a man who took the of the roman people, and in...
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“A man who took the dreams of the
Roman people, and in their hour of need,
stood up for them”
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“A man who never lost sight of what was
important and saw the bigger picture.”
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“A man, who possessed the remarkable
foresight to look beyond the present and into the future.”
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Politics
Legacy
Military
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Julius Caesar was superior to Alexander the III because of his political prowess, his understanding of the art of
war, and his enduring legacies.
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Julius Caesar
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“Leadership, it may be said, is
really what makes the world go round.”
Bruns, Roger. Julius Caesar. Philadelphia, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. p.7
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Julius Caesar galvanized
Roman support, changed Rome`s corrupt society, and revolutionized the
government.
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“Julius Caesar actually worked for his position, BUT Alexander the III was born into
royalty.”
Soposki, Boris Alexander the Great (Alexander of Macedon) Biography. HistoryofMacedonia.org, 2003. Web. 9 Dec. 2009 <http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/AlexandertheGreat.html>.
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Distributed food to poor,
Painted election banners, and
Delivered speeches.
Bruns, Roger. Julius Caesar. Philadelphia, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. p.7
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“Many citizens were willing to support Caesar in an election.”
Bruns, Roger. Julius Caesar. Philadelphia, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. p.47
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Julius Caesar was a “fair, gentle statesman, who was generous to the
masses, and granted clemency to the conquered.”
Bruns, Roger. Julius Caesar. Philadelphia, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. p.16
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Julius Caesar was “a fair-sighted patriot, with visions of a magnificient empire for his country and a just society for
its people.”
Bruns, Roger. Julius Caesar. Philadelphia, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. p.16
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“Revamped Rome`s debt-ridden financial system,
Corrected the calendar,
Created opportunities for unemployed, and
Organized the provinces.”
Jr., Schlesinger, Arthur M. Marc Antony. New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishing. 1988. p.16
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Restored civil rights and tribune`s power,
Eased city congestion by offering farmland to the poor,
Maintained public sanitation,
Oversaw building + street construction, and
Supervised the public games.
Bruns, Roger. Julius Caesar. Philadelphia, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. p.102
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Julius Caesar changed the
corrupt Roman Republic, consumed with bribery, blackmail, and personal gain, to an
Empire that promoted equality.
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“The people honored Caesar for his
leadership and triumphs by granting him the powers of dictator”
The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago, IL: World Book, Inc. 2005. p.13.
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Art of War
Tactics Strategy
“Strategy without tactics is the slowest route to victory. Tactics without strategy is
the noise before defeat.” Sun Tzu
>
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Alexander III Julius Caesar
Tactician
Strategist
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"Alexander the Great." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 09 Dec. 2009 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/14224/Alexander-the-Great>.
Alexander left with 35000 elite veterans Macedon’s greatest
commanders and the most
important person in a monarchy the king
Reactants
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Products
NO ARMY
NO KING OR HEIRS
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326 BCE Pre Alexander
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303 BCE 20 years after death
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Was the evacuation of Dunkirk a military
success?
Who was the better leader Leonidas or
Xerxes?
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“If you know your enemies and know yourself, you will
not be imperiled in a hundred battles” Sun Tzu
Gaul Rome
Weaknesses
Strengths
Divided Lack of Troops
Cavalry Architecture engineering
Ward, Allen M. "Gallic Wars." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. 2009. Grolier Online. 10
Dec. 2009 <http://gme.grolier.com/article?assetid=0115400-0>. "Gallic Wars." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 09 Dec. 2009 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/224371/Gallic-Wars>.
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Battle of Alesia
"Alesia." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 09 Dec. 2009 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/13877/Alesia>.
Cawthorne, Nigel. History's Greatest Battles. 151 Bermondsey Street London: Arcturas
Publishing Limited, 2005. Print.
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Before Julius Caesar During Julius Caesar’s Reign
450 years after his death
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Julius Caesar’s legacies are far superior to that
of Alexander the III.
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Julius Caesar gave the
world an empire, a dynasty, and a lifetime of reforms.
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44 BC: Julius Caesar is killed.
42 BC: The religious cult of Julius Caesar is officially instituted 36 BC: Rome tries to invade Persia 31 BC: Octavianus defeats Mark Anthony at the battle of Actium and ending the civil wars 30 BC: Cleopatra commits suicide and Egypt is annexed to Roma 27 BC: Octavianus appoints himself "augustus" (the first emperor) and founds the Praetorian Guard 20 BC: a treaty between Roma and Persia (Parthians) fixes the boundary between the two empires along the Euphrates river (Iraq) 17 BC: the theater of Marcellus 13 BC: Augustus expands the borders to the region of the Danube 6 BC: Jesus is born in Palestine 1 AD: Roma has about one million people 2 AD: the Forum of Augustus 5 AD: Roma acknowledges Cymbeline, King of the Catuvellauni, as king of Britain 6 AD: Augustus expands the borders to the Balkans 9 AD: Gothic warlord Arminius destroys the Roman army at the Teutoburg Forest 12 AD: The last Etruscan inscription is carved 14 AD: Augustus dies and Tiberius becomes emperor 14 AD: five million people live in the Roman empire 25 AD: Agrippa builds the Pantheon 37 AD: Tiberius dies and the mad Caligula succeeds him 41 AD: Caligula is assassinated and is succeeded by Claudius 43 AD: Claudius invades Britain 46 AD: Thracia becomes a Roman province 50 AD: the Romans found Londinium in Britain 54 AD: Claudius is succeeded by Nero 58 AD: the Romans conquer Armenia 64 AD: Nero sets fire to Roma and blames the Christians for it 68 AD: Nero commits suicide and, after the Praetorians kill the successor, is eventually succeeded by Vespasianus 79 AD: Vespasianus is succeeded by Tito 70 AD: Tito destroys Jerusalem and Jews spread in Armenia, Iraq, Iran, Arabia, Egypt, Italy, Spain and Greece 77 AD: the Romans conquer Wales 79 AD: the Vesuvius erupts and Pompeii is buried under ash 79 AD: the Colosseum is completed 80 AD: the Romans invade Caledonia (Scotland) 81 AD: the Arch of Titus 84 AD: British rebels are defeated by the Romans at the battle of Mons Graupius 97 AD: Rome forbids human sacrifice throughout the Roman empire 97 AD: Chinese general Pan Chao sends an embassy to the Roman Empire 98 AD: Trajan becomes emperor 100: the city of Roma has one million inhabitants 106: Trajan defeats Dacia that becomes a Roman province 106: Trajan captures the Nabataean capital Petra (Jordan) and turns Nabataea into the province of Arabia 107: The Roman Empire sends an embassy to India 110: the Basilica of Trajano is completed 112: the Forum of Trajanus 113: Colonna Traiana 116: Trajan conquers Mesopotamia and the Parthian capital Ctesiphon 117: Trajan dies on his way to the Persian Gulf and Hadrian becomes emperor 122: Hadrian's Wall is built along the northern frontier to protect from the Barbarians 132: Jews, led by Bar-Cochba, whom some identify as the Messiah, revolt against Roma 134: Villa Hadriana 136: emperor Hadrian definitely crushes the Jewish resistance, forbids Jews from ever entering Jerusalem, and changes the name of the city to Aelia Capitolina 138: Hadrian is succeeded by Antoninus Pius, who repels Hadrian's anti-Jewish laws 139: Hadrian's mausoleum (Castel Sant'Angelo) 161: Marcus Aurelius becomes Roman emperor 164: the plague spreads throughout the Roman empire ("Antonine plague") 167: the Roman empire is attacked for the first time by barbarians (the German Quadi and Marcomanni) 192: the Praetorian Guard kills emperor Commodus 193: Libyan-born Septimius Severus seizes power militarily and turns Rome into a military dictatorship 194: Rome annexes Palmyra to the province of Syria 197: Septimius Severus wins the civil war and reforms the Praetorian Guard with non-Italians 211: Septimius Severus dies and the Praetorian Guard or the soldiers will kill most of them succeeding emperors till 284 (the average reign will be three years) 212: Caracalla grants Roman citizenship on all free people who live in the Roman Empire 214: Caracalla murders King Abgar IX of Edessa and declares Edessa a Roman colony 216: the thermae of Caracalla 217: the Baths of Caracalla are inaugurated 217: Caracalla is murdered in Edessa 218: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, the last of the Antonines, becomes emperor and promoties the cult of Elegabalus, a Syriac sun god 235: After the assassination of emperor Severus Alexander a 50-year civil war erupts 238: The Praetorian Guard assassinates the emperor chosen by the Senate and appoints the ten-year old Gordian III 244: Shapur I becomes king of the Sassanids and attacks Roma 250: emperor Decius orders the first empire-wide persecution of Christians 253: Gallienus becomes emperor but 30 "tyrants" carved out their own kingdoms around the empire 256: the Persians/Sassanids defeat the Romans and conquer Dura Europus in Mesopotamia 261: Gallienus forbids aristocrats from serving in the army 268: Gallienus is assassinated by his own officers 273: the Romans destroy the rebellious city of Palmyra in Syria 284: Diocletian becomes emperor but rules from Nicomedia in the East 285: Diocletian reunites the empire and ends the 50-year civil war 298: Roma captures Nisibis and the Sassanids sign a peace treaty with Roma 300: the population of the Roman Empire is 60 million (about 15 million Christians) 303: Diocletian orders a general persecution of the Christians 303: the thermae of Diocletian are built 305: Diocletian retires and civil war erupts again 312: Constantine becomes emperor and disbands the Praetorian Guard 313: Constantine ends the persecution of the Christians (edict of Milano) 313: the Basilica of Maxentius is completed 313: Constantine recognizes the Christian church 324: Constantine I founds a new city, Constantinople (Byzantium) 330: Constantine I moves the capital of the Roman empire to Constantinople (Byzantium) 337: after Constantine's death, his sons split the empire: Constantine II (Spain, Britain, Gaul), Constans I (Italy, Africa, Illyricum, Macedon, Achaea) and Constantius II (the East) 356: Roma has 28 libraries, 10 basilicas, 11 public baths, two amphitheaters, three theaters, two circuses, 19 aqueducts, 11 squares, 1,352 fountains, 46,602 insulae (city blocks) 359: Constantinople becomes the capital of the Roman empire 360: pagan (Mithraist) general Julian (the "apostate") defeats an invasion of Barbarians and is declared emperor by his German troops 363: Julian dies attempting to invade the Sassanid kingdom of Persia, which recaptures Nisibis and Armenia, and general Valentinian becomes emperor 363: an earthquake destroys Petra 364: Valentinian delegates Valens as emperor of the East 376: Valens allows Visigoths to settle within the empire 378: the Visigoths defeat the Roman army at Hadrianopolis/Adrianople 380: Theodosius I proclaims Christianity as the sole religion of the Roman Empire 393: Theodosius forbids the Olympic Games because pagans and shuts down the temple of Zeus at Olympia 395: Theodosius divides the Roman empire in the Western and Eastern Empires, with Milano and Constantinople as their capitals 402: the western Roman empire moves the capital from Milano to Ravenna 406: Barbarians invade France from the north 410: the Visigots sack Roma 410: Roma withdraws from Britannia 418: the emperor grants Wallia's Visigoths to settle in Aquitaine (Atlantic coast of France) 425: the eastern emperor Theodosius II installs Valentinian III as emperor of the west 427: Gensenric's Vandals crosses the strait of Gibraltar and lands in Africa 443: the emperor grants Burgundi to settle in Savoy 450: Theodosius II dies and Marcian succeeds him, the first Roman emperor to be crowned by a religious leader (the patriarch of Constantinople) 452: the Huns invade Italy 455: the Vandals sack Roma
42 BC: The religious cult of Julius Caesar is officially instituted 36 BC: Rome tries to invade Persia 31 BC: Octavianus defeats Mark Anthony at the battle of Actium and ending the civil wars 30 BC: Cleopatra commits suicide and Egypt is annexed to Roma 27 BC: Octavianus appoints himself "augustus" (the first emperor) and founds the Praetorian Guard 20 BC: a treaty between Roma and Persia (Parthians) fixes the boundary between the two empires along the Euphrates river (Iraq) 17 BC: the theater of Marcellus 13 BC: Augustus expands the borders to the region of the Danube 6 BC: Jesus is born in Palestine 1 AD: Roma has about one million people 2 AD: the Forum of Augustus 5 AD: Roma acknowledges Cymbeline, King of the Catuvellauni, as king of Britain 6 AD: Augustus expands the borders to the Balkans 9 AD: Gothic warlord Arminius destroys the Roman army at the Teutoburg Forest 12 AD: The last Etruscan inscription is carved 14 AD: Augustus dies and Tiberius becomes emperor 14 AD: five million people live in the Roman empire 25 AD: Agrippa builds the Pantheon 37 AD: Tiberius dies and the mad Caligula succeeds him 41 AD: Caligula is assassinated and is succeeded by Claudius 43 AD: Claudius invades Britain 46 AD: Thracia becomes a Roman province 50 AD: the Romans found Londinium in Britain 54 AD: Claudius is succeeded by Nero 58 AD: the Romans conquer Armenia 64 AD: Nero sets fire to Roma and blames the Christians for it 68 AD: Nero commits suicide and, after the Praetorians kill the successor, is eventually succeeded by Vespasianus 79 AD: Vespasianus is succeeded by Tito 70 AD: Tito destroys Jerusalem and Jews spread in Armenia, Iraq, Iran, Arabia, Egypt, Italy, Spain and Greece 77 AD: the Romans conquer Wales 79 AD: the Vesuvius erupts and Pompeii is buried under ash 79 AD: the Colosseum is completed 80 AD: the Romans invade Caledonia (Scotland) 81 AD: the Arch of Titus 84 AD: British rebels are defeated by the Romans at the battle of Mons Graupius 97 AD: Rome forbids human sacrifice throughout the Roman empire 97 AD: Chinese general Pan Chao sends an embassy to the Roman Empire 98 AD: Trajan becomes emperor 100: the city of Roma has one million inhabitants 106: Trajan defeats Dacia that becomes a Roman province 106: Trajan captures the Nabataean capital Petra (Jordan) and turns Nabataea into the province of Arabia 107: The Roman Empire sends an embassy to India 110: the Basilica of Trajano is completed 112: the Forum of Trajanus 113: Colonna Traiana 116: Trajan conquers Mesopotamia and the Parthian capital Ctesiphon 117: Trajan dies on his way to the Persian Gulf and Hadrian becomes emperor 122: Hadrian's Wall is built along the northern frontier to protect from the Barbarians 132: Jews, led by Bar-Cochba, whom some identify as the Messiah, revolt against Roma 134: Villa Hadriana 136: emperor Hadrian definitely crushes the Jewish resistance, forbids Jews from ever entering Jerusalem, and changes the name of the city to Aelia Capitolina 138: Hadrian is succeeded by Antoninus Pius, who repels Hadrian's anti-Jewish laws 139: Hadrian's mausoleum (Castel Sant'Angelo) 161: Marcus Aurelius becomes Roman emperor 164: the plague spreads throughout the Roman empire ("Antonine plague") 167: the Roman empire is attacked for the first time by barbarians (the German Quadi and Marcomanni) 192: the Praetorian Guard kills emperor Commodus 193: Libyan-born Septimius Severus seizes power militarily and turns Rome into a military dictatorship 194: Rome annexes Palmyra to the province of Syria 197: Septimius Severus wins the civil war and reforms the Praetorian Guard with non-Italians 211: Septimius Severus dies and the Praetorian Guard or the soldiers will kill most of them succeeding emperors till 284 (the average reign will be three years) 212: Caracalla grants Roman citizenship on all free people who live in the Roman Empire 214: Caracalla murders King Abgar IX of Edessa and declares Edessa a Roman colony 216: the thermae of Caracalla 217: the Baths of Caracalla are inaugurated 217: Caracalla is murdered in Edessa 218: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, the last of the Antonines, becomes emperor and promoties the cult of Elegabalus, a Syriac sun god 235: After the assassination of emperor Severus Alexander a 50-year civil war erupts 238: The Praetorian Guard assassinates the emperor chosen by the Senate and appoints the ten-year old Gordian III 244: Shapur I becomes king of the Sassanids and attacks Roma 250: emperor Decius orders the first empire-wide persecution of Christians 253: Gallienus becomes emperor but 30 "tyrants" carved out their own kingdoms around the empire 256: the Persians/Sassanids defeat the Romans and conquer Dura Europus in Mesopotamia 261: Gallienus forbids aristocrats from serving in the army 268: Gallienus is assassinated by his own officers 273: the Romans destroy the rebellious city of Palmyra in Syria 284: Diocletian becomes emperor but rules from Nicomedia in the East 285: Diocletian reunites the empire and ends the 50-year civil war 298: Roma captures Nisibis and the Sassanids sign a peace treaty with Roma 300: the population of the Roman Empire is 60 million (about 15 million Christians) 303: Diocletian orders a general persecution of the Christians 303: the thermae of Diocletian are built 305: Diocletian retires and civil war erupts again 312: Constantine becomes emperor and disbands the Praetorian Guard 313: Constantine ends the persecution of the Christians (edict of Milano) 313: the Basilica of Maxentius is completed 313: Constantine recognizes the Christian church 324: Constantine I founds a new city, Constantinople (Byzantium) 330: Constantine I moves the capital of the Roman empire to Constantinople (Byzantium) 337: after Constantine's death, his sons split the empire: Constantine II (Spain, Britain, Gaul), Constans I (Italy, Africa, Illyricum, Macedon, Achaea) and Constantius II (the East) 356: Roma has 28 libraries, 10 basilicas, 11 public baths, two amphitheaters, three theaters, two circuses, 19 aqueducts, 11 squares, 1,352 fountains, 46,602 insulae (city blocks) 359: Constantinople becomes the capital of the Roman empire 360: pagan (Mithraist) general Julian (the "apostate") defeats an invasion of Barbarians and is declared emperor by his German troops 363: Julian dies attempting to invade the Sassanid kingdom of Persia, which recaptures Nisibis and Armenia, and general Valentinian becomes emperor 363: an earthquake destroys Petra 364: Valentinian delegates Valens as emperor of the East 376: Valens allows Visigoths to settle within the empire 378: the Visigoths defeat the Roman army at Hadrianopolis/Adrianople 380: Theodosius I proclaims Christianity as the sole religion of the Roman Empire 393: Theodosius forbids the Olympic Games because pagans and shuts down the temple of Zeus at Olympia 395: Theodosius divides the Roman empire in the Western and Eastern Empires, with Milano and Constantinople as their capitals 402: the western Roman empire moves the capital from Milano to Ravenna 406: Barbarians invade France from the north 410: the Visigots sack Roma 410: Roma withdraws from Britannia 418: the emperor grants Wallia's Visigoths to settle in Aquitaine (Atlantic coast of France) 425: the eastern emperor Theodosius II installs Valentinian III as emperor of the west 427: Gensenric's Vandals crosses the strait of Gibraltar and lands in Africa 443: the emperor grants Burgundi to settle in Savoy 450: Theodosius II dies and Marcian succeeds him, the first Roman emperor to be crowned by a religious leader (the patriarch of Constantinople) 452: the Huns invade Italy 455: the Vandals sack Roma
476: The Roman Empire collapses
323 BC: Alexander dies, the empire rapidly falls
Scaruffi, Piero Timeline of the Roman Empire. www.scaruffi.com, 1999. Web. 8 Dec. 2009 <http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/romans.html>.
Timeline of Roman and Macedonian Empires after their respective leader’s deaths
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The Julio-Claudian Dynasty
Gilliver, Kate, Adam Goldsworthy, and Michael Whitby. Rome at War: Caesar and His Legacy. New York, New York: Osprey Publishing Limited, 2005. 7.
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Alexander the III’s Family Tree
Alexander the III
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Alexander the IV
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“Caesar” means leader
Augustus Caesar First Emperor of Rome
Kaiser Wilhelm I Creator of the German Empire
Johnson, Paul. Heroes: From Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar to Churchill and De Gaulle. New York, New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2007. 39.
Czar Ivan IV Transformed Russia into a super power
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Where is Caesar today?
In our homes—he created the 365-day Julian calendar
In our schools—his first-hand accounts of the Gallic wars are often used as instructional materials for the study of Latin
In our governments—he has been a “model of kingship for two millennia,” counting among his admirers Napoleon Bonaparte.
Boatwright, Mary T., Daniel J. Gargola, and Richard J. Talbert. The Romans: From Village to Empire. New York, New York: Oxford UP, 2004.256.
Johnson, Paul. Heroes: From Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar to Churchill and De Gaulle. New York, New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2007. 38-39.
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Julius Caesar was a greater leader than Alexander the III.
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“Julius Caesar built an
empire, while Alexander the III destroyed
his own.”
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Julius Caesar was the quintessential event-‐making man: he emerged triumphant after encountering numerous obstacles. Alexander the III, on the other hand, had everything handed to him on a silver platter.
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“Rome may have been born in
blood, but it was forged in the fires of Julius Caesar.”
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Julius Caesar created an imperial power that endured for 6ive centuries.
Alexander the III destroyed his father’s kingdom.
Who would you want as your leader: A creator, Or a destroyer?