a description of combat rif le -squads · a description of combat rif le -squads ... figure 5...
TRANSCRIPT
" :'L~ Acces.n 0o 1(48
C'N
~44
A Description of Combat Rif le -Squads
on the Korean* MLR During the Winter of 1952-53
by ~
Rodney A. Clark and Martha B. Myers
IM MBhBflN STA7==f~ AD W7
S I Distribution Unlimited
LUJ
.IN aR eserd.I~iit . 2 OAFF
00ti Inrg, usndgttr uivert
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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE READ INSTRUCTIONSBEFORE COMPLETING FORM
1. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER
.- 4.T-AU 'TPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED
(I' ~ ADESCRIPTION OF COMBAT RIFLE .QUADS ON THE. REAN MLR DURING:THE WINTER OF 1952-53..,_ , R'-O-
IMEA 61 PERFORMING ORG.--REPOR -NUM BER
~ 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(&)
3IRodney A.JClark a# Martha B./Mers(
IE DA-44-lp'9-qm-6s59. ,ERFORING ORGANIZAT..ION NAME AV ADDRESS. 10. P GR7/"L MENT. PROJECT, TASKruman esources Researcn urgani zat ons(HumRRO) AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS
300 N. Washington StreetAlexandria, Virginia 22314
I. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS
Department of the Army / dundI54Office of the Chief of Research & Development '. -OrAGESWashington, D.C. 20314, 59
14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADpESS(if dita a i .6 tflng Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report)
K / p Unclassified15a. DECLASSI FICATION/DOWNGRADING
SCHEDULE
16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report)
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
17. DISTRIOUTION STATEMENT (of tiheabtract entered in Block.20, It different from Report)
18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Research performed under HumRRO Project INTERSQUAD.
19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse aide iI necessary and Identify by block number)
Squads Personal AttributesSquad Members Squad EffectivenessRiflemen AttitudesKorean War
20.ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse side it necessary mid Identity by block number)A research team from HumRRO conducted a study of squad effectiveness ;o the40th Infantry Division from December 24, 1952, to February 7, 1953, on theMain Line of Resistance (MLR) in Korea. This report is a graphic descriptionof riflemen in 78 rifle squads based on questionnaire data and personalinterviews.
/ ) (AC '
DD 1JAR73 1473 EDITION OF I NOV 65 IS OBSOLETE UnclassifiedSECURITv CLASSIF;CATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered)
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(Whoi Date Entered) -x
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(tWhen Data Entered)
iI
A DESCRIPTION OF COMBAT RIFLE SQUADS
ON THE KOREAN MLRDURING THE WINTER OF 1952-53
by
Rodney A. Clark and Martha B. Myers jarf' .
Approved:
LAUNOR F. CARTER 'zER E. REEDERDirector of Research Lt Col, Arty, Chief
Human Research Unit No. 2, OCAFF Human Research Unit No. 2, OCAFFFort Ord, California Fart Ord, California
The George Washington UniversityHUMAN RESOURCES RESEARCH OFFICE
Operating Under Contract WithTHE DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
CopyTechnical Report 7 June 1954
The contents of Ilumn1ilO publications, including the conclusionsand recommendations, should not be considered as having official
l)epartment of the Army approval, either expressed or implied.
PublishedJune 1954
Ths George Washington FUnivers it)'
4' HUMAN RESOURCES RESEARCH OFFICEPost Office Bu)x 3596We~slington 7, D. C
Distributed Under the Authoity ofThe 04fice of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G -1, D/A
CONTENTS
Page
"INTRODUCTION ................ ........................................ 3
CIVILIAN BACKGROUND OF SQUAD MEIMBERS
Figure I -Age of Squad Mlembers .................................... 7Figure 2-Education of Squad Members ............................... 8Figure 3-Highest Grade Completed by Squad Members ................. 9Figure 4 -Occupation Before Enterig the .Army ....................... 10Figure 5 -Parents Bata in U.S.A . ................................... 11Figure 6 - Ancestry of Squad Members ................................. 12Figure 7-Paeentage of Squad from Non-European Minority Groups ...... 13SFigure &-Nero Squad Members ..................................... 14
Figure 9-Parent's Oceupatica ...................................... 15Figure 10 -Average Number of Brothers and Sisters ..................... 16Figure 11 -446rital Status of Squad Members ............................ 17Figure 12-State or Country from Which Soldier Caime .................... 18
A'!7I'RBUTES OF SQUADS AND SQUAD .MEMBERS
Figure 13-Tlypieel Squad Member .................................... 21Figure 14 -Typical Squad .... ... . ...... . .. .... 22
Figure 15-Typical D~ay of Average Front-Line Squad ................... 23Figure 6-Amount of 'rime Devoted by Squad to various Daily rass ... :
Figure 17-Squad Compon tst ........................................ 25Figure 18-Total M onths in the Army ........ I.....I..................... 26Figure V)-Total Months in Korea ........... I........I................... 27Figure 20-Tl'tal Miouths on MLR ..................................... 28F~igure 21 -Tatal Mionthis as ,Member of Present Squad ................... 29Figure 22 -Months as Member of Present Squad1 .... .................... 30Figure 23 -Ranks of ,Squad Members .................................. 31Figure 24-Times Promoted Since Becoming Vk-mber of Present Squad ..... 32Figure 25 -Titues Wkounded Since Becoming Member of Present Squad ...... 33Figure 26- l'imes Received Comnpany |'unishpient Since Becoming
W~hmber of Present Squad ............................... 34
1 ..'
Page
TRAINING
Figure 27-Written Infantry Weapons Test ........................... 37Figure 28-Squad Members Having Specialized Training Bey, nd Basic...... 38Figure 29-Percentage of Squad Having Specialized Training
Beyond Basic ........................................ 39Figure 30-W orld War II Service ...................................... 40
ATTITUBES
Figure 31-A Measure of Ambition .................................... 43Figure 32- Authority Orientation ..................................... 44Figures 33- 38-Riflemen's Attitude Toward the Enemy .............. 45-50Figures 39-41-Riflemen's Attitude Toward the Katusa ............. 51-53
SUMMARY .............................................................. 57
I4 'V]
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: A DISCRIPTION OF COMBAT RIFLE 8UA98*
** a the Sreau MLII I* DsrtagtkeWlnter.f 1052-53**
4'* I4' I4'
4'
4'
*
*
*
4'
4'
F 4'
4'
4'
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** * * * * * * * * * * * j. * *444 * * * * * * *
II
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INT RODUC'ION
This report is a graphic description of riflemenin 78 rifle squads or, the Korean front lines during thewinter of 1952- 53. Future reports will analyze thefactors involved in the interaction of squad members
*as individuals and the squad's performance as a group;the present report simply presents data on riflemen's
S...'civilian backgrounds, training, and attitudes. Descrip-
• . *"., tive attributes of squads and squad members are alsopresented.
A research team from Army Field Forces HumanResearch Unit No. 2 conducted a study of squad effec-tiveness in the 40th Infantry Division from 24 December1952 to 7 February 1953. The 40th Division occupied
positions from the Mundung-Ni River, across lleart-break Ridge, holding Sandbag Castle and the rim of the Punch Bowl. Rhile the troopswere in these positions on the Main Line of Resistance (MI), the researchers visitedone platoon in each rifle company in the 160th Regiment (the only regiment to face boththe North Koreans and the Chinese), the 224th Infantry Regiment, and the 5th RegimentalCombat Team. From these regiments a sample of more than 80 rifle squads was inter-viewed and given questionnaires and tests; this study is based upon'78 squads for whichdata were reasonably complete. Information was obtained from all English-speakingsquad members who were present at the time of the researchers' visit. This permittedobtaining test- questionnaire data from 386 riflemen and recording lengthy interviews with350 of these men.
The graphs in the succeeding pages are based upon the data obtained from the
test-questionnaires and interviews. The first group of charts deals with characteristicsof the civilian backgrounds of squad members and is based upon
information obtained in the questionnaires. The second group ofgriphs is concerned with descriptive attributes o' squads andsquad members; the first four figures in this se.-.ion are basedupon information obtained from the recorded inte.views, and theremaining 10 figures reflect the data obtained in the question-
naires. The third section, on truinipg, includes three chartsbased upon questionnaire data and a fourth chart based uponscores received on a written infantry weapons test. In the fourthsection of the report, dealing with riflemen's attitudes, the first
two figures are based upon attitude questionnaires, and theremaining nine drawings reflect material obtdined in the recorded
interviews. 'lhe final section of the report is mainly composedof the summary statements which itppear under cach chart through-out the report.
3
IL
a
*
*
** EiviIiau Dackgr.u"d*
* *f Squad Nembers I*I**
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* * * * * * 44444 * * * * *
11
ii
t
I
*1L_
AGE OF SQUAD MEMBERS
100Major Range = 18.5 to 74.5 yearsNumber of Men = 381
Average Age =21.55 years90 Standard Deviator.* = 2.00 years'A measure of the amount of spread In the data.
The formula used to compute it was:
NN
60 -- -
z
w
U 50
CL
0
30 . .....- --.. .. .. . . . . .
20 --
10
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Overand 29
underAGE IN YEARS
Figure I
Half of the riflemen on the front line are 21 or 2 r2 v srs old.
7
EDUCATION OF SQUAD MEMBERS
Number of Squods '=78Average Schooling = 10.09 yearsStandard Deviation =1.62 7yarsMa ior Range 6.04 to 1 4.14 years
LEGEND
* Average numberof years ofschooling for oillsquad membersin one squad.
V Vaiation inschooling forsquad memberswithin a squad.
__----KB0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
YEARS OF SCHOOLING
Figure 2
Ihte edue~ationail backgrounds of froit..ine riflenieu are relutkelv luv'. In nmany9qluunk, the variaktion in background within the squad i.- large.
HIGHEST GRADE COMPLETED BY SQUAD MEMBERS
100 Number of Men = 386
Average Grade Completed= 10.09 gradeStandard Deviation = 2.39 gradesMajor Range =4.11 to 16.09 grades
90
70
I-
601
zLUU 50- - - - - - __-
wI
LU
4-
101~
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
HIGHEST GRADE COMPLETED
Figure 3
tore thitti 00 per v t of the front- liiu riftlemen did not cofmplete high school.
9
OCCUPATION BEFORE ENTERING THE ARMY
100Number of Men = 378
90
80O
70
60
zwUix 50 --- -ujiL
40
30---
20- - -
10 --
Worked for Went to Worked for Unemployed
Soneone FI se School ;.4yself
Figure 4
Io'.t of the rifltemen have had ti'-dian experienee orking for other.
I0
PARENTS BORN IN U.S.A.
100
LEGEND
90 jJFather(Number of Men= 383)
80 Mo1h11(Numbor of Men= 384)
70
60--- --F Izw
Fur 50
wI101
0.U
ANCESTRY OF SQUAD MEMBERS
100 Number of Men = 377
90
80
70
60
zU 50
30 ---- _______
20
10-
Northern Combine- Negro Latin Eastorn Souihern Miscel- Oriental *
Europ-an tion * American European European laneous
*(A combination primarily not European.)*(Japonese and Chinese; does not include Koreans.)
Figure 6
Iven though half of tlhe riflemen on the froat line have Northern European ancestry,
there are si' minority groups anid minority combinations. 'ach of these g-roups has its o~n
immediate and ,otential problenis of integration.
12
PERCENTAGE OF SQUAD FROM NON-EUROPEAN MINORITY GROUPS
I Number of Squads=78Mean =35.66
Standard Deviation =18.77
00
c60
0 10 20 3 40 5 0 70 80 90 100
Figure 7
II
Ilie proportiott of ioiO tN groulp memiberst in a stiund vuries niarkedlY from squadt to
I II
: jud Ah t tiun ant ;ooto . etfr'nerto'udgo neproa
mq a rltin i.,, nfrJ p v luinu d ,u
I 13
NEGRO SQUAD MEMBERS
100
I9III0 -_
IU 50.I
0 _ 1 _N(eO.TwLhe
4U0RO EROSI QA
30urI2The Negro population is not evenly distributed among front- line squads.
14
PARENT'S OCCUPATION
100 Number of Men=379
90
80
70
60
I-zLU
50
W
40
30
20 -- __ _
10-_______________
0 _____________________v= =- S.le .. ..- .
Professional Semi- Small Skilled Semi o Laborers Seasonal
Profession'l 3usiness Skilled and DayManagers Laborers
Figure 9
More than half of the wage- earners in the families of the front- line squad members
werv urskilled workers.
15
iiA
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BROTHERS AND SISTERS
mw I.. .. Number of Squads =781
LEGEND
Average number of brothersand sisters for al squadmembers within a givensquad.
0 1 2 3 4 5LNUMBER OF BROTHERS AND SISIERS
Figure 10
Nto-,I of t he -,( tu ad mnem I) Iers viie frti o li) me, %-. it c It v It hared , Itlk -.-. t*ra I, ro fl: er,
killif
16
I
MARITAL STATUS OF SQUAD MEMBERS
100 Number of Men=383
90
80
70
60
z
a 50 -_ _ _ _
40~ __ _ _ _
30
20
10-
Single Married Divorced
Figure 1!
\tii't of the frolitt-Itne rIFlt-111t.i lIw~c not %tet i..stwwd himii rt .pon~biltit's.
171
STATE OR COUNTRY FROM WHICH SOLDIER~ CAME
Gu0 0.0Hawai 1.3
C0nad 0.8
IsI
18.
0.i
: Attributes of Squadsastd Squad Members
*
4'
4'
4'
4'
4'
4'
4'1
4.'
TYPICAL SQUAD MEMBER
Is unmarried and white
Is 22 years old
Is from small town or rural area
Completed 10th year of school
Has three brothers and/or sisters
Is from lower socio-economic class
Has spent a total of 19 months in the Army
Has spent three months on MLR
ihas spent three months in squad
Has 15 points toward rotation
Figure 13
21 I,It
TYPICAL SQUAD
I;1 ~enlit Did no1enlis
Whitewit
Grac [coo Tenth grade
01K R A*Did not enlist
Toilsgraad
Whhse
TeentS graceWhitee
irsAl Tenthd six ont
~Z In squad sixe nmonth
[Z In squijd less thon three mnonths tKoreui Attu0,ed to the (Inote, States Arm~y 'KA TI 5A)
Fiujure 14
223
---p
TYPICAL DAY OF AVERAGE FRONT-LINE SQUAD
ASSISTANT 1 ASISTANT ASSISTANT
TIME SQUAD LEADER SQUAD LEADER A RMAN A R MAN A A MAN ARMO RIF LAAN RIF LFWAN IRIFLEMAN ITI.
0500 - Pa- ' 0500Ambush Ambush Positron S Posiaon Amr-bush Positionpatrol Click Gu0ard pat Sleep Guard I P Guard Patrol Guard 1pn Police company C Phone Guard 'Sakosh, R Position Police. Compny. CP Guard 0
~PY - Posiron1
Pasrrun~Guard ±0)001 Cecko Guat Pione Position Position Position I.Guard Gud I Guard Guard Guard Guard r700
0ONO Hot Meal Guar hotl Mea Fo mea 0H -1 1-
Phone Guard hot NAlo Gauard Ho e li.IAJ, Hot Nl oNal Grd Guard000 utMal Guard hot Meal hot eal r 000. . ... . . . -+ -- -- --_ -.- 0900Sleep Sleep Sleep Positaon Posit in Po Pihon I u ard Sld p SleepI Guard o *S o0* Guard Irn n Gu Slei
1000, 1000
Phone Guard ,0, d..a. o,0d
1100-i__ 110_I__0_' --_...... ) _ .... --- -,103
Position Position
Phone Guard Sleep Sleep Guard Gurd
Rto laion C Rattan C Ratian I iC Ration jC Ratio.- C Ration C RationC00 - .....-- - .... ------ ----- 4- 1300
Car, and Postiao Position Core and Co°re and
Super Superi s Cleaning Guard gurd Phone Guardl Cleonil' Cleanrng1400_ 40
I Care ad Care and Core and Positron Positon
1 Platoon CP1 Phone Guard! Cleaning Cleaning Cleaning Guard Guard1500 -.----- .. . . .... 1500
hone Guard Hot Nal Gard lHr Neal hot Neal hot meal Guord Guod
1600-1 Hot Meal 'Phone Guard Hot Meal I Guard Guard Guard hot Neal hot Meal 1600
1700, CheckhGuard' Position I Position Positron Position I Position Positron l700Guard Guard I Guard Guard Guard . Guard
mpon CP Guard ICompany CP Compan CP Phone Gd
Se.up Cipn Ph.po G7dF Wor Guard600, .. . 1-- - - -8--6----0- -Check Guordj Aibushi Sleep Ambush , Position Ambush ph Guar Sleep Positron
Patrol j Potul Guard Patrol 0hn GuardGard I Ga 900
'Phone Guard Positron
2000 ,- - ---- - --~ , 0 WI Posit,on Sleep itin Sleep F
G ,aid 1 Coard2105OUod ,i_ o _ 210Di Position i 'oi tI Phone Guardi
2200 Gurd I . ___ _ 22002 -- I F Pos n ' Postron
Company CP Phone Guard Company CP Sleep Conmpany CP Guard Sleep Guod
230ul- ----- ++ .. 2306"
'Phone Guard, Position Position Position Positon Postnon
Goald Guard Guard Guard Gard240O . .- -t 2400
Conat Conbat"utpost Lutpst
0100- .- 0100,i PositronSleep Sleto IPhone Guard Sleep Guard
Position PositionSleep Check Guard Guard Sleep Iuood Sleep !Phone ard
v30 • v3Postron
Check Guard Sleep Phone Guard E.uaidj46v , ' .. . . . 400
PositionSleep Check Guard Phone Cuod Sleep G ard Sleep
'0630 to 0730 hrs. I100% ole ft
2300 to 0100 lirs.
Figure 15
23
Z
AMOUNT OF TIME DEVOTED BY SQUAD TO VARIOUS DAILY TASKS
"Sukoshi R'
0.8
Fhouer1
1 1.3
hour
SQUAD COMPONENTS
100 Number of Men=380
90
80
70 -________ - - - ~---
zwU 50 - - - -- --
20 - -- - - -- -- -
National Regular DrafteeGuard Army
F igcure 17
I hie proportion-, olf ?l i titt t'd rafted metn on the front line' ure -,iiiIr to the pro.-
piortions~ for the entire VrmN.I2 S
TOTAL MONTHS IN THE ARMY
100 Number of Men= 383
I90
80 -______
60 -- - -- _
zLiJ
U 50
10
3-6 7-9 10-12 13-15 16.18 19-21 22-24 25-30 31-36 Over Over36 99
MiONTH S
Figure 18
I hret - ourths of the men Iltve Iteeii ini the \rlliN r than 18 nioithes.
26
TOTAL MONTHS IN KOREA
100 Number of Men= 371
90 --
80
70
60
5-w0
40
30
10
Less !6-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Morethan Y2 than 9
MONTHS
Figure 19
airlf the men hte been in korea less than four month-..
27
TOTAL MONTHS ON MLR
100 Number of Men 385
90
80
4
60-
I-
z
50 --CL
40
40 -- ~ - -_ _ _ _ _
30 -- - -- -_ _ ___ _ _
20 _ _-- - _ _ _
Less Y2- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
MONTHS
Figure 20
'I hree-fourths of ite nten have been on the \11.11 Ies, than foue, mouth.-,.
2'8
TOTAL MONTHS AS MEMBER OF PRESENT SQUAD
100 Number of Men =385
90
80
70
60
I-zwU 50-
40
30
20 -!
10 - .-
0 .ELF H- H1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 More
than9
MONTHS
Figure 21
Nlembers ip in ,quads changes so fi't, that more than half of the mien hau e be en ina squa(l les than three ionthst.
29I
MONTHS AS MEMBER OF PRESENT SQUAD
Number of Squads 78_______________Average Number of Months as Member of Squad J0
monthsStandard Deviation = 1.44
_________________ *Major Range= 0.0 to 6.7 monthsAverage Number of Months for Man in Each Squad With
__________________________ Most Service =7.35 months
Average Number of Months for Mon inEach Squad W~th Least Service=0.83 months
LEGEND_________ Average number of monyths al
___________men within a given squad hay- been a member of the squad
________________________________________ 4- Vriation in number of monthsduring which men have been
I .~....members of tfht squad
0
0t 1_ _2_ _ _4 _ 5 _ _ _ 7_8_9_10
NUBR0FMOTSA EME FPESN-QA
.4-s 2
In ~ .4 - -4-o h ud h m rtriutht ee tqkdm me es hmtrt ot.
.4-ll. ofte'u d,_ _ __ol -ie,_,.i e nti h q iilm r h n o t,
RANKS OF SQUAD MEMBERS
100 Number of Men= 381
90
80
70
60
zu5
40
:' -Private Private Corporal Sergeant Sergeanti * ~~First Class ~s ls
RANK
Figure 23
'ront-line .uads ate oeratilog il not more thtan i so-thirds' strength in NCO's.
31
! I
TIMES PROMOTED SINCE BECOMING MEMBER OF PRESENT SOUAD
100 ~~Num ber of M n 3 f
90 ______ ___
70 ----------.-
zL)50
30
20 -
10
None One Two Three Four
TIMES PROMOTED
Figure 24
kIIIough (m thet atvragt. the linen1 have~t bel-i it, thet squad old., threr Innorthl, U111nollialf ha~ve rteeiv(I a p~rotlmionI.
3'
TIMES WOUNDED SINCE BECOMING MEMBER OF PRESENT SQUAD
100 Number of Men =386
90 -- __ _ _-----------___--- - -----
70 - -_ _ _ _ _ - - - -- - -- -- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -
z
0wI
30 -- - --- -
NoeOne Two Three
TlIVES WOU)NL)ED
Figure 25
I Iie-st frOzgt-Ilit -,(1UadI IkUll t h Iad mchuvl oijtaot '.Nit the i'~i
TIMES RECEIVED COMPANY PUNISHMENTSINCE BECOMING A MEMBER OF PRESENT SQUAD
100 Number of Men= 385
90
80
70
: 60
I-zLUUa50
a.
40
30
20
10
None One
TIMES RECEIVED COMPANY PUNISHMENT
Figure 26
Cony ii, puish ent -4 ureon he fronit line,.
34
,'U
'4'
.'
.4'
,*
. riua,*
*€
* i1
WRITTEN INFANTRY WEAPONS TEST
Number of squads 78Average Score of All Squads on Written
Infantry Weapons Informction'" i____'______"___ T-st = 58.02 points
- ------ Standard Deviation of Scores =8.31pointsK ' Major Range = 37.25 to 75.00 points
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
PER CENT OF ITEMS CORRECT
Figure 27
No (unaid iavrtiged Iigl ore-, a olile tiare, 'i lta I %N ot it ril eat apowa
3, - -.
II-- i - iU
i'
SQUAD MEMBERS HAVING SPECIALIZED TRAINING BEYOND BASIC
100~LEGEND Number of Men = 386
A=eoaders School- NCO
90 B=OCSC =Advanced Infantry, Weapons
(Mortars, Machine Gun, etc.)
0D =Rangers, Paratroopers, Airborne80 = Ski Training, Amphibious Training
F =Armored, Armored Reconnaissance
G=Miscelloneous
70 (CBR, Demolition, MP, Signal, Radio,Mechanics, Medics, Fire, Drivn1 ,Supply, Arms Repair, Cooks)
H None
60
z
U 5
40
30
20
10
A B C D E F G H
KIND OF SPECIALIZED TRAINING
Figure 28
k))r 10 per , , ,iI lth nwits i,, froui-ait. riIh" iitthd. }hie \rmi tramling pal- -,i (
38
PERCENTAGE OF SQUADHAVING SPECIALIZED TRAINING BEYOND BA5Sir
rNum ,r of Squads =78
U
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
PFR CENTI
Fiyofe 29
Rifimt-i d no li v a t-Iuuiopp rtuw% o c lli InvoilactVNIII quid-m lt %lIIrmiing ".Nold bt- I
qs
WORLD WAR F- SERVICE
100 Numbir of Men= r381
90 _
80- ___
70 -
60 --
I-zLU
40
30
20-
10.-
0 L_ _Men with Men with No
World War 1:1 Service World War HI Service
Figjure 30
Hi rornt - I 1ne rilleaiiri likI'. had hult-I prr~iou,- tejwtem v mn umii ttir voutlhat
,[ ia t I
iv
*
*
*
*
4,
* Attitudes4,
*
*
*
*
*t *
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
44 *~444#44 444
L ___________________________
A . .
A MEASURE OF AMBITION
_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _4
______________________________________4
vI
__ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _
___NumberofSquads_-_78
_______ _Mean___,14_points_
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _to .8 pin
______________________Maio(__Runge__.4_to__1.3_Points_
0_ .2 0._06__ _1_ _12_.4 1._ _8 .
_____________________________________W ON________
Oil t qu'( oml~irv mil aml ton it ilitm ncoul co v mnerto it highd -78 btin
__________________________________hal_1___1_1_vi__olvor___m te 1.14point ? ti-vl
StnadVnoto 1 on
AUTHORITY ORIENTATION
,. ~ ------ - - -, -- -- -( - --' .m. .m mm. .I . .m
~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~ -- -t "-- -'- - - - - -_ - --- -l-mmliI~m m--- - ---miniiImI
mm m m m m~rc mm
S m m mmm
r..........
I -- --i---_i--, -----ii-------------
-- J -- m-I-.--.---- --,,I .mJ-m --i-mmmm -m- m
---- --- ---
I --- r--------------
)| i ii i "--lm -- 'f L :mmIII ----- i----------n m
I • I ----- ---------------- wm
_ _ ---- - ------------- ~
I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ----------------O i~mil I i4 iI mI
: ~ ~ - -- --------.-----N
.' : .. .. ...... iN
i i nl -- _ I mm------ i------ i-
i~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ ----------.-L~ _ Iin m I m mmmm
- --------- mm
( -- -_ m mm ----------- m i
---- ---- --- M._
"- LZ ....... ."."..m...
-T7~X r3...................
-" -- _ - _- -m--- - -----i ] - -- -- la --- --------------
I ------- . .......--!r i i ii
,, i i i2]+ - T r u . - mr inm mra min.
i1i "_ i n. . m im
• jm N.mU ZI Wmmmmmm
il- -------ma : .....mmmmmmm.
3 ~ - ----- : --
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
PER CE NT OF RESPONSES POSSiBLE FOR A SQUAD
LLGLN()
35 Acceptim.e di rules and woer -tbo0)4 (IOcitior
01111111 ,c. , doc ,Ii i t o) 0 n,tr of not to nrrve strowngryly obey 0 (vle or order
MMA te.njr~o( y lo flaun1t , ul.em ogl aderi
ryjorrc 32
rrrrrtn 1w t o-ctf. ru-. and ihr rf r , %itttd t I. tiv ti \1 olrr tr theiirtllIre.% r
rIhent to a riklt*or r::i: In itt quar: k, t e, & romtrla tvi ic fite~ fail rdr.ftf te
,141
The average squad member thinks that:,
Figure 33
I he North korc an, itrr barbaric anJ in1h uman in tretmenr~ii of prt-,ont r-.
The average squad member thinks that.,
Figure 34
I he (Aiine-4 arv (-t% d ini their trealtent of ;prIinr,.
The average squad member '.hinks that:,
Figure 35
T toe t eelli it c ,I so [itrcels I l it itU lit. 1, (diepri(.
The vveragt. squad member thinks that-,
Figure 36
11 v f. t vIn N I Ilor. p l it [i I a i I h G.1. it ~ t fkg kil d 1 didil'i1
The average squad member thinks that:,
Figure 37
t. Ierit~ t. iv xt re t Iit, t, kturtit v v it IIImortar f re.
49
The average squad member thinks that:
I A
111t. ~ ~ ~ atm,38 w m en-r~ s~to ,
The average squad member thinks that:,
Figuto 39
Ih I IIit , .It-1 m guIll
The average squad miember thinks that:
II
I Figure 40
1h itt uu.,a II, .upvrhummdU.i tiuph.
'ile average squad nmendher thinks that:
Figure 4 1
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******* * ** ** * **
SUMMARY
CIVILIAN BACKGROUND OF SQUAD MEMBERS
Most of the riflemen on the front line are between 18 and 29 years of age; half of
them are 21 or 22 years old.
The educational background of front-line riflemen is relatively low; in most squadsthe variation in background within the squad is large.
More than 60 per cent of the front-line riflemen (lid not graduate from high school.The average grade completed was the tenth.
Over 75 per cent of the riflemen on the front line have had civilian experienceworking for others.
Almost one-fifth of the squad members serving on the front line have parents whowere not born in the U. S. A.
Even though approximately half of the riflemen on the front line have NorthernEuropean ancestry, there are six minority groups and minority combinations.
Although some squads had no non-European minority group members, most of thesquads had at least one or two such members, and in many squads over half of the menwere minority group members.
The Negro population is not evenly distributed among front- line squads.
More than half of the wage earners in the families of the front- line squad memberswere unskilled workers.
Most of the squad members come from homes which were shared with severalbrothers and sisters.
Over three-fourths of the squad members were single.
The 40th had been a California National Guard Division, but bv the winter of1952- 53 its personnel came from all parts of the country.
A'IlIUTES OF' SQUADS AND SQUAD MEMBERS
The typical squad is composed of nine men. Most of these men have been in the
squad three months or les-
- the av.rage squad twice as much time is devoted to guard duty as is allocatedfor sleep. The men average four or five brok,-n hours of sleep in 24 hours.
The proportion of enlisted and drafted men on the front line is comparable to the
proportions for the total V'my.
I hree- fourth,' of the men have been in the \rtnv less fhai 18 months, and half ofthens liuae been in Korea l',-, than four months.
57
Three- fourths of the men have been on the MLR less than four months.
Membership in squads changes so rapidly that more than half of the men have beenin a squad less than three months.
In half of the squads the average man has been a squad member less than threemonths. Two-thirds of the squads have members who have been in the squads a month orless. Two-fifths of the squads have "old-timers" who have been in the squad more thansix months.
Front-line squads are operating at not more than two-thirds' strength in NCO's.
Over 90 per cent of the squad members had not been wounded since being amember of the present squad.
Approximately half of the front- line riflemen had been promoted since becominga member of their present squads.
Over 95 per cent of the riflemen had not received company punishment sincebecoming a member of their present squad.
TRAINING
No squad averaged high scores, and some scored quite low on a written weaponsinformation test.
Over 30 per cent of the men in front- line rifle squads have Army training in addi-tion to Basic, but riflemen do not have an equal opportunity to come in contact withsquad-mates who have special training beyond Basic.
The front-line riflemen have had little previous experience in any other combatsituation.
AIlITUDES
Over 80 per cent of the squads had an average level of aspiration score which wasabove the mid - point of the scale.
According to the questionnaire used, in only three squads would the average reac-tion be to accept rules and orders without question. All of the other squads would tend toevaluate each new situation and decide whether or not to give unquestioning obedience toa rule or order. In no squad was there a strong tendency to flaunt rules and orders.
According to the comments obtained in more than 350 recorded interviews it appearsthat the average squad member thinks that:
The North Koreans are barbaric and inhuman in treatment of prisoners.
The Chinese are civil in their treatment of prisoners.
The enemy attacks fiercely because he is doped.
The enemy is more patient than the G.I. in setting up an ambush.
The enemy is extremely accurate with mortar tire.
The enemy is dug into impenetrable positions.
The Katusas sleep on guard.,
The Katusas have superhuman strength.
The Katusa can see hell in the dark.
58
ACKNOA LE.iMEN'I S
Appreciation is extended to the officers and enlisted men of the 40th Infantry Divi -
sion who made it possible for the research team to gather data in a combat situation.
The staff members of Human Research Unit No. 2, OCAFF, who selected and pre-pared test materials for the study and gathered the data presented in this report wereDrs. Robert L. Egbert, Morris Showel, and Rodney A. Clark. Capt. John B. Bennett, Jr.,
Department of the Army, was military chief of the research team.
The drawings are adapted from originals prepared by Mrs. Liese S. Rapozo. Other
members of the project who participated in the preparation of the report are: Mr. GilbertL. Neal, Pfc. Joseph N. P. Ruocco, and Mrs. Alice I. I.owrance.
59