991 1313 01 2_pro_diamond_drillers_hand.pdf
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THE PROFESSIONA L
DIAMOND DRILLER
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COMMITMENT
M ining is the foundation of industry and exploration
drilling is the foundation of m ining. H istory ow es a
great debt to the m en and w om en w ho have gone
into rem ote places and w orked under difficult
conditions to look into the earthand find the
m inerals to sustain industries and build nations.
Atlas Copco salutes you, and m akes a pledge to
Professional Diam ond Drillers the w orld over, to seek
your advice and to hearyour opinions. W e w ill use our
considerable resources to provide you w ith products
and services that enhance your safety, ease your w ork
load and increase your rew ards.
Several of your old and trusted suppliers such as
Craelius, JKS Boyles, C hristensen and H obic are now
part of the Atlas Copco G roup, m aking us a m ajor
supplier to the exploration industry. By consolidating
the talents and know ledge of these sm aller com panies
into a single dynam ic unit, w e have the resources to
provide better products and service than they couldhave on their ow n.
A tlas Copco w ill be there to support your endeavors
in both fam iliar and rem ote places. W e w ill share in
your challenges and celebrate your trium phs. W e w ill
be your supplier and partner.
A tlas Copco
The info rmat ion conta ined in t his bo oklet
provides the read er with sugg estions and
guidelines for dea ling w ith a number of
hypot het ical situa tions. ATLAS COPCO ACCEPTS NO
RESPONSIBILITY FOR DAMAG ES, CONSEQUENTIAL OR
OTHERWISE, RESULTING FROM APPLICATION O F SUCH
GUIDELINES AND SUG GESTIONS. The rea d er is
strong ly encourag ed t o conta ct a n aut horized
Atlas Copco representative to obtain guidance
in dea ling w ith specific rea l situat ions.
Cont act us a t one of the locations listed on t he
ba ck pag es of t his bo ok or loo k us up on t he
internet a t www.atlascopco.com or e -ma il us at
Place local com pany address sticker here
Atlas Copco Exploration Products
A C om pany w ithin the A tlas C opco G roup
640 M cKeow n A venue
N orth Bay O ntario C anada P1B 8H 2
Telephone + 1(705) 472 3320
Fax +1(705) 472 6843
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SAFETY
AN ACCIDENT IS AN UNPLANNED EVENT CAUSED
BY AN UNSAFE ACT OR CONDITION.
Most accidents can be prevented through:
Proper training.
Proper supervision.
C orrect use of tools and equipm ent.Safe w orking practices.
Some safety rules:
W ear w ell fitting protective clothing.
W ear your hard hat, eye protection and safety boots.
U se your safety belt and life line.
D ont w ear rings and jew elry at w ork.
U se the right tool for the job and use it correctly.
D ont try to repair m oving m achinery.
Store your tools properly.
D ont rush.
Keep your w ork place neat and safe.Lift heavy objects properly.
Know and respect fire hazards.
C heck w ire rope and other equipm ent regularly.
Replace w orn equipm ent.
Know your equipm ent. Study the operation m anuals
and follow the suppliers safety recom m endations.
OB TAIN A CO PY OF THE SAFETY M ANU AL FOR
DIAM OND DRILLERS AND STUD Y IT.
CONTENTS
SEC TIO N 1 Choosing a bit
SEC TIO N 2 Drill settings
SEC TIO N 3 Drilling tips
SECTIO N 4 Sharpening a bit
SECTIO N 5 Bit w ear patterns
SECTIO N 6 Nom inal core sizes
SEC TIO N 7 Rods and casing
SECTIO N 8 Atlas C opco products
SECTIO N 9 Conversion tables
SEC TIO N 10 Phone num bers
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IMPREGNATED BITS
DRILL BITS
To accom m odate these geological conditions, bit
m anufacturers have created a bew ildering array of
products and num bering system s that m ake it difficult
to m atch bits to rock types.
The Atlas Copco system of num bering diam ond bits has
been developed to sim plify the process. In this bookletcom m on rock form ations have been grouped into five
categories based on the sim ilarity of their drillability.
The m ost coarse grained, fractured and abrasive
form ations are classified as the first group.
The correct bit for drilling these rock types w ould be
from H obic-C raelius G roup 100. The correct bit for
the fifth group, w hich includes com petent, fine
grained non-abrasive form ations, w ould be from
H obic-C raelius G roup 500 etc.
C oarser grained, fractured rock requires a slow er
w earing m atrix or low er G roup num ber as it tends tow ear the m atrix m ore quickly. Fine grained, com petent
rock requires a softer m atrix or higher group num ber
to fully utilize the diam onds.
THE PROFESSIONAL DIAMOND DRILLER
INTRODUCTION
Successful exploration drilling results from a clear
understanding and cooperation betw een tw o
professionals, the D iam ond D riller and the G eologist.
D rilling operations are controlled by geologists but
they lack the know ledge and experience to optim ize
the operation of the drill. The Professional D iam ond
D riller should not hesitate to share his know ledge to
im prove the operation.
ROCK FORMATIONS
The geological classifications of rock types are based
on chem istry and structure. The hardness classification
is a relative scale. So called soft rocks can prove
m ore difficult to drill than hard rock and the sam e
form ations, in separate locations, can drill very
differently. A specific rock type can change drastically,
even in the sam e drill hole, requiring another choice ofdrill bit. Each rock type m ust be considered as a range
w ith a num ber of variables affecting its drillability.
The factors m ost affecting the drillability of rock are:
gra in size, rock ha rdness, w ea the ring an d
fracturing. Larger grain size and fracturing m ake the
rock m ore abrasive, w hile fine grained, hard rock is
less abrasive. W eathering reduces rock strength.
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BIT SELECTIONBIT SELECTION
Professional D iam ond D rillers have chosen and
depended on both H obic and C raelius bits for m any
years and are fam iliar w ith the num bering system s
used. A tlas Copco w ill continue to use those
num bering system s by including them in the new
groups, as seen on the follow ing pages.
WHEN CHOOSING A BIT THE FOLLOWING CROWN
DESIGN FEATURES ARE CONSIDERED.
MATRIX - The m atrix is a m ixture of syntheticdiam onds and various m etals. Each of the m atrices
has a different resistance to abrasion and consequently
a different rate of w ear. A balanced rate of w ear
betw een the m atrix m aterial and the diam onds ensures
a high rate of penetration and optim um bit life.
GAUGE- This refers to the outer and inner diam eters
of the bit that are in direct contact w ith the rock.These can be reinforced if required.
WATERWAYS- There are different w aterw ayconfigurations available depending on the
drilling conditions.
CROWN HEIGHT - C raelius bits are m anufacturedw ith standard crow n heights of 6, 9 and12 m m and
H obic w ith 6, 8 and10m m . O ther crow n heights are
available on request. The height of crow n chosen is a
cost decision based on hole depth and w ear rate.
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BIT SELECTIONBIT SELECTION
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See the list contained in the pocket of the back page
for detailed inform ation for ordering drill bits, ream ing
shells and casing shoes and contact our C ustom er
Service Reps for help in m aking the correct choice.
See th e ba ck pa g es fo r the Atlas Copco Compa nynearest you.
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PERFORMANCE
BIT PERFORMANCE
Sharp diam onds cut rock, as they becom e dull they do
so less effectively. The bit m atrix should w ear at a rate
that continually exposes sharp diam onds and releases
the w orn ones.
Flushing fluid should be pum ped across the bit at a rate
that rem oves each tiny rock chip as it is loosened by thediam onds. Failure to do this results in the chip being re-
ground, and the RO P and bit life are adversely affected.
The W O B is required to m ake the diam onds bite
into the rock.
The RPM determ ines the rate at w hich the chips are
being gouged from the rock.
Through his know ledge and experience the
Professional D iam ond D riller balances all these
param eters to achieve the best econom ic perform ance
from the drill and drilling tools.
W hile the m anufacturer does his best to m ake drill
setting recom m endations, he cannot know w hat rock
type or conditions the bit w ill eventually be used in.
O ther factors affecting drill settings are:
The size and pow er of the diam ond drill.
The type and size of the core barrel used.
The flushing m edia.
A tlas Copco has w orld w ide experience and specially
trained representatives to assist you.
INITIAL DRILL SETTINGS
H aving chosen the right bit for the rock type
and conditions, based on the inform ation at hand,
the correct drill settings m ust be used to get the
best perform ance.
The bit label has recom m endations printed on it and
these are a useful guide to begin drilling. H ow ever, it
is likely that som e adjustm ents to these values w ill be
required to get optim um perform ance from the bit.
READING THE BIT LABEL
Bit O.D. S
Ma trix KS+ +
Forma tion Hard Very Hard
RPM 400 - 600
Pen et ra t ion Ra t e 8 - 12 cm/min (3-5 in/min )
Wa t er Flow Minimum 60 l/min (15.9 g pm )
RPM- The RPM is given as a fairly broad range.
A num ber in the m iddle of the range should be used
w hen starting and adjusted as required.
ROP- A gain this is given as a range and w ill have tobe adjusted as the W O B and RPM are varied.
GPM - The w ater flow is given as a m inim um and theactual pum p setting should be w ell above this.
WOB- The w eight on bit given is the m axim umadvisable. The initial drill setting should be below this.
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WOB
The w eight placed on the bit depends on the Rock Type
and condition, bit type, RPM , RO P and w ater flow .
The W O B is a very im portant indicator of the actual
drilling conditions.
Excessive WOB can result in:
A bnorm al bit w ear.
H ole deviation.
C ore barrel and rod dam age.
Too little W O B w ill also result in a loss of productivity
as the bit w ill lose its ability to self-sharpen and could
becom e polished (see the page on bit sharpening).
Try to m aintain a constant penetration rate by
increasing the W O B if the RO P falls.
ALERT!The ma ximum permitted WOB show n o n t he b it
label is based on the structural integ rity o f t he b it
and may result in dama ge t o the rods and core
ba rrel if e xceed ed . Excessive WOB ca n a lso lead to
hole deviation.
ROP
The ra te o f penetra t ion is the key param eter w hen
drilling w ith im pregnated bits. Finding the optim um
RO P for a given Rock Type, rock condition, bit and
m odel of diam ond drill is the goal of the Professional
D iam ond D riller. O nce found, this ideal RO P is
m aintained by adjusting the W O B and RPM . A high
w ater flow across the bit face should alw ays be
m aintained at high rates of penetration.
Optimum ROP en sures:
The best overall econom y of the operation.
The least w ork and highest rew ards for the drill crew .
That the bit rem ains sharp and does not polish.
The best bit life.
U se the recom m ended RO P on the bit label as a
starting point and then vary the W O B and RPM in
sm all increm ents until the optim um RO P is found.
ALERT!An excessive ROP w ill result in a high rat e o f m a trix
w ear and diamo nds will be expelled w hile they are
still sha rp. In th is case an y g ain in ROP ma y be o ff set
by more frequent b it changes , more w ork for the
dril l crew an d a n overall reduction in the e conomy
of the o pera t ion .
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FLUSHING
D rilling perform ance is directly related to the fluid flow
over the bit. W ater flushing fills the follow ing functions.
Rem oval of cuttings.
C ooling the bit.
Lubricating the bit and rods.
A nnular fluid velocity m ust be sufficient to keep the
cuttings suspended. A nnular velocity can be calculatedusing the chart below .
RPM
Rotation of the drill bit causes the diam onds to tear
chips from the rock. Therefore, generally speaking, the
m ore rotations per m inute the higher the RO P. The
rotation speed also serves to w ork the m atrix to
achieve a constant rate of exposure of new sharp
diam onds and release of the w orn ones.
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ALERT!Excessive RPM witho ut m at ching penet ration rate
can result in po lishing the bit a nd ne ga tively af fect
the overall drilling economy.
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VIBRATION
Excessive drill rod vibrations result in:
Im pact loads on the bit resulting in early failure.
Loss of core.
Stress fatigue and prem ature failure of drill rods
and core barrel.
H igher fuel costs.
Prem ature m achine failure.
Excessive vibrat ion ca n b e t he result o f:
M isaligned in-the-hole equipm ent.
U ndersize, w orn, bent or oval rods.
Vibration induced from the chuck or drill head.
Incorrect pressure and volum e of fluid.
Loose rods not properly torqued.
D rilling over core.
Incorrect bit.
Im proper use of rod grease.
Som e vibration is inevitable in rotating equipm ent. It
can becom e excessive and destructive w hen a num berof factors such as RPM , W O B, rock type, bit type, etc
are accidently com bined in proportions that set up large
vibrations. A fter elim inating any cause related to the
above list, The Professional D iam ond D riller can usually
find a com bination of W O B and RPM that elim inates
the excessive vibration and gives a good RO P.
RPI / RPC 2
Revolutions per inch (or centim eter) of advance has
been used in the past as an index to m aintain the
correct relationship betw een RPM and RO P, eg for a
rotation speed of 1200 RPM and a penetration rate
of 6 in (15 cm ) per m inute:
RPI = 1200/6 = 200
RPC= 1200/15=80
The com m on recom m endation of 200 - 250 RPI (80 -
100 RPC ) can only be considered as a starting point:
in m odern drilling practices m uch higher penetration
rates are often expected for a given rotation speed,
resulting in a low er RPI value. A tlas C opco bits have
been developed to accom m odate these conditions.
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SHARPENING A BIT
Im pregnated bits are self sharpening. A s the m atrix
w ears aw ay new sharp diam onds are exposed at a
constant rate. H ow ever som etim es the diam onds on
the face of the bit can becom e w orn w ithout the
m atrix abrading aw ay. The bit w ill stop cutting.
G enerally this occurs w hen:
The drill settings do not suit the conditions.
The bit does not suit the rock.
This often results from rapid form ation change.
The bit can be sharpened in the hole and drilling
continued but this a tricky operation and m ay
consum e a lot of m atrix.
To sharpen the bit increase the W O B by 15 to 20
percent m om entarily at the sam e tim e reducing
the w ater flow to near the m inim um indicated on
the bit label.
W hen the bit begins to cut, im m ediately low er the
W O B and increase the w ater flow . Try different drillsettings than used previously to prevent reoccurrence
of the problem .
DRILLING TIPS
ALWAYS
Treat diam ond bits w ith care and store properly.
Start fluid circulation before running the bit to bottom .
Start a new bit several centim eters above bottom
and spin into the form ation. D o not go to full RO P
until you have drilled 10-20 centim eters (4-8inches).
C heck all rod joints for leaks.
C heck the rods and core barrel for alignm ent.
Keep the inside of rods and core barrel free from
scale and dirt.
M ake sure the ream ing shell is w ithin gauge and out
lasts the bit.
Call Atlas Copco w hen you n eed assista nce.
Numbe rs on ba ck pa ge s.
NEVER
D rop the bit onto the hole bottom .
Start the bit turning w ith w eight on it.
C ollar a hole w ith a new bit.C ontact the bit m atrix w ith a pipe w rench.
G rind the core.
A llow vibration to occur.
Force the bit, if it w ill not drill w ith norm al pressure.
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WHY? POSSIBLE REASONS
Rock relat ed : Form ation m ay have changed and is too
coarse grained, fractured or abrasive for the bit used.
Drilling related: The fluid volum e or solids content
m ay be too high. Excessive RO P is causing a high rate
of m atrix w ear and prem ature diam ond release.
Bit relate d: M atrix too fast w earing (soft), or
w aterw ay design unsuitable.
WHAT TO DO? POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
Drilling related: Im prove drilling fluid control.
Bit related: C hange bit to slow er w earing m atrix or
different w aterw ay design. Reduce RO P if optim um
bit life is to be achieved.
Call Atlas Copco. Numbers on back pages.
ALERT! Advance carefully w hen reentering th ehole if there has been a lot o f g aug e w ear.
WHY? POSSIBLE REASONS
Rock related: This bit w as w ell suited to the
rock form ation and conditions.
Drilling related: D rill settings and flushing
provided optim um drilling.
Bit related: The diam ond and m atrix w ear are
balanced to provide optim um perform ance.
WHAT TO DO? POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
Drilling related: C ontinue to use the sam e drill
settings unless the conditions change.
Bit relate d: C ontinue to drill w ith this bit type unless
the rock form ation and conditions change.
Call Atlas Copco. Numbers on back pages.
ALERT! Continue to w at ch fo r chang es in the rockconditions and the perfo rmance of t he dri ll.
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THE RIGHT CHOICE
OPTIMUM BIT WEAR ANALYSIS
Bit feels sharp to
the touch
G ood com et tails
The w ear is even
O D and ID w ithin gauge
WHAT WENT WRONG?
MATRIX EROSION ANALYSIS
Very rough to the touch
Rapid crow n w ear
Diam onds overexposed
G auges eroded
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WHY? POSSIBLE REASONS
Rock related: Form ation m ay have changed to a
coarser grained, abrasive or fractured rock type.
Drilling related: The solids content of the drilling
fluid m ay be too high. M ay be core grinding. Rpm
too low or RO P too high.
Bit related: M atrix too soft or unsuitable w aterw ay design.
WHAT TO DO? POSSIBLE SOLUTIONSDrilling relat ed : Low er solids in the drill fluid. Check the
pum p and drills string for leaks, increase pum p output.
Check and adjust length of the inner tube. Increase rpm .
Bit related: Try harder m atrix bit or one w ith a
different w aterw ay configuration.
Call Atlas Copco. Numbers on back pages.
ALERT! Continued dri ll ing w ith concave fa ce wea rw il l cause the bit ID to ring -out .
WHY? POSSIBLE REASONS
Rock related: Form ation has changed to harder,
fine grained and less abrasive conditions.
Drilling related: RO P m ay be too low for the
rpm used or flushing inadequate.
Bit related: M atrix m ay be too slow w earing (hard)
or w aterw ay design unsuitable.
WHAT TO DO? POSSIBLE SOLUTIONSDrilling related: Increase RO P or decrease the rpm .
Bit related: Strip or dress the bit before starting to
drill. Try a bit w ith a softer m atrix or different
w aterw ay design if the problem persists.
Call Atlas Copco. Numbers on back pages.
ALERT! Watch the pump pressure and ROPcarefully w hen starting to dril l.
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WHAT WENT WRONG?
POLISHED CROWN FAILURE ANALYSIS
Sm ooth to the touch
M atrix sm eared,
glazed appearance
No com et tails
W aterw ays restricted
WHAT WENT WRONG?
CONCAVE FACE WEAR FAILURE ANALYSIS
Bit w ear uneven
Face w ear angled to ID
Diam onds poorly supported
ID gauge loss
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WHY? POSSIBLE REASONS
Rock related: Form ation m ay have changed to
very fractured rock.
Drilling related: Poor bit cooling, pum p failure,
low flushing w ater, leaking drill string, plugged bit
or lost circulation.
Bit related: Problem not likely bit related.
WHAT TO DO? POSSIBLE SOLUTIONSDrilling related: C heck the pum p and drill string
for leaks. C heck the inner tube adjustm ent. C heck the
fluid circulation. C em ent the hole.
Bit related: N o change required if the bit is suited
to the form ation.
Call Atlas Copco. Numbers on back pages.
ALERT!Be very caref ul wh en restarting to drill. Wat chfor pump pressure cut-off, loss of ROP, loss of circulation.
WHY? POSSIBLE REASONS
Rock related: Fractured form ation.
Drilling related: Poor core barrel stabilization or
rod vibration, insufficient fluid flow . Ream ing dow n
undersize hole.
Bit related: Probably not bit related. Ream ing shell
m ay be w orn and undersize.
WHAT TO DO? POSSIBLE SOLUTIONSDrilling related: C heck for vibration, stabilize rods
and core barrel, try a different rpm . C heck the stability
of the drill. C heck the pum p and drill string for leaks,
increase pum p output.
Bit related: C hange the ream ing shell.
Call Atlas Copco. Numbers on back pages.
ALERT! Continued dril ling w ith concave fa ce wea rw il l cause the b it OD to ring-out.
24 | 25
WHAT WENT WRONG?
CONVEX FACE WEAR FAILURE ANALYSIS
O uter edge of the
face rounded
O D gauge w ear
WHAT WENT WRONG?
BURNT BIT FAILURE ANALYSIS
Blackened areas
Sm eared or broken
out m atrix
C losed w aterw ays
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NOMINAL HOLE & CORE SIZESNOMINAL HOLE & CORE SIZES
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WIRELINE DRILL RODS
WIRELINE RODS - STANDARD
SIZE OD ID WEIGHT CONTENT(M M ) (M M ) KG /3M (L/100M )
AO 44.5 34.9 13.9 96.0
BO 55.6 46.0 17.9 166.0
NO 69.9 60.3 22.9 286.0
HO 88.9 77.8 34.2 477.0
N ote:"O " series rods are com patible w ith "Q " series rods
WIRELINE RODS - HEAVY DUTY
SIZE OD ID WEIGHT CONTENT(M M ) (M M ) KG /3M (L/100M )
AT 44.5 34.9 13.9 96.0
BT 55.6 46.0 17.9 166.0
NT 69.9 60.3 22.9 286.0
HT 88.9 77.8 34.2 477.0
WIRELINE RODS - THIN WALL
SIZE OD ID WEIGHT CONTENT(M M ) (M M ) KG /3M (L/100M )
ATT 44.5 36.8 11.8 106.0
BTT 56.5 48.8 15.3 189.0
NOMINAL HOLE & CORE SIZES
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ATLAS COPCO EXPLORATION PRODUCTS
A tlas Copco m anufactures and supplies a full range
of exploration drilling equipm ent from m ore than 20
locations around the w orld.
DIAMOND DRILLS
Boyles surface drills are available in light duty
(fly-in), m edium duty and deep hole m odels.
D iam ec underground drills are also available for
three duty ranges.
DRILL RODS
A tlas Copco offers all popular sizes of drill rod
including the revolutionary w ireline Tuff rod.
CORE BARRELS
A tlas Copco supplies a full range of both conventional
and w ireline core barrels.C ontact A tlas Copco at one of the locations show n in
the back of this book or visit our w eb-site for m ore
inform ation www.atlascopco.com.
DRILL RODS & CASING
CONVENTIONAL RODS
SIZE OD ID WEIGHT CONTENT(M M ) (M M ) KG /3M (L/100M )
AW J 44.5 34.9 14.3 75.0
BW J 54.0 46.0 18.4 155.0
N W J 66.7 60.3 24.4 256.0
FLUSH JOINT CASING
SIZE OD ID WEIGHT CONTENT(M M ) (M M ) KG /3M (L/100M )
AW 57.1 48.4 16.9 184.0
BW 73.0 60.3 31.2 285.0
N W 88.9 76.2 38.8 456.0
H W 114.3 101.6 50.8 811.0
PW 139.7 127.0 64.3 1267.0
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PDC/TSP BITS
A tlas Copco produces a full range of PD C
(Polycrystalline D iam ond C om pact) and TSP
(Therm ally Stable Polycrystalline) bits. These bits are
a high perform ance alternative to TC and surface
set bits for soft to m edium -hard form ations.
SURFACE SET BITS
A tlas C opco produces a full line of Surface Set Bits for
use in very soft, soft and m edium hard rock conditions.
Surface set bits are available in a num ber of profiles
for different rock types and conditions.
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SEMI-ROUND PROFILE
Standard profile for
thin kerf bits
FACE DICHARGE PROFILE
For soft form ations
MULTI STEP PROFILE
H igher penetration rate
than sem i-round
CONCAVE PROFILE
O nly in non-coring bits
See A tlas Copco bit catalogue for detailed inform ation
for ordering drill bits or contact our custom er service
desk for help in m aking the correct choice.
Call Atlas Copco. Numbers on back pages.
8
DIAPAX
D iapax bits have PD C
elem ents set w ith a large
exposure, resulting in
very high rates of
penetration in soft
form ations.
TRIPAX
Tripax bits are set w ith
TSP cutting elem ents,
w hich are capable of
productively handling
soft to m edium
hard form ations.
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CASING SHOES
A tlas Copco supplies im pregnated and surface
set casing shoes.
REAMING SHELLS
Atlas Copco produces a range of ream ing shells in
diam ond im pregnated, surface set and tungsten carbide
styles. Ream ing shells are essential for m aintaining
proper hole size and stabilizing the core barrel.
SURFACE SET REAMING SHELLS
Standard A tlas C opco surface set
ream ing shells are set w ith speciallychosen diam onds. The spiral ribs
are both longer lasting and provide
better stabilization.
TUNGSTEN CARBIDE REAMING SHELLS
TC ream ing shells are used m ainly in
non-consolidated form ations w here
they w ill perform m ore econom ically
than surface set shells.
See A tlas C opco catalogue for detailed inform ation
for ordering ream ing shells or contact our custom er
service desk for help in m aking the correct choice.
Call Atlas Copco. Numbers on back pages.
34 | 35
8 8
IMPREGNATED
CASING SHOES
These are the m ost
com m only used
econom ical shoes
and are available in
all popular sizes.
SURFACE SET
CASING SHOES
These shoes are an
alternative to the
im pregnated style
and are available in
m ost sizes.
See A tlas C opco catalogue for detailed inform ation
for ordering casing shoes or contact our custom er
service desk for help in m aking the correct choice.
Call Atlas Copco. Numbers on back pages.
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CONVERSION TABLES
THIS UNIT TIMES EQUALS
VOLUME
l (liters) x 0.001 = m 3
m l (m illiliters) x 0.001 = l
dm 3 (cubic decim eters) x 1.0 = l
cm 3 (cubic centim eters) x 1.0 = m l
m m 3 (cubic m illim eters) x 0.001 = m lin3 (cubic inches) x 16.39 = m l
ft3 (cubic feet) x 28.316 = l
Im perial gallon x 4.546 = l
U .S. gallon x 3.785 = l
O unces (Im p. fluid oz) x 28.41 = m l
O unces (U .S. fluid oz) x 29.57 = m l
Pints (U .S. liq) x 0.4732 = l
Q uarts (U .S. liq) x 0.9463 = l
yd3 (cubic yards) x 0.7646 = m 3
THIS UNIT TIMES EQUALS
MASS (WEIGH T)
g (gram s) x 0.001 = kg
t (tonnes, m etric) x 1000 = kg
grains x 0.0648 = g
oz (ounce) x 28.35 = g
lb (pounds) x 0.4536 = kg
tons (long, U S) x 1016 = kg
tons (U .K.) x 1016 = kg
tons (short) x 907 = kg
CONVERSION TABLES
THIS UNIT TIMES EQUALS
LENG TH
m m (m illim eters) x 0.001 = m
cm (centim eters) x 0.01 = m
dm (decim eters) x 0.1 = m
km (kilom eters) x 1000 = m
in (inches) x 25.4 = m mft (feet) x 0.305 = m
yd (yard) x 0.914 = m
m iles x 1609 = m
THIS UNIT TIMES EQUALS
AREA
m m 2 (square m m ) x 0.000001 = m 2
cm 2 (square cm ) x 0.0001 = m 2
in2 (square inches) x 645 = m m 2
ft2 (square feet) x 0.929 = m 2
yd2 (square yards) x 0.8361 = m 2
A cres x 4047 = m 2
Square m iles x 2.590 = km 2
36 | 37
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CONVERSION TABLES
THIS UNIT TIMES EQUALS
PRESSURE
bar x 100 = kPa
bar x 100 000 = Pa
kp/cm 2 x 0.98 = bar
atm (atm ospheres) x 1.01 = bar
psi (pounds/in2) x 6.895 = kPapsi x 0.06895 = bar
THIS UNIT TIMES EQUALS
FORCE
kN (kilonew ton) x 1000 = N
kp (kilopond) x 9.81 = N
kgf (kilogram force) x 9.81 = N
lbf (pound force) x 4.45 = N
THIS UNIT TIMES EQUALS
TORQUE
kpm (kilopondm etres) x 9.81 = N m
lbf in (pound force inch) x 0.11 = N m
lbf ft (pound force foot) x 1.36 = N m
CONVERSION TABLES
THIS UNIT TIMES EQUALS
POWER
kW (kilow atts) x 1000 = W
H orsepow er, m etric x 735.5 = W
H orsepow er, U .K. x 745.7 = W
ft.lbf/sec x 1.36 = W
Btu/h x 0.29 = W
THIS UNIT TIMES EQUALS
SPEED
km /h (kilom eters/hour) x 0.2777 = m /s
m /s x 3.6 = km /h
m ph (m iles/hour) x 0.45 = m /s
m ph x 1.61 = km /h
ft/s (foot/second) x 0.3048 = m /s
ft/s (foot/second) x 18.29 = ft/m in
ft/m in (foot/m inute) x 0.3048 = m /m in
THIS UNIT TIMES EQUALS
FREQUENCY
blow s/m inute x 0.017 = H z
kHz (kiloH ertz) x 1000 = H z
r/m in (rev./m inute) x 0.01667 = r/s
degrees/second x 0.1667 = r/m in
radians/second x 0.1592 = r/s
38 | 39
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FINLANDAtla s Cop co Lou hinta te kniikka AB
Tuupakankuja 1, FIN -01740 Vantaa
Tel +358 (0) 9 296 442 Fax +358 (0) 9 296 4218
FRANCEAtlas Copco Forage et Dmolition S.A.
B.P. 7181, F-95056 C ergy-Pontoise, C edex
Tel +33 (0)1 39 09 32 22 Fax +33 (0)1 39 09 32 49
GERMANYAtla s Cop co MCTGmb H
Langem arckstrasse 35, D -45141 Essen
Tel +49 (0) 201 217 70 Fax +49 (0) 201 217 7454
GHANAAtlas Copco Gh an a Ltd .
A tlas C opco H ouse, N o. 14 A kosom bo Street,
A irport Residential A rea, A ccra
Tel +233 (0) 21 77 4512 Fax +233 (0) 21 77 6147
GREAT BRITAINAtlas Copco Construction &Mining Ltd.
Sw allow dale Lane, H em el H em pstead,
H ertfordshire H P2 7H A
Tel +44 (0) 1442 22 2100 Fax +44 (0) 1442 23 4467
ICELANDAtlas Copco Anleg g - o g Gruve te knikk A/S
P.O . Box 334, N -1401 Ski, N orw ay
Tel +47-64 86 03 61 Fax +47-64 86 03 30
AUSTRIAAtla s Cop co Gm bH CMT
C sokorgasse 11, W ien 11
Tel +43(0) 176 0120 Fax +43 (0)1 769 5672
AUSTRALIAAtla s Cop co Construction & Mining Austra lia
P.O . Box 6134, D elivery C entre, Blacktow n, N SW 2148
Tel +61 (0) 2 96 21 97 00 Fax +61 (0) 2 96 21 98 13
BRAZILAtlas Copco Brazil
Av.Eng. Euserio, Stevaux, 1600, Sao Paulo SP, 04696 000
Tel +55 (0) 11 56 87 8800 Fax +55 (0) 11 55 41 7671
CANADAAtlas Copco Exploration Products
640 M cKeow n A venue, N orth Bay, O N P1B 8H 2
Tel +1 705 472-3320 Fax +1 705 472-6843
CHILE
Atlas Copco Chilena SACPanam ericana N orte, 5001 C onchali Santiago
Tel +56 (0) 2 442-3600 Fax +56 (0) 2 623-4460
CHINAAtlas Copco China /Hong Kong Ltd. CMTChina
41-1 H uang Jia W ei, 210037 N anjing
Tel +86 (0) 25 562 01 18 Fax +86 (0) 25 551 52 25
ETHIOPIAAtlas Copco Kenya Ltd . - see KENYA
40 | 41
ATLAS COPCO LOCATIONS ATLAS COPCO LOCATIONS
1010
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MOROCCOAtlas Copco Maroc SA
2-6 Rue Ibnou Adara EI M arrakouchi, 20 300 C asablanca
Tel +212 (0) 22 6000 40 Fax +212 (0) 22 60 05 22
PERUAtla s Cop co Perua na S.A.
Francisco G rana, 150 152, La V ictoria, Lim a
Tel +51 (0) 1 411 6100 Fax +51 (0) 1 224 0153
PORTUGALSoc. Atlas Copco de Portugal, Lda.
Av. D o Forte 3, P-2795-504 C arnaxide
Tel +351 214 16 8500 Fax +351 214 17 0941
RUSSIAZAO Atlas Copco
27 Viatskaya Street, Building 14, 125015 M oscow
Tel +7 (0) 95 933 5550 Fax +7 (0) 95 933 5560
SLOVENIA
Atla s Cop co Gm bH CMTC sokorgasse 11, W ien 11, A ustria
Tel +43 (0) 1 76 0120 Fax. +43 (0) 1 769 5672
SOUTH AFRICAAtla s Cop co Explora tion Prod ucts Africa
P.O . Box 1521, Edenvale, South A frica 1610
Tel +27 (0) 11 608 1741 Fax. +27 (0) 11 608 1746
SPAINAtlas Copco S.A.E. CMT
Av. Jos G rate, 3 Poligono Ind., C oslada (M adrid)
Tel +34 91 627 9100 Fax. +34 91 627 9239
INDIAAtla s Cop co India Ltd .
Sveanagar, Bom bay, Pune Road, D apodi, Pune 411 012
Tel +91 (0) 20 27 14 64 16 Fax +91 (0) 20 27 14 66 37
IRELANDAtlas Copco Construction &Mining Ltd.
Sw allow dale Lane, H em el H em pstead,
H ertfordshire H P2 7H A G B
Tel +44 (0) 1442 22 2100 Fax +44 (0) 1442 23 4467
ITALYAtlas Copco Italia S.p.A.
Via Fratelli G racchi 39, I-20092 C inisello, Balsam o M I
Tel +39 (0) 2 61 7991 Fax +39 (0) 2 66 01 3299
JAPANAtlas Co pco KK CMTDivision
Shiba Bldg 11F, 13-4 Shiba 2-chom e, M inato-ku,
Tokyo 105-0014
Tel +81 (0) 3 57 65 78 90 Fax +81 (0) 3 57 65 31 99
KENYAAtla s Cop co Kenya Ltd .
A irport N orth Road, off M om basa Road,
Em bakasi, N airobi
Tel +254 (0) 20 82 52 65/7 Fax. +254 (0) 20 82 52 15
MEXICOAtla s Cop co Mexica na SA de CV
A partado Postal 104, Zona Industrial,
54073 Tlalnepantla, Edo de M exico
Tel +52 (0) 55 53 21 06 67 Fax +52 (0) 55 55 65 62 65
42 | 43
ATLAS COPCO LOCATIONS ATLAS COPCO LOCATIONS
1010
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NOTES
SWITZERLANDAtla s Cop co Boh r- und Tunn elba ut echnik
C H 2557 Studen / Biel
Tel +41 (0) 32 374 1500 Fax. +41 (0) 32 374 1515
SWEDENAtlas Copco CMTSw eden AB
Sickla Industrivg 3, N acka, SE-105 23 Stockholm
Tel +46 (0) 8 743 9249 Fax. +46 (0) 8 743 9246
TANZANIAAtlas Copco Kenya Ltd . - see KENYA
UGANDAAtlas Copco Kenya Ltd . - see KENYA
UNITED STATESChriste nsen Pro du cts
3120 W est C alifornia A ve., Suite B,
Salt Lake C ity, U tah 84122
Tel +1-801 973 8635 Fax +1 801 974 10 12
ZAMBIAAtlas Copco Zambia Ltd.
N o. 210 K abundi Road, C hingola
Tel +260 (0) 2 31 12 81 Fax +260 (0) 2 31 38 77
ATLAS COPCO LOCATIONS
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NOTES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Much of the info rmat ion cont ained in th is boo k is
the result of the experience ga ined t hroug h ma ny
years of close cooperat ion w ith o ur custo mers.
Anot her valuable source o f informat ion w as The
Diam on d Drilling Ha nd bo ok by W. F. Heinz. Atla s
Copco grat efully acknow ledges the important
w ork don e by Dr. Heinz.
At las Copco
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total rock drilling technology