a comparison of child well-being in the eu 29 jonathan bradshaw child oneurope european seminar on...
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A comparison of child well-being in the EU 29
Jonathan Bradshaw
Child ONEurope
European Seminar on Child Well-being Indicators
Instituto degli Innocenti
Florence
29 January 2009
Background
UNICEF State of the World’s Children Cornia and Danziger (1997) Child Poverty and Deprivation in Rich
Countries UNICEF Innocenti Report Cards 1-6 Luxembourg EU Presidency – child mainstreaming Ben Arieh and the “Jerusalem” project Bradshaw, J., Hoelscher, P. and Richardson, D. (2007) An index of child
well-being in the European Union 25, Journal of Social Indicators Research, 80, 133-177. http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f3642p2x00hn5h01/fulltext.pdf
UNICEF (2007) Innocenti Report Card 7 Child Poverty in Perspective: An Overview of Child Well-being in Rich Countries
Bradshaw, J. Hoelscher, P. and Richardson, D. (2007) Comparing Child Well-being in OECD Countries: Concepts and Methods, IWP 2006-03. Florence:UNICEF. http://www.unicef-icdc.org/publications/pdf/iwp2006_03_eng.pdf
Richardson, D. Hoelscher, P. and Bradshaw, J. (2008) Child well-being in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEE) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Child Ind. Res. 1: 211-250.
Bradshaw, J. and Richardson, D. (2009 An Index of Child Well-being in Europe (forthcoming)
Conceptualisation of child well-being
Multi-dimensional approach Based on children’s rights as outlined in the
UN CRC “the primary consideration in all actions concerning children must be in their best
interest and their views must be taken into account” What children think and feel is important Aspirations
Child the unit of analysis Well-being more important than well-becoming Focus on outcomes not inputs Use direct measures
Data Sources for EU index 2009
Surveys Health Behaviour of School Aged Children (HBSC) at
2005
Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) at 2006
Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU) at 2006
Series WHO mortality data base World Bank World Development Indicators OECD Health Indicators EU Health for All Data base OECD Education at a Glance,
DOMAINS OF WELL-BEING
43 indicators 20 components 7 domains
DOMAINS OF WELL-BEING
Health
Subjective well-being
Personal relationships
Material resources
Education
Behaviour and risks
Housing and the environment
Child well-being: SummaryRank Country
Child well-being in the EU 29
Health Subjective Relationships Material Risk Education Housing
1 Netherlands 117.2 2 1 1 7 4 4 9
2 Norway 114.8 6 8 6 2 2 10 1
3 Sweden 114.8 1 7 3 10 1 9 3
4 Iceland 114.1 4 9 4 1 3 14 2
5 Finland 110.9 12 6 9 4 7 7 4
6 Denmark 109.5 3 5 10 9 15 12 5
7 Slovenia 107.1 15 16 2 5 13 11 19
8 Germany 106.0 17 12 8 12 5 6 16
9 Luxembourg 104.7 5 17 19 3 11 16 8
10 Austria 104.2 26 2 7 8 19 19 7
11 Ireland 103.9 14 10 14 20 12 5 6
12 Cyprus 103.7 10 13 11
13 Spain 103.6 13 4 17 18 6 20 13
14 Belgium 103.0 18 13 18 15 21 1 12
15 France 100.9 20 14 28 11 10 13 10
16 Czech Republic 98.9 9 22 27 6 20 3 22
17 Slovakia 98.7 7 11 22 16 23 17 15
18 Estonia 96.9 11 20 12 14 25 2 25
19 Italy 96.1 19 18 20 17 8 23 20
20 Poland 94.6 8 26 16 26 17 8 23
21 Portugal 94.5 21 23 13 21 9 25 18
22 Hungary 94.3 23 25 11 23 16 15 21
23 Greece 94.0 29 3 23 19 22 21 14
24 United Kingdom 93.0 24 21 15 24 18 22 17
25 Romania 87.0 27 19 5 24 27
26 Bulgaria 85.0 25 15 24 26 26
27 Latvia 84.1 16 24 26 22 27 18 26
28 Lithuania 82.4 22 27 25 25 28 24 24
29 Malta 82.0 28 28 21 14
Health
Health
Child health from birth
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 2006 World Development Indicators
Low birth weight newborns (lower than 2.5kg, [%]) circa 2006 OECD Health and EU Health for All Databases
Immunisation Immunization, measles (% aged 12-23 months) 2006 World Development Indicators
Child immunization rate, DPT3 (% aged 12-23 months) 2006 World Development Indicators
Child immunization rate, Pol3 (% aged 12-23 months) 2006 HNP stats
Children’s health behaviour
Children who brush their teeth more than once a day 2005/06 HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Children who eat fruit daily 2005/06 HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Children who eat breakfast every school day 2005/06 HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Children's physical activity 2005/06 HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Children who are overweight (BMI) 2005/06 HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
HEALTH
Subjective well-being
Subjective Well-being
Personal well-being
Children who report high life satisfaction 2005/06 HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Well-being at school
Children who feel pressured by schoolwork 2005/06 HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Young people liking school a lot 11, 13 and 15 years 2005/06 HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Self defined health
Children who rate their health as fair or poor 2005/06 HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Components of subjective well-being
Relationships
Children's Relationships
Quality of family relations
Child who find it easy to talk to their mothers 2005/06 HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Child who find it easy to talk to their fathers 2005/06 HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Peer relationships
Children who agree that their classmates are kind and helpful
2005/06 HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
RELATIONSHIPS
Material well-being
Material situation
Deprivation Households with children with an enforced lack of consumer durables (%)
2006 EU-SILC
Households with children reporting economic strain (%) 2006 EU-SILC
Pupils with less than 6 education possessions (%) 2006 OECD PISA Database
Pupils with less 10 books in the household (%) 2006 OECD PISA Database
Poverty Child poverty (60% of median equivalised income after transfers): 0-17 years
2006 EU-SILC
Relative child poverty gap (60% of median equivalised income): 0-17 years
2006 EU-SILC
Worklessness Children aged 0-17 living in jobless households: 0-17 years 2006 EU-SILC
MATERIAL WELL-BEING
-7
-5
-3
-1
1
3
5
7
Icel
and
Nor
way
Slov
enia
Luxe
mbo
urg
Finl
and
Czec
h Re
publ
ic
Net
herl
ands
Aust
ria
Den
mar
k
Fran
ce
Swed
en
Ger
man
y
Slov
akia
Cypr
us
Esto
nia
Belg
ium
Gre
ece
Italy
Spai
n
Port
ugal
Irel
and
Latv
ia
Hun
gary
Lith
uani
a
Uni
ted
King
dom
Pola
nd
Bulg
aria
Rom
ania
Cont
ributi
on o
f com
pone
nts t
o do
mai
n sc
ore
-7
-5
-3
-1
1
3
5
7
Aver
age
com
pone
nt S
core
Deprivation Poverty Worklessness Material Situation
Risk and safety
Risk and Safety
Violence and violent behaviour
Children involved in physical fighting at least once in the past year
2005/06 HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Children who have been bullied at school at least twice in the past 2 months
2005/06 HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Child deaths All child deaths: All under 19 deaths per 100,000 children circa 2005 WHO Mortality Database
Risk behaviour
Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19)
2006 World Development Indicators
15-year-olds who have had sexual intercourse 2005/06 HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
15-year-olds who used a condom at last sexual intercourse 2005/06 HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Children who smoke at least once a week 2005/06 HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
13 and 15 year olds who have been drunk at least twice 2005/06 HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
15-year-olds who have ever used cannabis in their lifetime 2005/06 HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Components of risk and safety
Education
Education
Achievement Reading literacy achievement 2006 OECD PISA Database 2006
Mathematics literacy achievement 2006 OECD PISA Database 2006
Science literacy achievement 2006 OECD PISA Database 2006
Participation/enrolment
Full-time and part-time students in all institutions (% of 15-19-year-olds)
2005 OECD Education at a Glance (2007)
School enrolment, pre-primary (% gross) 2006 World Development Indicators
Youth Inactivity
Inactive youth (NEET) age 15-19 (%) 2005 OECD Education at a Glance (2007)
EDUCATION
Housing and the environment
Housing and environment
Overcrowding Rooms per person in households with children 2006 EU-SILC
Environment Households with children who report crime in the area is a problem
2006 EU-SILC
Households with children reporting pollution or dirt as problems in the area
2006 EU-SILC
Housing problems
Households with children reporting more than one housing problems
2006 EU-SILC
Housing and the environment
-7
-5
-3
-1
1
3
5
7
Nor
way
Icel
and
Swed
en
Finl
and
Den
mar
k
Irel
and
Aust
ria
Luxe
mbo
urg
Net
herl
ands
Fran
ce
Cypr
us
Belg
ium
Spai
n
Gre
ece
Slov
akia
Ger
man
y
Uni
ted
King
dom
Port
ugal
Slov
enia
Italy
Hun
gary
Czec
h Re
publ
ic
Pola
nd
Lith
uani
a
Esto
nia
Latv
ia
Cont
ributi
on o
f com
pone
nts t
o do
mai
n sc
ore
-7
-5
-3
-1
1
3
5
7
Aver
age
com
pone
nt S
core
Overcrowding Environment Housing problems Housing and environment
Background
UNICEF State of the World’s Children Cornia and Danziger (1997) Child Poverty and Deprivation in Rich
Countries UNICEF Innocenti Report Cards 1-6 Luxembourg EU Presidency – child mainstreaming Ben Arieh and the “Jerusalem” project Bradshaw, J., Hoelscher, P. and Richardson, D. (2007) An index of child
well-being in the European Union 25, Journal of Social Indicators Research, 80, 133-177. http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f3642p2x00hn5h01/fulltext.pdf
UNICEF (2007) Innocenti Report Card 7 Child Poverty in Perspective: An Overview of Child Well-being in Rich Countries
Bradshaw, J. Hoelscher, P. and Richardson, D. (2007) Comparing Child Well-being in OECD Countries: Concepts and Methods, IWP 2006-03. Florence:UNICEF. http://www.unicef-icdc.org/publications/pdf/iwp2006_03_eng.pdf
Richardson, D. Hoelscher, P. and Bradshaw, J. (2008) Child well-being in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEE) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Child Ind. Res. 1: 211-250.
Bradshaw, J. and Richardson, D. (2009 An Index of Child Well-being in Europe (forthcoming)
WELL-BEING BY CHILD POVERTY RATE
WELL-BEING AND LIFE SATISFACTION
HBSC 2005/06: Children who report high life satisfaction95.0090.0085.0080.0075.00
ov
era
ll w
ell
be
ing
by
do
ma
in
120.00
110.00
100.00
90.00
80.00
uk
swe
spa
sln
slk
rom
porpol
nornet
lux
lit
lat
ita
ire
ice
hun
gre
ger
fra
fin
est
den
cze
bul
belaus
R Sq Linear = 0.586
WELL-BEING BY FAMILY BREAKDOWN
Selected ten
Domain Indicator (Countries) Correlation between indicator and domain
Health Children's third polio immunization (rate) 0.68***Subjective Children who report high life satisfaction (27) 0.83***Relationships Child who find it easy to talk to their fathers 0.76***Material Child income poverty (26) 0.78***Risk Infant Mortality rate (29) 0.81***Education Mathematics literacy achievement (27) 0.86***Housing Households with children reporting more than one housing problems (26) 0.87***
Overall by select ten
select10 indicators2.001.000.00-1.00-2.00-3.00
do
ma
in120.00
110.00
100.00
90.00
80.00
uk
swe
spa
sln
slk
rom
por
pol
nor
net
mal
lux
lit
lat
ita
ire
ice
hungre
ger
fra
fin
est
den
cze
cyp
bul
bel
aus
R Sq Linear = 0.813
Correlations matrix of domains
Overall Health Subjective Relations Material Risk Education Housing Overall less domain
Overall 1 0.66** 0.71** 0.61** 0.79*** 0.74*** 0.48** 0.82*** - Health 1 0.26 0.30 0.52** 0.38* 0.37* 0.19 0.35 Subjective 1 0.37 0.45* 0.38* 0.13 0.69*** 0.58** Relations 1 0.20 0.45* 0.18 0.41* 0.53** Material 1 0.59** 0.64*** 0.56** 0.62** Risk 1 0.24 0.72*** 0.61** Education 1 0.17 0.45* Housing 1 0.72**
Child well-being by GDP Euros per capita
Child well-being and inequality
Overall child well-being by spending on families with children 2005 as %GDP
(Self) Criticisms
Not all aspects of child well-being covered Bias to older children Equal weighting Z scores No measure of dispersion within countries
Future
Innocenti report card 8 out ?9 OECD report on child well-being coming in
April 2009 EU project on child poverty and child well-
being Also better questions in SILC from 2009
Conclusions (on for example Italy)
Italy is middling/low on child well-being overall Not good on
Well-being at school Youth inactivity Poverty Education Housing
Better on Self defined health Risk and safety
Weak family package Hypotheses
Relying on strong families - which are weakening ?Spending too much on the elderly