A Cladogram of Plant Groups – shows evolutionary relationships of plants

Floweringplants

Cone-bearingplants

Ferns andtheir relatives

Mosses andtheir relatives

Green algaeancestor

Flowers; SeedsEnclosed in Fruit

Seeds

Water-Conducting(Vascular) Tissue

The Diversity of Plants

Cone-bearing plants760 species

Ferns andtheir relatives11,000 species

Mosses andtheir relatives15,600 species

Floweringplants235,000 species

Structure of a Leaf - the cuticle protects the leaf against transpiration

Veins

Xylem

PhloemVein

Cuticle

Epidermis

Palisademesophyll

Epidermis

Stoma

Guardcells

Spongymesophyll

are categorized as

that completetheir life cycle in

that completetheir life cycle in

that completetheir life cycle in

Plants

Annuals Biennials Perennials

1 growingseason 2 years

More than2 years

Types of Plants – Seedless

•Mosses (Bryophytes)

•Ferns (Pterophyta)

Types of Plants - seeds

• Cone Bearing (Gymnosperms)

• Flowering (Angiosperm)

Gymnosperms vs AngiospermsComparing Features of Seed Plants

Feature

Seeds

Reproduction

Examples

Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Bear their seeds on cones

Can reproduce without water; male gametophytes are contained in pollen grains; fertilization occurs by pollination

Conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, gnetophytes

Bear their seeds within flowers

Can reproduce without water; male gametophytes are contained in pollen grains; fertilization occurs by pollination

Grasses, flowering trees and shrubs, wildflowers, cultivated flowers

Flower Functions

• Sexual Reproduction!• Flowers are pollinated by:– Wind– Insects– Birds

FLOWER PARTS

• Pistil – female part of the plant– Contains the stigma, style and ovary (surround and protect

the seeds)

FLOWER PARTS

• Stamen – male part of the plant– Contains the anther and filament

FLOWER PARTS• Petals – colorful, leaflike structures

• Sepals – green leaflike structures at the base of the flower

The structure of a flower.

FilamentAnther

StigmaStyle

Ovary

Carpel

PetalSepalOvule

Stamen

Fruit – after pollination the ovary develops a wall of tissue surrounding the seed

Comparison of Monocots and DicotsMonocots Dicots

Seeds

Leaves

Flowers

Stems

Roots

Single cotyledon

Parallel veins

Floral parts often in multiples of 3

Vascularbundlesscattered throughout stem

Fibrous roots

Two cotyledons

Branched veins

Floral parts often in multiplesof 4 or 5

Vascularbundlesarranged ina ring

Taproot

Figure 22–25 Comparison ofMonocots and Dicots

Transpiration

Evaporation of water molecules out of leaves.

Pull of water molecules upward from the roots.

A B