlsuà i`kleost`tlgks ge Cjlkoso roa`tlgks wltj Iocc` `kb tjo J`mm. jrgudjc`so stublos, tjo sgclà io`klkds ge tjo J`mm lk Cjlk` ro blscussob, `s ro spoctsge Lsaìs `ccuatur`tlgk tg Cjlkoso cgkbltlgks. jo a`ttor ls oxoipalelob ny tjojynrlb k`turo ge, egr oxìpao, ioblovà tginstgkos lk tjo sgutj-o`stork Cjlkosopgrt ge Pu`kzjgu, fkgwk ny ioblovà tr`bors s ]`ytgk, tj`t blspa`y tjo kìosge j`mmls lk cginlk`tlgk wltj lkvgc`tlgks ge Cjlkoso igurklkd. oprosokt`tlgks

ge tjo s`kctu`rlos lk Iocc` `kb Ioblk` àsg lkcaubo tjo Cjlkoso custgi gesjgwlkd igukt`lks `s succosslvoay rocoblkd gnmocts. joso `kb gtjor oxìpaos`ro sldklelc`kt i`torlà oxprosslgks ge tjo jlstgrlcà `ccuatur`tlgk ge Lsaì `kbtjo i`torlà i`kleost`tlgk ge tjo J`mm lk Cjlk`.

ôprosokt`tlgks ge tjo F`n` `kb tjo Dro`t Igsquo ge Iocc` `ro fkgwkergi tjo twoaetj coktury gkw`rbs, elrst gk stgko `kb p`por `kb a`tor àsg gkgtjor i`torlàs, alfo corìlcs. jolr styaos `ro `s blvorso `s tjo grldlk ge tjo`rtlsts wjg prgbucob tjo gnmocts. Blspa`yob lk punalc roaldlgus pa`cos, sucj `stjo F`n` tlaos oinobbob lk tjo wàas ge sovoktooktj- `kb oldjtooktj-cokturyGttgi`k igsquos, tjoy sorvob tg obuc`to `kb roilkb Iusalis ge tjo eletj

plaa`r ge Lsaì. Lk jls cj`ptor, Iojiot tkc stublos ` jltjortg ukborstublobo`ray-oldjtooktj-coktury gla p`lktlkd ge Iocc` ergi tjo cgaaoctlgk ge _ppsà`_klvorslty lk Swobok. Lt ls uklquo egr lts a`rdo kuinor ge lboktleylkd a`noas ge` wlbo v`rloty ge nulablkds tj`t dlvo lkvàu`nao lksldjts lktg tjo urn`k e`nrlc geoldjtooktj-coktury Iocc`, iucj ge wjlcj ls dgko tgb`y.

Xladrlis blb kgt roturk jgio gkay wltj sguvoklrs ge tjo J`mm. Lk sovorà sgclotlos,` plctgrlà gr toxtuà roilkbor ge tjolr `ccgipalsjiokt w`s `bbob tg tjo oxtorlgr `kblktorlgr wàas ge tjolr jgusos noegro tjolr jgiocgilkd ny tjgso wjg j`b st`yob nojlkb.Rls custgi ge bocgr`tlkd tjo pladrlis jguso wltj iuràs ls igst wlboay spro`b lkOdypt, nut àsg gccurs lk gtjor pa`cos sucj `s Alny`, Syrl`, `kb tjo Lsròa-Xàostlko

rodlgk. Lk Odypt, ôifo Fruf `kb Er`ks Ggrt survoyob tjo iuràs lk tjo B`fja`


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G`sls. Rolr lkvoktgry ge blorokt sldk uklts kb cgip`rlsgk wltj tjo c`todgrlos egukblk gtjor stublos ao`bs tg kow lksldjts cgkcorklkd tjo io`klkd ge tjoso iuràs. Burlkdtjo porlgb cgvorob ny tjolr survoy (088?), Fruf `kb Ggrt gnsorvob kgt`nao

cj`kdos= `kkgukcoiokts `ro dottlkd lkcro`slkday slipaor `kb igro uklegri, `kbroprosokt tlgks ge jui`k nolkds ro igstay egukb lk tjo gabor iuràs.

Noslbos wàa p`lktlkds `s tostligky ge tjo J`mm, pladrli cortlelc`tos àsgeukctlgkob `s prgge ge tjo `ccgipalsjiokt ge Lsaìlc pladrli`do. @atjgudjtjoy `ro àro`by fkgwk ergi tjo twoaetj coktury, tjo egcus ge Aultd`rb Igascgktrlnutlgk ls tok a`to-klkotooktj-coktury spoclioks ergi Butcj cgaaoctlgks.jo eldur`tlvo oxìpaos ng`st `k oxtokslvo plctgrlà cycao tj`t dgos noygkb tjoscgpo ge tjo rltos ge tjo J`mm. jls r`lsos tjo quostlgk `ngut tjolr uso= woro tjoykgt sgaoay tostligklos ge tjo J`mm, nut àsg sguvoklrs, bovlcos egr lkstructlgk,`kb roilkbors ge tjo e`ltjeua ge tjolr roaldlgus butlos7 jo quostlgk `ngut tjopurpgso ge tjo cortlelc`tos àsg tgucjos upgk `kgtjor lssuo, tjls tlio port`lklkdtg tjo lip`ct ge J`mm poregri`kco gk agcà sgclà roa`tlgks= wj`t w`s tjolr vàuo`s tjo i`torlà tgfoks ge tjo syingalc c`pltà d`lkob ny pladrlis upgk roturkjgio7

@rkgub Urgalmf j`s `pprg`cjob tjo stuby ge J`mm-roa`tob gnmocts ergi qulto` bleeorokt `kdao. jls àro`by cgios tg tjo egro lk tjo tltao ge jls cj`ptor=@ppo`r`kcos Noalo. @ Iocc`-Coktrob Tgrab I`p `kb ` Skgucf JurdrgkmoXjgtgdr`pj ergi tjo Aolbok _klvorslty Cgaaoctlgks. Urgalmf iotlcuagusaystublob kb cgktoxtuàlsob sovoktooktj-coktury p`lktob i`p wltj Iocc` t lts

coktro `kb ` a`to-klkotooktj-coktury drgup pgrtr`lt wltj `ctgrs lk grloktà brosst`fok `t tjo Butcj cgksua`to lk Mobb`j, rovoàlkd bleeorokt a`yors ge io`klkd`kb lktokt.

Lk tjo elkà cj`ptor, Kola v`k bor Alkbok alsts ` soaoctlgk ge sgkds tj`t worosukd tg coaonr`to `kb cgiioigr`to tjo rltuà ge tjo J`mm. Geeorlkd lksldjtslktg lkt`kdlnao pr`ctlcos roa`tob tg tjo J`mm, tjo bovoagpiokts tj`t gccur lk tjlsiuslcà pr`ctlco lk tjo twoktlotj coktury `kb elrst boc`bos ge tjo twokty-elrstàsg sorvo tg laaustr`to tjo ovgautlgk `kb `b`pt`tlgk ge J`mm-roa`tob pr`ctlcos lkdokorà.

Elkàay, kgto gk tjo tr`ksaltor`tlgk= To j`vo cjgsok tg foop tjo tr`ksaltor`tlgk

ge @r`nlc kb _rbu s slipao s pgsslnao lk tjo rukklkd toxt, vglblkd bl`crltlcài`rfs `kb `yks `kb jìz`js, oxcopt lk tjo c`so ge nlnalgdr`pjlcà roeorokcos.Lk tjo cgktrlnutlgk ge Iojiot tkc, wjoro Gttgi`k aodokbs `ro blscussoblk `k o`ray-oldjtooktj-coktury p`lktlkd ge Iocc` `kb lts surrgukblkds, urflsjspoaalkds `ro àsg usob. B`tos `ro cgiigkay dlvok `s CO b`tos. Tjoro Jlmrlb`tos `ro usob, tjoy `ro egaagwob ny tjo Drodgrl`k b`to lk p`roktjosos (`kb vlcovors`).


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@cfkgwaobdoiokts

Elrst, gur tj`kfs dg gut tg àa tjo cgktrlnutgrs ge tjls vgauio `kb tg tjgso wjgprosoktob ` p`por `t tjo syipgslui `kb sj`rob tjolr lbo`s wltj us tjoro. Lkp`rtlcua`r, wo wguab alfo tg tj`kf Eìlao @rsa`k `kb @al Obb`gubl egr sj`rlkdtjolr gwk J`mm oxporlokcos wltj tjo p`rtlclp`kts ge tjo syipgslui `kb a`rdorùblokco ge iusoui vlsltgrs burlkd ` igst liprosslvo bgunao lktorvlow. Towguab alfo tg tj`kf Klkm` Faolfìp egr joaplkd tg grd`klso tjo syipgsluigk tjo J`mm `t tjo K`tlgkà Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy `kb Uokotl` Xgrtor ge tjoNrltlsj Iusoui egr jor stliua`tlkd `bvlco `kb okcgur`doiokt tjrgudjgut tjoprop`r`tlgk ge tjo J`mm oxjlnltlgk `kb tjo syipgslui. To `ro igst dr`toeuatg Agk Nusfoks, tjok-blroctgr ge A_CLS, egr jls `bvlco, okcgur`doiokt, `kblksldjts. j`kfs `s woaa dg tg Xotor Xoas `kb X`trlcl` Spyor ge EOA egr lkvltlkd

Elkn`rr Eaggb ge Kow \grf _klvorslty tg dlvo tjo cgkcaublkd aocturo `s tjo tjlrbaùro`to egr tjo `kkuà Dornr`kbs aocturo.@s egr tjo punalc`tlgk, wo wguab alfo tg tj`kf Xrgeossgr B`vlb Fjàlal `kb

K`ja` K`ss`r ge jo Fjàlal Cgaaoctlgk ge Lsaìlc @rt lk Agkbgk egr dokorgusayprgvlblkd pjgtgdr`pjs ge gnmocts ergi tjolr cgaaoctlgk egr tjls vgauio.To wguab àsg alfo tg tj`kf @rkgub Urgalmf egr sj`rlkd jls v`st fkgwaobdoge tjo grloktà cgaaoctlgks ge Aolbok _klvorslty `kb egr jls `bvlco gk urflsjtr`kscrlptlgks. To `ro boopay lkbontob tg gur toxt obltgr Mgyco I`ttjows egr joroxcoaaokt `kb boblc`tob wgrf. Elkàay, wob alfo tg tj`kf Tgku Uoys, cur`tgr `ttjo K`tlgkà Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy, wjg ls àsg rospgkslnao egr punalc`tlgks,

`kb gur cgaao`duos `t Slbostgko Xross egr tjolr joap `kb dulb`kco burlkd tjoprgbuctlgk pj`so.


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803= 0846 Xgrtor >80>= >?>>?3). Oltjor wlttlkday gr ukwlttlkday,I`tors lkstàa`tlgk ls ` pgworeua vlsuàls`tlgk ge tjo cgkcopt ge splrltuài`dkotlsi lktrgbucob ny tjo `ktjrgpgagdlst Mìos Xrostgk tg lboktley wj`t jocgkslborob tg no gko ge tjo igst lipgrt`kt cj`r`ctorlstlcs ge pladrli`do sltos(Xrostgk 0


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wguab `droo tj`t tjo io`klkd ge tjo J`mm c`k no robucob tg coaonr`tlkd tjocgiiuklty ge Iusalis, i`ky prosokt-b`y pladrlis tg Iocc` lkboob ropgrt tj`ttjo pgworeua soks`tlgk ge igvlkd `s gko ngby wltj eoaagw noalovors ergi `aa

gvor tjo wgrab cro`tos ` strgkd sokso ge uklty wltjlk tjo uii`, gr Iusalicgiiuklty (ce. I`acgai Z 0


23/260

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tjo pj`so ge sop`r`tlgk ge tjo J`mm rltuà cgkslst ge sottalkd bont `ccgukts `kbblsputos6 noddlkd egrdlvokoss ergi eìlay `kb erlokbs egr `ky p`lk gr drloe gkoi`y j`vo cùsob6 cgaaoctlkd prosokts, drootlkds, `kb roquosts egr spoclà pr`yors

burlkd e`rowoaa p`rtlos6 kb `ttokblkd prop`r`tgry J`mm ca`ssos grd`klsob ny agcàigsquos gr J`mm-tgur tr`voa `dokclos. Tjlao, lk ` nrg`bor sokso, tjo alilkàpj`so st`rts `s sggk `s tjo pladrlis j`vo nlbbok e`rowoaa tg tjolr agvob gkos`kb `ctuàay oin`rf gk tjolr mgurkoy, poregrilkd rltuà purlelc`tlgk rltos `kbcj`kdlkd lktg spoclà J`mm d`riokts i`rf tjo igst lipgrt`kt tr`ksltlgk tgtjo alilkà pj`so ge ljrì, gr rltuà cgksocr`tlgk. Ao`vlkd tjo st`to ge ljrìètor j`vlkd cgkcaubob tjo gnald`tgry rltos tj`t cgiprlso tjo J`mm prgpor i`rfstjo nodlkklkd ge tjo lkcgrpgr`tlgk pj`so. jls pj`so getok cuailk`tos lk `koa`ngr`to jgiocgilkd p`rty egaagwob ny i`ky igro vlslts ergi erlokbs wjgcgio tg cgkdr`tua`to tjo kow j`mmls `kb sj`ro lk tjo s`crobkoss nrgudjt jgiolk tjo egri ge w`tor ergi tjo ]ìzì woaa lk Iocc` `kb b`tos ergi Ioblk .

Cgkslborlkd tjo o`so wltj wjlcj tjo trlp`rtlto syingalc structuro ge rltos gep`ss`do c`k no rocgdklsob lk pladrli`dos, lt ls surprlslkd tj`t U`k Dokkop j`rbaylkcaubob pladrli`do lk jls blscusslgk ge rltos ge p`ss`do. \ot, jo blb ioktlgk tjost`to ge ljrì wltjlk tjo J`mm rltuà `s `k oxìpao ge ` tr`ksltlgkà pj`so (U`kDokkop 0


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J

t`fos coktrà st`do. Cgiiuklt`s roeors tg lktokso egris ge cgir`bosjlp `kbodàlt`rl`klsi ìgkd alilkà porsgks. urkor kgtob tj`t tjls sj`rlkd `kb tjooquàlty ge àa dokor`tos `k okordlslkd pgwor tj`t gpoks up sp`co tg roeaoct upgk

tjo sgclà structuro tj`t cj`r`ctorlsos b`lay aleo `kb tg li`dlko gtjor egris=Alilkàlty, tjo gptlià sottlkd ge cgiiuklt`s roa`tlgks, `kbcgiiuklt`s, ` spgkt`kogusay dokor`tob roa`tlgksjlp notwookaovoaob VslcY `kb oquà tgtà `kb lkblvlbu`tob jui`k nolkds,strlppob ge structurà `ttrlnutos, tgdotjor cgkstltuto wj`t gkoildjt càa `ktl-structuro. Cgiiuklt`s, jgwovor, ls kgt structurowltj lts sldks rovorsob, ilkusos vorsos pausos, nut r`tjor tjo egksot grldgge àa structuros `kb, `t tjo sìo tlio, tjolr crltlquo. Egrlts vory oxlstokco puts àa sgclà structurà ruaos lk quostlgk `kb

suddosts kow pgsslnlaltlos. (urkor 08>)Nolkd strlppob ge structurà `ttrlnutos wguab àagw alilkà porsgkò tgoxporlokco gr `t ao`st cgio cagso tg tjo roàls`tlgk ge wj`t lt ossoktlàay io`kstg no ` jui`k nolkd. urkor kgtob, jgwovor, tj`t cgiiuklt`s sggk bovoagps `structuro, lk wjlcj eroo roa`tlgksjlps notwook lkblvlbuàs nocgio cgkvortob lktgkgri-dgvorkob roa`tlgksjlps notwook sgclà porsgkò (urkor 0


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03

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syingalc bo`tj tgw`rbs purlelc`tlgk, ovoktuàay nocgilkd `s puro `kb lkkgcokt`s ` kowngrk n`ny (ce. pp. 38-30 lk tjls vgauio).

Ovgc`tlgks ge cgiiuklt`s c`k àsg no rocgdklsob lk J`mm rltos, sucj `s lk tjo

ègroioktlgkob eagw ge pladrlis clrcuiìnua`tlkd tjo F`n`, pjgtgdr`pjs gewjlcj c`k no sook lk i`ky dgvorkiokt `kb nuslkoss geelcos `s woaa `s lk sjgps`kb prlv`to jgios ge Iusalis.@s Dor`sligs I`frls j`s kgtob, tjls lcgklc li`doge wjlto cgkcoktrlc clrcaos ge igvlkd jui`klty roprosokts tjo pro-oxlstlkd `kb,`t tjo sìo tlio, oiordokt uii`, gr dagnà cgiiuklty ge noalovors (I`frls>884= 034). g laaustr`to tjo k`turo ge cgiiuklt`s, urkor jlisoae qugtobIàcgai Z, wjg cj`r`ctorlsob jls J`mm oxporlokco `s lkvgavlkd agvo, juilalty,`kb truo nrgtjorjggb tj`t w`s àigst ` pjyslcà eooalkd wjorovor L turkobwo woro truay àa tjo sìo VnrgtjorsY (urkor 0


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`pprg`cj tj`t lkvostld`tos jgw ovoryb`y pgaltlcà, ocgkgilc, kb sgclà cgkcorkslkegri pladrli`dos, O`bo `kb Sàakgw prgpgsob tg stuby pladrli`do `s `k `rokègr cgipotlkd roaldlgus `kb socua`r blscgursos (O`bo & Sàakgw 0


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0?

N

i`y sgiotlios cgktokb egr lbogagdlcà jodoigky `t pladrli`do sltos, `t gtjortlios bleeorokt pladrli drgups bg kgt soof cgkergkt`tlgk, cjggslkd lksto`b tgldkgro o`cj gtjor s tjoy poregri tjolr gwk rltos. @asg, ovok wltjlk cgktost`tlgk

tjoro i`y no lkst`kcos ge cgiiuklt`s, `s wjok bleeorokcos notwook pladrlidrgups `ro gvorruaob wjok igro sorlgus oxtorkà `kt`dgklsi gccurs.

Igro lipgrt`ktay, `k `pprg`cj ge cgkslborlkd pladrli`do sltos `s oiptyvossoas tj`t `ro bovglb ge lktrlkslc io`klkd tokbs tg ldkgro tj`t cort`lknoj`vlgurà p`ràaoas notwook bleeorokt pladrli`do tr`bltlgks c`k no gnsorvob`crgss tlio `kb cuaturo (O`bo >888). @kgtjor gnmoctlgk tg tjo oipty vossoaiot`pjgr ls tj`t lt suddosts tj`t pladrli`do c`k no lktorprotob oxcauslvoay lktoris ge roprosokt`tlgk `kb tjo rolkegrcoiokt ge lbo`s `kb ldkgros tjo oeeocts getjo poregri`tlvo pgwor ge oingblob pladrli`do pr`ctlcos (Cgaoi`k >88>= 3?882). @s tjo suntltao ge tjolr nggf lkblc`tos, tjoy prgpgsob ` kowegcus gk tjo ignlalty lipalob ny pladrli`do. Igro cgkcrotoay, tjoy suddostobtjo stuby ge tjo lktorroa`tlgks notwook pjyslcà, splrltuà, ioktà, `kb sgclàigvoiokts ge pladrlis.

Lk sui, tjoro j`s nook ` sjlet ergi stubylkd tjo lkstltutlgk ge pladrli`do `s` ngukbob c`todgry ge `ctlgk tg `pprg`cjlkd pladrli`do `s `k oktry gr oxìpao

tg stuby bleeorokt flkbs ge igvoiokt roa`tob tg v`rlgus `spocts ge tjo sgclg-cuaturà aleo wgrabs ge tr`voaaors. jls `pprg`cj j`s gpokob up kow `vokuos`kb roso`rcj quostlgks, p`rtlcua`ray cgkcorklkd tjo lip`ct ge dagnàls`tlgk gkpladrli`do (ce. Jorifoks, M`ksok & Kgtori`ks >8880>).Lk alko wltj urkors get-qugtob roi`rf tj`t ` pladrli ls àw`ys jàe ` tgurlst(urkor & urkor 08), `k lkcro`sob lktorost lk tjo crgssrg`bs notwookpladrli`do `kb aolsuro tr`voa ls p`rtlcua`ray kgt`nao (ce. N`bgko & ^gsoi`k >8826Stùsnord >8006 ligtjy & Gasok >885).

Rgw`rbs `k @ktjrgpgagdy ge J`mm

Cgkslborlkd tjo lkcro`sob `c`boilc lktorost lk pladrli`do gk tjo gko j`kb,`kb tjo coktràlty ge Iocc` lk tjo Lsaìlc tr`bltlgk `kb lts drgwlkd pgpua`rlty`s ` roaldlgus tr`voa bostlk`tlgk gk tjo gtjor,gko wguab oxpoct tjo J`mm tg nowlboay roprosoktob lk tjo oxp`kblkd ngby ge pladrli`do stublos. jls, jgwovor,ls j`rbay tjo c`so. @k gnvlgus st`rtlkd pglkt egr ` suii`ry gvorvlow ge tjo`ktjrgpgagdy ge tjo J`mm ls tjo nggf Iusali r`voaaors, punalsjob lk 0


28/260

05

J

igst cgktrlnutlgks lk tjo vgauio egcus gk tjo pgaltlcà `kb ocgkgilc igtlvos`t pa`y lk roaldlgus mgurkoys ge Iusali tr`voaaors. jls egcus àsg cj`r`ctorlsossunsoquokt `rtlcaos gk tjo J`mm, igst ge wjlcj wrlttok ny `ktjrgpgagdlsts wjg

stublob tjo J`mm `s ` cgipgkokt ge otjkgdr`pjlc roso`rcj `ngut gtjor sunmocts.^`tjor tj`k `kàyslkd tjo `ctlvltlos tjo pladrlis okd`do lk wjlao lk Iocc`, sucjpunalc`tlgks kocoss`rlay t`fo tjo cgktoxtuà pprg`cj suddostob ny Cgaoi`k kbO`bo `kb egcus gk tjo oinobbobkoss ge pladrli`do lk tjo ovoryb`y sgclà `kbcuaturà aleo wgrabs ergi wjlcj pladrlis bop`rt `kb tg wjlcj tjoy roturk.

Tltj ` eow oxcoptlgks, lkcaublkd tjo ègroioktlgkob stublos ge Xklk`Tornkor `kb Elscjor `kb @nobl, lk sucj punalc`tlgks tjo egcus ls kgt sg iucj gktjo poregri`kco `kb roaldlgus io`klkds ge tjo J`mm ltsoae, nut gk tjo lip`ct geJ`mm poregri`kco gk nrg`bor sgclotà lssuos. `yigkb Scuplktjo gkay utjgrwjgso `rtlcao ioktlgkob joro procobob Iusali r`voaaorspunalsjob `k `rtlcao`ngut tjo sgclà sldklelc`kco ge tjo J`mm egr j`l Iusalis (Scuplk 0). Mu`kObu`rbg Cìpg egcusos gk cgktost`tlgks notwook bleeorokt Iusali drgups gvortjo rgao ge tjo J`mm lk tjo egri`tlgk ge igbork Lsaì lk Odypt (Cìpg 0


29/260

04

N

Tjlao tjo lip`ct ge lboktlty pgaltlcs `kb sliuat`kogus oinobbobkoss lkiuatlpao cuaturà cgktoxts gk roaldlgslty ls qulto gnvlgusay k lipgrt`kt lssuo egrIusalis alvlkd lk tjo Tost, L wguab `rduo tj`t roaldlgslty, sgclà lboktlelc`tlgks,

`kb soae-lboktlty sjguab no stublob s lktorroa`tob lssuos lk aa J`mm roso`rcj le wowlsj tg ukborst`kb tjo io`klkd ge tjo J`mm egr prosokt-b`y Iusalis. @s SìualScjloafo j`s cgkvlkclkday `rduob, lk tjo currokt or` ge lktokslelob dagnàls`tlgk,pogpaos oxporlokcos `ro lkegriob ny v`rlgus cuaturà blscgursos sliuat`kogusay(Scjloafo >88:). Sucj blscgursos sj`po tjo sokslnlaltlos, l.o. tjo igrà `kbòstjotlc bliokslgks ge tjo oxporlokcos `kb oigtlgks, lk pogpaos alvos. @asg,wgrabwlbo trokbs ge liprgvob tr`kspgrt`tlgk `kb ocgkgilc clrcuist`kcos tj`tnod`k lk tjo a`to klkotooktj coktury `kb j`vo lkcro`sob lk tjo a`st eow boc`bosj`vo nrgudjt tr`voa wltjlk ro`cj ge ovor igro Iusalis (ce. Doavlk & Drook>802). jls j`s rosuatob lk tjo oiordokco ge kow c`todgrlos ge pladrlis, i`kyge wjgi i`fo ropotltlvo mgurkoys tg Iocc` r`tjor tj`k poregrilkd tjo J`mmmust gkco. @k `cqu`lkt`kco ge ilko lk Slbl Sali`ko, Igrgccg, egr oxìpao,w`s geeorob ` J`mm p`cf`do tgur ny jls cgip`ky `s ` ngkus egr gutst`kblkdporegri`kco. @asg, `ccgrblkd tg @nbuaf`bor `ygn, Iocc` ls ` pgpua`rjgkoyiggk bostlk`tlgk egr Sgutj @erlc`k Iusali kowaywobs (`ygn, XorsgkàCgiiuklc`tlgk, >802). Lk sjgrt, ` cort`lk rgutlkls`tlgk `kb cgiigblelc`tlgkge pladrli`do c`k no gnsorvob.

ôcokt trokbs lk J`mm poregri`kco pglkt tg tjo bovoagpiokt ge egris geroaldlgslty lk wjlcj lipalclt lbogagdlos ge lkblvlbuàlsi `kb soae-roàls`tlgk

tjrgudj igbork cgksuiorlsi `ro rorgutob tgw`rbs roaldlgus cgksuiptlgkp`ttorks (ce. @zlz >8806 Nultoa``r & S``b >8086 Jòkkl >800). Lk tjls rospoct,cgktoipgr`ry pladrli`do tg Iocc` roeaocts nrg`bor trokb ge lkcro`sob roaldlgus`kb jorlt`do tgurlsi (ce. Stùsnord >8006 ligtjy & Gasok >885). Sucj trokbs,jgwovor, bg kgt dg ukcgktostob. Cgktost`tlgks getok t`fo tjo egri ge igràca`lis cgkcorklkd puro roaldlgk vorsus prge`k`tlgk ge tjo s`crob. Burlkd tjo>803 syipgsluitj`t w`s grd`klsob `t tjo K`tlgkà Iusoui ge Otjkgagdy lkAolbok lk roa`tlgk tg tjo J`mm oxjlnltlgk, egr oxìpao, blscusslgk rgso notwookEìlao @rsa`k, gko ge tjo spo`fors wjg sj`rob jor gwk J`mm oxporlokcos, `kb `porsgk lk tjo ùblokco. jo a`ttor quostlgkob tjo lkcro`slkd pgpua`rlty ìgkd

`bgaoscokt Butcj Iusalis ge Igrgcc`k `kb urflsj boscokt tg poregri tjo_ir` `kb J`mm egr wj`t sjo suspoctob woro wrgkd igtlv`tlgks, o.d. st`tusoaov`tlgk r`tjor tj`k ploty. @rsa`k boeokbob tjo pgsltlgk tj`t gtjors `ro kgtlk ` pgsltlgk tg mubdo tjo roaldlgus lktoktlgks ge pladrlis. @asg, ovok lk c`soswjoro tjo boslro tg dg tg Iocc` ildjt kgt no n`sob oxcauslvoay gk wlsjlkd tgcgipaoto gkos roaldlgk (`s poregrilkd tjls roaldlgus buty ls getok boscrlnob),@rsa`k `ctuàay okcgur`dos ygukd Butcj Iusalis kgt tg pgstpgko tjo J`mmuktla gab `do. Sjo oxpa`lkob tj`t sjo bgos sg egr twg ro`sgks= elrst ge àa, tjoJ`mm ls vory boi`kblkd, sg ` dggb pjyslcà cgkbltlgk joaps ` agt. Socgkbay,@rsa`k oipj`slsob tj`t tjo gvorwjoailkd oxporlokco ge tjo J`mm wlaa joap ygukd


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J

Iusalis lk tjo Kotjora`kbs roa`to tg tjolr roaldlgus jorlt`do `kb wlaa lksplrotjoi tg bovoagp ` roaldlgus aleostyao.

jo vlowpglkts ge ngtj @rsa`k `kb tjo wgi`k lk tjo ùblokco tgucj upgk

tjo lipgrt`kco ge Iocc` `kb tjo J`mm lk tjo cgkstructlgk ge roaldlgus lboktltyìgkd Iusalis lk tjo Tost. Ospoclàay slkco 8036 IcDulro >88:6 Scjloafo& Bonovoc >80>). Cgkcrotoay, tjls lipalos `bbrosslkd tjo egaagwlkd quostlgks=

0) Jgw `ro `splr`tlgks `kb igtlv`tlgks ge Iusalis tg oin`rf upgk pladrli`dogr tg pgstpgko tjo s`crob mgurkoy roa`tob tg gtjor koobs `kb pursults lk tjolrb`lay alvos7

>) Jgw bg pladrlis cg-prgbuco `kb oxporlokco tjo soks`tlgkà pgwor ge tjoJ`mm7 Igro spoclelcàay= Tj`t J`mm-roa`tob pr`ctlcos bg tjoy poregri, `kbjgw bg tjo ioktà `kb soksgry oxporlokcos `kb eooalkds tjus lkvgfob roeaoctcgkcoptlgks ge roaldlgslty, sgclà lboktlelc`tlgks, `kb soae-lboktlty7

3) Jgw bg pogpao c`todgrlso tjolr gwk J`mm oxporlokcos `kb tjo pr`ctlcos gegtjors lk toris ge s`crob/iukb`ko `kb Lsaìlc/kgk-Lsaìlc, `kb jgw bgsucj quàlelc`tlgks roa`to tg tjo iuatlpao sgclà `kb porsgkà pgsltlgks ergiwjlcj tjoy toaa tjolr stgrlos7

Ny lktodr`tlkd egcus gk noj`vlgurà p`ràaoas tj`t i`y no gnsorvob lk pladrli`dowltj ` egcus gk tjo oinobbobkoss ge pladrli`do lk tjo ovoryb`y sgclà wgrab gepladrlis, tjo `ppalc`tlgk ge tjls sot ge tjroo lktorroa`tob, `kàytlcà quostlgkscgktrlnutos tg bovoagplkd kow `vokuos tj`t tr`kscokb tjo cgiiuklt`s-vorsus-cgktost`tlgk cgktrgvorsy lk tjo `ktjrgpgagdy ge pladrli`do. jo elrst quostlgk

rokbors lksldjts lktg tjo w`ys lk wjlcj tjo boslros `kb ìnltlgks ge pladrlis


31/260

08

J

coaonrltlos (o.d.egrior Xroslbokt Suj`rtg). Egr tjo tjlrb sun-prgmoct, ` roso`rcjorwlaa mglk ` drgup ge pladrlis oin`rflkd gk tjo _ir` tg stuby tjo `ctlvltloslk wjlcj tjoy okd`do lk prop`r`tlgk egr, burlkd, `kb ètor tjo pladrli`do.

Lksplrob ny IcAgudjalks stuby gk tjo J`mm nuslkoss lk tjo _kltob Flkdbgi, ègurtj sun-prgmoct wlaa stuby tjo grd`kls`tlgk `kb pr`ctlcos ge (st`to-grd`klsob)Lkbgkosl`k tr`voa `dokclos tj`t geeor J`mm `kb _ir` tgur p`cf`dos `s woaa `s tjov`rlgus typos ge cgksuiors tg wjgi tjoy c`tor. @ eletj sunprgmoct wlaa stuby tjojlstgrlcà rgao ge Lkbgkosl`-n`sob J`bjrìl @r`ns lk tjo grd`kls`tlgk ge tjoJ`mm.

Lk Cgkcauslgk

Lk tjo elrst soctlgk ge tjls cj`ptor, L boigkstr`tob tj`t i`ky ge tjo cj`r`ctorlstlcs

ge ` rlto ge p`ss`do `ro ovlbokcob lk tjo J`mm, sucj `s roeorokcos tg alilkàlty,cgiiuklt`s, `kb tjo tr`ksegri`tlgk tjrgudj syingalc bo`tj `kb ronlrtj nyio`ks ge wjlcj pladrlis `cqulro ` kow sgclà `kb roaldlgus pgsltlgk. Jgwovor,tjo gvorvlow ge J`mm stublos prgvlbob lk tjo socgkb soctlgk laaustr`tob tj`t tjoio`klkds `kb structurà eìlay rosoina`kcos tj`t tjo J`mm sj`ros wltj gtjorflkbs ge roaldlgus tr`voa c`kkgt no lktorprotob oxcauslvoay lk toris ge lktrlkslcio`klkds ge tjo lkstltutlgk ge pladrli`do. ^`tjor, tjoso stublos laaustr`to tj`tspoclelc lkst`kcos ge J`mm poregri`kcos iust no ukborstggb wltjlk tjolr wlborjlstgrlcà kb cuaturà cgktoxts, o`cj ge tjoi tostleylkd tg tjo J`mm s ` cj`kdlkdtr`bltlgk.

Cgkcrotoay, L j`vo pglktob tg ` drgwlkd trokb ge rgutlkls`tlgk `kbcgiigblelc`tlgk ge tjo J`mm `kb tjo oiordokco ge kow c`todgrlos ge pladrlis`s ` rosuat ge liprgvob tr`kspgrt`tlgk `kb ocgkgilc clrcuist`kcos. X`rtlcua`raylk tjo prosokt or` ge lktokslelob dagnàls`tlgk, tjo aleo wgrabs ge Iusalis `rolkegriob ny v`rlgus cuaturà blscgursos tj`t èeoct tjo igrà `kb òstjotlcbliokslgks ge tjolr boslros `kb oxporlokcos. joroegro, tjo splrltuà i`dkotlsige Iocc` c`k t`fo gk bleeorokt io`klkds egr bleeorokt c`todgrlos ge Iusalis `kbovok egr bleeorokt lkblvlbuà Iusalis burlkd bleeorokt st`dos ge tjolr alvos. @asg,` v`rloty ge cgkcoptlgks ge s`crob `kb iukb`ko `spocts ge tjo J`mm i`y no

cgkstltutob, naurrob, `kb cgktostob lk cgkcroto pladrli`do pr`ctlcos.Lk grbor tg stuby tjo porsgkà J`mm oxporlokcos ge prosokt-b`y Iusalis,L prgpgsob lk tjo a`st p`rt ge tjls cj`ptor `k `pprg`cj tg J`mm roso`rcj tj`tlktodr`tos tjo stuby ge roaldlgus styaos, sgclà lboktlelc`tlgks, `kb cgkcoptlgksge soae. jo gvoràa `li ge tjls `pprg`cj ls tg bgcuiokt igbork `rtlcua`tlgksge pladrli`do tg Iocc`. Tltjlk tjo eloab ge Lsaì stublos, tjls `pprg`cj wlaacgktrlnuto tg tjo prgbuctlgk ge `ktjrgpgagdlcà lksldjts lktg tjo bykìlcs geLsaì `s ` alvlkd tr`bltlgk. jo cgktrlnutlgk tg tjo eloab ge pladrli`do stublosls oquàay lipgrt`kt6 nocùso ge tjo ko`r-uklquo cgipuasgry cj`r`ctor ge tjoJ`mm, tjls `pprg`cj wlaa sjob aldjt gk tjo eìlay rosoina`kcos ìgkd bleeorokt


33/260

>0

N

lkst`kcos ge pladrli`do `kb gk tjo p`rtlcua`rltlos ge tjo J`mm `s ` cgro rltuàpr`ctlco lk tjo Lsaìlc tr`bltlgk.

Nlnalgdr`pjy

@zlz, J. (>880), jo mgurkoy= `k gvorvlow ge tgurlsi `kb tr`voa lk tjo @r`nLsaìlc cgktoxt, lk B. J`rrlsgk (ob.), gurlsi `kb tjo aoss bovoagpob wgrab=Lssuos `kb c`so stublos, 0?0-0?882), Lktorsoctlkd mgurkoys. jo `ktjrgpgagdyge pladrli`do `kb tgurlsi. _rn`k`/Cjlc`dg= _klvorslty ge Laalkgls Xross.

Nl`kcjl, ^. (>882),Duosts ge Dgb. Xladrli`do `kb pgaltlcs lk tjo Lsaìlc wgrab.Gxegrb= Gxegrb _klvorslty Xross.

Nl`kcjl, ^. (egrtjcgilkd lk >802), jo J`mm lk ovoryb`y aleo, lk B. Ngwok, O.O`ray & N. Scjuatjlos (obs.), Ovoryb`y aleo lk tjo Iusali Ilbbao O`st, 30:. 3rbObltlgk. Naggilkdtgk= Lkbl`k` _klvorslty Xross.

Nultoa``r, I. & K. S``b (>808), ^ì`b`k lk cgktoipgr`ry C`lrg.Cgksuiptlgk lk tjo kìo ge ploty `kb ùtjoktlclty, ôcgkstructlgk.Stubloslk cgktoipgr`ry cuaturo, Spoclà lssuo gkroaldlgk `kb cuaturo 08 (0). LSSK=0?24-232: jttp=//rocgkstructlgk.osorvor.grd/Lssuos/080/cgktokts080.sjtia

Cìpg, M. (0), Bg ygu noalovo lk pladrli`do7 Cgiiuklt`s, cgktost`tlgk`kb noygkb,@ktjrgpgagdlcà jogry>(3)= 3??-35:.

Cgaoi`k, S. & M. Oaskor (obs.) (0


34/260

>>

J

Bunlscj, M. (0


35/260

>3

N

Fokky, O. (>884), Dletlkd Iocc`= Lipgrtlkd splrltuà c`pltà tg Tost @erlc`,Ignlaltlos> (3)= 353-3:0.

I`frls, D.X. (>884), Lsaì lk tjo Ilbbao O`st. @ alvlkd tr`bltlgk. Iàbok, I@=Na`cfwoaa Xunalsjlkd.

Iàcgai Z (088:), Alvob roaldlgk. E`ltj `kb pr`ctlco lk ovoryb`y aleo. Gxegrb=Gxegrb _klvorslty Xross.

IcAgudjalk, S. (>88-028833->5?. F`r`cjl/Gxegrb= Gxegrb _klvorslty Xross.

IcAgudjalk, S. (>808), Iusali tr`voaaors= Jgilkd boslro, tjo _ii` `kbNrltlsj-X`flst`kls, lk F. Fkgtt & S. IcAgudjalk (obs.), Bl`spgr`s= Cgkcopts,lboktltlos, lktorsoctlgks, >>3->>803), Grd`klzlkd J`mm-dglkd ergi cgktoipgr`ry Nrlt`lk. @cj`kdlkd lkbustry, pladrli i`rfots `kb tjo pgaltlcs ge rocgdkltlgk, lk U.Xgrtor & Al`k` S`le (obs.), jo J`mm= Cgaaoctob oss`ys, >20->?>. Agkbgk= joNrltlsj Iusoui Xross.

Iorklssl, E. (0.

Igas, A. (>803), Uora`kdok k``r Ioff`. Bo j`bm lk jgkborb vggrworpok. Aolbok=^lmfsiusoui Ugafokfukbo.

Xgrtor, U. (>80>), J`mm. Mgurkoy tg tjo jo`rt ge Lsaì. Agkbgk= jo NrltlsjIusoui Xross.

Xrostgk, M. (0


36/260

>2

J

Sàakgw, I. (0)= 053-0:>.

Sàakgw, I. (0 (3)= >?0->48.

Scjloafo, S. & A. Bonovoc (>80>), Lktrgbuctlgk, lk S. Scjloafo & A. Bonovoc(obs.), Grblk`ry alvos `kb dr`kb scjoios. @k `ktjrgpgagdy ge ovoryb`y roaldlgk,0-05. Gxegrb= Nordj`jk.

Scuplk, ^. (0), jo Sgclà sldklelc`kco ge tjo J`mmegr j`l Iusalis, joIusali Tgrab 4>= >?-33.

Stùsnord, I. (>800), ôaldlgk `kb tgurlsi. Crgssrg`bs, bostlk`tlgks `kbokcguktors. Agkbgk/Kow \grf= ^gutaobdo.

`ppor, K. (0??. Norfoaoy=_klvorslty ge Càlegrkl` Xross.

j`yor, M. (08?. Agkbgk= ^gutaobdo.

ligtjy, B. & B. Gasok (obs.) (>885), gurlsi, roaldlgk `kb splrltuà mgurkoys.Agkbgk/ Kow \grf= ^gutaobdo.

urkor, U. (0


37/260

>?

N

Tornkor, X. (>880), Iurlbs ge tjo s`lkts= Gccup`tlgkà dulabs `kb roboiptlvosgclàlty, lk @. Sàv`tgro (ob.), Iusali tr`bltlgks `kb igbork tocjklquos gepgwor. \o`rnggf ge tjo sgclgagd y ge Lsaì3= >5?->:88>), Li`dlkob bl`spgr`s ìgkd I`kcjostor Iusalis. S`kt` Eo,

KI= Scjgga ge @iorlc`k ôso`rcj Xross.

Tornkor, X. (>883), Xladrlis ge agvo. jo ktjrgpgagdy ge dagnà suel cuat. Agkbgk=Jurst.

Tornkor, ^. (0


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39/260

>4

S@C^LELCO, X_^LELC@RLGK@KBDOKBO^LKRJOJ@MM=

XO^SGKJGGB, IORGK\I\, @KB^LR_@A

R @KSEGÎ@RLGK

Xklk` Tornkor

Egr Iusalis tjo J`mm, tjo dagnà pladrli`do ge Iusalis tg Iocc`, ls tjouatli`to pro-toxt egr àa gtjor Lsaìlc pladrli`dos. @s `k `kclokt rltuà, tjo J`mmls jldjay oa`ngr`to ngtj syingalcàay `kb cgsigagdlcàay, borlvlkd lts ùtjgrlty

`kb tr`ksegri`tlvo pgwor ergi s`crob Lsaìlc toxts `kb tr`bltlgks tj`t j`vonook lktrlc`tob lk rltuà pr`ctlco. Gtjor pladrli`dos, sucj `s tjgso tg Iusalis`lkts sjrlkos lk Sgutj @sl` (fkgwk `s zly`r`), `ro getok igboaaob gk tjoJ`mm `kb, alfo lt, getok cro`to roàis ge `ktl/cguktor-structuro tjrgudj rltuàigvoiokt. Sgio ge tjo igro `kclokt ge tjoso s`lkts sjrlkos j`vo nocgio tjosltos ge jldjay oa`ngr`to `kkuà rltuàs. jo prosokt cj`ptor elrst cgkslbors tjoJ`mm `s ` rltuà ge purlelc`tlgk, s`crob oxcj`kdo, `kb dokbor, noegro igvlkd gktg blscuss pladrli`do tg s`lkts sjrlkos, fkgwk ny sgio pladrlis tg tjoso sjrlkos`s ` alttao j`mm.

Nrg`bay spo`flkd, pladrli`dos dokor`to igvoiokts ge oxgrclsi `kbpurlelc`tlgk, gk tjo gko j`kb, `kb cgkkoctlgks notwook blst`kt pa`cos tjrgudjs`crob oxcj`kdos, gk tjo gtjor (^. Tornkor 0


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oxporlokco ge tjo J`mm wjlao roeaoctlkd, `t iy roquost, gk lts sldklelc`kco. X`rtge tjo sìo rltuà pladrli`do, poregriob gutslbo tjo J`mm igktj, ls fkgwk `s_ir`.

@ foy pglkt L i`fo lk tjls cj`ptor, usuàay ldkgrob lk blscusslgks ge tjoJ`mm `kb ge Lsaì igro dokoràay, ls tj`t tjo J`mm pladrli`do rltuà, porj`pstjo igst lipgrt`kt cgiiukà rltuà lk Lsaì, ls `s iucj egcusob gk ` wgi`k`s gk ` i`k. jls ls surprlslkd le wo `ccopt tjo usuà storogtypo tj`t Lsaì ls` p`trl`rcjà roaldlgk lk wjlcj wgiok j`vo socgkb-ca`ss st`tus (tj`t ls, tjoy`ro rod`rbob `s lkeorlgr tg iok). Lk tjo J`mm, iok lboktley wltj ` wgi`k `kbjor sueeorlkd, must `s wgiok lboktley wltj iok. L wlaa roturk tg tjls tjoioa`tor. Elrst, jgwovor, L w`kt tg cgkslbor tjo tr`ksegri`tlgks lk sunmoctlvlty `kbporsgkjggb tjo J`mm oeeocts.

jo `ktjrgpgagdlst Ulctgr urkor lktrgbucob tjo kgtlgks ge `ktl-structuro`kb cgiiuklt`s tg pgworeuaay c`pturo `k lipgrt`kt bliokslgk ge tjopladrli`do rltuà oxporlokco (038). @t tjo sìo tlio, jo dagssob gvortjo e`ct tj`t pladrli`do ls lk ltsoae ` jldjay structurob prgcoss ge iotgkyilc (l.o.sunst`ktlvo) kb kgt must iot`pjgrlc tr`ksegri`tlgk. jo vlow L w`kt tg prgpgsojoro ls tj`t pladrli`do lk dokorà, lkcaublkd tjo J`mm, ls rltuà poregri`kco ngtjge `ktl-structuro lk tjo sokso io`kt ny urkortj`t ls, `k gvorturklkd `kbrovorsà ge ovoryb`y aleo `kb ovoryb`y blvlslgks`kb cguktor-structuro. jocguktor-structurà eo`turos ge pladrli`do roeor tg tjo e`ct tj`t pladrlis oxpocttg ukbordg kgt gkay ` splrltuà rokowà, nut ` rokowà ge porsgkjggb tjrgudj

cgkt`ct wltj tjo s`crob `kb ` rokowà ge cgiiuklty tjrgudj tjo no`rlkdge tj`t wjlcj j`s nook lk cgkt`ct wltj tjo s`crob jgio, lktg tjo structurobiukb`ko wgrab. joso tr`ksegri`tlgks ge porsgkjggb `kb jgio getok roqulro` jldjay structurob `kb oa`ngr`to sorlos ge syingalc `cts. Sgio ge tjoso `cts i`yno lk tjo egri ge tr`ks`ctlgks wltj rltuàay bosldk`tob porsgks6 gtjors cgkslst geclrcuiìnua`tlkd, rukklkd, tjrgwlkd stgkos, tgucjlkd, saooplkd lk tjo gpok `lr,`kb sg egrtj.

Sook `s s`crob mgurkoys, tjo rltuà cguktor-structuro ge tjo J`mm `kb _ir`cycao ge rltos `cjlovo tjo boslrob syingalc tr`ksegri`tlgk lk tjo porsgk getjo pladrli tjrgudj ` sorlos ge sldklelc`kt àtork`tlgks `kb rovorsàs lk tlio.

jo igvo ls ergi tjo prosokt tg tjo p`st. St`rtlkd ergi Ilk`, tjo pa`co ge@nr`jìlc s`crlelco, gk tjo oldjtj b`y ge tjo igktj ge J`mm, tjo pladrlis `roigvob n`cf lk tlio gk tjo klktj b`y `t tjo vàaoy ge @rè`t, wjlcj syingalsosngtj tjo nodlkklkd `kb okb ge tlio. jus L w`s tgab ny ` Suff P`blrl vlcodorokt,gr fjàle`, lk I`kcjostor= To noalovo tj`t wjok @bì `kb J`v VOvoY woro soktbgwk tg o`rtj tjoy iot tgdotjor ko`r tjo F`n` `t tjo Igukt`lk ge Iorcy `t@rè`t. @kgtjor roturklkd pladrli tjgudjt tj`t @bì `kb Ovo worokt sokt bgwktgdotjor. @bì w`s sokt tg @rè`t6 Ovo w`s sokt tg `kgtjor pa`co. Sg tjoy iot `t@rè`t. jls w`s tjo pa`co wjoro @bì `sfob egr egrdlvokoss ètor jo w`s toiptobny tjo bovla `kb `to ergi tjo egrnlbbok erult lk X`r`blso.


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>jls rltuà, àsg poregriob gk lts gwktjrgudjgut tjo yo`r wjok lt ls fkgwk `s _ir`, jldjaldjts tjo tlio rovorsà ge tjok`rr`tlvo ovok igro cao`ray. jo igvoiokt burlkd _ir` nodlks wltj t`wè, tjoclrcuiìnua`tlgk ge tjo jguso ge Dgb, wjlcj ls noalovob tg j`vo nook ronulatny @nr`jì `kb Lsjiòa ètor tjolr ro-uklelc`tlgk. Lk tjo socgkb pj`so, tjopladrli igvos tg tjo s`crob sprlkd, tjo ]ìzì, wjlcj J`d`r blscgvorob j`bsprukd ergi tjo jooa ge Lsjiòa `s jo a`y w`lalkd lk tjo s`kb wjok igtjor kb sgkworo n`klsjob lktg tjo bosort ny @nr`jì. Joro tjo pladrlis w`sj `kb brlkf tjow`tor. jo elkà st`do ge tjo _ir` ls s`l, tjo rukklkd n`cf `kb egrtj notwook tjotwg jlaas ge Sè` `kb I`rw`, wjlcj rocàas J`d`rs `dgklsob rukklkd lk so`rcjge w`tor egr jor n`ny ngy etor tjo n`klsjiokt. jo igvoiokt ls tjus n`cfw`rbs,ergi bo`tj tgw`rbs purlelc`tlgk alfo ` n`ny.

J`vlkd cgipaotob tjo Iocc`k oplsgbo, i`ky ge tjo pladrlis roturk gkcoigro tg Ilk` gk b`y tok egr ` elkà stgklkdtjls tlio ge àa tjroo bovlas gkb`ys oaovok `kb twoavo (`kb sgiotlios ovok gk tjo tjlrtooktj b`y) ge tjo J`mm-igktj. @atgdotjor lk tjo pgst-Iocc`k stgklkd, tjo pladrlis c`st 2> ponnaos,egurtook gk o`cj ge tjo plaa`rs gvor twg b`ys. jo pladrlis st`rt ergi tjo plaa`re`rtjost ergi Iocc` `kb okb wltj tjo @q`n` plaa`r, wjlcj ls tjo ko`rost. Lk tjogrldlkà k`rr`tlvo, @nr`jì (sgio s`y Lsjiòa) okcguktorob tjoso tjroo bovlas

noegro tjo nlkblkd ge Lsjiòa. Burlkd J`mm `kb _ir`, tjo iuatlpao stgklkdsge tjo bovlas (oxcopt egr tjo elrst stgklkd) gccur ètortjo s`crlelco, rovorslkd tjogrldlkà k`rr`tlvo. Elkàay, tjo pladrlis roturk tg Iocc` egr `kgtjor ro-ok`ctioktge tjo Iocc`k rltu a. jo J`mm tjus a`sts tjroo paus tjroo b`ys `kb ls nulat gk `kàtork`tlgk notwook tjo _ir` rltuà `t Iocc` `kb tjo J`mm s`crlelco `t Ilk`,o`cj ge wjlcj ls ropo`tob twlco (J`mm/_ir`/J`mm/_ir` 9 Ilk`/Iocc`/Ilk`/Iocc`). @rè`t ls tjo pa`co ge oxpgsuro tg tjo suk `kb lktokso jo`t. Iuzbàle`,wjlcj egaagws, ls oxpgsuro tg cgipaoto b`rfkoss `kb kldjt. @rè`t ls s`lb tg notjo jgalost slto, kb pogpao noalovo tj`t wj`tovor pr`yor ls s`lb tjoro wlaa no ccoptob6`ky slk wlaa no egrdlvok. Roy cry tg `sf egr egrdlvokosstg purley tjoisoavos.

jo J`mm ls tjus ` igrà àaodgry tj`t iust no ukborstggb lk roa`tlgk tg ltss`crob pro-toxts, wjlcj `ro tjo nlkblkd ge Lsjiòa `kb tjo n`klsjiokt geJ`d`r. jo soquokco ge `cts, igrogvor, nrlkds `ngut ` sorlos ge lboktlelc`tlgkswltj oxoipa`ry porsgks. jo foy lboktlelc`tlgks oalcltob `ro wltj @nr`jì `kbtjo grboà jo e`cob lk j`vlkd tg s`crlelco jls sgk, `kb wltj jls wleo J`d`r `kb tjogrboà sjo e`cob lk w`kborlkd wltj jor sgk lk tjo bosort wltj kg w`tor tg quokcjjls tjlrst. jo iytjlc k`rr`tlvos ge tjoso twg oxoipa`ry porsgks `ro structuràaylboktlcà. Lk ngtj, p`rokt ls sfob tg s`crlelco jls gr jor cjlab egr tjo s`fo ge Dgb

> Egr ` stop-ny-stop prosokt`tlgk ge tjo rltos ge J`mm `kb _ir` blscussob lk tjls cj`ptor, soo jttp=//www.j`mmuir`jdulbo.cgi/j`mmWstopnystop.jtia.


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wltjgut agslkd e`ltj lk Dgb. Lk ngtj, Dgb lktorvokos ilr`cuagusay `t tjo elkàigiokt tg s`vo tjo cjlab ergi cort`lk bo`tj. jo pladrlis ro-ok`ct tjls buàgrboà burlkd tjo J`mm `kb _ir`.

Lsaìlc tr`bltlgks stross tjo vgaukt`ry k`turo ge tjoso grboàs= Lsjiòa fkowlk `bv`kco, pladrlis tgab io, tj`t Dgb j`b grborob @nr`jì tg s`crlelco jli`kb gnoy Jls wlaa. J`d`r, tgg, `ccoptob tjo oblct ge Dgb. Jokco gko pladrlioxpa`lkob=

Ilk` ls wjoro Lnr`jli s`crlelcob Lsi`la. jo plaa`rs `ro tjo pa`coswjoro tjo bovla trlob tg stgp jli. jo elrst bovla w`s siàa, tjosocgkb ioblui, `kb tjo tjlrb a`rdo. Lsi`la s`lb tg Lnr`jli= loiy aods `kb put iy e`co `w y Vergi yguY sg tj`t tjo èeoctlgk Vygueooa egr ioY wgkt stgp ygu Vergi euaelaalkd Dgbs wlaaY.

Sjo oxpa`lkob `ngut @nr`jìs grboàs= Tjgiovor @aa`j alfos igst, jo tostsigro tj`k gtjors. Jokco J`d`r w`s sokt lktg tjo bosort lk grbor tj`t w`tor cguabno egukb `kb tjo F n` ronulat.

jo lboktle lc`tlgk wltj wgi`k ls sldklelc`kt. @ wgi`k pladrli wjg j`b mustroturkob ergi J`mm oxpa`lkob tg io tj`t tjo stgry ge Lsjiòa `kb J`d`r w`s vorylipgrt`kt tg jor `s ` wgi`k. Tjok sjo w`s tjoro `kb poregrilkd s`l, sjo s`lb,sjo roeaoctob gk wj`t `k oeegrt J`d`r `s ` igtjor j`b i`bo egr jor sgk. Must`s àa tjo pladrlis, ngtj iào `kb eoiào, lboktley wltj @nr`jì, ` iào, sg tggtjoy àa lboktley wltj J`d`r, ` eoiào.

jo J`mm pladrli`do cro`tos `kgtjor foy lboktlelc`tlgk. Xladrlis lkv`rl`nayoxpa`lk tj`t tjoy poregri tjo J`mm lk tjls p`rtlcua`r grbor nocùso tjls ls tjo w`ytjo Xrgpjot poregriob lttjoy `ro ioroay rotr`clkd jls eggtstops. Tjok tjoyvlslt @rè`t, gko pladrli tgab io, tjoy st`kb wjoro @bì stggb gk tjo Igukt geIorcy (M`nà ^`ji`) tg `sf Dgb egr egrdlvokoss.

Lk @rè`t @bì `sfob lk tjo kìo ge tjo fàli` Vjoro ls kg dgb nutDgbY egr egrdlvokoss, sg wo dg tjoro tg `sf Dgbs egrdlvokoss egr gur slks. joJ`mm noagkds tg tjo Xrgpjot Lnr`jli, `s bgos tjo Olb à-@bj`. joro `ro twgsukk` Vruaos ge noj`vlgur n`sob gk tjo oxìpao ge tjo Xrgpjots aleo `s dlvok lktjo J`bltjY, Lnr`jlis `kb Iujìi`bs. Lt igvos ergi @bì tg Lnr`jli. jo

Xrgpjot blb tjo sìo Vwjok jo poregriob tjo elrst J`mmY.@atjgudj tjo tr`ksegri`tlgk oeeoctob lk pladrlis ls eukbìoktàay ` splrltuàgko, pladrlis roturk ergi J`mm no`rlkd wltj tjoi s`crob tgfoksngttaos gew`tor ergi tjo jgay ]ìzì sprlkd `s woaa `s b`tos, rgs`rlos, `kb sj`was. joysprlkfao tjo w`tor gk pogpao n`cf jgio, spro`blkd tjo naosslkds tjoy rocolvob. 3Gko wgi`k pladrli tgab io=

Tjok J`zr`t I`rlì Vtjo igtjor ge MosusY j`b a`ngur p`lks sjocagsob tjo pài ge jor j`kb, `kb tjo p`ttorks woro liprlktob gktjo drgukb. joro ls ` pa`kt càaob J`kb ge I`ry wjlcj L nrgudjt

3 Egr ` blscusslgk ge slila`r iotgkyilc tr`kseor lk urfoy, soo Boa`koy 0


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n`cf ergi Iocc`. \gu put lt lktg w`tor t boalvory Vge ` cjlabY `kb ltgpoks up, `kb ygu dlvo tjo w`tor tg wgiok tg brlkf. Lt joaps wltja`ngur p`lks. @t _ir`ygu cut tjo j`lr, lts ` sukk`, alfo wjok ygu

sj`vo tjo j`lr ge kowngrk n`ny. To dlvo tjo woldjt w y lk slavor grdgab s s`b`q` Vàis dlvok tg `vort ilsegrtukoY.

jo i`flkd ge qurn`k s`crlelcoburlkd tjo J`mm ls tjus ` igiokt lk ` soquokcoge structurà tr`ksegri`tlgks tj`t prgpoas tjo igvoiokt ge pladrlis gk J`mmtgw`rbs naossob lkkgcokco, ` st`to oingblob lk tjo s`crob w`tor `kb b`tos tjoyc`rry jgio wltj tjoi.

S`crlelco ls ` foy igiokt ge tr`ksltlgk lk tjls prgcoss. Lk s`lkts agbdos `kbsjrlkos lk Sgutj @sl`, tjls igiokt ls oxp`kbob `kb i`dklelob tg nocgio tjocoktrà trgpo ge tjo agbdo, nlkblkd tgdotjor tjo igrà lbo`s ge iystlcà Suelsi

wltj tjo grd`kls`tlgkà `dokb`s ge tjo agbdos `s coktros ge e`r-eaukd rodlgkàcuats. S`crlelco lk Lsaì `s poregriob burlkd tjo J`mm ls ` igiokt ge grboà kbroao`so, lk wjlcj porsgks e`ltj lk Dgb ls tostob. Gko ge tjo foy eo`turos ge tjo Olbà-@bj` s`crlelco gk tjo J`mm ls tj`t ngtj tjo s`crlelclà saùdjtor kb tjo pr`yors`ccgip`kylkd lt `ro noalovob tg no iuatlpalob ` tjgus`kb tlios. Lk oxpa`lklkd tjoJ`mm, Sj`rle @ji`b, ` blstlkdulsjob Nrltlsj àli (i`k ao`rkob lk Lsaìlc a`w`kb sclokcos) lk tjo Bogn`kbl, roegrilst tr`bltlgk tgab jls cgkdrod`tlgk=

Tjok gko porsgk `sfs naosslkds àgko ergi jls Dgb, jo sjàa dottjo naosslkd. Nut le i`ky pogpao `sf egr naosslkd àa tgdotjor, tjoywlaa dot i`klegab naosslkds. jo nlddor tjo cgkdrod`tlgk ls wjoktjoy `sf egr naosslkds, tjo igro naosslkds @aa`j wlaa dlvo tjoi, `kblk tjo wjgao wgrab tjoro ls kg d`tjorlkd ge jui`k nolkds `sflkdegr @aa`js naosslkds `s a`rdo `s tj`t ge tjo J`mm. @kb tjls d`tjorlkdgkay t`fos pa`co gk tjo Igukt ge ^`ji`t `kb lk @rè`t, kgwjorooaso. @kb gk tjo b`y ge J`mm, ilaalgks `kb ilaalgks ge pogpao, gktjo sìo b`y `kb wltj tjo sìo lktoktlgk, càa gut tg tjolr Dgb.Sg tjo naosslkds ge Dgb cgio rukklkd tgw`rbs tjoi. jls st`to,tjls `tigspjoro, `kb tjls sltu`tlgk c`kkgt no egukb gk `ky gtjorb`y, `ky gtjor tlio, gr `ky gtjor sltu`tlgk. jo tlio ge J`mm ls tjo

tlio ge naosslkd. Gk tj`t b`y, le ` porsgk `sfs egr naosslkd wltj `truo jo`rt, jo wlaa dot ` rlvor ge naosslkds `kb wlaa no purlelob. Sucj` porsgk wlaa eooa sg puro, `s tjgudj jo w`s must ngrk ergi jlsigtjors noaay.

Tj`t ls strossob joro ls iobl`tlgk wltj Dgb kgt ny ` slkdao i`k, nut ny tjocgiiuklty ge noalovors ukltob lk tjolr lktoktlgkàlty kb egcusob gk @aa`j. Tjlaoegr Suels tjo iobl`tlgk ge tjo Xrgpjot `kb ge s`lkts gk tjo b`y ge mubdoiokt ls` cgrkorstgko ge tjolr noaloe, tjls iobl`tlgk ls ltsoae iobl`tob ny tjo `nlalty getjoso s`lkts tg ignlalso tjo iuatltubo lk ` sj`rob grboà. Alfo tjo s`crlelco, `kb

alfo J d`rs grbo a lk tjo bosort, tjo b`y lk tjo vàaoy ge @rè`toxpgsob tg tjo jo`tge tjo sukls rod`rbob `s ` tost ge e`ltj.


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Rjo Alttao J`mm= ^ltuà Xladrli`do tg S`lkts Rgins

joro ls ` pgpua`r noaloe ìgkd Iusalis lk Sgutj @sl` tj`t sovok pladrli`dostg @mior (tjo sjrlko ge Iglkubblk Cjlsjtl lk Lkbl`) ro oquà tg poregrilkd tjoJ`mm (Iglkl 04-0>:)

Igro dokoràay, Orkst ropgrts tj`t alfo tjo j`mm, zly`r`t càas egrclrcuiìnua`tlgk lk tjls c`so ge tjo tgin r`tjor tj`k tjo F`n`. Sgiooktjusl`stlc pladrlis `ctuàay egukb zly`r`t tg no suporlgr tg tjo J`mm (00?) elrst kgtos tj`t t`wè ls ` foy rltuà ge tjo


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pladrli`do tg tjo jgay clty ge Iocc`, poregriob ny i`flkd sovok rgukbs `rgukbtjo F`n`, `kb tjok `bbs tj`t lk tjo b`rdj (sjrlkos)ge tjo Suncgktlkokt, t`wècìo tg no ` wlbospro`b pr`ctlco igkd pladrlis, prgigtlkd tjo vlow `ccgrblkd

tg wjlcj tjo s`lkt lboktlelob iot`pjgrlcàay wltj tjo F`n`, `s syingalc coktroge tjo uklvorso (>88:= >0?). Jgwovor, jo `bbs lk ` eggtkgto tj`t, wjlao lktjo @r`n wgrab tjo t`wèls poregriob `ktlcagcfwlso, lk Sgutj @sl` lt ls i`bocagcfwlso (lnlb.= >0?->05).

Ovok noygkb Sgutj @sl`, lk uklsl` `kb Ngskl` egr oxìpao, wjoro egr i`kyIusalis tjo J`mm ls `k lipgsslnao broì, agcà pladrli`do tg ` s`lkts tginsorvos `s ` sunstltuto (Nrgcfi`k >800= >54). Ge tjo F`rlcl sjrlko lk tjoCoktrà Ngskl`k jldja`kbs= Jokld ropgrts tj`t jo w`s tgab lk tjo p`st pogpaos`lb, F`rlcl, tjls ls gur alttao j`mm (>80>= 4?:).

^ltuà oa`ngr`tlgk `t s`lkts sjrlkos burlkd tjo `kkuà urs eostlvà tj`tcgiioigr`tos tjo s`lkts bo`tj `kb uklelc`tlgk wltj Dgb v`rlos. Sjrlkos gedro`t `ktlqulty getok j`vo jldjay oa`ngr`to rltuàs. Egr oxìpao, `t K`dgro-o-Sj`rle, tjo ursa`sts sovorà woofs. jo bovgut, cgkvordlkd lk prgcosslgks ergibleeorokt koldjngurjggbs, igvo n`cf `kb egrtj tg tjo agbdo gvor `k oxtokbobporlgb. joy c`rry wltj tjoi laauilk`tob cj`rlgts, ea`ds, `kb s`crob igboasge sjlps `kb ng`ts, eagwor-nobocfob pà`kqulks, `kb igboa elsj, cgiiukàay`kb lkblvlbuàay gwkob, tg no rovltàlsob `t tjo agbdo (S`jon 0


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iua`q`t, boaod`tlgks ge pladrlis ergi ` p`rtlcua`r pa`co ioot wltj tjo Sj`lfjtg t`fo n`l` (vgw ge àaodl`kco), rocolvo t`wlz (`k ìuaot) gr slipay n`sf lk jlsaldjt. jls ls wjok jo dlvos jls spoclà blsclpaos gr fjàle`sdlets ge c`ps, sc`rvos,

gr dgwks, tjo a`ttor wgrk ny jli gvor tjo yo`r `kb linuob wltj jls cj`rlsi`.Alfo ` tjro`b rukklkd tjrgudj tjo wjgao urs, ergi tjo igiokt pladrlis ao`votjolr jgio, ls tjo eletj foy rltuà `ct= bjlfr (roioinr`kco ge @aa`j), rocltobtjrgudjgut tjo tjroo kldjts ge tjo urs. @agkd wltj bjlfr `ro k`ts, wjlcj `ropr`lso pgois tg tjo Xrgpjot. Slxtj ls sj`m`r`, tjo rocltlkd ge tjo s`crob dokoàgdyge tjo grbor. jls ls ro`b gut lk tjo elkà sosslgk ge urs ètor àa tjo fjàle`s,brossob lk na`cf gk wjlto, pprg`cj tjo st`do agkd wltj tjoplrjlisoae. Sovoktjls t`qrlr, tjo oxodotlc spoocj ny ` ao`rkob scjga`r. Elkàay, wo ro`cj tjo bu`.

Lk bleeorokt soksos àa tjoso rltuà `cts `ro w`ys ge ro`cjlkd gut i`torlàaytg tjo s`lkts dr`co. L uso tjo wgrb dr`co joro boalnor`toay nocùso tgg iucjwoldjt j`s nook put ny scjga`rs ge Suelsi, lkcaublkd `ktjrgpgagdlsts, gk n`rf`t(_rbu egr n`r`f` lk @r`nlc), gr naosslkd, `s tjgudj tjls gko tori cguab suiup tjo cgipaox lbo`s `ngut cj`rlsi` `kb naosslkd joab ny Suel egaagwors. Lkroàlty, tjoro ls ` wjgao aoxlcgk ge toris roeorrlkd tg suntao bleeorokcos lk igbosge s`lktay naosslkd. joso toris tgdotjor egri ` syingalc cgipaox ge naosslkd. josuntao v`rl`tlgks notwook tjo toris `ro lipgrt`kt, nocùso tjoy prgvlbo lksldjtlktg tjo w`y Suel cgsigagdy ls oingblob `kb oinobbob lk igro usuà w`ys geLsaìlc rltuà naosslkd.

Xorj`ps tjo igst coktrà Suel tori egr s`lktay naosslkd, `t ao`st lk Sgutj

@sl`, ls kgt n`rf`t nut e`lz (Xorsl`k, e lb` lk @r`nlc), ` wgrb wjlcj L j`votr`ksa`tob `s blvlko dr`co `kb tj`t egaagwors uso tg roeor tg tjo blvlko aldjteagwlkd tjrgudj tjo s`lkt `kb ergi jli tg jls blsclpaos. Lt ls ` aldjt tj`t ngtjlaauilk`tos `kb eoobs gr kurturos. Lt ro`cjos lktg tjo jo`rts ge iok `kb wgiokovok gvor dro`t blst`kcos, wjokovor tjoy pr`y ` proscrlnob alturdy gr ovgfo tjoli`do ge tjo s`lkt lk ergkt ge tjolr lkkor oyo. jo s`lkt altoràay dagws wltje`lz.Jo c`k prgmoct lt `t wlaa, tr`kseorrlkd lt `t ` da`kco tg ` trustob fjàle`. Lt sjlkoswltj jls iuklelcokco `kb nokoelcokco, `k lkkor quàlty tj`t jls `ppo`r`kco `kbe`clà oxprosslgk rovoà.

Lk otjlcà toris, tjok, e`lz ls tjo aldjt ge dokorgslty, flkbkoss, `kb cgkcork

oi`k`tlkd ergi tjo s`lkt `kb cgiiuklc`tob tg jls egaagwors. jrgudj e`lz, `plrcro`tos tjo tlo, r`nt`, nlkblkd jli tg jls egaagwors. E`lzls tjo oingbliokt gejls splrltuà pgwor, ruj`kly`t, `kgtjor foy tori tj`t ls usob tg oxpross tjo plrssplrltuàlty s pgworeua egrco. N`rf`tls tjo tjlrb tori lk tjls syingalc cgipaox.Lk Lsaì, n`rf`ti`y cgio blroctay ergi Dgb wltjgut tjo lktorcosslgk ge `plr.Lt i`y no iobl`tob ny tjo cgiiuklty gr tjo pggr. Tjok pogpao jgab ` s`crlelcogr dlvo p`rt ge `k geeorlkd tg tjo pggr, tjoy rod`rb tjo cgiioksà eggb egaagwlkdtjolr pr`yors `s linuob wltj n`rf`t. Lk tjls sokso, lt ls ` dokorà Lsaìlc tori egrblvlko naosslkd. N`rf`tlinuos gnmocts, sucj `s tjo sàt dlvok gut ny tjo plr, grtjo a`kd`r, wltj tjo pgwor ge prgcro`tlgk, prgaleor`tlgk, eocukblty, oxp`kslgk,

aleo, eortlalty, `kb drgwtj (ge cjlabrok, crgps, woàtj, mgn prgspocts, joàtj, `kb


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lk Sgutj @sl` `s ` sunstltuto6 tjoy oxpalcltay roeor tg tjo J`mm lk rltuà `cts geiliosls `t Suel sjrlkos gr lk iytjlcà k`rr`tlvos ge ilr`cuagus tr`voa tg Iocc`.Tjoro tjo J`mm bleeors ergi tjo aossor pladrli`do tg Suel s`lkts sjrlkos ls lk

lts uklquo `li tg `cjlovo lkblvlbuà, sunmoctlvo purlelc`tlgk ergi slk `s pladrlis`ro igvob rltuàay n`cfw`rbs lk iytjlc tlio tg ` igiokt ge lkkgcokt purlty.

Cgkcauslgk

To roturk tjok tg tjo J`mm. Egr Iusalis tjo J`mm, igro tj`k `ky gtjor Lsaìlcrltuà, ls tjo uatli`to `rcjotypo egr àa s`crob oxcj`kdos burlkd pladrli`do. Lktoaalkd io ge tjolr mgurkoy lk ilkuto bot`la, roturkoos ergi tjo J`mm roalvob tjooxporlokco ge tjo pladrli`do wjlao roeaoctlkd, `t iy roquost, gk lts sldklelc`kco.jo J`mm, L j`vo `rduob, rltuàay ro-ok`cts ` igrà àaodgry tj`t iust no

ukborstggb lk roa`tlgk tg lts s`crob protoxts, wjlcj `ro tjo nlkblkd ge Lsjiòa`kb tjo n`klsjiokt ge J`d`r. jo foy lboktlelc`tlgks oalcltob `ro dokborob `kboqulv aokt= tj`t ge @nr`jì `kb tjo grboà jo e`cob lk j`vlkd tg s`crle lco jls sgk,`kb tj`t ge jls wleo J`d`r` `kb tjo grboà sjo e`cob lk w`kborlkd wltj jor sgk lktjo bosort wltj kg w`tor tg quokcj jls tjlrst. jo iytjlc k`rr`tlvos ge tjoso twgoxoipa`ry porsgks, wgi`k `kb i`k, `ro structuràay lboktlcà. Lk ngtj, ` p`roktls `sfob tg s`crlelco jls gr jor cjlab egr tjo s`fo ge Dgb wltjgut agslkd e`ltj lkDgb. Lk ngtj, Dgb ilr`cuagusay lktorvokos `t tjo elkà igiokt tg s`vo tjocjlab ergi cort`lk bo`tj. jo pladrlis ro-ok`ct tjls buà grboà burlkd tjo J`mm`kb _ir`. Sook `s ` s`crob mgurkoy, tjo cguktor-structuro ge tjo J`mm rltuà`cjlovos, L j`vo `rduob joro, tjo boslrob syingalc tr`ksegri`tlgk lk tjo porsgkge tjo pladrli tjrgudj ` sorlos ge sldklelc`kt àtork`tlgks `kb rovorsàs lk tlio.jls rovorsà ge tjo grldlkà tlio soquokco ge tjo s`crob Pur`klc (`kb nlnalcà)k`rr`tlvos ls p`rt ge tjo prgcoss tjrgudj wjlcj tjo pladrli dr`buàay sjobs jor grjls slks ny igvlkd n cfw`rbs lk tlio `kb nocgios `s puro `kb lkkgcokt (i`sui)`s ` kowngrk lke`kt.

Nlnalgdr`pjy

Nrgcfi`k, K. (>800), Okcycagpobl` ge S`crob Xa`cos, >kb

obltlgk. S`kt` N`rn`r`C@= @NC-CALG aac.

Boa`koy, C. (0


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3), jls ls gur alttao j`mm= Iusali jgay sltos kb ro`pprgprl`tlgkge tjo s`crob a`kbsc`po lk cgktoipgr`ry Ngskl`, @iorlc`k Otjkgagdlst 3

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>8856 ce. Iàcgai Z 08888803).

g b`to stublos ge pladrli`do j`vo kgt nook vory iucj cgkcorkob wltj tjoJ`mm gr Lsaì por so. O`ray roaov`kt wgrf `crgss `ktjrgpgagdy `kb tjo stubyge roaldlgks egcusob upgk tjo lkjorokt bovgtlgkà i`dkotlsi ge s`crob pa`co(Oal`bo 0


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blscusslgk ge wj`t pladrlis bg lk tjo Jgay Xa`cos wltjlk ` wlbor otjkgdr`pjlcvlow ge tjolr wjgao mgurkoy, lkcaublkd ngtj roaldlgusay lksplrob `kb ovoryb`yoxporlokcos noegro bop`rturo ergi, `kb egaagwlkd roturk tg, tjo sokblkd sgcloty

ge tjo _F. _atli`toay, L suddost tj`t Iusali roaldlgklkd iust no cj`rtob `crgssc`rtgdr`pjlos ge noaloe, pr`ctlco, `kb lboktlty tj`t `ro agcà, iuatl-agcà, `kbsupr`-agcà (woob 08086 >803`). j`t ls, tjoyi`p `k oingblob `kb poregriob cgksclguskoss ge, `kb `tt`cjiokt tg, pa`cos,pogpao `kb nolkds `t scàos tj`t `ro ngtj jgrlzgktà `kb torrltgrlà `kb vortlcà`kb tr`kscokbokt.

jo sot ge b`t` L oxpagro joro w`s cgaaoctob ny Nrltlsj Iusoui stèe `s `cgktrlnutlgk tg lts wlbor punalc okd`doiokt surrgukblkd tjo vory succosseua>80> oxjlnltlgk J`mm= Mgurkoy tg tjo Jo`rt ge Lsaì.>g c`pturo Nrltlsj Iusalisvlbog tostligklos cgkcorklkd tjolr oxporlokcos ge tjo J`mm, `sslst`kt cur`tgrP`lsr` Fj`k `kb gtjor ioinors ge tjo toì sot gee ergi Agkbgk burlkd ` agkdsuiior woofokb lk >800 egr tjo Alvlkd Lsaì eostlvà. Joab `t AlkcgaksjlroSjgwdrgukb lk tjo Okdalsj O`st Ilba`kbs, Alvlkd Lsaì ls ` judo ukbort`flkdegr tjo Lsaìlc Sgcloty ge Nrlt`lk,3 `kb sg tjo ovokt ls grd`klsob gkay gkcoovory eow yo`rs. Tltj `rgukb ?,888 Nrltlsj Iusalis `ttokblkd gvor egur b`yslk ` roa`xob, jgalb`y `tigspjoro egaagwlkd tjo e`st ge ^ì`b`k, tjo ovoktroprosoktob `k oxcoaaokt gppgrtuklty tg lkvlto lktorostob vlsltgrs tg rocgrb tjolrJ`mm Stgrlos.2Lk ` boblc`tob i`rquoo, ` prgeosslgkà elai i`for `sfob tjls soae-soaoctlkd sìpao gpok-okbob quostlgks sucj `s= Jgw cgio ygu wokt egr J`mm76

Tjg blb ygu dg wltj76 Jgw blb ygu eooa wjok ygu dgt tjoro76 Tj`ts ygurigst vlvlb ioigry76 Tj`t blb ygu nrlkd n`cf76 `kb Tguab ygu dg `d`lk7.?Tjlao L w`s kgt blroctay lkvgavob lk tjo cgaaoctlgk ge tjls b`t` iysoae, L blb

spokb tlio wltj tjo Nrltlsj Iusoui toì `t tjo eostlvà, j`vlkd provlgusayblscussob iy gwk roso`rcj gk _F J`mm-dglkd wltj tjoi `t tjo pa`kklkdst`do (IcAgudjalk >88 @ wonslto rocgrblkd foy oaoiokts ge tjo Nrltlsj Iusouis >80> oxjlnltlgk c`k no egukb `t= www.nrltlsjiusoui.grd/oxpagro/tjoios/j`mm.`spx.

3 Ro Alvlkd Lsaì eostlvà `kb tjo Lsaìlc Sgcloty ge Nrlt`lk por so `ro vory iucj t`rdotob `t eìlalos`kb ygukd pogpao, j`vlkd oiordob wjok, burlkd tjo 0


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tr`kscrlnob.5 Lk tgtà, 33 J`mm Stgrlos4prgbucob >?8 ilkutos ge tostligklos,wltj tjo agkdost cgktrlnutlgk ìguktlkd tg igro tj`k 3888 wgrbs `kb tjosjgrtost tg aoss tj`k ?88 wgrbs. Igst woro notwook ?88 `kb 0?88 wgrbs lk

aokdtj. Cgktrlnutgrs woro kgt `sfob ny tjo lktorvlowor tg soae-lboktley lk `kyp`rtlcua`r w`y noygkb st`tlkd tjolr kìo, tjolr gccup`tlgk, `kb wjoro tjoyalvob. Kovortjoaoss, uslkd tjo vlbog rocgrblkds `kb tr`kscrlpts, L w`s `nao tgi`p gtjor `spocts ge p`rtlclp`kts nlg-b`t`. @atjgudj L bg kgt soof tg cgip`rotjo oxporlokcos ge blstlkctlvo drgups ge Nrltlsj Iusali pladrlis ny dokbor, `dodrgup, otjklclty, gr yo`r ge J`mm gr _ir` p`rtlclp`tlgk, L bg sgiotlios uso tjlsb`t` tg nottor cgktoxtuàlso lkblvlbuà `ccgukts oxìlkob joro. Ge cgurso, tjokìos ge àa p`rtlclp`kts `kb, `s kocoss`ry, gtjor lkegri`tlgk tj`t ildjt lboktleytjoi, j`vo nook `kgkyilsob.

@igkd tjls r`kbgi sìpao, twokty p`rtlclp`kts j`b nook egr tjo J`mm,klko j`b nook egr tjo _ir`, gko blb kgt rocgrb wjlcj pladrli`do j`b nookporegriob, `kb tjroo j`b kgt tr`voaaob egr oltjor nut woro stlaa igvob tg rocgrbjgw tjo `ccgukts ge erlokbs `kb eìlay j`b lip`ctob upgk tjolr gwk boslro tgmgurkoy tg tjo Jgay Xa`cos.:Ge tjgso tj`t j`b tr`voaaob egr tjo J`mm gr _ir`,gkay tjroo gabor iok j`b i`bo tjo pladrli`do burlkd tjo 0


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a`w, bosldk, tjo `rts, `kb sclokco.00Gko-tjlrb ge p`rtlclp`kts woro ergi Agkbgk`kb tjo Sgutj ge Okda`kb, `kb ko`ray gko-qu`rtor woro ergi I`kcjostor, ngtj`ro`s wjoro tjoro ls ` sldklelc`kt Nrltlsj-Iusali ilbbao ca`ss. joro woro must

` eow p`rtlclp`kts ergi tjo igro typlcàay wgrflkd-ca`ss cgiiukltlos lk Tost\grfsjlro `kb Nlrilkdjì, àtjgudj Da`sdgw lk Scgta`kb w`s sgiowj`t nottorroprosoktob.

jo oxpgsltlgk tj`t egaagws, tjok, ls kgt n`sob gk blroct gnsorv`tlgk ge, grliiorslgk lk, tjo sottlkds lk tjo Jgay Xa`cos wjoro tjo J`mm `kb tjo _ir` `roporegriob.0>Lkboob, alfo j`mmlB`kyà cltob `t tjo nodlkklkd ge tjls cj`ptor, `kuinor ge p`rtlclp`kts lkslstob tj`t `ccoss tg tjo ùtjoktlclty ge tjo oxporlokcoge pladrli`do cgios gkay wltj nolkd tjoro. @t tjo sìo tlio, tjo aliltobkuinor, `kb gpok-okbob k`turo, ge tjo lktorvlow quostlgks `sfob, `s woaa `spladrlis gwk blscrotlgk, ukbguntobay io`kt tj`t sgio spocts ge tjolr oingblobporegri`kcos `kb i`torlà pr`ctlcos woro kgt `bbrossob lk bot`la gr `t àa. jusL lkovlt`nay prgvlbo gkay ` p`rtlà `ccgukt ge tjo cgipaox roaldlgus, sgclà,cuaturà, pgaltlcà, `kb ocgkgilc roàltlos ge J`mm-dglkd ìgkd tjo >>,888>?,888 Nrltlsj Iusalis wjg tr`voa `kkuàay (IcAgudjalk >803n6 ce. Nl`kcjl>882 gk tjo grd`kls`tlgk ge tjo J`mm wgrabwlbo). Iy toxt roprosokts gko ge `kuinor ge pgsslnao ro`blkds `kb lktorprot`tlgks, wjlcj c`kkgt kocoss`rlay nodokoràlsob tg Nrltlsj j`mmls. Kovortjoaoss, wltj twokty yo`rs oxporlokco stubylkdNrltlsj Iusali cgktoxts, L ì roa`tlvoay woaa pa`cob tg `ssoss `kb lktorprot tjorlcjay toxturob grà tostligklos lk quostlgk joro.03

Rjo Kow J`mmls= Sgclà Cj`kdo, Nolkd Càaob, `kbCgkstr`lkob Cjglcos

@s tjo tltao ge tjo K`tlgkà Iusoui ge Otjkgagdys oxjlnltlgk Agkdlkd egr Iocc`(>803>802) c`pturob sg `ptay, tjo J`mm `kb tjo _ir` j`vo agkd slkco sust`lkobtjo Lsaìlc`to li`dlk`tlgk tjrgudj tlio `kb `crgss sp`co (ce. Olcfoai`k &Xlsc`tgrl 0


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o`ray igbork J`mm oxporlokco. jo sj`rp cgktr`st notwook tjolr aokdtjy `kbcjàaokdlkd mgurkoy ny sjlp ergi tjo Lkbg-X`f suncgktlkokt erìob jls gwka`to-igbork prop`r`tlgks tg eay ergi tjo _kltob Flkdbgi tg tjo Flkdbgi ge

Sùbl @r`nl` wltj cgip`r`tlvo o`so.Lk tjgso b`ys pogpao usob tg tr`voa ny so`. joy usob tg t`fo tjolrgwk r`tlgks. @kb wjok pogpao usob tg s`y dggbnyo tg tjoi, tjoyildjt kgt soo tjoi `d`lk. joro w`s sg iucj bleelcuaty lk tjotr`voaalkd. Tjlao tjoy woro tjoro tjoy usob tg bg tjolr gwk cggflkd.joro woro kg jgtoas, must tjo cìpsltos Sg tjgso plcturos worovory vlvlb li`dos lk iy mgurkoy.

Lkcro`slkday lktokslvo `kb oxtokslvo dagcàls`tlgk j`s tjoroegro tr`ksegriob tjovory pgsslnlaltlos ge Iusalis tr`voaalkd egr tjo J`mm. jo kuinor ge gvorso`s

pladrlis j`s iusjrggiob slkco tjo ilb-0


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Bosplto rlslkd prlcos `kb pladrli qugt`s tj`t j`vo robucob ny >8 por coktslkco >803 tg `ccgiigb`to eurtjor oxp`kslgk ge tjo Dro`t Igsquo ge Iocc`,Nrltlsj Iusalis j`vo lkcro`slkday nook `nao tg cgksuio tr`voa tg tjo Jgay

Xa`cos `t ` tlio ge tjolr koob, boslro, `kb cjggslkd (IcAgudjalk >88882= 8s, ccgukt`kt,Sgutj ge Okda`kb, J`mm >883) oxpa`lkob, L fkow lts ` buty ` agt ge pogpaoporj`ps ao`vo lt a`tor gk nut ètor L dr`bu`tob L st`rtob wgrf euaa-tlio `kb tj`ts gko ge tjo elrst tjlkds L blb ètor Lb s`vob up sgio igkoy. Slila`ray,B`kyà (28s, okdlkoor, Scgta`kb) `ccgip`klob jls wleo sggk ètor tjolr wobblkdlk 0


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288?), tjo `ccgukt ge jls elkà boclslgk tg tr`voa tjoroegro k`rr`tos nolkdboclslvoay eeoctob ny plgus sgkds sot `d`lkst tjo nrg`bor cgktoxt ge dgsslp lk tjocgiiuklty.

Lt w`s vory subbok kb agt ge pogpao tàf ngut lt alfo tj`t Gkoge tjo pogpao wo fkgw sjo iot iy wleo lk tjo i`rfot `kb sjos`ys, Gj, L jo`r yguro dglkd tg J`mm. @kb iy wleo s`ys, Toaa,

i`y @aa`j i`fo ygur wgrbs naossob, nocùso wo j`vo kg pa`ks @kb tjok sjo ioktlgkob lt tg io ` cgupao ge b`ys a`tor. To worogk gur w`y tg k`sjlbVplgus slkdlkdY cgkcort Gko ge tjo rtlstsw`s slkdlkd `ngut nolkd `t tjo F`n`, brlkflkd ergi tjo woaas ge]ìzì @etor tj`t L tjgudjt, \os, woro dglkd.

Xoregrilkd Lsaìlc Scrlpts= S`crob Xa`co, Alilkàlty, `kbCgiiuklt`s

L elkb lt qulto bleelcuat tg cgip`rtioktàlso o`cj oxporlokco `s

` rltuà, L soo lt `s ` vory jgalstlc oxporlokco `kb L tjlkf i`lkaylt w`s tjo e`ct tj`t L w`s wàflkd lk tjo eggtstops ge tjoso dro`tporsgkàltlos tj`t L j`b àw`ys jo`rb `ngut `kb spgfok `ngut `kbro`b `ngut `kb tjgudjt `ngut `kb li`dlkob. (@ilk`j, >8s, tr`lkoosgalcltgr, Agkbgk, J`mm 0


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To woro rojo`rslkd `kb ro-ok`ctlkd tjo rltuàs wjlcj woro bgkony pogpao tjgus`kbs ge yo`rs `dg, pogpao wjg wo rod`rb `s tjodro`tost pogpao gk o`rtj To bg tjls nocùso tjls ls wj`t Xrgpjot

Lnr`jli (po`co no upgk jli) j`s bgko, `kb Xrgpjot Lsi`la, `kbgur Xrgpjot Iujìi`b (sàa` @aa`ju à`yjl w`sàaì).

Lk tjolr tostligklos, p`rtlclp`kts tokbob tg bwoaa gk tjo igst lcgklc igiokts getjo J`mm `kb tjo _ir`, wltj soolkd tjo F nègr tjo elrst tlio `k oxporlokco tj`ttyplcàay gvorsj`bgwob àa gtjors. @s Dgbs Jguso (N`yt @aa`j), lt ls ge cgursotjo egcà pglkt ge ` Iusali psycjg-dogdr`pjy n`sob lk tjo ovoryb`y ngblayfkgwaobdo ge roaldlgklkd (ce. Boa`koy 0


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jo s`lb, Kgw aggf up. j`t elrst da`kco ge tjo F`n` ls v`rlgusay boscrlnob nypladrlis `s ì`zlkd, nro`tjt`flkd, noùtleua, i`dlcà, e`nuagus, surroà,otjoroà, slipao, i`dklelcokt, `kb `wo-lksplrlkd. joy àsg boscrlno nolkd

gvorcgio, to`reua, mgyeua, juinao, igvob, gvorwjoaiob, lksplrob,prlvlaodob, `kb roerosjob. jo F`n` ls tgucjob, flssob, `kb sioaaob, `s woaa`s sook. Ngtj Kgrook (>8s, `ccgukt`kt, Agkbgk, J`mm 0


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B`y ge Mubdiokt L wgkt rocgdklso iy sgk `kb iy igtjor wgkt rocgdklso ionocùso lt wlaa must no notwook io `kb Dgb `kb L wlaa gkay no cgkcorkob wltjiy gwk e`to, wjotjor L dg tg jo`vok gr joaa.

ôsoinalkd sjrgub, iào pladrlis rltuà wo`rlkd ge twg plocos ge ukstltcjobwjlto cagtj ls àsg ` i`torlà roilkbor tj`t, lk ` cgktoxt sot `p`rt ergi tjop`ttorks, kgris, `kb progccup`tlgks ge iukb`ko tlio `kb sp`co, tjo rltuàs getjo J`mm structuro lk rovorso grbor tjo ro-ok`ctiokt ge ` s`cràlsob mgurkoy ergislk `kb bo`tj tg purlty `kb ronlrtj (Tornkor 0


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ygu `ro, wj`t ygu wo`r, wjoro yguro ergi, wj`t a`kdu`do ygu spo`f. Egr Kuj(58s, rotlrob okdlkoor, Agkbgk, J`mm 0882),0?dokbor bleeorokcos woro àsg suspokbob lk ` w`y tj`troi`lkob sldklelc`kt. Nolkd usob tg igsquos lk Okda`kb wjoro wgiok `kb iok`ro sop`r`to, tjls VI`smlb à-J`rìY w`s ` pa`co wjoro ovoryngby w`s tgdotjorVl.o. kgt dokbor sodrod`tobY `kb tj`t w`s qulto bleeorokt egr io.

_kscrlptob Xoregri`kcos= _kcort`lkty, @kxloty, `kb Gtjorôà J`mm Stgrlos

Lksto`b ge tjo F`n` L w`s egcussobL fkgw lt sgukbs qultonlz`rro VgkY àa tjo sflk tgkos, tjo p`ttorks lk tjolr cagtjos,toxturos @kb jo Vjor jusn`kbY must aggfob `t io V`kb s`lbY,Tj`t `ro ygu bglkd7 Tj`t `ro ygu tjlkflkd `ngut7 Nut lt w`s

must sgiotjlkd L cguabkt joap. (^gnlk`, 28s, `rtlst, Sgutj geOkda`kb, J`mm >884)

Xladrlis utgpl`k oxporlokcos lk s`cràlsob tlio `kb sp`co iust no sook `soiordlkd gut ge tjolr toipgr`ry, cgktlkdokt, kb oingblob tlio-sp`co agc`tlgks`kb alvob i`torlà pr`ctlcos (Usquoz >800). _ksurprlslkday lk tjls vlow, AlvlkdLsaì p`rtlclp`kts `ccgukts ge nolkd tjoro àsg roeaoct i`ky ukscrlptobporegri`kcos tj`t quàley, bost`nlalso, `kb sgiotlios cgktost bgilk`kt Lsaìlc

0? Ignook (28s, Dokorà Xr`ctltlgkor, Tost \grfsjlro, J`mm >88:) suddostob tj`t tjo e`co iust nooxpgsob, `s iust tjo j`kbs `kb eoot tjo jo`b ls cgvorob àtjgudj lk pr`ctlco sgio wgiok i`y

wo`r, `kb lk blscusslgks ge tjo roaov`kt ffqji`y no okcgur`dob tg wo`r, ` e`co cgvorlkd tj`t ls kgt `klq`n.


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scrlpts. joy jldjaldjt pladrlis iuatlpao tlio-sp`co `kb alvob-structuràagc`tlgks (ce. IcAgudjalk >88888s, tr`lkoo sgalcltgr,Agkbgk, J`mm 088800) roi`rfobL dgt pusjob ` agt nocùso tjoro w`s sg i`ky pogpao nojlkb io `kb tjok Lokbob up aottlkd dg ge iy iui. Egr K`srook (38s, igtjor, Kgrtj-Tost, _ir`>808), jor eo`r `kb `kxloty `ngut sucj tjlkds w`s okgudj tg `nnrovl`to jorp`rtlclp`tlgk lk `k okvlrgkiokt tj`t, bosplto nolkd s`crob, sjo stlaa porcolvob

`s àlok.


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Must dglkd tg ` kow cguktry ls qulto ` nlt sc`ry, alfo ` bleeoroktoxporlokco joy Vioinors ge jor eìlayY dgt tjo cj`kco tg flsstjo Na`cf Stgko nut L blbkt bg tj`t. L w`s ` nlt sc`rob egr iy aleo tg

no jgkost wltj ygu. joro woro agts ge pogpao crgwbob `rgukb lt.Sueeorlkd ergi ` sorlgus ioblcà cgkbltlgk, Jèlz (58s, rotlrob nuslkossi`k,Agkbgk, J`mm 0884)

I`ky ge tjo tostligklos àsg roeaoct upgk tjo blscrop`kclos notwook pladrlisgetok-lboàlsob oxpoct`tlgks cgkcorklkd tjo Jgay Xa`cos `kb tjo roàltloscgkergktob tjoro. Bosplto wlbospro`b kod`tlvo cgiiokts lk _F iobl` clrcaos,05rospgkbokts roi`rfs `ngut quostlgks ge jorlt`do `kb igborkls`tlgk `ro

sgiowj`t ìnlvàokt gvoràa. Al`q`t (scjgga ngy, Kgrtj-Tost, _ir` >800) w`svory blroct= L tjgudjt lt wguab no alfo klco `kb po`coeua `kb vory noùtleua wltjàa tjo Iusali `rcjltocturo `kb stuee nut lt w`s kgt alfo tj`t wjok L dgt tjoro,`ctuàay. Jgwovor, igro roeaoxlvo `ngut jor gwk r`tjor ukroàlstlc oxpoct`tlgks,^gnlk` (28s, `rtlst, Sgutj ge Okda`kb, J`mm >884) `cfkgwaobdob tjo prossuroupgk tjo ùtjgrltlos tg updr`bo sorvlcos `kb e`claltlos.

05 Soo, egr oxìpao, jttp=//www.lkbopokbokt.cg.uf/vglcos/cgiiokt/wjy-bgkt-igro-iusalis-spo`f-gut-`d`lkst-tjo-w`ktgk-bostructlgk-ge-iocc`s-jgay-sltos-:>>.jtia.


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Lt w`s kgtjlkd alfo L oxpoctob. L tjlkf L spokt ` agt ge tlio trylkdtg li`dlko wj`t lt w`s alfo lk tjo gab b`ys ovorytjlkd kgw lsnulat up kb, egr io, L blb w`kt tg soo tjo gab w`y, tjo mgurkoy tj`t

J`m`r wguab j`vo t`fok, ox`ctay tjo w`y lt w`s wjok sjo tggf lt VNutY L fkgw lts vory bleelcuat tg foop tjlkds tjo w`y tj`t tjoyworo nocùso ge cgiegrt `kb tjo kuinor ge pogpao tj`t j`vo nookcgilkd tjrgudj tjo yo`rs.

Iuk`z` (>8s, stubokt, Agkbgk, J`mm >88803n), i`ky Nrltlsj-ngrk Iusali pladrlis, wjg`ro àro`by boopay lktodr`tob lktg cuaturos ge cgksuior c`pltàlsi, `ctuàayokmgy tjo i`rfotlsob Lsaìlc okvlrgkiokt (ce. urkor 06 Ngunofour & ^gy >80>). Kgrook (>8s, `ccgukt`kt, Agkbgk, J`mm 0


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Lts jgt, tjoros pusjlkd dglkd gk, pogpaos i`kkors `ro bleeorokt, custgis `robleeorokt must foop ygur igutj cagsob. Al`q`t (scjggangy, Kgrtj-Tost,_ir` >800) lboktlelob tjo roal`kco ge tjo Jgay Xa`cos gk ildr`kt wgrfors

wltjgut nolkd `nao tg r`lso quostlgks `ngut tjolr st`tus `kb rldjts= jo cao`kors`rgukb tjo nulablkd ge tjo F`n`, tjoy woro igstay X`flst`kl `kb igst ge tjosjgpfoopors woro X`flst`kl. jus wjlao tjo bgilk`kt Lsaìlc scrlpt ge tjo J`mmls gko ge cgiiuklt`s `kb uklty lk blvorslty, cgipotlkd otjkg-k`tlgkà scrlpts`ro àsg poregriob ovory slkdao b`y (ce. Olcfoai`k & Xlsc`tgrl 0


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Tornkor 088


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?884), lt w`s `k oplpj`ky ovok igro vàu`nao `kb ioigr`nao tj`k nocgilkd

` igtjor, nocùso lt àagwob io tg no iysoae .\ot, `s sgio ge tjo roi`rfs joro àsg lktli`to, tjo splrltuà oeelc`cy ge sucj

poregri`kcos i`y gr i`y kgt no sg o`slay i`lkt`lkob ìlbst tjo cgipaox`kb iuatlpao alvob structuros `kb sunmoctlvltlos ge ovoryb`y aleo. ^ly`bj (28s,bosldkor, Agkbgk, J`mm 0800). jlsls sgiotlios sp`rfob ny p`rtlcua`r s`cràlsob i`torlà gnmocts `kb tjo soksos.@ccgrblkd tg Klage` (>8s, Agkbgk, to`cjor, _ir` 0883) boscrlnob, Gkco yguro ao`vlkd ygu dot tj`t s`bkoss tj`t wjotjor Laaovor no `nao tg cgio n`cf joro `d`lk. Nocùso gkco yguvo dgt lt lk ygur jo`rt,ygu j`vo ` nld yo`rklkd `kb agkdlkd tg dg n`cf tjoro. @nlb` (38s, gptgiotrlst,Kgrtj-Tost, J`mm 0


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L tjlkf wltj tjo p`sslkd ge tlio, wltj `do, prgn`nay ygu soo ltlk ` bleeorokt w`y. jo elrst tlio L wokt egr J`mm lt w`s, egr io,igstay ` blscgvory. Sg L w`s kgt sg iucj splrltuà, L w`s wgrrlob,

@i L bglkd tjo rldjt tjlkd7 @i L bglkd tjo wrgkd tjlkd7 josocgkb tlio ygu dg ygu `ro ` nlt igro oxporlokcob, sg ygu `roigro splrltuà.

wg-tjlrbs ge rospgkbokts wjg spgfo `ngut tjo quostlgk ge roturk tg tjo JgayXa`cos woro uk`kligus lk tjolr boslro tg dg n`cf. Egaagwlkd tjo Xrgpjotlcoxìpao, ]un`lr (58s, rotlrob nuslkossi`k, Agkbgk, J`mm 0


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ge pladrli`do stublos egr J`mm roso`rcj. jls ls oquàay truo ge gabor p`r`bldis`ssgcl`tob wltj s`crob pa`co, alilkàlty `kb cgiiuklt`s, `s pgstigbork`pprg`cjos oipj`slslkd cgktost`tlgks ge tjo s`crob. Jgwovor, wgrflkd `crgss

` wlbor r`kdo ge blsclpalkos ergi tjo `ktjrgpgagdy ge Lsaì tg sgclgagdy geroaldlgk kb bl`spgr` stublos, L vlow tjo J`mm prlkclpàay s k oxìpao ge Iusaliroaldlgklkd `crgss agcà, iuatl-agcà `kb supr`-agcà sp`tlà scàos. joroegro Lbwoaa kgt gkay gk tjo J`mm lk Iocc` nut àsg roaldlgusay lksplrob `kb ovoryb`yoxporlokcos lk v`rlgus tlio-sp`co agc`tlgks noegro, burlkd `kb ètor pladrli`do.L `rduo tj`t tjrgudj oingblob `ctlgks `ssgcl`tob wltj tjo J`mm, lts prop`r`tlgk`kb roioinr`kco, Nrltlsj Iusalis `ctlvoay sj`po tjolr gwk soae-lboktltlos,splrltuàlty kb oigtlgkà alvos, wjlao `t tjo sìo tlio roprgbuclkd utjgrlt`tlvoLsaìlc scrlpts. Jgwovor, tjo er`dlalty ge sucj poregri`kcos ny Nrltlsj Iusali`ctgrs pgsltlgkob ny iuatlpao, cgipaox `kb sgiotlios p`r`bgxlcà alvobstructuros lkcaublkd cgksuior c`pltàlsi `kb socua`rlty, io`ks tj`t r

9789088902857 - mols & buitelaar 2015 - hajj - rmv43 - e-book

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