a labour market needs analysis - samuel...
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THE AFGHAN MINING SECTOR
- A LABOUR MARKET NEEDS ANALYSIS -
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SamuelHallisanindependentthinktankprovidingresearchandstrategicservices,expertanalysis,tailoredcounselandaccesstolocalknowledgeforadiversearrayofactorsoperatingintheworld’smostchallengingenvironments.
Wespecialiseinsocio-economicsurveys,privateandpublicsectorstudies,andimpactassessmentsforarangeofhumanitariananddevelopmentactors.Witharigorousapproachandtheinclusionofacademicexperts,fieldpractitioners,andavastnetworkofnationalresearchers,weaccesscomplexsettingsandgatheraccuratedata.Webringinnovativeinsightsandpracticalsolutionstoaddressingthemostpressingsocial,economic,andpoliticalissuesofourtime.
Samuel Hall has offices in Afghanistan, Kenya and Somalia, and a presence in France, Germany,TurkeyandtheUnitedArabEmirates.Formoreinformation,pleasevisitwww.samuelhall.org
ThispublicationwascommissionedwiththegeneroussupportoftheGesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeit (GIZ)andwaspreparedbySamuelHall. Theviewsandanalysis contained in thepublicationthereforedonotnecessarilyrepresentGIZ’sviews.
Thisreportshouldbecitedusingthefollowingreferencingstyle:
Samuel Hall 2016, “The Afghan Mining Sector – a labour market needs analysis”,commissionedbyGIZ.
GIZandSamuelHallencouragethedisseminationoftheirworkandwillnormallygrantpermissionto reproduceportionsof thereportpromptly.Forpermissiontophotocopyor reprintanypartofthis work, please send your request, along with complete information, [email protected]
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
GIZ and Samuel Hall would like to thank all private sector contributors of this study for theirsupport and technical input, in particular AfghanMarble Association, Afghanite, AmaniaMining,CEFE Group, Centar, Green Tech, Mamaristan, Omran Geotechnical Company, Green Tech, GeoSearch,PamirMining,QasemiGroup,YasaminMiningCompany.
Furthermore, we would like to thank the academic sector for their collaboration, support andtechnical input, represented through the Bergbauakademie Freiberg in Germany, the publicUniversities Kabul, Kabul Polytechnic and Balkh and private Universities Kardan, Bakhtar, Salam,JahanandAUAFinAfghanistanaswellastheAfghanTVETinstitutesinLogar,BalkhandKabul.
We would also like to mention the contribution of the independent or non-governmentalinstitutionsAIETI,TurquoiseMountainandZardozi.
Lastbutnotleast,wethanktheGovernmentof the IslamicRepublicofAfghanistan,representedthroughAGS,ACCI,MoE,MoCI,MoLandMoMPfortheirsupportandfruitfulcontribution.
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Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 5
2. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................... 8 A. THE CURRENT STATE OF THE AFGHAN MINING SECTOR LABOUR MARKET ............................................. 8 B. REPORT OBJECTIVES AND OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS ...................................................... 11
3. METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 12 A. APPROACH OUTLINE .................................................................................................................. 12 B. CHALLENGES ............................................................................................................................. 15
4. FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS ........................................................................................... 16 A. CAPACITY OF THE LABOUR MARKET ............................................................................................... 16 B. AFGHAN HIGHER EDUCATION IN MINING RELATED FIELDS ................................................................ 18 C. OPEN-PIT VS. UNDERGROUND MINING ......................................................................................... 19 D. ENHANCING PRACTICAL EDUCATION ............................................................................................. 21
Competency Profiles – Mining Engineering ................................................................. 21 Competency Profiles - Geology ................................................................................... 23
E. WORKSHOPS .............................................................................................................................. 27
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................ 30
ANNEX A. CANDIDATES FOR A STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP ............................................. 32
ANNEX B. COMPANY PROFILES ......................................................................................... 33
ANNEX C. REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 35
Abbreviations
ACCI Afghanistan Chamber of Commerce and Industries
AEITI Afghan Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
AGS Afghanistan Geological Survey
AMEA Academic Mining Education in Afghanistan
CNPC Chinese National Petroleum Corporation
DAAD Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst
FACT Federation of Afghan Craftsmen and Traders
MCC Metallurgical Corporation of China
MoCI Ministry of Commerce and Industries
MoE Ministry of Education
MoHE Ministry of Higher Education
MoLSA Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs
MoMP Ministry of Mining and Petroleum
MoWA Ministry of Women’s Affairs
TVET Technical and Vocational Education and Training
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1. Introduction AfghanshavelongsoughtrefugeinEurope,butthewavesofAfghanswhohaveembarkedenrouteto Europe in recent months, particularly Germany, are unprecedented. Some leave their homesbecauseoftheworseningsecuritysituation,butitisnotonlytheinsurgencythatpushesAfghanstoleavetheirhome.Internationalengagement inAfghanistanoverthepastdecadehasresultedinanewgenerationofskilledandeducatedAfghanswhohavedevelopedadesireforeconomicwelfareandbasic necessities.However,with international attentionhaving shifted to Syria, developmentassistance has been on decline since 2014, resulting in economic stagnation and risingunemployment.Afghanistan is abundantly rich in natural resources, most of which are still untapped. Ifcommercially exploited, these deposits could, in light of dropping aid levels, not only generatebillionsofdollarsintaxrevenuefortheAfghangovernment,butcouldalsobeanengineofgrowthfortheAfghaneconomyandprovidejobsforthousandsofunemployedAfghans.Despitepromisingprospects, amajor obstacle to the development of themining sector in the future is the severeshortageofAfghanwell-trainedtechnicalexperts,administratorsandmanagersintherawmaterialssector.Theproperdevelopmentof theAfghanmining sector is essential forAfghanistan’s future for thefollowingreasons:
• Strengthening the government: After more than a decade of major humanitarian anddevelopment assistance, Afghanistan continues to rely heavily on international donors tofinancetheirbudget.In2015,internationaldonorscoveredtwo-thirdsofAfghanistan’sUSD7.2 billion annual budget. Consequently,without the help of international donors, GoIRAcannot remain functional. By increasing the government’s revenue in sectors such asmining, the Afghan authorities could move towards operating independently ofinternationalassistance.
• Curbing the insurgency: Local warlords and insurgents are currently extracting most ofAfghanistan’sgemstonesillegally.Accordingtoa2015UnitedNations(UN)report,mineralsaretheTaliban’ssecondlargestincomesourceafterpoppy1andthusfinancetheirinsurgentactivities.
• BoostingAfghanistan’seconomy:TheAfghaneconomyhasexperiencedhighgrowthsincetheoustingoftheTalibanregimein2001.Yetmostofthis‘growth’istheresultofbillionsofforeign aid artificially inflating the economy. With most of the growth happening in theservicessector(itsshareofGDPgrewfrom38.7%in2007/08to50.2%in2013/14)ratherthaninagricultureorindustry,thedecreasingaidlevelshaveledtoeconomicstagnation.2Consequently,economicgrowthhasdwindledfrom21%in2009to1.3%in2015.3
• Decreasingthebrain-drain:In2015,morethan300,000AfghanrefugeeshavemigratedtoGermany alone. According to preliminary findings of a longitudinalmigration assessmentstudywithmigrantswhohavefledabroad,thelackofeconomicopportunitiesranksamongthetopthreereasonsforAfghanstoleavetheirhomecountry.
1Ibid.2Noorzoy(2014)3WorldBank(2016)andNoorzoy(2014)
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In summary,developing theminingsectorholdsmuchpotential foreconomic, socialandpoliticalreasons.However,thesustainabledevelopmentofthesectordependsonmanydifferentfactors.Toreachavibrantminingeconomy,theproperdevelopmentofthelabourmarketiscertainlyoneofthem.Foraproperdevelopment,fosteringtechnicaladvancementisabsolutelyessential.However,thisdoesnotonlyrequirecapacitybuildingonthesupplysideoflabour(i.e.theprivatesector)butalsothedemand side (i.e. mining employees and workers on all levels). According to our findings, manymining companies (both Afghan and international) continue to hire foreign experts or foreign-trained Afghan experts. In order to increase the technical expertise of Afghan experts inminingrelated fields, the Federal Foreign Office of Germany commissioned the Gesellschaft fürInternationaleZusammenarbeit(GIZ)andDeutscherAkademischerAustauschdienst(DAAD)withthecreation of the AcademicMining Education in Afghanistan (AMEA). This joint project focuses onmodernising Afghanistan’s university education through the training of experts and universitylecturersinminingrelatedfieldsandadjustingtheeducationtotheneedsofthemarketeconomy.ThisstudywascommissionedbyGIZwiththeaimofdrawingapictureoftheneedsanddemandsoftheprivatesectorintheAfghanminingindustry.Theobjectiveofthisnation-wideconsultationwasto a) provide a thorough picture of the specific skills demanded by the Afghan mining sectorthrough the establishment of job-specific competency profiles; and b) based on the informationgainedthroughthefirstphaseoftheresearch,designworkshopsinclosecollaborationwithprivatesectoractorsinordertoimprovethepracticalskillsetofAfghanstudentsinmining-relatedfields.
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2. The current state of the Mining sector labour market
a. The Afghan Mining Sector AccordingtoinformationtakendirectlyfromthewebsiteoftheMinistryofMinesandPetroleum,thegovernmentcurrentlyhasatotalof301mininglicensesregisteredwiththeMinistryofMines.However,ofthese301licenses,112havebeencancelled,suspendedorhaveexpired.Thestateofafurther 102 is unclear. Fewer than 90 companies are currently in possession of an activemininglicense inAfghanistan,and68ofthemaresituated inKabul. Inotherwords,three licensesoutoften are currently active4and those aremostly controlled from the capital. The exact number ofmines currently being explored or extracted is difficult to measure – the information publiclyavailableisnotupdated.ThetablebelowgivesanoverviewoftheminingoperationsidentifiedbySamuelHallresearchers,basedoninterviewswithrepresentativesfromtheMinistryofMinesandPetroleumaswellastheprivatesector.
Estimations of Afghanistan’s resource wealth vary between 1 trillion USD5and 3 trillion USD.6Consequently,majoreconomicandemploymenthopesaresetonthedevelopmentoftheAfghanminingsector. Mes-Aynak (copper) inCentralAfghanistanandHajigak-Bamyan (iron) inNorthernAfghanistan are estimated to be among the largest reserves of copper and iron in the world.Afghanistan is also home to more than 300 other mineral reserves: Hydrocarbons in the north(especially at Amu-Darya and Aghan-Tajik basin), Gold, Platinum, Silver, Chromite, Tantalum,Lithium,UraniumandAluminium.Furthermore,thecountryalsohasmassivedepositsofpreciousand semi-precious stones includingemeralds, rubies, tourmaline, aquamarine, amethyst, typesofsapphires,turquoise,andlapislazuli.7Currentminingsites
No. Nameofthemine Location Contractedcompany Status1 KuhiSafiChromite Parwan HewadBrothers Extractwithout
exploration2 ChishtMarble Herat BraradaranAdil Active3 KhanshinRukham
MarbleHelmand BaradaranIhsaniMarbleProduction Active
4 AfghanwhiteMarble Nangarhar - Active5 ChinesMarble Wardak - Active6 TrowartenMarble Lolinjdistrict
ofParwan-
7 Onyx Helmand - IllegalextractionandsenttoPak
8 Mes-Aynak/AynakCooper
Logar MCCchinescompany Workisonhold,negotiationison-going
9 Dari-e-Sufcoal Sari-e-Pul Govt.enterpriseandBrotheranKhushak Active,governmentalenterprise
10 HajigakBamyan Bamyan Onlycompanieswereshortlistedforawardingcontracts
No-contract
11 Baboos,MughulkhilandSarkunjakchromites
- StanaBaba -
12 QuartssandofChashmaShifa
Balkh YasminLtd Active
13 BadamNirkhchromite Maidan MetalMiningUK Active,exploration
4Thedatacurrentlyavailablewaslastupdated2yearsago.GiventheoverallsecurityaswellaseconomicsituationinAfghanistan,itseemsunlikelythatthesituationhasimprovedsince.5Risen(2010)6Sheffer(2014)7AfghanistanGeologicalSurvey(2016)
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Wardak process14 BakhoodFlurospar Kandahar Amania Exploration15 FluriteofNishdistrict Nangarhar Amania Cancelled16 KohiSafichromite Parwan AfghanactiveMining 17 Azure Badakhshan LajwarddeenMining Cancelled18 SabzakCoalmine Herat BrotheranKhushak active19 DehImanCoalmine Bamyan AslamiStoneMining Cancelled20 JumdistrictGranite Badakhshan BadakhshanMarbleandGraniteCo. PutonHold21 Sordakalabaster Helmand ArifSarwariMining 22 AmuDarya Sar-i-Pul CNCP-IW Active23 Afghan-Tajik-Basin Takhar-
JawzjanalongTurkmenistanborder
DragonOil,TurkishPetroleumandGhazanfarGroup
Active
24 Tirpuloil Herat - Hasnotbeenawarded
25 HelmandBasin Helmand - Hasnotbeenawarded
26 GhoriCement Baghlan AfghanInvestmentCompany Active27 NurabaandSamtiGold Takhar WestLandGeneralTrading Active28 QaraZaghanGold Baghlan AfghanKrystalNaturalResources Active29 WesternGarmakCoal Samangan KhoshakBrothers Active30 KatawazBasin Ghazni - Hasnotbeen
awardedLargeScaleMining:alongwaytogo
The most promising deposits in Afghanistan in terms of opportunity for employment andgovernmentrevenueareAfghanistan’s largedeposits,withMesAynak(copper),Hajigak(ironore)andAmuDarya(petroleum)leadingtheway.
o MesAynakwasawardedtoChinesecompanyMCC(MetallurgicalCompanyofChina),butrecent discoveries of Buddhist antiquities at the mining site have brought explorationactivitiestoahalt.Additionally,theChinesearepressingforarenegotiationofthetermsoftheircontract.ThenewAfghanmininglawforcescompaniestoprocessrawmaterialsinsideAfghanistan, only allowing them to export the finished product. However, the procedureusedbyMCCinAfghanistantoprocesscopperisdependentontheusageofmaterialsandtechnologies currently not available in Afghanistan. Consequently, MCC presses for anexemptionfromthe legallybindingobligationtodevelopthevaluechainofrawmaterialsinsideAfghanistan.Negotiationsareon-going,butareunlikelytoyieldtoacontinuationofminingactivitiesanytimesoon.
o NegotiationsatthelargeironoredepositinHajigakinWesternAfghanistancametoahalt
beforeany contracthadbeenawarded.An international consortium ledby IndianminingcompanieswontherightstoexploretheHajigakdeposit,butnocontracthasbeensignedtodate.ImmediatelyaftertheSteelAuthorityofIndiaLtd(SAIL)consortiumwonthebidonthe Hajigak tender, news appeared that the proposal was deeply flawed, violating bidconditions andmaking it technically impossible for Afghanistan to ever collect royalties.8Accordingtoofficials,theAfghanistanGeologicalSurvey(AGS)facesconflictsofinterest:ononehand,theorganisationconductssurveysandprovidesadvisoryservicesfortheAfghangovernment.Yetatthesametime,theyarealsohiredfrequentlybyminingcompaniesforproposalwriting. In short: TheAGSwritesproposals (onbehalfof companies) that it alsoassessesduringthebiddingprocess(onbehalfofthegovernment).
8Ghanizada(2014)
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Regardless of the unsure future of these largemining deposits, a potential source of large-scaleemployment for theAfghanpeopleandtaxrevenues for theAfghangovernment, the following isalmostcertain:evenunderidealconditions,thedevelopmentofthesemineswilltakeyears.Beforeextractioncanevenbegin,theproperdevelopmentofthenecessary infrastructurealonewilltakeyears. According to several sources, Mes Aynak is so large that it will not only require its ownrailwaybut also its ownpowerplant. Consequently, large-scaleminingoperations areunlikely tohaveapositiveeffectonthelabourmarketintheshortterm.
Small-scalemining:dominatedbyillegalextraction
For themoment, theAfghan leadershiphasdecidedto focusonsmall-andmedium-scalemining,consideringtheirproperdevelopmentasaprerequisitetotacklebig-scalemining.Capacitybuildingboth at the private sector level aswell as theministerial level is considered essential. However,considering that a lot of the small-scale mining is currently being extracted illegally andunprofessionally,thehopesforavibrantlabourmarketinthatsectorremainlow.
Small-scaleMining:Dominatedbyillegalactivities
Althoughsmall-scalemineshavetheadvantageof requiring less initialcapital investmentandareconsequentlymuchmoreattractiveandfeasiblefordomesticinvestors,therealitiesinAfghanistanpaint a rather grim picture. On one hand, small-scale mining is much more active than theexplorationoflargedeposits,butmostofithappensillegally.Therearenoexactfigures,butvarioussourcescountbetween2,000and3,000illegalminingsitesallacrossthecountry9comparedtoonlya fewhundred legal licenses.Aspreviouslymentioned,only 8%ofAfghanistan’smining activitiesare said to be legal, depriving the government of millions of royalties each year. The hopes ofgettingthesectorundergovernmentcontrolarevanishinglylow,unfortunately.A first attemptwasmade recently by using a stamp tomark the legally extracted stones, hencedistinguishingthemfromtheirillegalcounterparts.TheAfghaninitiativeissupportedbytheUnitedNations,whoagreedtoissueaworldwidebanfor‘stamp-less’Afghanrawstones.Medium-scalemining:the(near?)future
TheAfghanmarblesectorisconsideredtobeoneofthefastestgrowingindustriesinAfghanistan.Different types ofmarble, with colours ranging fromwhite tomulti-coloured to black, are beingextractedallover thecountry.10Dueto itshigh-quality,abundantavailabilityandthegeostrategiclocationofAfghanistanbetweentheMiddleEastandAsia,thesectorhasthepotentialtoincreasetheirexportsfromannuallyUSD15million(in2011)toUSD450-700millionwithinthenextyears–assuming that the necessary investments in technology, infrastructure and business support aremade.11Althoughthelackofskillcannotbedenied,shorttermon-thejobtraining,particularlyforlow-skilledlabourinprocessingplants,canbesufficient.12It isperhapsAfghanistan’smostdevelopedpart in the resource sector,both in termsof skill andtechnology. Currently, the Afghan marble sector employs more than 50,000 employees in morethan70companies.TheAfghanistanAssociationforMarbleisveryhopefulforthefuturepotentialof the sector, due to both global demand and excellent quality of Afghanmarble. However, thesector is justbeginning todevelop–hence, thepotential for large-scaleemploymentprograms isverypossibleinthefuture,howeverhighlyunlikelyatthepresentmoment.
9Mohammdi(2015)10Kabul,Bamyan,Helmand,Herat,Nagarhar,Wardak,Logar,Faryab,Paktika,Samangan,GhazniandParwan11Doclecture(2015)andMotevalli(2010)12AISA(2012)
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TheAfghanMiningLaw
The Afghan mining law was updated in 2014 but still does not match international standards.Althoughcontainingmanyimprovementscomparedtotheoldlaw,theupdatedversionfallsshortof being able to tackleoneof thebiggest obstacles to the successful developmentof the sector:corruption. Critics also complain that the new law is unable to properly assess issues ofenvironmentalandsocialimpact,disputeresolution,monitoringandtransparency.13
Thenextchapterwillpresentanoverviewoftheresearchobjectivesandmethodologyfollowedbythepresentationoffindings.
b. Report Objectives and Overview of Research Questions ObjectivesThis report is written for stakeholders, key partners and field practitioners to develop furtherguidanceandunderstandingon improvingthe linkandcollaborationbetweenkeystakeholders inregardtotheAfghanminingsector.Thestudyhadthefollowingcoreobjectives:
1) ProvideGIZ-AMEAwithathoroughpictureofthelabourmarketintheminingsector
2) Increase the practical component in Afghan mining education through establishing
workshops for studentswitha selectednumberof companies. Initially, it hadbeenplanned to
conductalarge-scaleinternshipprogramme.Butduetotheunderdevelopedstageofthesector
andthecurrenteconomicdownturn,hencealackofdemandforinterns,SHinclosecollaboration
with GIZ decided to shift to a workshop-based approach. Through these workshops, students
were given the opportunity to present themselves to companies in intense 3-day workshops,
potentiallygivingthemtheopportunitytobeofferedaninternshipatalaterstage.
ResearchQuestionsTheresearchwasledbyanumberofdifferentresearchquestions,specifiedinthetablebelow:
Objective1:ProvideAMEAwithathoroughpictureofthelabourmarketintheminingsectorStakeholder Questions Sourcesofverification
PublicSector
Howbigisthepotentialofthelabourmarketintheminingsector?Whatarethemainobstaclestothedevelopmentofthelabourmarket?
Whichskill-leveloflabourholdsthemostpotentialforgrowth?
DeskreviewKII
Private
Sector Inwhichareadotheylackthemost(Afghan)employeesintheshort-,
medium-,andlong-term?MapcurrentminingengagementsinAfghanistan
DeskreviewKII
13O’Donnel(2014)
‘FormerMinisterShahrani’sdeclarationthattheIndianconsortiumwontheHajigaktenderignoredthese
obvious deficiencies of the consortium’s bid’, the officials said, adding that the Ministry of Mines and
PetroleumwouldstillentertainworkingwiththeIndianconsortiumisbeyondcomprehensionandamatter
worthyofinvestigation’.
KhaamaPress2014
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Acad
emics-
Professors Howmanygraduatesgraduateinminingrelatedfieldseachyear?
Howmanyfindajob?Inwhichfields?Douniversitiesbelievetheirstudentsarewellpreparedforthechallengesof
thelabourmarket?
DeskReviewKII
Acad
emics
Stud
ents
Howmanystudentsgraduateinmining-relatedfieldseachyear?Howdostudentssearchforjobs?
DeskreviewFGD
3. Methodology
a. Approach Outline Theteamundertooka4-stepprocessinPhase1andanother4-stepprocessinPhase2toconductthis research. In the first step, the research teamanalysed the current demand for labour in theminingsectorbeforeestablishingcompetencyprofilesforminingengineersandgeologists,thebasisfortheworkshopsheldinPhase2.Phase1:CapacityAnalysis(October&November2015)
Objective2:ProvideAMEAwiththeinformationnecessarytocreatepartnershipsfortheestablishmentofinternshipsthatbuildcapacity
Stakeholder Questions Sourcesofverification
Public
Sector Howcanthegapbetweenacademicknowledgeandpracticalchallenges
beovercome?
DeskreviewKIIs
Private
Sector Whichrolecantheprivatesectorplayintheestablishmentofinternships?
Whataretheirexpectations?Whatistheircapacitywhenitcomestoprovidinginternships?
DeskreviewKIIs
Objective3:OrganisationofroundtablediscussionandworkshopsResearch Questions Sourcesofverification
Discuss
way
forw
ard PresentfindingsofPhase1andworkonawayforwardduringthe
discussiontoincreasethepracticalcomponentofacademicminingeducationinAfghanistan.
RoundtableDiscussion
Increasepractical
education Addapracticalcomponentbyidentifyingcompanieswillingandabletohold
workshopswithstudents,teachingthempracticalskillstheylackduringtheirUniversitycourse.
Deskreview
Stage1:Deskreview/Stakeholderidenmficamon
Stage2:Fieldwork
Stage3:Dataanalysis
Stage4:InterimReport
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Phase1:CapacityAnalysis
InlinewiththeInceptionReportprovidedbySamuelHall,researchfocusedonassessingthestateoftheAfghanminingsectorandhighereducationinmining-relatedfields.TheanalysisisbasedonalargenumberofinterviewswithfourdifferentgroupsofstakeholdersfromthreedifferentlocationsinAfghanistan:Mazar-eSharif,LogarandKabul.
• Students:TheresearchteamapproachedstudentsfromthreedifferentpublicandsixdifferentprivateuniversitiesaswellasfourdifferentTVETinstitutes.
• AcademicStakeholders:PrivateandpublicuniversitiesaswellasTVETinstitutes.• Private Stakeholders: National as well as international stakeholders from the private sector
whosebusinessrevolvesaroundtheAfghanextractiveindustry–eitherintermsofextractionorthefinalproduct.
• Public Stakeholders: Interviews were carried out with representatives from five differentministriesaswellasotherorganisationsorinstitutionsofinterest.
TargetGroup ResearchTool Goal ListofOrganisations NumberofKIIs/FGDs
PublicStakeholdersandotherorganisationsofinterest
KeyInformantInterviews(KIIs)
Analysethestateandcapacityofthelabourmarketintheminingsector
MoMP,MoCI,MoE,MoL,MoWA,ACCI,AGS,AIETI,FACT,TurquoiseMountain,Zardosi
18KIIs
AcademicStakeholders
KeyInformantInterviews(KIIs)
GainanunderstandingoftheAfghanminingeducationandidentifysuitablepartnersforapartnershipwiththeprivatesector
PublicUniversities:Kabul,KabulPolytechnic,BalkhPrivateUniversities:Jahan,Mashal,SalamandAmericanUniversityofAfghanistan(AUAF)TVETinstitutes:LogarMiningInstituteandBalkhInstituteofOilandGas
11KIIs
Students KeyInformantInterviews(KIIs)andFocusGroupDiscussions(FGDs)
Analysethedesiresandexpectationstowardstheirfutureemployment,aswellasassesstheirskilllevel
PublicUniversities:Kabul,KabulPolytechnic,BalkhPrivateUniversities:Bakhtar,KardanandAUAF
TVETinstitutes:LogarMiningInstituteandInstituteofAccounting&Administration
7KIIs,9FGDs
PrivateSector KeyInformantInterviews(KIIs)
Analysethecapacityoftheminingsector,assesstheexpectationstowardsfutureemployeesandthewillingnesstohostworkshopsandparticipateinapartnership
AfghanMarbleAssociation,Afghanite,AmaniaMining,CEFEGroup,Centar,GreenTech,Marmaristan,MCC,OmranGeotechnicalCompany,GreenTech,GeoSearch,PamirMining,QasemiGroup,YasaminMining
13KIIs
• Phase2:EstablishingWorkshops/buildingpartnerships(MarchuntilMay2016)
Phase2:EstablishingWorkshops/buildingpartnershipsPhase2ofthisstudywasbasedonanotherroundofinterviewswithactorsbothfromtheprivateandacademicsectorandfocusedonthefollowingcomponents:CompetencyProfilesIn order to support the University of Freiberg’s task to update the mining curriculum at KabulPolytechnic University, the research team established so-called ‘competency profiles’ or ‘jobprofiles’demandedbytheprivatesector,whichidentifiedthespecificpracticalskill-setemployerslookforwhenexamininggraduatesforpositionsrelatedtogeologyandminingengineering.Based on skill-sets and job profiles demanded in othermining sectors (i.e. Pakistan, India, SouthAfrica), the research team developed a comprehensive job profile for graduates in both miningengineeringandgeology.Inadditiontopresentingcompanieswithoptionsfordifferentskillsetsintheaforementionedsubjects,thesejobprofilesareorganisedalongthefollowingthreequestions:
• Whichoneof the following skills do you look forwhenadvertisingpositions fornew,freshlygraduatedminingengineersandgeologists?
• Which one of the following skills are minimum requirements for freshly graduatedminingengineersandgeologistsinorderforthemtobeabletofindajobintheAfghanminingsector?
• Which one of the following skills do Afghanmining engineers and geologists possesswhentheygraduatefromanAfghanUniversity?
In a second step, the information collected was shared with selected representatives from theprivatesectorinAfghanistan,adaptingthejobprofilestotheAfghancontext.RoundtableDiscussionDuringaroundtablediscussionheldatGIZ’spremisesinKabul,SamuelHallpresentedthefindingsmade and the competency/job profiles established during the research phase, discussing a wayforwardinrespecttoestablishingworkshopsandcreatingastrategicpartnership.WorkshopsInclosecollaborationwithprofessorsfromKabulPolytechnicUniversityandaselectednumberofprivate sector actors (Afghanite, Omran Geotechnical Company, and Geo Search), Samuel Hallresearchersdevelopedworkshopsbasedontheidentifiedcompetencyprofiles.PartnershipTheroundtablediscussionalsogavetheprivateandacademicsectorthepossibility todiscussthenatureandcontentofapartnershipforfuturecollaboration.
Stage1:Deskreview/Stakeholderidenmficamon
Stage2:BuildingStrategicPartnerships
Stage3:OrganisamonofWorkshops
Stage4:Dataanalysisandreport
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b. Challenges
IdentifyingtheneedsofthelabourmarketTheanswersgivenduringthisfirstroundofinterviewsthattargetedtheneedsofthelabourmarketremainedveryvagueandunspecific,fortworeasonsmainly:
• Low expectations: Given the out-dated curricula14at Afghan Universities in mining-relatedfields,aswellasthecompletelackofapracticalcomponent,theexpectationsorjob-profilesforgraduatesfromAfghanUniversitiesremainlow.Companiesexpecttobeconductingalotofon-the-jobtraining.
• StagnatingEconomy:Duetovariousreasons(e.g.security,lackof[foreign]investment,changeinminingregulations,lowinternationalcommodityprocesafter2009and2012)manycompanieshavedownsizedboththeiroperationsaswellasmining-relatedstaffto a great extent. Consequently, theywere not able to name specific job profiles, astheyhavenotgonethroughtheprocessofhiringnewemployeesinalongtime.
IdentifyingoptionstosupportanInternshipProgramme Theinitialgoalofthisresearch,apartfromidentifyingtheneedsofthelabourmarket,constitutedestablishing an internship programme in cooperation with private stakeholders from the miningsectorandtheacademicsectorinAfghanistan.Whileapproachingcompaniesforfieldresearchpurposes,SamuelHalldididentifyaneedforhighlyqualifiedpersonal.However,giventheunderdevelopedstateofthelarge-scaleminingsector,therecurrently isa lackofcapacity for large-scale internshipprogrammes.Althoughcompaniesconfirmthat they will start or continue with mining operations and will seek qualified personnel, therecurrentlyisonlylimitedcapacity.Consequently, in order to achieve a sustainableoutcome for this project, SamuelHall decided toamend the content of phase 2 from a focus on establishing an internship programme to theestablishment of a) a strategic partnership between the private and the academic sector in theminingindustryandb)workshopstoadditionallyenhancestudents’practicalskills.
14Sigar2016:“Afghanistan’sOil,GasandMineralsIndustries:USD488inUSEffortsShowLimitedProgressOverall,andChallengesPreventFurtherInvestmentandGrowth”,p.7.
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4. Findings and Analysis
a. Capacity of the labour market
‘Afghanminingsectorlabourmarket?Whichlabourmarket?Thereisnone.’
PrivateSectorActor
How big is the potential of the labour market in the mining sector?What are the main
obstaclestothedevelopmentofthelabourmarket?Whichskillsaremostimportanttoemployers?
Whenaskedaboutthecurrentstateofthelabourmarketintheminingsector,allstudentsvoicedconcerns.TheydobelievethattheextractiveindustrysectorholdsalargepotentialforAfghanistan,particularlyinlightofdecreasingaidlevels.However,activitiesintheminingsectorareverylimitedat the presentmoment, as is also apparent from the declining number of active licences statedabove.Thetopfourobstaclestothedevelopmentoftheminingsectorare:
1. Security2. Corruption3. Lack of technical expertise and proper
machinery4. Lackof(foreign)investment
According to most students’ opinions, the properdevelopmentoftheminingsectorwilltakemorethanfiveyears,potentiallylonger.Whenaskedabouttheirchances of finding a job after they graduate, theopinions vary depending on their field of study.Whereas all law students interviewed (from privateuniversities)areoptimisticof findinga jobafter theygraduate, only about half of TVET students andstudents of mining-related fields (from publicuniversities)believethattheycanfindajobaftertheygraduate.Notonlydo theybelieve itwill bedifficultdueto thecurrentunderdevelopedstateof thesector,butalsobecause,asonestudentput it, ‘Ithink if companieshirepeopleaccording to their intelligenceandqualifications, thenwecan findjobs.Butas Iseethecurrentsituation, itwouldbeverydifficult to finda jobbecauseall jobsarefilledwithpeoplewhohaveamiddle-maninthisorganisation’.Inotherwords,ourfindingssuggestthat inAfghanistan, employees and interns arenothiredbasedon their skills butbasedon theirconnections. Students also mention that their lack of practical skills poses a problem to findingemployment. This impression by students is reinforced by the KIIs conducted with stakeholdersfrom the private sector. When asked for their main concerns about the education of Afghanstudents,employersnamedthefollowingreasonsasmostimportant:
• Lackofpracticalexperience• Out-datedcurricula• Lackofsoftwareskills(e.g.GISandotherrelatedsoftware)• LackofEnglish
PrivatesectoractorsalsocriticisedtheAfghanmininglawinrespecttoitsimplementation.Thereweretwomainviewpointsexpressedduringtheinterviews:
• The law is aproblem:Multiplepolicy changesandavastbureaucracyhavehadanegativeimpactonforeigndirectinvestment.Respondentsalsocriticisedthatnon-
‘WhenPresidentGhanicameintooffice,he
bannedtheexportofrawmarbleinan
attempttoforcebusinessestofocuson
exportingfinishedproducts,asthisismore
profitablethanexportingrawstone.Butthat
isabsolutelynotreasonableatthemoment,
becauseweneitherhavethetechnologynor
theknowledge.Plus,exportingmarbleto
EuropeandtheUnitedStatesmeansthatwe
havetocompetewithveryhighEuropean
standards–andthatisjustveryunrealistic
atthemoment,giventhatwearejust
beginningtodevelopthesector.Hisdecision
destroyedourbusiness’.
PrivateSectorActor
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17
Afghanswho simply copied foreignmining lawwithout adapting it to the Afghancontextdraftedthelaw.
• The implementation is a problem: Respondents also stated that governmentalrepresentatives consciously or unconsciously use existing gaps or flaws of themininglawtothedisadvantageofthesector.
Howmanygraduatesgraduateinmining-relatedfieldseachyear?Inwhichfields?Howmanyfinda
jobrightaftergraduation?
Whenitcomestoassessingwhichprogramsarecurrentlyhighestindemandonthemininglabourmarket,answersgivenbyprofessorsoftenremainedrathervagueandassertive–ortheywereevencontradictory. For example, in one institution Professor A named ‘Geology’ as being lowest indemandonthelabourmarketwhereashiscolleague,ProfessorB,believed‘Geology’tobehighestin demand. This might be because there is no exact data on the career paths of students aftergraduation, so professors and teachers can only guess. Based on these guesses, it seems thatstudentswithabusiness/economicbackground(Economy,Management,BusinessAdministration)find jobs easiest since they are not bound to one sector. Both students and their professorscomplained about the lack of current employment options in themining sector and stated thatmanystudentsinmining-relatedfieldsseekemploymentoptionsoutsideoftheirsector,e.g.intheconstructionsectororatfield-relatedMinistries(e.g.MoMP).Therealsoisalackofinformationonwhat careerpathsareavailable in the sector: First, there isnoproper labourmarket informationsystem,makingithardforstudentstoidentifythedifferentactorsinthesector,theirfieldofactionandpotentialopenpositions.Additionally,studentsarealsonotawareofthecareerpathsavailabletothem,apartfromacareerattheMinistryofMinesandPetroleum(MoMP).
Whichskill-leveloflabourholdsthemostpotentialforgrowth?
All four stakeholders had different opinions andmade different guesses on the potential for thedifferentlevelsoflabour.However,themostoverlapexistedintwosectors:low-skilledlabourandhighlyskilledlabour.Theconstructionphasesoflarge-scaleminingoperationsinparticularwillhavemuchcapacity fora large labour force.Low-skilled labourdoesnot requireanyspecialeducation,and job qualificationswill be obtained throughon-the-job training. The second area that holds alargepotentialforgrowthistheareaofhighlyskilledlabour,mainlybecausethepositionscurrentlytakenupbyforeignexpertscouldbefilledwithwell-educatedAfghans.
Whatisthehiringprocessfornewgraduates?
Afghanistan is a country heavily relying on networks. Several of the companies approachedconfirmed that they mostly hire new employees through personal networks – i.e. currentemployees will recommend family members or friends. Ethnicity also plays a role in the hiringprocess. As one company put it, ‘If we hire a newmining engineer or geologist for amine in aPashtunarea,andwecanchoosebetweenalessqualifiedPashtunandamorequalifiedHazara,wewouldofcoursehirethePashtun.YoucannotsendaHazaraworkinginamineinaPashtunarea’.Duringtheresearch,wecameacrossajobadvertisementofoneoftheinterviewedAfghanminingcompanies. However, the advertisement was run only on a Pakistani website, suggesting thecompanyhadnointentionofhiringorevenofmerelyadvertisingthepositiontoAfghansduetotheperceivedlackofqualification,boththeoreticalandpractical.
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b. Afghan higher education in mining related fields
‘Idon’tneedengineerswithMastersorPhDs.Ineed[engineerswith]bachelor’s[degrees]with
practicalexperience,[engineerswith]bachelor’s[degrees]whoknowhowtouseandoperatethe
technologyweuse!’
PrivateSectorActor
The main problem with mining education inAfghanistanseemstobethatitisnotonlya)out-dated but also b) lacks practical training.Updating the curricula poses a challenge, as theprofessors at public universities have either a)been trained during Soviet times and arethemselves unfamiliar with modern miningtechnologies, or b) if their education is morerecent, they lack practical experience.
Respondentsalsoexpressedtheirconcernthatprofessorsmighteventrytopreventtheupdateofcurricula out of fear of losing their current positions. All students felt more or less theoreticallyprepared for the labour market, but expressed their desire for more practical training. Manystudentshopetoattendoneofthepublicuniversities,andoftenonlyattendprivateuniversitiesiftheirgradeaverageintheKonkurwasnothighenough.AfghanTVET institutes face adifferentproblem: students at these institutesusually neitherhavethe grade average to attend public university nor the financial background to pay for a privateuniversity. Out of the average 500,000 Afghan studentswho apply for university each year, only150,000 are accepted in public universities, and 350,000 need to seek education elsewhere.Consequently, rather than consciously choosingTVETas a careerpath,AfghanTVET students areoften ‘forced’ to choose this path. After graduating from their TVET institute, 50%will apply foruniversity,andtheremaining50%quitaltogetheranddonotenterthelabourmarketatall.AfghanTVET instituteshavean imageproblem in thepublicmind,as theyarecommonlysaid toeducatestudentsfor‘3D’jobs:thosethataredifficult,dirty,anddangerous.The reputation of TVET institutes is not only lowamongtheAfghanpublicbutalsoamongtheprivatesector.Noneofthe interviewedprivatesectoractorsemployed TVET graduates, and most had not evenheard the term before. This matches our findingsfromtheinterviewswithTVETteachers.AttheLogarMining Institute, only 1/3 of the students find a jobaftertheygraduate,thelargemajorityinminingnon-relatedfields. InBalkh,50%ofthestudentscontinueonthepathofhighereducation,andalmostalloftheremaining 50% seek employment in non-miningrelated fields. The reason that TVET institutes inAfghanistan are not well regarded in the businesscommunity is because they only provide theoreticaltraining and do not properly prepare their studentsforthepracticalchallengesofthelabourmarket.‘Weare pumping in millions [and] provid[ing a] hugeamount of equipment, but there is absolutely zerooutcome. Less than 10% of teachers are competent,[and]thewholesystemneedsanoverhaul’,explainsoneTVETexpert.TVETinstitutesoffermultiple
‘WehadtwoItaliangeologistsvisitingandasked
twoAfghanprofessorstocomealongandvisit
ourmine.Theyshowedupinsuits,completely
improperlydressedforvisitingamine.Buthow
wouldtheyknow?Theyhadneverbeeninamine
before.Needlesstosay,theydidn’tcontributeto
thestudy.Theydidn’tknowhow’.
PrivateSectorActor
‘Shiftyourfocus[to]targetthepeoplewhoactuallywanttodothework.Currently,
thereare90,000studentsinformalTVET
whohavenointerestinthesectorandonly
wanttocontinuewithhighereducation.On
theotherhand,youhave600,000“students”
whoarecurrentlyemployedininformal
apprenticeships,forexampleafatherandhis
soninaworkshop.Thatistheeconomyof
Afghanistan,andthishasbeenneglected.
Getthese600,000studentsintotheschool
system,andmakeitformalthroughan
officialapprenticeshipprogram.These
600,000studentsaretheonesthatwill
actuallysitinaworkshopandwork–plus,
theyarealreadypartofthelabourmarket.
ThebiggestpotentialinAfghanistanisfor
thisgroup’.
TVETExpert
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programs in different areas – but they do not seem to be tailored to the needs of themarket.Additionally, students at TVET seem to be thewrong target group. According to the interviewedexperts,thecurrent90,000TVETstudentsonlyusetheinstitutionsasastepping-stoneintohighereducationanddonothaveanyinterestintheTVET-labourmarket.InitiativessuchastheNationalSkills Development Program (NSDP) have recognised these shortcomings in the TVET framework,providedanalysisfortheregulatoryandlegalreformsnecessarytoreshapetheAfghanTVETsectorandestablishedpilotprojects.Overthecourseof6years,theinitiativeproduced7,720GraduatesinsixpilotTVETinstitutes,15ofwhich75%foundemployment.
c. Open-pit vs. Underground Mining Asofnow,miningengineeringistaughtasonemajorthatcombinesbothopen-pitandundergroundmining. During the course of the study, a discussion emerged among the German and Afghanexpertswhetherboth topics shouldbe taught separately (as ‘MiningEngineering–OpenPit’ and‘MiningEngineering–UndergroundMining’)orcombined(onesinglemajor‘MiningEngineering’).Professors at the University of Freiberg, who have advised Kabul Polytechnic University on theupdatingofthecurricula,andprofessorsattheaforementioneduniversityhavedifferingviewsonthe matter. Hence, the question was included in the roundtable discussion, with a very clearoutcome:sevencompaniespreferredacommonmajorcomparedtoonlytwocompanieswhowereinfavourofaseparation.Whyshouldopen-pitandundergroundminingbetaughtinonesinglemajor?Theanswerissimple:companiesdonothireengineersforonlyonetypeofmine,theyhireminingengineerstoworkondifferentprojects.Ifbothfieldsaretaughtseparately,studentswillhaveacleardisadvantageonthelabourmarket, asmining companies confirmed that theywill always prefer themining engineerwhohasknowledgeaboutbothtypesofminestotheengineerwhoonlyspecialisedinonefield.Thefollowingtablewillgiveanoverviewofthedifferentacademicinstitutionsapproachedandtheprogramstheyofferattheirinstitutions.
15NIMA,ANIM,AIT,BlindSchool,AutoMechanicalInstitute,andComputerInstitute.
University/Institute
Offered Programs Number of graduating students p.a. in mining-related fields
Students’ career path after graduation
TVETBalkhInstituteofOil&Gas 3Programs(2yrs,3yrsand5yrs)
in6departments:
Solidminerals,
Oil&Gas,
ElectroTechniques,
Industries&Metals,
WaterSupply,and
VehicleMaintenance
300 Studentseithercontinuetohighereducationorworkinminingnon-relatedfields.Onlyfewworkinminingsector.
TVETLogarMiningInstitute 1program/department:
ExtractionofMinerals
250-300 Onlyabout1/3findjobs(110-160),mostlyinnon-miningrelatedfields.
BakhtarUniversity 5departments:
Law
Journalism
CivilEngineering
ComputerScience
BusinessAdministration
400-500 GraduatesinEngineering,ComputerScienceandBusinessAdministrationfindjobseasiest.Mostofthemfindjobs
outsideoftheminingsectorindifferentorganisationsandconstructioncompanies.
KardanUniversity 4Departments:
BusinessAdministration
ComputerScience
CivilEngineering
LawandPoliticalScience
Confidential GraduatesinCivilEngineeringandBusinessAdministrationfindjobseasiest,mostlyinminingnon-relatedfields.
AUAF Management
BusinessAdministration
InformationTechnology
/ GraduatesinManagementandMBprogramsfindjobseasiest,buthardlyinminingsector.
BalkhUniversity
3Departments:
EngineeringofMinerals
EngineeringofPetroleum&Gas
Water&Environment
N/A ‘EngineeringofMinerals’–Graduatesrarelyfindjobsintheminingsector,andtheyworkinothersectors.Thetwo
otherdepartmentshavebeennewlyestablished,sotherearenoGraduatesyet.
KabulUniversity Geology
HydroMetrology
Geography
Environment
250-300 Geography students are often recruited in the MoFA for Cartography, Geologists will be hired in the
MoMP/MoAIL/MoWE. Geologists find work easiest because they have a broader education. Geography/Hydro
Metrologygraduatesarelowindemand.
KabulPolytechnicUniversity
8departments:
ChemicalTechnology,
Construction(Buildings,Roads,or
Hydraulic),
ComputerScience,
Geodesy,
Geology&Mining,
Electro-Mechanics
250-300 Students frommining related programs are lowest in demand on labourmarket. Only 20% find jobs right after
graduation.Manytrytofindemploymentinotherareas(likeconstruction).
d. Enhancing practical education Afghan graduated geologists andmining engineers havemajor problems in finding employment.Thisisnotonlybecauseoftheunderdevelopedstateofthesector,butbecauseminingcompaniesinAfghanistanoftenhireforeignexpertsorforeign-educatedAfghansfortheirvacantpositionsofhighlyskilledlabour.Asmentionedbefore,this isbecausethecurriculumatAfghanuniversities inmining-relatedfields isnotonlyoutdated,butalso lackspracticalexperience.Thelackofpracticalskill inparticularposesproblemto findingemployment. ‘Whenweapply fora job, the first thingthey ask us about is our practical experience. Nobody is willing to hire somebody without workexperience’, saysone interviewed student. Generally, the top fourobstacles to findemploymentseemtobe:
• Lackofemploymentopportunities• Lackofnetwork• Lackofpracticalexperience• Lackofupdatedandrelevanttheoreticaleducation
Tosuccessfullyupdatethecurriculaofmining-relatedfieldsinAfghanuniversities,amarket-drivenapproach is needed. In order to increase the employment rate of Afghanmining students, it isessential to first identify thedemandsof the labourmarketandthetechnologiesandapproachesused. Hence, Samuel Hall researchers, in close collaboration with private sector actors inAfghanistan, established so called ‘job competency profiles’ formining engineers and geologists,basedonthedemandsofAfghanminingcompanies.
CompetencyProfiles–MiningEngineeringAminingengineeristaskedwiththeproperplanningandsafedevelopmentofamine.Astheyareinvolved inall aspectsofaminingproject, theyneed tobe familiarwith thedifferent stagesofamining operation and need to have a thorough understanding of the effects of mining on thesurroundingenvironment.Evenbeforeanewmine isdeveloped,miningengineersdeterminetheviabilityofanewminingprojectandorganise itsstructure. Whendevelopingspecific jobprofilesforminingengineers inAfghanistan,SamuelHall researchersdrewonawidearrayof jobprofilesfrom all around the world with a particular focus on neighbouring countries (Iran, Pakistan andIndia) to bring the general international requirements and standards closer to the reality inAfghanistan. A third round of interviews with academic private sector actors was conducted tofurtherrefinethe listofcompetenciesand identify thespecificskillsdemandedateach individualcompany.MINING ENGINEERING: General Job Profile
COMPANIES’ requirements A B C D E F G …participate in drilling and blasting activities in the quarry � � � � � …are able to supervise the driller, shotfirer, assistant shotfirer and general quarry labourers
� � � � �
…do routine blasthole sampling for laboratory analysis � � � � � � �…Supervise primary and secondary crushers � � …Ensure that execution of drilling and blasting activities is according to the mining plan
� � � �
…Effectively utilise earth moving equipment � � � …are familiar with safety procedures � � � � � � �…prepare daily reports on consumption of explosives � � � � � �
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Allcompaniesstressedthattheymainlyexpectgraduatestoparticipateinthefieldandhencetobeabletoparticipateindrillingandblastingactivities,tobefamiliarwiththetechnologyusedandtohave an understanding of modern health and safety requirements. The below table provides abetterunderstandingof thegeneralknowledge, specific techniquesandsoftwareusedwithin theAfghanminingsector.
MINING ENGINEERING: Key competencies
COMPANIES’ requirements A B C D E F G �GENERAL KNOWLEDGE � Industrial rocks and minerals � � � � � �Basic unit operations of surface mining � � � � �Use of tools, equipment and machinery � � � � � �Different drilling equipment and their uses � � � � � �Explosive and blasting operations � � � � � Different crushing equipment � � � Safety precautions in surface mining � � � � � � Preventive maintenance of different mining equipment � � � � � Design of haul road � � � � �SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES Identify different types of mining methods � � � � � � Identify different industrial minerals and rocks � � � � Identify name and functions of various drilling equipment � � � � � �Operate and maintain top-hammer drills including start-up/shut-down, positioning, drilling, drill rod changing and drill rod retrieval
� � � � �
Operate and maintain down-the-hole drills including start-up/shut-down, rock drilling and rod retrieval
� � � �
Operate and maintain a jack-hammer/hand-held drills including start-up/shut-down, rock drilling and rod retrieval
� � � � �
Operation and handling of Air Compressors � � � �Usage and Preparation of High Explosives � � � Conduct safe blasting operations � � � � Proper storage of explosives and detonators � � � � Operate and maintain loading and back-hoe shovels16 � � � Operations and maintenance of primary crushers � � Operations and maintenance of belt conveyor system � � � Awareness about safety procedure at mine site � � � � Bucket whill excavator � � � � � �Mine elumination � � � � � �Ground vibration and ground control � � �
17 � �Flyrocks control and monitoring � � �
18 � �
16somerespondentsclaimthatthistechnologyisnotinuseinAfghanistan17notexpectedfromabachelorstudent
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Drainage system �Reclamation and Mine closure Surveying � � � � � �Total Station � � � � �GPS � � � � � �Track � � � � � �Power transition � � � �Rules and Regulation � � � � � �Underground mining techniques (i.e. Coal Mining) � � � � � � SOFTWARE AutoCad � � � � � � �Surpac � � � � � � �Data Mining � � � � � � �
For mining engineering, the skills and competencies demanded by companies varied greatly forthreemainreasons:
1. Type of Activity: The private actors interviewedwere engaged in consultancy as well asactiveexplorationandexcavation.Naturally,dependingonthelineofbusiness,thespecificrequirementsforminingengineerswithinaparticularcompanyvary.
2. Typeofresource:Forexcavatingminingcompanies,jobprofilesalsodependedonthetypeofresourceexcavated.
3. StageofOperations:Thespecificneedsanddemandsoftheprivatesectorwillalsodependon the stage of the mining activity - whether the company advertising the position iscurrentlyintheprospecting,development,exploration,excavationorreclamationstageofamine.
It is important to note that mining companies ideally search for candidates who have a broadknowledgeandaredeployableindifferentminesatdifferentstagesoftheoperation.Nonetheless,ajobprofileisaverydetaileddescriptionofskillsneededforaspecificpositionwithinthecompany.Hence, althougha general knowledgeof other areas is desirable, a jobprofilewill always yield arelativelynarrowdescriptionoftherequirementsofaspecificposition.
CompetencyProfiles-GeologyThemainrequirementsintermsofskillsandfamiliaritywithdifferentsoftwarecanbefoundbelow.Graduatesareexpectedto:
• Understandtheexplorationprocessandwriteexplorationreports• Determine scales, distances and elevations from imagery, surveys, maps and GIS
applications• Collect,compileandinterprethistoricinformationtoplangeologicalinvestigations• Prepare,analyseandinterprethistoricinformationtoplangeologicalinvestigations
18notexpectedfromabachelorstudent
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GEOLOGY: Key Competencies - skills
COMPANIES’ requirements A B C D E F G …determinedifferentmineraltypes � � � � �…Identifyandinterpretsedimentaryprocesses/structures � � � � …Understandexplorationprocessandwriteexplorationreports � � � � � �…determinetype,degreeandeffectsofrockandmineralalteration � � � � � …determinescales,distances,andelevationsfromimagery,surveys,mapsandGISapplications
� � � � � � �
…collect,compile,andinterprethistoricinformationtoplangeologicalinvestigations
� � � � � �
…conductgeoinvestigationsconsideringhumanhealthandsafety � � � � � …interpretdesformationalhistorythroughstructuralandtectonicanalyses
� � � � �
…prepare,analyseandinterpretlogs,andcross-sectionsmapsfromfieldinvestigationsandGISapplications
� � � � � � �
…identifyandinterpretfossilsandfossilassemblagesforageorpaleoenvironinterpretation
� � �
…planandconductmineralorenergyresourceexploration,evaluationandenvironprograms
� � � � �
…manage,develop,protect,orremediatesurfacewaterorgroundwaterresources
� � � � �
…befamiliarwithdrillingandsampling � � � � � � �…befamiliarwithconductingfeasibilitystudies � � � � � �Defineandcharacterisehydraulicproperties � � �
A geologist is particularly involved in the explorationprocess of amine, needs to have a generalunderstanding of the whole exploration and excavation process and is expected to be able tointerpretdataandsamples.Inaddition,theymust:
• Understandtheexplorationprocessandwriteexplorationreports• Determinescales,distancesandelevationsfromimagery,surveys,mapsandGIS
applications• Collect,compileandinterprethistoricinformationtoplangeologicalinvestigations• Interpretdesformationalhistorythroughstructuralandtectonicanalyses• Prepare,analyseandinterpretlogsandcross-sectionmapsfromfieldinvestigationsand
GISapplications• Befamiliarwithdrillingandsampling• Befamiliarwithconductingfeasibilitystudies
Ageologist’sworkalsoreliesheavilyontheusageofspecialsoftware.InAfghanistan,thereareseveralkindsofminingsoftwareinuse.Thebelowtablewillgiveanoverview:
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GEOLOGY: Key Competencies - software
COMPANIES’ requirements A B C D E F G Surpac � Datamine � � � �Promine � � MappingSoftware ERMapper � � � � MapInfo � � Encom � ESRI/GIS � � � � � (GIS:Erdas) � � (GIS:ArcView/ArcGIS) � (GIS:Ilwiss) � GeoSoft � � � � � Rockware � � �Slide � � Plaxis � � �Abaques �UDED–3pec �Sloppackage �Surfer �Dips � �Roclab �Rocscience �Autocad � Flac3D-2D � � �
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Workshops
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e. Workshops Samuel Hall researchers developed workshops for students from the Department of Geology atKabul Polytechnic University. Designed in close collaboration with private sector actors, theseworkshops targeted key skills and competencies demanded by the private sector and identifiedduringtheresearchphaseprecedingthedevelopmentofthetraining.Participationwas limitedtothe38studentscurrentlyenrolledinthe7thsemesterofthe‘miningexploration’major.Workshop 1: Software and Lab Workshop at Afghanite with Engineer Qambari Oneof themain complaints of private sector representativeswas the lackof familiaritywith themodern software currently used in themining sector. Hence, two of the workshops focused onteachinginterestedstudentsthebasicsofworkingwithmoderncomputertechnology.AtAfghanite,studentsattendedintroductorysessionontwoprograms(ArcView/ArcGISandAutocad)thathadbeenidentifiedascrucialtotheirfutureworkoverthecourseofthecompetencyprofilingexercise.Content:Onday1oftheworkshop,engineerQambariintroducedstudentstoAutoCAD,asoftwareforengineers,architectsandconstructionprofessionals tocreatemaps in2Dand3D.TheseconddayrevolvedentirelyaroundGISapplications.Studentsweregiventhechancetocreatetheirownmap and operate the application themselves using basic commands. On the last day, engineerQambaricontinuedthetrainingbygivingstudentsabriefdescriptionofthepracticalconsiderationssurrounding field investigations.Hedemonstrated thedifferencebetweenpractical fieldworkandabstracttheory, insistingontheskillsneededtooperatemicroscopesand introducingstudentstodifferent laboratorymachines. Workshop 2: Software training at OGC with Mr. Ahmad Ali Ahmadiyar AtOGC,trainerscoveredseveralrelevantminingsoftwareprogramsoverthecourseofthreedays.
Content: On day 1, students were introduced to the usage of Plaxis 2D (Version 8.2). OGC’sgeotechnical studies require the use of advanced models to simulate time-dependent and non-linearbehaviourofsoils.Plaxisisabletomapvariousgeotechnicalstructuresandtheirinteractionwith thesoil. Onday2,OGCemployeespresenteda trainingsessiononArcGIS/ArcView.ArcGISincludes a string of interspersed applications, including ArcMap, ArcToolbox and ArcCatalogue.CombiningtheseapplicationsallowsuserstoperformsimpleaswellasadvancedGIStaskssuchasdataediting,geographicanalysis,geoprocessing,datavisualisation,etc.Onday3,studentsworkedwith two types of software: Dips and Roclab. Dips is used for the analysis of orientation-basedgeological data, while RocLab is used to assess rock mass strength parameters and visualisechangingparametersofrockmass.
Day Theme CorrespondingCompetency
Numberofstudents
Day1 Plaxis 2D andRocscience
Plaxis 2D andRocscienceSlide
10
Day2 GIS GIS 10Day3 DIPSandRoclab DIPSandRoclab 10
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Workshop 3: Laboratory at Geo Search with Mr. Reza Ahmadi Forthetimebeing,neitherstudentsatKabulPolytechnicnorKabulUniversityhaveregularaccesstoaproperlaboratory.Theyareunfamiliarwiththepracticalworkconductedonsuchpremises.Toremedy thiscrucialknowledgegap, the38 traineesweresplit into threegroups,witheachgroupattendingthreelaboratorysessions.
1. Session:Fieldinvestigation
Workingwithageologicalcompass(BrontonBrand)• Dip• DipDirection• Strike• Azimuth• PlottingFieldDataonDIPSprogram
2. Session:RockHardness
Workingwithageologicalhammer(SchmidtBrandASTMD5873)
• GeneralUsage• DataAnalysis
3. Session:RockMechanicsPracticalworkinthelaboratory:
• RQD(RockQualityDesignation,ASTMD6032)
• UCS(UnconfinedCompressiveStrengthASTMD2938)
• PLT(PointLoadTestASTMD5731)
Day Theme CorrespondingCompetency
Number ofstudentsSession1
Number ofstudentsSession2
Day1 AutoCAD AutoCAD 10 10Day2 GIS
ApplicationsGIS 10 10
Day3 FieldInvestigation
General FieldExperience
10 10
Ageologicalcompasshelpsgeologistscomprehendthetracksandbreaksintherocksataminingsite.Tobeabletoproperlyunderstandageological
feature,theyneedtobeabletodetermineitsdip,dipdirection,strikeandazimuth.
Withthehelpofageologicalhammergeologistscanmeasurethehardnessofrocksattheminingsite.Thisisveryimportantfortheconstructionoftunnelsanddamsasitprovidesanindicationofwhattypesofrocksexistatminingordamsites.
RQDhelpsgeologistsdeterminethetypeandqualityofrocks.UCSandPLTareessential
elementswhenassessingthehardnessandqualityofrocks.
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STUDENTS ‘When we joined these workshops, we actually thought we would go out of Afghanistan, because we didn’t know that there are actually companies in our field of study in Afghanistan. We were told by our professors that we could only do practical slide tests at the MoMP – but we now saw that the companies can do that, too! We want GIZ to talk to our university so that we can [do] our 3 months practical work at the companies instead of the MoMP, because the companies have much more equipment’.
‘What we study in the university is very outdated. These workshops helped us to become familiar with new technologies. Thank you GIZ!’ ‘I want to thank GIZ for conducting such trainings, for the transportation [and] for all the efforts they do to support the development of our educational level’.
STUDENTS ‘The amount of practical work we have done during these few days of workshops equals two semesters at University’. ‘Of course we don’t expect to learn how to use a software in three days. But these workshops did something far more important: they introduced us to the skills expected from us on the labour market’. ‘These workshops bridge the gap between the private sector and Polytechnic University’.
PRIVATE SECTOR ‘This workshop is the first time the private sector could directly interact with Kabul Polytechnic University and its students’. ‘The practical workshop at Afghanite introduced students to different maps. It complimented their theoretical studies and helped them adapt theoretical knowledge to real-life challenges’. ‘These 3 days of workshops will have a lasting impact – I am certain that none of the students will forget the practical skills they have learned here. Mentioning these practical workshops in job interviews will help them get shortlisted for positions, hence putting them on the winning ticket for jobs’.
Voices
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5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ThedevelopmentoftheAfghanminingsectorwillstilltakeyearstocome,andtheobstaclestoitsproperdevelopmentareplentifulonalllevels:
• PublicSector:TheGovernmentofAfghanistan,representedthroughtheMoMPintheminingsector, lacksnotonlythecapacitytopropermonitorminingactivities,butalsothe necessary enforcement to curb the corruption and illegal activities currentlydominatingtheextractionofnaturalresourcesinAfghanistan.
• Private Sector: Although there are currently dozens of active mining sites inAfghanistan, only a very small part is being explored and extracted legally withadequate technologicalmeans and skill. A viable development of the sector requirestechnologicalstandardisationinordertoresultintheestablishmentofavibrantmininglabourmarket.
• Academic Sector: Last but not least, there is a large gap between the skills studentspossessandtheskillsdemandedintheAfghanminingsector.Duetotheshortcomingsin theoretical and practical education at both the TVET and higher education level,Afghanyouthareunpreparedtomeetthedemandsoftheprivatesector.
Supportisoftenfocusedonthebeststudentsofaclass,whichneglectsalargestudentbodythatisequally willing to improve their education. As one student put it: ‘When we learned that ourclassmatesaregoingtoIranforinternships,webecameverysad.Whywerewenotallowedtogothere?Theseworkshopsmadeusreallyhappy,becauseitshowedtousthatGIZwantstohelpallofus,notonlythebestofus’.Forathoroughimprovementofeducationforall,assistancecannotonlybe targeted to thebest studentsbutneeds to includeallstudents.Thesuccessof theworkshopsdevelopedforthisstudyandthesatisfactionamongprofessors,privatesectorrepresentativesandstudentshaveshownthatthereisastrongneedforadirectlinkbetweentheprivateandacademicsector inAfghanistan.Professorsareunabletoproperlypreparetheirstudents for therealitiesofworking in the mining sector as they are, for the most part, lacking any practical experiencethemselvesandthusarecompletelydisconnectedfromtherealitiesontheground.Thewillingnessshownbyallpartiesinvolvedtoactivelyandjointlybridgethegapbetweentheoreticalandpracticaleducationsuggeststhatthereisaself-sustainingdrivebehindthistypeofcollaborationlikelytolastevenafterthisresearchprojecthasended.
• Acjvefollow-upwithbothprofessorsandprivatesectoractors-'keepingthelinkalive'
• Acjvefollow-upwithprivatesector• Acjvefollow-upwithGIZregardingpotenjaloffundingprivatesectorguestlecturers
• Guestlecturers• Sourceofinformajonforbothstudentsandprofessors• Sourceofpracjcalknowledgeforstudents
• Acjvesupporjveroleforallthreegroups• Sourceoffundingforfuturecollaborajon• Sourceoftheorejcalinformajon GIZ
PrivateSector
StudentsProfessors
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Several possibilities on how to continue strengthening the link between the private and theacademicsectorexist:
• Guestlectures:TheworkshopsthattookplaceatthecompaniesareeasilytransferrableintotheclassroomsatKabulPolytechnicUniversityintheformsofguestlectures.Thiswould familiarise studentsmore andmorewith the skills demanded from themaftergraduation. Outside funding may be required, as private, profit-oriented actorsrealisticallycannotbeexpectedtocontinueworkingprobono.
• Workshops as part of curriculum: Additionally, practical training can be made aninherentpartofthecurriculumforgeologyandminingengineeringstudents.Toensurethe interplay between both theory and practice and workshops which enrich andcomplimentstudents’knowledgeat thesametime,the involvementofbothtechnicalexperts (FreibergUniversity,PolytechnicUniversity)andpractitioners fromthe field isneeded.
• Internships:Duetothestateofthesector,thereisacurrentlackofcapacityforinterns.However,allinterviewedcompanieshadhadinternsinthepastandarewillingtooffersuchpositionsinthefutureoncetheeconomicclimatepermitsthemtodoso.Keepinga constant flow of information between both the private and academic sectors willmoreeasilyallocatesupplyanddemandoncetheeconomicsituationofthesectorhasimproved.
• Regular Roundtable Discussions: The establishment of regular roundtable discussionscanserveasasourceofinformalknowledgeexchangebetweenacademicsandprivatestakeholders.
Establishingafruitfulandlong-lastingpartnershipbetweentheprivateandtheacademicsectorwillrequiretheactivecollaborationofallpartiesinvolved.Theirindividualrolesareexplainedinmoredetailbelow:GIZ: GIZ needs to show active support to keep the newly established link between both sectorspersistentandstrengthen itovertime.Duringtheearlystages,thesupportshouldmostlyrevolvearoundinstitutionalisingthemostimportantaspectsofsuchacooperation,i.e.facilitatingdialoguethatdiscussestheinclusionofguestlecturersandworkshopsinthecurriculumofKabulPolytechnicUniversity.HoldingregularroundtablediscussionsandinvitingrepresentativesfromtheMoMPandMoHEwillbeafirststepintothisdirection.Furthermore,GIZisthelinkbetweenFreibergUniversityandKabulPolytechnicUniversitythatensuresthetechnicalsupportofAfghanprofessorsinminingrelatedfields.Professors:Everyinitiativecanonlybeasstrongasthesupportitgets.ParticipatingpartnersoftheroundtablediscussionhaveclearlystatedtheirsupportforcooperationbetweenAfghanuniversitiesand the private sector to increase the practical education of Afghan students in mining-relatedfields.Inthisrespect,professorsplaytheroleoftheconnectinglinkbetweentheprivateandsectorand their students.Onlywith their active engagement in following-upwith theprivate sector fortechnical input (i.e. in terms of guest lectures, internship programs or trainings) or appealing tosupportinginstitutionsforeitherfinancialinput(internationaldonors)ororganisationalsupport(i.e.MoHE)canthiscollaborationbefruitful.Private Sector: During both roundtable discussions and trainings, partnering companies havesignalledtheirwillingnesstoactivelysupporttheimprovementofeducationinmining-relatedfields.Apart from the students themselves, the private sector will be the biggest beneficiary of welltrainednational staffandshouldhencenotonlybeasourceofpracticalknowledge foracademicinstitutions but also a source of information for both professors and students. Their advice andguidancewillbevitalinshapingAfghanminingeducationtoamarket-drivenapproach.
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ANNEX A. Candidates for a Strategic Partnership Privatesector
No Name CompanyName Telephone Email
1. Mr.HadiMohammadi
Yasamin 07894420120799327268
[email protected],[email protected]
2. Mr.Husseini GeoSearch 0702551220 [email protected]. Mr.Mousavi GreenTech 0789529565 [email protected]. Mr.Heidari OGC 0775768357 [email protected]. Mr.Nasrat
AhmadzaiAmaniaMining 0784102775 [email protected]
6. Mr.Jafari/Akhlaqi
Afghanite 07002839420784421299
[email protected]@afghanite.net
7. Mr.Khudadadi PamirMining 0775729165
[email protected]/[email protected][email protected]
8. Mr.Mohebbi MarMarBakthar 07002195140787892400
10 Dr.SalimKarim MarMarBakhtar 0797777401 [email protected]. EsmatGulistani
FSA 0799030800
AcademicSector
No Name Company Phone# Emailaddress
1 Mr.Mosazai PolytechnicUniversity 0795863132 [email protected]
2 Mr.Rahmani PolytechnicUniversity 0700289088 [email protected] Ghulam Hazrat
AskarzadaKabulUniversity/OGC 0779524757 [email protected]
Annex B. Company Profiles
Afghanite OGC Pamir Amania GeoSearch YasminCo. AfghanMarbleAssociation
QasimiGroup Ghazanfar MCC
Headquarter KabulwithabranchinMazar
Kabul,itisashareholdercompanywith
branchesinTurkey,Dubai,USA
Kabul Kabulwithbranchesin
Kandahar,UAE,andKarachi
Kabul Mazar-e-Sharif
Mostofthemarble
companieshavetheirheadquarter
inKabulandHerat
AfghanistanwithotherbranchesinEurope,UAE,US,
Turkey
Afghanistan BeijingwithalocalofficeinKabul
Typeofactivities
Geotechnical,miningand
environmentalstudies,oredeposit
modelling/Mapping,mineral
processing
OffersprofessionalconsultancyServicesfor
infrastructure,miningand
environmentalprojects
Pamirisaconsultancyfirmoffersservicesingeo-technical,geophysics,geohydrology,laboratorytesting,surveyandtopographyservices
Engagedintheexploration,development,miningandprocessingofindustrial
mineralsandnon-ferrousmetalsfortheglobalmarket.
Geotechnicalandgeophysicalstudies,
laboratorywork
Exploration,exploitation,laboratorywork,
feasibilitystudies.
Exploration,exploitation,extractionandprocessingof
marblestonesallcanbedoneinAfghanistan
Testing,seismictestinganddrilling
ExplorationAnd
Extraction
Specializedactivitiesforminingsector
Miningexploration,datamapping,
drillingoperation,andearlystage
operations:soilsurveysandoutcropevaluations,andquarryoperations.
Minemanagementconsultation,
reserveestimation,pre-feasibilityandfeasibilitystudies,geotechnicalandgeologicalsurveys,geophysicalandgeo-hydrological
surveys,topography,andenvironmental
studies.Thecompanyalsooffersconsultationonmethodsof
extractionbothforopen-pitandunderground
Geotechnical,mining
explorationand
extraction,geophysical,hydrology
investigationand
engineeringsurveyservices.
Mostlyengagedinthe
exploration,studyand
exploitationoffluoritedepositsinAfghanistan
Silicasandmind
explorationand
exploitation,EIAstudies,feasibilitystudies
ThissectoristhemostpromisingminingsectorinAfghanistan.New
technologieshavebeenimportedto
exploittheminesmore
professionally.
Workmostlyonpetroleum:exploration,
testing,seismictesting,drillingandexploiting,andextraction.
Alsobuildrefineriesand
importcrudeoil.
MCCisaninternationalcompanybasedin
Beijing.Theywontherightto
exploretheMes-AynakCopperdeposit.
Mes-Aynakcooperisthesecondlargestcopper
reserveintheworld.
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miningNumberofEmployee
20+employees.
Usedtobe120,buthasbeen
reducedto40duetolackofprojects
350Afghanemployee+13internationalemployees
Almost50,000peopleare
employedinthewholesector
300employeesinAfghanistan.Mostofthe
employeesarefrom
neighbouringcountries
25employeesduringtesting
phase,10Turkishexpats.Will
increaseto500duringdrillingphaseand
potentiallymuchmoreduringextraction
130Afghans,30-35Chinese.Employed300Afghansbeforetheproject
cametoahalt
Miningactivities
Testingsamples,
explorationstudies,training
NodirectcontractwithMoMP,butassistcompaniesonthefollowing
mines:FieldinvestigationfortheQarazaghan
goldmine,labactivitiesfor
marblestonesinJalalabadandlabagtivitiesfor
graniteinBamyan.
GeologicalmapofKotal-
eOnayMarblemine,exploration
andexploitationofsomeother
mines,trainingforministry
employees
Carriesoutmostlyextraction
activities,currentlyownsaFluoriteminecontractinKandahar
(BakhudFluoritedeposit).The
depositencompasses8.8millionmetrictonsoffluorite.
Mostlystudiesformining,tunnels,
damsroadprojects.Alsoactive
inthemarblesector.
Theyowntherightforexploitationofasand
silicamineinMazar-eSharif.Theydomostly
laboratoryworkandtrainings.
Manynewcontractshavebeensignedtoextractand
processAfghanmarble
GhazanfarInvestmentLtd.inconsortiumwithDragonOil,KuwaitEnergyandTPAOhavebeenselectedbytheMoMPasthewinnerfortheexplorationanddevelopmentoftheAfghan-Tajik
Basin.
InAfghanistan,
thecompanywonthe
contracttoexploreandexploittheMes-Aynakcooperdeposit.
Negotiationsstalled.
Typeofemployees
AllAfghans MostlyAfghans,foreigntechnicalexpertsdependingontheproject
OnlyAfghanemployees,
MostlyAfghansandforeign
technicalexperts
MostlyAfghan
employees,foreigntechnicalexpertsfor
shortperiods.
BothAfghanandforeign
staff.Afghansworkinchemicaltechnologyandgeologyengineering
andarchitecturalengineering.Internationalstaffarehiredforgeologicalworkandbusiness
developmentactivities
MostlyAfghan,onlyveryfewforeignstaff
Afghansandemployeesfromneighbouringcountries.
AfghansandTurkishexpats
MostlyAfghansandChinesetechnicalexperts
Annex C. References
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https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/miscellaneous/recommended-reading/takhar-gold-mine-
contract-seen-as-illegal/(June8th,2016).
AfghanistanGeologicalSurvey:www.bgs.ac.uk(June8th,2016).
AISA2012:AcomprehensivestudyofmarbleindustryinAfghanistan.
DailyOutlookAfghanistan(2016):“DaudShahSabaResignsasMinesMinister”,
http://outlookafghanistan.net/national_detail.php?post_id=14826(June8th,2016).
Doclecture(2015):NewMarble-ProcessingFacilityInauguratedatMarbleConferenceOpening,
http://doclecture.net/1-9210.html(June8th,2016).
Fishstein,P./Amiryar,M.E.(2015):AfghanEconomicPolicy,Institutions,andSocietySince2001.
FortheUnitedStatesInstituteofPeace.
Ghanizada(2014):“SAIL-ledIndianconsortium’sbidforHajigakironenotcompliant”,
http://www.khaama.com/sail-led-indian-consortiums-bid-for-hajigak-irone-not-compliant-6569
(June8th,2016).
IntegrityWatchAfghanistan(2015):ThePlunderersofHope?PoliticalEconomyofFiveMajor
MinesinAfghanistan
Lipow,J./Melese,F.(2011):EconomicandSecurityImplicationsofAfghanistan’sNewlyDiscovered
MineralWealth;in:Defense&SecurityAnalysis,RoutledgeTaylor&FrancisGroup.
Mohammdi,Z.(2015):„Over2,000IllegalMiningSitesinAfghanistan“;
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afghanistan(June8th,2016).
Motevalli,G.(2010):“Afghanistanseesgreatwhitehopeinmarblesector”,
http://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-marble-idUSTRE63K00C20100421(June8th,2016).
Najafizada,E.(2015):“TheTalibanisCapturingAfghanistan’sUSD1TrillioninMiningWealth”,
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-20/taliban-winning-race-to-capture-1-trillion-
afghan-mining-riches(June8th,2016).
Noorzoy,S.(2014):“Afghanistan’sWartimeEconomy(2001–2014).TheDevastatingImpactsof
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2014-the-devastating-impacts-of-imf-world-bank-reforms/5393141(June8th,2016).
O’Donnel,L.(2014):“NewAfghanmininglawlackstransparency,sayexperts”,
http://www.scmp.com/business/commodities/article/1579556/new-afghan-mining-law-lacks-
transparency-say-experts(June8th,2016).
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Risen,J.(2010):“U.S.identifiesvastmineralrichesinAfghanistan”,
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/14/world/asia/14minerals.html?_r=0(June8th,2016).
SamuelHall(2015):ShapingAfghanistan’sNaturalResourceStrategy–ANationalStakeholderEngagement.FortheMinistryofMinesandPetroleum(MoMP),commissionedbyASIandDfID.
SamuelHall(2014):PeaceandConflictAssessmentfortheAMEAProgramme.ForGIZ.SamuelHall(2013):MiningSectorSocialImpactStudy.FortheWorldBank.
Sheffer,J.(2014):“MiningformineralsworthUSD3trillioninAfghanistan”,
http://www.khaama.com/mining-for-minerals-in-afghanistan-4028(June8th,2016).
Sigar(2016):Afghanistan’sOil,Gas,andMineralsIndustries:USD488MillioninUSEffortsShow
LimitedProgressOverall,andChallengesPreventFurtherInvestmentandGrowth.
Sigar(2015):Afghanistan’sMineral,Oil,andGasIndustries:UnlessU.S.AgenciesActSoonto
SustainInvestmentsMade,USD488MillioninFundingisatrisk.
WorldBank:WorldDevelopmentIndicators,
http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&country=AFG&series=&period=(June
8th,2016).
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