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McElhanon, K.A. "A History of Linguistic Research in the Huon Peninsula, New Guinea". In Wurm, S.A. and Laycock, D.C. editors, Pacific linguistic studies in honour of Arthur Capell. C-13:1178-1208. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1970. DOI:10.15144/PL-C13.1178 ©1970 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative.

A H I STORY OF LI NGU I ST I C RESEARCH I N THE HUON PEN I NSU LA , NEW G U I N EA

K . A . Mc ELHANON

Among Profes sor Cape ll ' s numerous pub licat ions are many which survey the languages o f the New Guinea area and/or present their typologi cal feature s . The earliest of these appeared in Capel l ( 19 3 3 ) and the most re cent i n Capel l ( 1 9 69 ) . I n a number o f these surveys ( p arti cularly Cape l l , 19 5 4 , 1962 ) he incorporated mat erial from earlier writers who wrote be fore the deve lopment of modern lingui s t i cs and/or we re trained in di s c ip lines other than lingui s t ics .

Cape l l was not the only s cholar t o incorporate mat erial from the s e earlier writers , and t h e result t oday is that often one l anguage i s represented by several di fferent name s or one l anguage name occurs i n variant spellings for supposedly different l anguages . Thi s present paper presents a survey of the literature c oncerning t he languages and peop le s of a portion of Northeast New Guinea and at tempts t o unravel the confusion over language names and vari ant c las s i ficat ions of the languages found there .

The area concerned in , this paper encompasses t he Rai Coast east­ward from Bi1iau and Saido r , the Finisterre and Saruwaged mount ain ranges , the Huon Peninsula and Umboi ( Rook ) I s l and lying between the Huon Peninsula and New Brit ain .

The di s covery of the Huon Gulf i s credited t o A . J . R . D ' Entre casteaux when he visited the area in 1 7 9 3 with the s hips R eche�che and E4 p e�ance

( Rosse 1 , 1 80 8 ) . The gul f i s name d after Huonde Kermade s who was the captain of the E4 p e�anc e . Nearly a century l ap sed before the next vis i t to the area by Europeans was recorde d , and that was by John Moresby in the ship Ba4 iii4 k in 1 8 7 4 ( More sby , 1 8 76 ) . Moresby named the Markham River after the s e cretary of t he Royal Geographi c al Society and named the Rawlinson mountain range north of the Huon Gulf after the s ociety ' s president . Shortl y thereafter, O . Fins ch passed

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along the shores in the ship Sam o a and contacted the inhab i t ants at various point s , notab ly one which is named Fins chhafen ( Fins ch , 1 8 88 ) .

Significant European cont act began with the arrival of the Ge rman New Guinea Company which began work at Fins chhafen on October 5 , 1 8 85 . A lthough the German admini strat ion ' s policy was t o establish firm control over an area be fore mi s s ionaries were allowed t o enter , repeated petiti ons to Berlin by the Neuendettelsau mi s s ion persuaded the govern­ment to allow mi ssionaries into New Guinea . The first mi s s i onary , J . Flierl , landed at Fins chhafen on July 12 , 1 8 86 , and he was followed by K . Treme l in September . On October 8th they moved to the J ab �m vil lage of Simb ang .

With this break from the presence of the New Guinea Company pers onne l , the mis s i onaries were cons istently the first Europeans to make s igni fi cant contact with the neighbouring tribes . Thus scient ific knowle dge about the area expanded with the mi s s ion work . Once a mission s tat ion was e stab li shed , expeditions we re made into the surrounding count rys ide with a view to opening new stat ions .

In 1 89 1 the European population at Fins chhafen was nearly wiped out by an epidemic , and as a result the New Guinea Company and the Ge rman admini stration shifted the center of coloni zat ion to the Astrolabe Bay . In order to facilitate admini stration the German government delegated authority to the mis s ionaries . Vi sits b y govern­ment offi cials were infrequent and b y the time of the Australian t ake­over in 1 9 1 4 large areas were under mis s ion influence . The predominance of the mis s i on ' s control and influenc e over t hat of t he German admin­i s tration , and later the Australian administration, pers isted in many areas unti l after World War II and in the more remote areas unt il the last de cade . l

From Simbang vi llage the mis s ionaries made expedit ions along the coast and on Novemb er 9 , 1 8 89 G . Bamler opened a stat ion in the Tami I s lands . Rev . Flierl made several trips into the immediate hinterland with othe r mis s i onaries , and these trips re sulted in the founding of the Sattelberg s t at ion among the Kai [ K�te J peop le on Novemb er 8, 1 8 9 2 . 2

From Sattelberg the mis s ionaries moved north acros s the Bus im River t o e s tablish a station at Ware o on the WamorA range .

For a number of ye ars the explorations we re confined of ne cessity to the coastal areas and ranges . The peoples of t he inland are as were cannib als and great ly feared by the more coastal peoples . Flierl and Hoh made an early att empt to cross the Cromwe ll range t o the north in March , 1 89 2 , but the ir carrie rs deserted t hem at the b order o f the cannibalis tic Poom tribe ( probab ly the Dedua people ) . C . Keysser ( 19 1 1 ) reported that the Kai people around Sattelb erg regarded the inland

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Hub e people a s being one-eyed and having tails - a s ign that c ontact between the two peop le s must have been minimal .

As a result of the fai lure t o penetrate inland , t he mi ssionarie s proceeded wes tward along the Huon Gul f , and in 1906 they opened a mi s s i on s tation at C ape Arkona among the Bukaua people and at Malalo in 1 9 0 7 among the Bus ama people . Meanwhi le Flierl opened a s tation at He ldsbach between Sattelberg and the c oast in 1 9 0 4 , and from there mis sionarie s cont acted the c oast al-dwe lling Papuan peop les as far north as Si alum . I n 1 9 0 7 M . St olz opened the Si alum s tat ion and later in 1 9 1 0 proceeded northward to open a stat ion on Sio I s l and ( Dorf-Inse l ) .

Most o f the knowledge of the linguistic s ituat ion unt i l the 1 9 6 0 ' s comes either dire ctly or indirectly from the mi s s i onaries . In many cases the mis s i onaries undoubt edly related what they knew about the area and its peop le s to the occas i onal vi sitors : adventurers and touri s t s as we l l as naturali s t s , anthropologists and other profe s s ional s cholars . Often these visitors and transient fie ld workers pub li shed the re s ults of their b rief visits and s tudies we l l in advance of any pub li cations by the mis s i onaries and thereby presented observat ions whi ch were not alt ogether ac curat e . 3

The first s t atements about the Fins chhafen area and i ts people are from the expeditions reporte d by F. Hel lwig ( 1889a , 1 8 89b , 1 89 0 ) . The fi rs t doctor of the New Guinea Company , O . Sche llong , provided some kinship terms from J ab�m ( Sche llong , 1 889a ) , ment ioned the three Papuan tribes of J abim, Bukaua and Poum ( Schellong , 1 889b ) , pub li shed a treat i s e on the J abim language with wordlists from neighb ouring languages ( Sche l long , 1 89 0 ) and gave a survey o f the peoples at the east ern tip of the Huon Peninsula ( Sche llong , 1 89 1 ) . In his survey Schel long ( 1 89 1 : 16 9 ) corre ct ly stat ed that the Kai people were the older and original inhab i t ants and completely different from the J abim peop le . He was incorre ct , however, in stat ing that the Poum diale ct ( spoken ne ar Cape King Wi lliam) cons tituted a link between the J ab im and Kai dialect s . This latter ob servation , which was based upon a report from G . Gab e lent z who compared word lists collected by Schel long , was made be fore the dis tinction between Papuan and Melanes ian l anguages was wide ly re COgni zed. 4

The firs t extens ive di achronic lingui stic s tudy involving languages from the area appeared in the writ ings of the German j ournalist H . Zoller who toured the stat ions o f t he Ge rman New Guinea Company . Z o l ler argued agains t the notion commonly held by people of the New Guinea Company and many mis s i onaries that s everal hundred comp lete ly di fferent languages existed in German New Guinea. He publi shed two compi lati ons of word lists from New Guinea and t he neighb ouring is lands . The first

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list ( Zoller, 1 89 0 ) included fifty words from twenty-four languages and the second list ( Z oller , 1 89 1 ) inc luded three hundred words from forty­six languages . In comparing the vocabularies of the twenty-four language s with those of the Malayo-Polynesian group , Zoller tried to estab lish percentages of cognate vocabulary and found that the range of percentage s was quite wide . He ( Zoller, 1 89 0 : 122-8 ) gave the following percentages of cognate vocabulary between New Guinea are a languages and Malayo-Polynes ian : Kelana [ Austronesian (AN ) - Gitua] 26 . 7 5 % , Rook Is land [AN - Tuam] 29 . 5% , J abim [AN - Jab�m] 1 8 . 5 % , Bukaua [ AN ] 2 5 . 75 % , Simbang-Kei [non-Austronesian ( NAN ) - K�t e , Wanac dialect ] 1 3 % , Saleng­Kei [ NAN - K�te , Wanac di alect ] 10 . 75 % , Jabim-Kei [NAN - K�te , Wemo di alect ] 1 3 . 25 % , Poom [NAN - Momare ] 6 . 2 5 % , Ke lana-Kei [NAN - Ono ] 8 . 5 % . His erroneous conclusion , which i s unders tandab le in the cont ext of the times , was that there was a common origin for all the Oceanic language s from Madagas car to Hawaii . The significant contribut ion of Zoller was his re cognition of the Kei ( Kai ) diale cts as const i tuting a s ingle group of re lated language s whi ch showed closer relat ions to one another than to the re cognized Malayo-Polynesian language s .

The first grammat ical description of one o f the Kai diale ct s was that of the Ka t e - d o n g the fores t language near Sattelberg stat ion by J . Flierl ( Grube , 1895 ) . This treatise included a lengthy word list with a few lis tings of cognat e words found in other languages of the South Paci fi c . Flierl ( Grube , 1 8 9 5 : 83 ) contradicted the existence of the t hree dialects of Kai , vi z . , Simbang-Ke i , Saleng-Kei and Busum-Kei , as given b y Zoller ( 1 89 1 : 4 4 3 ) and s t ated that the apparent di fferences were the re sult of error and that these three represented the s ingle dialect Kate-dong which stret ched from the Bubui (Map e ) River in the s outh to the Bus im Rive r in the nort h . Moreover , Flierl report ed that re lated Kai diale cts lay to the north , west and south o f t he Kat e-dong diale ct . Poch ( 19 0 7 c : 15 4 ) , on the other hand , app arently t aking his lead from Flierl , claimed that all the people covered by his j ourneys cons tituted a large unitary people with one language . Poch erred in his claim s ince his explorations obvious ly inc luded trips through the are a inhabited by Mape speakers .

Flierl was perhaps too harsh in his criticism of Zoller s ince the two men probab ly had simp ly di fferent ideas of what const ituted dialect di fferences . Zoller ' s lists inc luded two dialects of K�te about 9 5 % lexicostat i s ti cally re lated , viz . , Wemo and Wanac , but Flierl prob ably c ons idered these di fferences negligible when compared with the di fferences between the Kate-dong (Wemo ) dialect and the other diale c t s , Wamor� , MAgobineng , Naga and Mape ( see Pilhofer 1 9 2 7- 8 , 1 9 2 8-9 ) which are from 73-87% lexicostat isti cally related . Keys ser ( 1929 a : l l ) stated

that "near the vi cinity of t he s tation [ Sat telb erg ] were two highly divergent diale cts [ Wemo and Wamora] so that the mis s i onary who only had learned one was s carcely ab le to understand a word of the other" .

Many of the rep ort s of adventurers and t ouri s ts who passed through the are a cont ained b rief comments on the lingui s t i c situation . Preu s s ( 1 89 7 : 1 0 0-1 ) , after giving the supposed locat i ons of s everal languages ab out Fins chhafen , goe s on to say that Schellong ( following Gabe lent z ) grouped the Jab im and Bukaua l anguage s together i n one group , t he Tami , Rook Is land and New Britain languages in anothe r , and Poum and the Kai diale cts in another . The first pub lished clas s i fi c at ions of the Kate­dong ( Kai ) language as Papuan are found in S chmidt ( 19 0 0-2 : 3 5 6 , 38ff . ) and in Ray ( 19 0 2 : 189 ) . Schmidt , who b as ed much of his study on the earlier s tudies of S chellong and Zoller , pub lished word lists for a number of Papuan languages , viz . , Kai [ KAte ] , Poom [Momare ] , Kamoka [ a mixture of Ono and Migabac ] and Ke lana Kai [ Ono ] , as well as a number of Me lanes i an languages , vi z . , Tami , Bukaua, Jab im , Kelana [ Gitua] and Rook Is land [Tuam ] . Later Dempwolff ( 19 0 5 : 2 4 3- 5 ) pub li shed word l i s t s from Pon [ Sialum ] , Ke s eraua [ Ono ] and Ago [ Migabac ] .

Subs equent confus ion re sulted over t he use of the term Ke t or Ka i .

Zoller , in us ing the term in a generi c s ens e , s tated t hat the Kei diale cts were found inland from the Jab im-speaking coastal peop le as well as from other coastal peop les . The term was also used in a generi c s ense in Grube ( 1 8 9 5 ) .

In 1 9 1 1 R . Neuhaus s pub lished a three volume work V euz4 c h N eug u��ea

whi ch contains import ant contributi ons about t he peop les from the southern b order ne ar Morobe around the coast to Sialum on the north­eas t c oast of the Huon Peninsul a . 5

In providing a s urvey of all the known groups of peoples , Neuhaus s ( 19 1 1 , 1 : 1 1 8- 30 ) used t he term Ka t to refer t o al l the inland Papuan peop le s ( as dis tinct from the Me lanes ian peoples ) from the s outhern b order around the Huon Gulf to the area north of Fins chhafen . ( In a brief no te Neuhauss ( 19 0 9 : 7 5 2 ) had referred t o the peninsula north of the Huon Gulf as the Ka t peninsula . ) He noted t he presence of the Papuan Kai living inland behind the Ka-iwa who live between t he Francis co and Nas s au rivers south of the Markham Rive r , the bearded Kai of the Rawlinson range and the Kai living west of Fins chhafen . Neuhaus s , not being ignorant of t he diversity among the Kai peoples , dis tinguished the Hupe [ Kube ] west of Fins chhafen as well as the Kodero [Nomu? ] inland from Cape King Wi lliam . He stated t hat the term Ka i

was a term used in New Guinea t o refer t o inland peop le whi ch belong to different tribes ( 19 1 1 , 1 : 12 5 ) . Keys ser ( 19 1 1 ) provided an ethno­graphic des cript ion of the Kai people ab out Sat telberg and at tributed

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to them the term Ka i for e s t o r in land in contrast t o the s eacoast peop le who sp oke the Jabim language . 6 He stated that the term had come general ly to represent the dwe llers of the forested and mountainous hinterland . He also ment ioned the Poum as one of the Kai fami ly and not e d that the languages of the Kai , Poum and other inland peoples were re lated in construction . Dempwolff ( 19 19-20 ) was the first to cease using the term Ka i t o refer to the Sattelberg people and stated that the Europeans call them the Kai people us ing the term of t he Jab im but that they c �l l themselves the K�t e- n i ( KS t e � I c ) fores t p e o p l e and their language the K�te - d�n ( KS t e d S � ) for e s t l anguage . Keysser ( 19 2 5 : 11 1 ) provided a dictionary of the Wena ( Wemo ) dialect o f t he KAte language and s t ated in a footnote that t he Europeans often re fer t o the people as the Kai peop le us ing a term fr om the Jab�m l anguage . Loukotka ( 19 5 7 : 3 8 ) s eparated the Kai fr om the KAte and p laced them north of the KAte . Salzner ( 1960 : 4 1-2 ) als o separated the Kai from the K�t e but he p laced them we s t of Raw linson range s and in the headwaters of the Busu river . Schmi t z ( 19 60 c ) ment ioned the Kai and appears to have equated them with the K�te . Cape ll ( 19 5 4 , 1962 ) , howeve r , as s igned the name to a Me lanesian group said to be living inland near the Kaiwa ( cf . Neuhaus s ' Papuan Kai living behind the Ka-iwa ) . 7 Thi s was the first appearance of the Me lanesian Kai in a pub li cat ion , and it was followed by Klieneberger ( 19 5 7 ) , Hollyman ( 19 6 0 ) and Hooley ( 19 6 4 ) all of whom listed the Me lanesian Kai as a distinct group , although Hoole y . following S chmi tz ( 196 0c), listed pub li cations o f the Kai and KAte t oge the r .

Ne uhaus s ( 19 1 1 , 1 : 12 5 ff . ) l i s t e d t he following peoples of the Huon Gulf area and the Huon Peninsula : the Bukaua and in t he interior the Kai ; the Lab o at the mouth of the Markham River ; t he Lae-Womb a ; the Mumang-Lae-Womba ( left bank o f t he Markham ) ; the Me lanesian Waing farther to the east [ Guwot or Sirak ] ; the Wandj an-Lae-Womba to the northwe s t ; the Marapuman , Karambaman , Garaman and Karamburu at the watersheds of the Markham and Ramu rivers ( probab ly Azera vi llage s ) ; the Papuan inland Kai who are not a uniform group ; the Taimi [Tami ] ; the Jab im [ J ab�m] ; the Sialum ; thre e language s near the Tewae Rive r , Poum [Momare ] , Depe [ Dedua] and Girogat [ Ono ] ; Ke lana [ Gitua ] ; Papuan Kodero [ Nomu? ] , Sigaba [ Si o ] and the Papuan Mula [ Komba] . Neuhaus s ( 19 11 , 1 : 12 8 ) also noted that the inland people of Rook (Umb oi ) Is land were papuans . 8

Neuhaus s ( 19 1 1 , 1 : 1 2 7 ) noted that the people of Sialum no longer could be regarded as be longing to the tribe of the Poum , t hus indi cating that the ear lier writers probab ly were us ing the term Poum in a b road sense . Note that Flierl ( 19 3 2 a : llO- l ) spoke of t he Poum coast , the

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Poum district and the Poum hinterland ( the area of Z agaheme among the Dedua ) . The first references to the Poum tribe , vi z . , He llwig 1 8 9 0 , Z o ller 1 89 1 , Schmidt 1900-02 and Dempwolff 19 0 5 , probably were to any of the peoples living north of the Kai people , and only after extens ive contact were the vari ous Poum groups ident i fied . After the various Poum groups were ident i fied the term ceased to be used j us t as the term Ka i fell into disuse after the Kai groups were identified . The group of c annibali s t i c Poum tribes probab ly inc luded the small group of Sene peop le on the right bank of the mouth of t he Mas aweng River , t he Migabac , the Momare , and perhaps even the Dedua who are also known t o have been c annibals . The Kai group probab ly ended at the Masaweng River for although Wamor� and MAgobineng were generally regarded as di fferent language s by Europeans , they were in fa ct closely re lat ed t o the Kai [Wemo ] dialect a t Satt elberg and should be regarded with the Sattelberg Kai as diale cts of a s ingle language . 9 The mi ssionaries were undoubtedly aware that the differences between the Poum group (Momare , Migabac and Sene ) and the Kai group ( Wemo , Wamora , Magobineng and Wanac ) were much greater than any internal differences between the member languages o f the two groups .

Concerning the prob lem of diale cts , Neuhaus s report ed that in the inland area of the Kai the diale cts changed in a short distance and that this splitting of dialects found i t s counterpart in Norway . The Neuendette lsau mis sion was striving t o s imp lify the linguistic confus ion of the area by introducing area languages . For the Melanesian coastal people they chose J ab�m which was eas i ly learned b y the Bukaua and t he Tami peop le s . For the Papuan languages they chose the Satte lb erg dia­lect , but it was too early at that time to evaluat e its success ( Ne uhauss , 19 1 1 , 1 : 120-1 ) . The decis ion of t he mis sionaries t o concen­trate their linguistic e fforts mainly in t hese two language s probab ly cont ributed t o the general neglect of the other languages within the area under the mi ssion ' s influence . 1 0 As the mi ssion work expanded into the hinterland, various sUb s t ations st affed by mis s ion helpers from Sat telberg were es tab li shed .

By 1 9 1 1 the mis s i onaries were crossing the Cromwe l l range t o the nort h . In the following year expeditions were made westward from Fins chhafen across the b asin of the Bulesom (Mongi or Sop a ) River , over the Raw linson range and along the s outhern s lopes of t he Saruwaged range t o the Markham valley . The pub li cations recounting these j ourney s paid more attent i on to the phy s i cal fe ature s of the land than to di ffe rences among t he peoples . Furthermore , the mis s ionaries used the terms ' tribes ' and ' peop le ' quite freely for any numb er of s o cial or politi cal group s , so that one cannot conclude whether a part i cular ' tribe ' or

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' people ' represented a separate linguistic group or not . These expedit i ons were apparently made to che ck on es tab lished miss ion s t ations as we l l as to make further explorat ions so that the first legs of each j ourney were nearly identi cal . Once the stat i ons of Kulungtufu in the Kube area , Tobou in the Kua valley and Ogeramnang in the Burum valley we re visite d , the mi ssionaries would either turn north and cross the Cromw e l l range as did Pilhofer ( 19 1 1 ) and Meier ( 1 91 1 ) or proceed west a cros s the Rawlinson range as did Pilhofer ( 1912 ) and Keysser ( 19 12 , 19 13 ) . As a result of the publi cati on of the account s of the se trips a numb er of new name s became known . The Hub e [ Kube ] people were e ar ly regarded as speaking a dis t inct language . l l Keysser ( 19 1 3 : 179 ) s tated that a young mi s s ion helper (probab ly from near Sat t elberg ) s tationed at the Tobou stat ion did not understand the Bulung [ Burum ] language . 12 Keysser ( 19 1 2 : 5 6 0 ) noted the Avenggu people [ Tobo ] but s tated nothing about the ir linguistic status . His only remark which indi cated prob ab ly dialect complexity was that the tribes of the interior held the Satte lberg worke rs in high respect ( Keys ser , 1 9 1 2 : 5 60 ) . Key s s er also made frequent trips t o the Kombe [ Komb a ] nort h of the Cromwe ll range . 1 3

The trail out of the Bulung valley and across the Rawlinson range des cended into the area of t he Samukeb ( Sankwep River) , and Pi lhofer ( 19 12 : 14 4 ) stated that this sma l l t ribe c ould be mis t aken for Me l anes ians except for the linguis t i c evidence . Keys ser ( 19 1 2 : 57 2 , 57 8 ) mentioned that both the Samukeb and Tuap men were bearded , which fact leads one to equat e them with the ' bearded Kai ' of the Rawlinson range in Neuhaus s ( 19 1 1 , 1 : 12 5 ) . More pre cisely , the inhabi tant s of the Sankwep valley speak the Momolili l anguage . 1 4 To the west of the Samukeb the mis s i onaries found the Ogao people in the Nimba and Tuembing valleys . The s e people can now be i dent ified as speakers of the Nab ak language . Further to the we st were a numb er of groups living in the headwaters of the Busu ( Adler) Rive r . I n des cribing the pop­ulation of the Busu are a, Pi lhofer stat ed that with the possible exception of the Samukeb people they were all Kai ( Pi lhofer , 1 9 1 2 : 14 6 ) . Key s s e r ( 19 1 2 : 5 79 ) ment ioned that the people on the Bondj og ( Busip ) River were called Waing ( Wain ) and were supposedly relat ed to the Lae­Womb a . Pi lhofer was undoubtedly referring to the Papuan people of the Erap Fami ly of l anguages and Keys ser was prob ab ly referring to either the Sirak or the Guwot people ( two small Me lane sian groups on the lower reaches of the Busu River) , s ince these are the only Me lane s i an peoples within the area whi ch is commonly referred to as Wain . Along the Markham River to the west of the Waing , the mis s ionaries found the Dj i ffesen people , a Lae-Womba tribe , and further ups tream the Adj era [ Azera ] ( Keysser , 1 9 12 : 5 82 ) .

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Except for the studies of Pilhofer on the dialect s of Kate and related neighb ouring language s ( Pi lhofer . 1 9 2 7- 8 . 1 9 2 8-9 ) and the study of Wacke on the Ono ( Wacke . 1 9 30-1 ) . lat er pUb licat ions on the languages of the Huon Peninsula and the Fini sterre ranges had to draw from what was already known in 1 9 1 3 . Because these later pUb licat ions were not b ased on original field work . many inaccuracies contained in the e arly pub lications became firmly entrenched in the literature about the are a . Moreover . some writers . notab ly Loukotka . 1 9 5 7 . apparently mi sinterpreted the informat ion cont ained in the early pub li cat ions or gave them only a curs ory reading and thus introduced false informat ion . Thus Haddon ( 19 17 : 3 4 7 ) drew on Keys ser ( 19 1 1 ) for his comment that "the Kai are a peop le of mixed Pygmy and Papuan des cent . who speak a Papuan language and inhabit the Rawlinson and Sat telberg range s . north of the Huon Gulf" . To the present writer ' s knowledge . however . Keysser nowhere spoke of a s ingle lingui s t i c group stret ching from the Sattelberg to the Rawlinson range s . a distance of forty mi le s . Chinnery ( 19 2 5 a : 8 ) quot ed from Haddon and so perpetuated Haddon ' s error . Salzner ( 19 6 0 . map 5 2 ) apparently followed Pi lhofer ( 19 1 2 ) and indi cated errone ously that the Kai language s tret ches from the Rawlinson ranges through the Busu headwaters to the wes t .

Ray ( 19 19 ) . drawing from the works of others . class ified the known languages of the Huon Peninsula and neighbouring is lands into the following group s : ( 1 ) the Tami Group ; Tami . Bukaua . Yabim [ J ab �m ] and Suam [ Jabem ] : ( 2 ) the Ke lana Group ; Ke lana [ Gitua] . Rook I s land [ Tuam] . Kaimanga in the mount ain district of Rook Island ( Qaimang a . Iangla. Mangaw ) [Ma�ap ] . 15 Mant ok [Mandok ] . and Sigap : ( 3 ) the Kai Group ; Kai or Katedong [ Kate ] , Poom [ Momare ] . Kamoka [ a mixture of Ono and Migab ac ] . Pong [ Sialum] . Keseraua [ Sialum ] . 16 Ago [ Migab a c ] and Kelana Kei [ Ono ] . The seventy-two word lists pub lished by Ray contained maximally 2 0 words each . although few actually contained the full number and some cont ained as few as four to six words .

S chmidt ( 1926 : 15 1 ) . in summari zing t he work to 1925 . s t ated that the Kai or Katedong language was related t o the Bus im and Bile languages (both Wamora) but that the Kamoka [ a mixture of Ono and Migabac ] was unre lated to Kai . The Poom [ Momare ] and the Kelana-Ke i [ Ono ] were said to be interre lated . Schmidt ' s data were limi ted in many cases t o short word lists so that s ome of his ob s ervations were understandab ly weak . He was wrong in s t ating that the Kamoka di alect was unrelated t o Kai . but he apparent ly bas ed his st atement regarding its re lationship upon e leven vocabulary items . hardly enough for a suitab le clas s i fi cat ion .

Pilhofer ( 19 2 7- 8 ) made a significant contribution toward the knowledge of the hinterland peoples when he published extens ive

1 1 8 8

paradigmati c lists for t e n diale cts and languages neighbouring the Wemo diale ct of Kate , viz . , Naga , Mape , Wamol A , MAgob ineng , Sene . Momale , Migabac . Deduae , Hube [ Kub e ] and Bulum [ Burum ] . Pi lhofer ( 19 2 8-9 ) pub li shed word lists from the same ten diale cts p lus three others . KAte ( Wemo ) , Ono ( near Kalas a ) and Zia (near Morobe ) . In addit ion to giving the locations of these languages he noted dialects and interrelat i onships . He grouped together the Deduae , Hube and Bulum languages and stat ed that Bulum was related to Komba as well as to languages in the Adler ( Bus u ) River area to the west ( Pi lhofer 19 2 7- 8 : 19 6-7 ) . Pilhofe r , however , did not re late his studi es to those of earlier s cholars with the result that some languages and peoples were referred t o by more than one name and subsequent ly confus ion resulted . Wacke ( 19 30 - 1 ) pub li shed a s tudy of the Ono language and s tyled the format after that of Pi lhofe r ' s study of Kate ( Pilhofer , 1 9 2 6-27a) . Fol lowing Pi lhofer ' s and Wacke ' s s tudies there were no lingui s t i c pub lications b ased on original research for twenty years unti l that of Cape l l ( 19 5 0 , 1954 and 1 9 6 2 ) . although an adminis trat ion offi cer , L . G . Vial , noted the different peoples cont acted during his hinterland patrols and gave his impressions of possible language groups (Vial 19 3 8 , 19 4 3 ) . Vial ( 19 3 8 ) grouped the l anguages of the Timbe , Uruwa , Yupna, Nankina , Ufim, Awara, Upper Ramu ( Baiuweng ) and Want oat areas into the fo llowing groups : ( 1 ) Galena dialects [Timbe ] which were spoken by about 10 , 00 0 natives of the Timbe River and i t s t ributaries and i n s ome vi llages o n t h e coastal side of t h e range near U lap mi s si on s t ation ; ( 2 ) Nukna , Notna or Nut diale cts [ some languages of the Want oat , Yupna, Gusap-Mot famil ies and the Komutu language of the Uruwa Fami ly ] ; and ( 3 ) the Arukna diale cts [ the Uruwa Family exc luding the Komutu language ] which Vial s t ated may in fact be long to the Nukna group . The fact that Vial thought the Arukna dialects could be grouped together with the Nukna dialects indi cates that he was aware of the great di fference s between these two groups on the one hand and the Galena di ale cts [Timb e ] on the othe r . The se di fferences are reflected in the current c las sifi cation ( Hooley and McElhanon, 1 9 7 0 ) which separates Timbe from Vial ' s Arukna and Nukna di ale cts and as signs it to a different s tock .

Cap e l l ( 19 5 4 ) carried out a survey of the languages of the South­wes tern Pac i fi c by means of a linguis t i c s amp ling process and lib rary research . His survey left large areas about whi ch there was little or no lingui s t i c knowledge . The following names , however , were added to those within the area encompassed b y the present study : Momolili . Napa [ Nabak] , Wain [ Sirak and Guwot ] , Boana [ Erap Family ] , Amari [ Azera] ,

Yupna , Uruwa, Timbe , Se 1epet . Raua ( Erawa in C apel l . 1 9 6 2 ) [ Rawa ] , Barim , Iangla [Mangap ] . 1 7

1 1 89

Schmitz ( 19 5 5 ) pub li shed a survey of the area preparat ory t o doing field work and added the following name s : Buhem-Kai [ Momo1i1i ] - an offshoot of the Bulung people ( from Lehne r , 192 0 ) ; Ngain-Aschon which i s not c las s i fied ( from Schnab 1e , 1 9 2 5 ) ; 1 8 and Gamak [ Nankina] spoken in the headwat ers of the Nankina Rive r . Schmitz also noted that the name of a language spoken in the Womb iok and Tewiok ( 1 0 k means river) 1 9

valleys was n o t y e t known . Information avai lab le t o the present writer indi cates that this unknown language i s prob ab ly a diale ct of Nankina . Schmi t z als o noted the Poum ( from Stol z . 1 91 1 ) and the dialects men­tioned by Vial ( 19 3 8 ) , vi z . , Galena , Arukna and Nukna .

Loukotka ( 19 5 7 ) surveyed the avai lable materials and provided a clas sifi cation o f some of the NAN languages . A comparison of Loukotka ' s c las s i fi c at i on with earlier publi cat ions about the l anguages of the area indi cates that Loukotka mus t have only cursori ly read the earlier pub li cati ons and not attempted to compare them . Loukotka l i s t s three groups of languages . The Kate group in turn is divided into three subgroup s .

Kombe [Komb a ] : Komb e . Bu1um , Z i a . Se 1epa [ Se lepet ] .

Ono : Ono . Keseraua . Pong , Mula or Ke lana Kei , Kamoka .

KAt e : ( 1 ) Hube : Hube , Deduae , Migab ac ( 2 ) Poom : Poom , Mape , Wamol a , Magobinen , Sene , Moma1e , Ago ,

Busim, Bila ( 3 ) Kate : Kate , Kai or Kei , Simb ang , Salen, Naga .

Unc las s i fied : Timb e , Momoli1i , Nab a . Kaidemoe , Erap . Arukna .

Regarding the Kombe group it may be noted that Z i a i s found near Morobe in the s outhern Morobe District and does not b e l ong to any of the groups within the larger Finis t erre-Huon group of languages . Rathe r it belongs to the Binandere family ( see Wi lson, 1969 ) and is only distant ly related t o the Fini st erre-Huon languages . Pi 1hofer ( 19 27-2 8 ) pub li shed paradigmat ic lis t s for ten dialect s and l anguages neighbouring KAte and later ( Pi lhofer , 1 9 2 8- 2 9 ) pub lished word l i s t s for these s ame ten . I n the latter art i c le , however , Pilhofer inc luded word lists from Z i a and Ono but he did not include these language s in any p arti cular group of language s .

Loukotka ' s Ono and KAte groups represent a s omewhat confused collection of name s . Note in the Ono group that the Kel ana-Kei ( s ee Zoller, 1 89 0 ) are erroneous ly equated with t he Mula ( s ee Neuhauss , 19 1 1 , 1 : 125 ff . ) , a village of people who speak t he Komb a language of

1 1 9 0

Loukotka ' s Kombe group . Also Loukotka has omitted t he Sialum language ( St o l z , 19 1 1 ; Neuhaus s , 1 9 1 1 , 1 : 12 7 ) from any of his groups . He lists the Poom as a member of the KAte group but lists the alternate spelling Pong as a member of the Ono group . His stat ement ( based upon Zoller , 1890 , 1 89 1 ) that the Kai represent a group living north of the KAte shows a lack of invest igation into the use of these two t erms . Further­more , his use of the term S i m b a n g for a NAN language is confusing because the people of Simbang village speak J ab�m ( see Schellong , 1 89 0 ; S chmidt , 19 0 1 ; Zoller , 1 89 0 : 12 2 ) . By the terms 5 1 mb a n g and S a l e n he mus t have meant the Simbang-Kei and Saleng-Kei ( Z oller, 1 89 0 : 12 8 ) . Moreove r , Loukotka erroneou s ly lists all of Umboi I sland and much o f the headwat ers of the Busu River a s are as oc cupied b y speakers of AN

language s . Salzner ( 19 6 0 : 2 8 , 4 0- 2 ) locat e s some of the language s within the

are a under consideration on a map ( no . 5 2 ) and clas s i fies the languages into the following groups ( groups I-III are NAN and groups IV-VII are AN ) :

1 . KAte group : ( a ) KAte : ( 1 ) KAte , ( 2 ) Naga , ( 3 ) Mape ; ( b ) WamolAj ( c ) Magobineng ; ( d ) Sene ; ( e ) Momale ; ( f ) Migab ac .

II . Kai group : ( a ) Deduae j (b ) Hube ; ( c ) Bulum ; ( d ) Komb a ; ( e ) Selebet ; ( f ) Kai ; ( g ) Timbe ; ( h ) Orow a ; ( i ) Erap ; ( j ) Leron ; ( k ) Yaros .

I II . Qaimana : ( a ) Qaimana; (b ) Umb ai ; ( c ) Aronai .

IV. Jab�m : ( a ) Jab�m; ( b ) Tami ; ( c ) Bukawac group ( 1 ) Bukawac , ( 2 ) Taminugedu , ( 3 ) Jao , ( 4 ) Abo , ( 5 ) Lae , ( 6 ) Yalo ; ( d ) Mus om : ( 1 ) Mus om , ( 2 ) Sangkwep , ( 3 ) Nabak .

V . Laewomb a : ( a ) Laewomb a ; ( b ) Irumu ; ( c ) Wampit ; ( d ) Baboaf .

VI . Waing .

VII . Ke lana group : ( a ) Sialum ; (b ) Ke lana ; ( c ) Sigab ac ; ( f ) Sias s i : ( 1 ) Tuom , ( 2 ) Malawai a, ( 3 ) Mantok, ( 4 ) Aramot .

Salzner ' s method o f lis ting groups , languages and dialects i s s omewhat confusing , so it is not clear whether a part i cular entry represents a di ale ct or a dis tinct language . Moreover , his location of the s e language s on his map is in general only approximate and his sub-clas sificat ion of the languages within the divi sions of Melanes i an ( AN ) and Papuan (NAN ) is often inaccurate . 2 0 He does not s tat e his criteria upon which the clas s i fi cation i s based , but in general it appears to b e s imp ly geographi cal di s tributi on .

119 1

A number of language s have been incorrectly identified as either Papuan or Melane sian . Yaros of t he Kai group is not NAN but rather an AN language closely re lated to Azera . Aronai [ Barim] and Qaimana [Mangap ] of the Qaimana group are not NAN but rather AN languages of the Sias s i Fami ly . Sangkwep ( see Pilhofe r » 1 9 1 2 : 1 4 4 ) and Nabak of the Mus om group are not AN» but rather they are the NAN Momolili and Nab ak languages respective ly . Irumu of the Laewomb a group i s not an AN language but rather an NAN language of the Wantoat Fami ly . The Sialum language of the Ke lana group i s an NAN language o f the We stern Huon Fami ly . That Sialum is NAN rather than AN can be determined by a s tudy of a text provided by Stolz ( 19 1 1 : 2 8 2-6 ) .

Schmit z ' s later work ( 19 60 c ) >> comp le ted after his anthropological fie ld work of 1 9 5 5-6 , gives a linguis t i c survey of the are a from Madang through the Astrolabe Bay » Rai Coas t » Finist erre range » Markham valley and Huon Peninsula to Rook ( Umboi ) Is land . His clas sifi cat ion is unreliab le and must be t ested at every point . For example , he listed twenty-eight different lingui s t i c groups ( Schmi t z 1 9 6 0 c : 3 4 -nos . 2 5-5 3 ) which D . Davi s ( personal communi cation) identified as speaking a s ingle language » Wantoat » and he listed one lingui s t i c group ( p . 33 » no . 12 ) which i n reality represents three language s » Kub e , Tobo and Mindik . Schmi t z did » however » corre ctly identify Nab ac [ Nabak ] as Papuan but incorre ctly ident ified as Me lanesian the Sialum ( also listed as Melanes i an in Schmi t z 1 9 5 9 a ) and Momolili languages . He als o erred in ass igning all o f Umb oi I s land t o a Melane sian language although Neuhauss ( 19 1 1 » I : 1 2 8 ) and Flierl ( 19 3 1 : 7 2 ) remarked that the interior people of the i s land were Papuan . Bodrogi ( 19 6 1 ) quoted Schmi t z on the clas s i fi cation of the Papuan languages and lists Momolili and Sialum as Me lanesian .

C ape ll ( 19 6 2 ) revi s ed his earlier survey ( 195 4 ) and added a number of names : Nahu » Ngaing ( Maipang ) , Gira » Neko » Ndau ( the lat ter four from P . Lawrence ) and Umb oi . The Umb oi language was clas s ified by Cape ll as Me lanes i an ( following Schmit z ? ) but his p lacement of the language on the map coincides with the extent of the Papuan Kovai language . C ape ll » by including all of Schmit z ' s re levant entries into his own lis t , introduced a considerable core of unre liab le informat ion and so his list mus t be used with caut ion .

Hooley ( 19 6 4 ) , in summari zing research done in the Morobe Dis trict , correctly re clas s ified the Momolili and Nabak languages as NAN but followed C ap e l l ( 19 6 2 ) in clas s ifying the Kai ( s outh o f the Markham River ) as Melanes i an . Moreover » Hooley ' s identifi cati on of Awara ( a dialect o f the NAN Want oat language according t o Davis » 19 6 9 ) as Me lane s i an is inac curate as also is his ident ificat ion of Sio as Papuan

1 19 2

( see Hooley , 196 4 : map ) . Hooley l i s t s Wain a s Papuan although previous writ ers followed Keys ser t s identi fi c at i on of the Wain as Melanesian . The maj ority of language s within the area known as Wai n , however , are

Papuan . A pre liminary s tudy of the Huon Peninsula NAN languages provided

by the pre sent writer ( McElhanon , 19 6 7 a ) added the names Kosorong , Mindik and Tob o to the list of NAN l anguages and confirmed the clas si­fi c at i on of the Momolili and Nabak languages as NAN .

More re cent ly the present writer ( Hooley and McElhanon , 197 0 ) s urveyed the languages from Umboi I s l and westward t o the Madang D i s trict b order and c las sified the NAN languages of the area as const ituting a s ingle mi cro-phylum , the Finisterre-Huon mi cro-phylum , cons isting of two s to cks , the Fini s terre Stock and the Huon Stock . In order t o determine the western b order of the Finisterre Stock , O . R . C l aassen surveyed the southeastern Madang Dis trict and the result s of this survey are included in Claassen and McElhanon ( 1970 ) .

Thi s paper has presented a brief history of the linguis t i c res earch carried out in the portion of New Guinea where the l anguage s of the Fini s terre-Huon mi cro-phylum are found . It is hoped that the confus ion over l anguage name s has been unrave led and that in the future a stand­ardi zation of usage w i l l be att ained .

N O T E S

1 . For a thorough treatise on the changeover from German t o Australian administrat ion see Rowley ( 19 5 8 ) . After the Australian government assumed administration of German New Guinea in 1 9 1 4 , it was slow in e stab li shing contact with the interior people s . The result was that the initial government patrols into t he hinterland areas in the 1 9 3 0 ' s often found that the peop le had been under mis s ion influenc e for two or three de cades . Thus in the Sialum and Kalas a area the mi s s ion opene d the Sialum st ation in 1 9 0 7 and moved it to Kalas a short ly thereafter , but the government didn ' t open a station in t he area unt i l the Si alum s tation in 19 6 1 . I n 1 9 1 0 the mis sion opened a s tation at Si o and in 1 9 2 8 another at U lap overlooking t he Sio coast , but the firs t permanent government stat i on was opened at Wasu in 1 9 4 9 and moved to Kalalo ( near U lap ) in the 1 9 50 ' s . The first government p atrol into the Sio hinterland was not unti l 1 9 3 4 , although the mis s i onarie s made an initial patrol in 1 9 1 1 and had maint ained regular contact with the inhab i t ant s from 1 9 19 onward by s tationing New Guinea evange lists and making periodic patrols . Mis s ion influence was very strong in most areas , and Vial ( 19 3 8 : 1 4 6 ) noted in the report of t he first government patrol through the Uruwa, Yupna and Ufim are as that a Kate interpretor was e s sent ial .

2 . Language names given in b rackets are used in Hooley and McElhanon ( 19 7 0 ) and names given in parenthe ses are alternat ive names .

3 . Many of these visitors simp ly lis ted their itinerary with a few ob servati ons and contribut ed l i t t le to the advancement of knowledge : e . g . , Bennigsen ( 19 0 1 ) , Hahl ( 19 0 4 ) , Poch ( 19 0 7 a , 1 9 0 7b ) and Voge l ( 19 11 ) .

4 . Although Mul ler ( 1 876- 8 8 ) i s often erroneous ly c redited with s eparating the Papuan and Melane s i an l anguages ( see Lay cock and

1 19 3

119 4

Voorhoeve . 1970 ) . i t was S . H . Ray ( 1 89 5 ) who first outlined t he di fferences .

5 . See Bamler ( 19 11 ) . Keysser ( 19 11 ) . Lehner ( 19 11 ) . Stol z ( 19 1 1 ) and Z ahn ( 19 1 1 ) . Much o f what was stat ed in Neuhaus s ' work s erved as the basis for remarks by more current writers . both in the field of linguis tics as well as anthropology .

6 . Keysser s t ated that those belonging to the J ab im group occupied the whole Huon Gulf north to the rocky coast and �robably inc luded the Bukaua, Laewomb a and Tami languages . Schellong ( 1891 : 16 9 ) stat ed that the t erm Ka l meant fores t in the Tami language . Prob ably the term had cognat e s throughout the Me lanesian languages of the Huon Gulf as imp lied by Chinne ry who s t at ed t hat " ' Kai ' is a name given to the bush people by the coastal natives whether related to one another or not " ( Chinnery 1925b : 3 2 ) . The term Ka l in t he J ab�m language apparent ly cons i s t s of the noun ka tree ( Kos chade . 1 9 6 9 : 2 99 ) p lus the distributive suffi x - I ( Dempwo lff , 1 9 39 : 24 ) giving the sense of tho s e

( s e v e r a t ) in t h e tree s , i . e . , t he fore s t dwellers .

7 . Although Neuhauss placed the Papuan Kai near the Ka-iwa , the exact location of the se Kai has been difficult to determine . If Neuhau s s was corre ctly referring to a Papuan group h e must have had in mind the present inhab i t ants of the upper Bulolo F Lver , vi z . , the Biangai or the Weri . The fact that all of the hi nterland groups t o the north of the Ka-iwa are Melanesian peop les may have led C apell t o ident ify the Kai as Melane si an . Note that Hogbin ( 19 6 3 : 3- 1 2 ) , in giving the Bukawa name s for the peoples of the Huon Gulf , lists the Gaiwa ( Ka-iwa) [ Kaiwa ] , the Gai [ Hote ] , and the Gaidemoe [ Manga] , all language s current ly recognized as Me lanesian .

8 . Chinnery ( 19 2 8 : 2 4 ) stated that a Papuan language was reported t o be sp oken in the northern p art o f Rook I s land . Although he saw some mountain peop le who were shorter t han t he coastal people , he did not collect any lingui stic dat a from them to check the report . The language of the inte rior group was first identified as Cubai by Reina ( 185 8 ) , but Harding ( 19 6 7 : 12 3 ) was t he first to associate the name ( Kovai ) with the NAN language found in the interio r . A list of Kovai kin terms colle cted by F . Speiser is found in Bodrogi ( 19 69 : 19 5 ) .

9 . See Pi lhofer ( 19 2 7- 8 , 1 9 2 8-9 ) for data from these two dialects which he li s t s as separate language s .

1 195

10 . The mis sion also chose Graged as an area language for the s outh­ern Madang distri c t , but it was not used in the area encompas sed b y the present s t udy .

1 1 . The term H u b e means fores t in a western dialect of Kate ( Keysser 1 9 2 5 : 16 3 ) and was us ed for all the inhabitants o f the Mongi River b as in irrespective of language difference s . The people around Kulungtufu and Yoangen , in distingui shing themselves , use the cognate term for H u b e , vi z . , K u b e .

12 . The term T o b o u means i n t h e fores t i n the Kube l anguage and i s used t o re fer t o the Kua River valley . The inhabitants of the Kua valley have ac cepted the term to refer to thems elves but have omit ted the locat ive c l i t i c - u in and t hus say s imply T o b o . The term Bu l u n g is the K�te speakers ' corrupt ion of B u r u m s ince Kate has no dist inction between I and r and all nas als are neutralized to [ � ] in word final position .

1 3 . The term kom b a means wi Zd s ugar aane in the Dedua l anguage , and be cause of the heavy growth of the cane in the eastern Kwama b asin , it was app lied to the inhab i t ants o f that area by Dedua evange l i s t s who prob ab ly accompanied Keys ser on his expedit ions .

1 4 . The names Momo l I I I and N a b a [ Nab ak ] first appear with reference to peop les in Costel loe ( 19 40 ) . Although the Momolili people have accepted the name Momo l I I i , they pre fer the local name M e s e m . The t erm n a b a k means w i t h b ark a Zo t h and was used by outs iders t o refer t o the people b e c ause of their extensive u s e o f the c loth .

15 . The l anguage on the south side of Umboi I s l and i s also spoken on Sakar I s l and and i s known as Mangap ( see Chinnery 19 2 8 ; Harding , 1 9 6 7 ; Hooley and McElhanon , 1970 ) .

16 . Ray ' s lists for Pong and Ke s eraua are definite ly from the Si alum language although the latter list was probab ly identified with the present Ono-speaking village of Kandzarua .

1 7 . Cap e l l incorre ctly lis ted a number of groups as Mel anes i an , vi z . , Momoli li , Nap a and the Kai ( south of the Markham near t he Ka-iwa ) -see note 7 . Although the names Momolili and Nap a were first mentioned by Coste lloe ( 19 4 0 ) without any linguis t i c c l as s i fi c at ion , they could

1 1 9 6

have b e e n equated with t h e bearded Papuan Kai o f t h e Rawlinson range menti oned by Neuhauss ( 19 1 1 , 1 : 12 5 ) , Keysser ( 19 1 2 : 57 2 ) and Pilhofer ( 19 12 : 14 4 ) .

1 8 . Schmi t z ' s placement o f these people o n the upper reaches of the Erap , Solab , and Ilap rivers would indi cate that they speak languages of the Erap Fami ly . The I lap River ( see Pi lhofer , 1 9 1 2 , map ) is an earlier name for the Erap River but the writer cannot identify the Solab Ri ve r .

19 . Note that the Ok Fami ly ( Healey , 196 4 ) i s named after the common word for water in the member l anguages , viz . , o k . Dr . C . L . Voorhoeve and the writer are preparing lexi cal evidence whi ch links the language s of the Central and South New Guinea Phylum (Voorhoeve , 1 9 6 8 ) with those of the Fini st erre-Huon Micro-phylum ( Hooley and McElhanon , 197 0 ) .

2 0 . A comparison o f Sal zner ' s language name s and Capell ' s ( 19 6 2 ) language names with those of the writer is found in Hooley and McElhanon ( 19 70 ) . Not e , for examp le , that Sal zner ' s Kai language inc ludes two languages of the Southern Huon Fami ly and four language s o f the Erap Fami ly . His Erap language inc ludes six l anguages of the Erap Family . I t mus t be remembered , however , that Salzne r ' s study did not involve fie ld work and so adequate data for a c las sifi cation mus t not have been avai lable to him .

B I B L I OGRAPH Y

The following periodical abb reviations are used :

A E H

VKb

NKWL

PGM

PL

Z aoS

Z Ethn

Z 6 ES

ACKERMANN , M . W .

A cta Ethnog�aph�ca Hung a��cae

V eut4 che4 Kolo n�al blatt

Nach��chten aU4 d em Ka�4 e� W�lhelm4 land

Pete�ann4 G eog�aph�4 che M�tte�lung en

Pac� 6 �c L�ng u�4t�c4

Z e�t4 ch��6t 6 U� a 6��kan�4 che u nd o c ean�4 c h e Sp�achen

Z e�t4 ch��6t 6U� Ethno log�e

Z e�t4 ch��6t 6 U� E�ng ebo �enen-Sp�ac h en

1944 The c o nc ept 0 6 4 0ul amo ng t h e Bukaua and Ka� t��b e4 0 6

N ew Gu�n ea . M . A . thes i s , Kennedy School of Mi s s ions , Hart ford Seminary Foundation , mimeo .

BAMLER , G .

189 8 ' Die Tami-1nseln ' , PGM 4 4 : 10 5-6 .

1900 ' Bemerkungen zur Grammat ik der Tamisprache ( und Vokabular ) , , Z ao S , 5 : 19 8- 2 5 3 .

1911 ' Tami ' , in R . Neuhau s s , V eut4 ch N eu - Gu�nea . 111 : 4 89-566 .

BENNIGSEN , R . von 1901 ' Reise des Gouverneurs nach dem Suden von Deut sch-Neu­

Guine a ' . V K b . 1 2 : 2 8 2- 3 .

BODROGI , T . 1961 A�t � n No�th- ea4t N ew Guin ea ( trans l . b y E . Raez . )

Budapes t , Hungarian Academy of Sciences .

1 19 7

1 19 8

1969 ' Dat a regarding the e thnography of Umboi and t h e Sias s i Is lands ( Northeast New Guinea ) ' . A EH . 1 8 : 187-2 2 8 .

CAPELL , A .

1933 ' The Struc ture of the Oceani c Languages ' , O c ean�a . 3 ( 4 ) : 4 1 8- 3 4 .

1950 A � u� v e y 0 6 the l�ng u��t�c �e� ea�ch po��t�o n and

�equ��ement� 6 0 � t h e a�ea, w�th � pec�al � e 6 e� ence to the

p�oduct�o n 0 6 � tanda�d o�thog�aph�e� , d�ct�o na�l e� ,

g�amma�� and t ext b o o k� . South Pacifi c Commis sion, Proj ect S . 6 . Report No . 1 .

1954 A l�ng u��t�c � u� v e y 0 6 the � o uth-we� t e�n Pac� 6�c. Noumea . South Pacifi c Commi s sion. Te chnic al paper No . 7 0 .

1962 A l�ngu��t�c � u�v ey 0 6 th e � outh-w� t e� n Pac�6�c ( revi sed edition ) . Noumea . South Paci fic Commi s sion , Techni cal p aper No . 136 .

1969 A S u� v e y 0 6 N ew Gu�nea Lang u ag e� . Sydney University Pre s s .

CHINNERY , E . W . P .

1925a ' Notes on the nat ives ' , Repo� to the L eague 06 Nat�on�

o n t h e adm�nl�t�atlo n 0 6 t h e T e���to�y 0 6 N ew Gu�nea 6 0�

1 9 2 3 - 2 4 : 7-16 .

1925b

1928

' Notes taken i n north-eas t New Guinea ' . T e��lto� y 0 6

N ew Gulnea A nth�opolog�cal �epo� No . 1 : 2 8-3 2 .

C e�taln nat�v e� �n � outh N ew 8��ta�n and Vamp�e� St�a�t� .

Te��lto�y 0 6 N ew Gu�nea Anth�o polog�cal � epo�t No . 3 .

CLAASSEN , O . R . AND K . A . McELHANON

1970 ' Language s of t he Finisterre Range - New Guinea ' , ( t o appe ar i n P L , A ( 23 ) ) .

COSTELLOE , J . A .

1940 ' Customs of t h e Wain and Naba nat ives ( Morobe District ) ' . Repo�t to the L eag u e 0 6 Natl o n� o n t h e admln��t�atlo n 0 6

the Te��lto�y 0 6 N ew Gulnea 6 0� 1 9 3 8 - 3 9 : 22-3 .

1199

DAVIS , DONALD R .

1961 ' Wantoat phonemes and orthography ' , in Wo�k� h o p Pdpe��

( mimeo . ) , pp . 121-32 . Summer Ins titute of Lingui s t i c s , Ukarumpa , New Guinea.

1964 ' Want oat Ve rb Stem C las ses and Affixat ion ' , in V e� b

Stud� e� � n F�v e N ew Gu�ned L dng udg e� , pp . 1 3 1- 8 0 . Summer Inst i tute of Linguis t i c s Pub l ications in Linguis t i cs and Re lated Fie lds No . 10 . Summer Ins t it ute of Linguis t i c s of the University o f Oklahoma , Norman .

1969

DEMPWOLFF , O .

1905

1919-20

1924-25

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