A good leader?A good leader?

What do you think makes a What do you think makes a good leader?good leader?

With a partner, draw out With a partner, draw out the 6 characteristics of the the 6 characteristics of the leader that you would like leader that you would like to live under.to live under.

The Short CorsicanThe Short Corsican

BackgroundBackground Born to Corsican nobility (Corsica is an Born to Corsican nobility (Corsica is an

island off the coast of France). island off the coast of France). When he was a boy, Corsica was taken When he was a boy, Corsica was taken

over by France. over by France. His father sent him to military school in His father sent him to military school in

Paris to improve his life chances. Paris to improve his life chances. Napoleon resented him for this.Napoleon resented him for this.

Napoleon did not fit in (his classmates Napoleon did not fit in (his classmates were the children of French nobles, they were the children of French nobles, they made fun of him)made fun of him)

He poured his energy into military He poured his energy into military studiesstudies

Background continuedBackground continued Napoleon Bonaparte would have never Napoleon Bonaparte would have never

had a chance to become a general under had a chance to become a general under the Old Regime (the French were snobby the Old Regime (the French were snobby toward outsiders).toward outsiders).

Under the Revolution, all men are created Under the Revolution, all men are created equal. If you have talent, intelligence, and equal. If you have talent, intelligence, and a great work ethic, then you can be a a great work ethic, then you can be a somebody during the Revolution. somebody during the Revolution.

Napoleon had these characteristics.Napoleon had these characteristics.

French Governments French Governments since beginning of since beginning of RevolutionRevolution Old Regime – Monarchy/Estates Old Regime – Monarchy/Estates

GeneralGeneral National AssemblyNational Assembly Legislative AssemblyLegislative Assembly National ConventionNational Convention The DirectoryThe Directory NapoleonNapoleon

The DirectoryThe Directory 1795 National Convention 1795 National Convention

Completes ConstitutionCompletes Constitution– Two house LegislatureTwo house Legislature– Executive – 5 individuals – the DirectoryExecutive – 5 individuals – the Directory– Faced financial difficulties and became Faced financial difficulties and became

unpopularunpopular– Bourgeoisie were leading the Bourgeoisie were leading the

government; did not connect with government; did not connect with common peoplecommon people

– Known for corruption (taking bribes, Known for corruption (taking bribes, favoritism, etc.)favoritism, etc.)

NapoleonNapoleon

NapoleonNapoleon Achieved fame through wars with Achieved fame through wars with

England and Austria between 1795 England and Austria between 1795 and 1799 under the directoryand 1799 under the directory

Very short 5 feet two inchesVery short 5 feet two inches Very charismaticVery charismatic Excellent military strategistExcellent military strategist Married Josephine de Beauharnais Married Josephine de Beauharnais

a socialite – her influence had him a socialite – her influence had him immediately promoted to immediately promoted to commander of the French Armycommander of the French Army

NapoleonNapoleon Won control of northern Italy for Won control of northern Italy for

FranceFrance Attacked Egypt to cut of British Attacked Egypt to cut of British

tradetrade England, Austria, Russia allied England, Austria, Russia allied

against France – many believed against France – many believed only Napoleon could protect only Napoleon could protect FranceFrance

1799 – Directory forced out of 1799 – Directory forced out of office by troops Napoleon office by troops Napoleon seized command of the seized command of the government – coup d ‘etatgovernment – coup d ‘etat

Napoleon Napoleon 1769-18211769-1821

““Since one must take sides, one might Since one must take sides, one might as well choose the side that is as well choose the side that is victorious, the side which devastates, victorious, the side which devastates, loots, and burns. Considering the loots, and burns. Considering the alternative, it is better to eat than be alternative, it is better to eat than be eaten.”eaten.”

With this quote from Napoleon to his With this quote from Napoleon to his brother, what do you think this means, brother, what do you think this means, in relation to the French Revolution?in relation to the French Revolution?

Napoleon 1799- 1814Napoleon 1799- 1814 Consulate: first five Consulate: first five

years of Napoleon’s years of Napoleon’s Rule.Rule.

Executive Branch: Executive Branch: three consuls w/ three consuls w/ Napoleon as head Napoleon as head consulconsul

Plebiscite: put his new Plebiscite: put his new constitution to a constitution to a popular votepopular vote

Napoleon Becomes Napoleon Becomes EmperorEmperor

Napoleon’s supporters Napoleon’s supporters wanted to make his wanted to make his power permanent and power permanent and hereditaryhereditary

1804: Plebiscite 1804: Plebiscite declares that declares that Napoleon should be Napoleon should be emperoremperor

Grabs crown from Grabs crown from Pope and declares Pope and declares himself emperorhimself emperor

Napoleon quickly rose up the ranks Napoleon quickly rose up the ranks in the French army, specifically in the French army, specifically after forcing out British troops in after forcing out British troops in the French city of Toulon (12/1793)the French city of Toulon (12/1793)

By 1799, he was a military leader By 1799, he was a military leader and now a political one as well. and now a political one as well.

He helped overthrow the Directory, He helped overthrow the Directory, and created the Consul (with him as and created the Consul (with him as one of the governmental powers).one of the governmental powers).

By 1802, after yet another By 1802, after yet another Constitution, he had himself named Constitution, he had himself named Consul for life.Consul for life.

Emperor of the Emperor of the French?French?

Napoleon asks the Pope to preside Napoleon asks the Pope to preside over the ceremony, but takes the over the ceremony, but takes the crown from the Pope’s hand and crown from the Pope’s hand and places it upon his own head.places it upon his own head.

What do you think this shows?What do you think this shows? As Emperor, Napoleon continually As Emperor, Napoleon continually

consolidated power. consolidated power. Consistently strengthening the Consistently strengthening the

Central Government, and yet the Central Government, and yet the people kept supporting him.people kept supporting him.

Why?Why?

 Tax collection was made more fair and orderly so France could rely on a steady

supply of money.

Dishonest government

workers were removed.

Napoleon’s

changesHe started

lycées-a new public school for ordinary

citizens.He gave the church back some of its power and signed a

concordat or agreement

with the pope to gain support

of the organized

church.

 

He wrote a new set of laws called the

Napoleonic Code which

gave all French citizens the

same rights. However, some

individual rights were

removed. Free speech was limited and slavery was

restored in the French

colonies.

The Napoleonic Code, or Code Civil, entered into force on

March 21, 1804. Even though the Napoleonic code was not

the first legal code to be established in a European

country— it is considered the first successful codification and strongly influenced the

law of other countries.The Napoleonic Code, formally said, dealt only with civil law issues, such as filiation and property; It also did not deal

with how laws and regulations were to be passed — which is reserved for a constitution.The Code, with its stress on

clearly written and accessible law, was a major step in

establishing the rule of law.

Napoleon hoped to expand his empire in Europe and the New

World.In 1803, Bonaparte faced a

major setback when an army he sent to re-conquer Haiti and establish a base was

destroyed by a combination of yellow fever and fierce

resistance. Recognizing that the French possessions on the

mainland of North America would now be indefensible,

and facing imminent war with Britain, he sold them to the

United States —the Louisiana Purchase—for less than three cents per acre. The dispute

over Malta provided the pretext for Britain to declare

war on France in 1803 to support French royalists.

The Battle of Trafalgar in 1804 was a humiliating defeat for France

The defeat prevented any possibility of an invasion of England for Napoleon.

Mistake #1Mistake #1In 1806 In 1806

Napoleon Napoleon attempted to attempted to

blockade British blockade British ports to hurt ports to hurt

their economy. their economy. This This Continental Continental SystemSystem was to was to

make the make the continent more continent more self sufficient. self sufficient.

The British The British Navy put their Navy put their own blockade own blockade around Europe around Europe

which which weakened weakened Europe’s Europe’s economy.economy.

Mistake #2Mistake #2 Napoleon made Napoleon made his brother King his brother King of Spain in 1808. of Spain in 1808.

The Spanish The Spanish people were people were loyal to their loyal to their

own king. The own king. The peasant fighters peasant fighters called called guerrillasguerrillas fought against fought against Napoleon in a Napoleon in a war called war called The The

Peninsular WarPeninsular War..

The Collapse of

Napoleon’s Empire

Mistake #3In 1812

Napoleon attempted to

conquer Russia.The Russians

retreated and followed a

scorched-earth policy leaving no livestock or grain for the

French Army. The onset of

Winter, attacks and deserters

left only 10,000 of the original

400,000 troops.

Surrender at Madrid

Retreat from Moscow

An alliance of Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden and Austria attacked France and defeated Napoleon’s Army in 1813 at Leipzig. The Battle of Leipzig or

the Battle of the Nations (16-19 October 1813) was the largest conflict in the Napoleonic Wars and the

most decisive defeat suffered by Napoleon Bonaparte. Fought on German soil, it also involved German troops on both sides, as a large proportion

of Napoleon 's troops actually came from the German Confederation of the Rhine.  

First exileFirst exile After some unfortunate battles, After some unfortunate battles,

Napoleon gives up the throne and Louis Napoleon gives up the throne and Louis XVIII is named king. He was Louis XVI XVIII is named king. He was Louis XVI brother.brother.

Napoleon is sent to the island of Elba.Napoleon is sent to the island of Elba. Napoleon returned victoriously with Napoleon returned victoriously with

soldiers lining the street to follow his soldiers lining the street to follow his return to prominence. return to prominence.

Louis flees France in fear, and Napoleon Louis flees France in fear, and Napoleon will be Emperor again.will be Emperor again.

Ten months after his exile Napoleon escaped, returning

to France. His destination was the city of Paris. He gained support along his

route to Paris.

He finally marched into Paris with a thousand of his old

soldiers and new supporters. He took over the city and was

back in power for a short period of time that is now known as "The Hundred

Days". Napoleon's return led him to a final campaign in

Belgium. He was defeated in the Battle of Waterloo.

Waterloo 6/18/1815Waterloo 6/18/1815 The British under Duke of Wellington, The British under Duke of Wellington,

with the help of the Prussians, with the help of the Prussians, crushed the French in battle. crushed the French in battle.

Napoleon’s loss prompts him to lose Napoleon’s loss prompts him to lose power and be exiled yet again. power and be exiled yet again.

This time to St. Helena.This time to St. Helena. The difference: he never returnsThe difference: he never returns

What truly was What truly was Napoleon?Napoleon? Was he the Revolution on Was he the Revolution on

Horseback as he claimed?Horseback as he claimed? Or was he a traitor to the Or was he a traitor to the

revolution?revolution?

Where this leadsWhere this leads The Congress of Vienna (9/1814 to The Congress of Vienna (9/1814 to

6/1815)6/1815) This was in the pursuit of peace.This was in the pursuit of peace. The Map of Europe was redrawn The Map of Europe was redrawn Hereditary monarchies were restored Hereditary monarchies were restored

(yep, Louis XVIII is back)(yep, Louis XVIII is back) Most powerful person during this process Most powerful person during this process

is Austrian Prince Clemens von Metternich.is Austrian Prince Clemens von Metternich. They never united Germany, which will They never united Germany, which will

cause problems later.cause problems later.

End thoughtsEnd thoughts What are your thoughts on What are your thoughts on

Napoleon?Napoleon? Was he as bad as some say, or Was he as bad as some say, or

was he truly a historic and great was he truly a historic and great leader?leader?