The Most Influential Theories

(of The Modern Age)

Guidance1-Sigmund Freud.

2-Karl Marx.3-Charles Darwin.

4-Friedrich Nietzsche.5-Carl Jung.

6-Ferdinand de Saussure.

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

1-Introduction.2-His major Theories.

3-Application.

Who is Sigmund Freud?

Psychology's most famous figure and one of the most influential and controversial thinkers of

the twentieth century .

Founder of psychoanalysis.

Freud’s Major Theories:

Defense Mechanisms.The Id, Ego, and Superego.The Conscious and Unconscious Mind. ((A Passage To India

The structures of the mind:

The conscious mind

(Includes everything that we are aware of)

The preconscious mind

(Is the part of the mind that represents ordinary memory)

The unconscious mind

(Is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our (conscious awareness.

According to Freud the

human mind is like an

iceberg. It is mostly

hidden in the

unconscious. He believed

that the conscious level

of the mind was similar

to the tip of the

iceberg which could be

seen, but the

unconscious was

mysterious and was

hidden.

How Does His Theory Apply on Modern Literature?

A Passage To India

“In the case of Adela, the Marabar cave she entered might

symbolize the depths of the unconscious mind. She admits to

hearing the same mysterious echo that Mrs. Moore heard, and

which had such a catastrophic effect on the old lady's peace

of mind. For these two Westerners, the caves break down

their conscious, carefully constructed personalities and lay

bare what is under the surface. Perhaps as she steps into

the cave, some of her unconscious fears about love and

marriage and sex are let loose, leading her to imagine that

she has been assaulted”.

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

1-Introduction.2-His Philosophy.

3-Application.

Who is Karl Marx?

Karl Marx was a German philosopher and economist best

known for his philosophy known as Marxism.

The Marxist criticism

The Marxist criticism views literary works as

reflections of the social institutions from which they

originate.

The simplest goals of Marxist literary criticism can

include an assessment of the political 'tendency' of a

literary work.

Marxist Theory and Literary Analysis:

Marx presents his theory of the materialist

conception of history in which the economic base

of a society gives rise to and interacts in a

dialectical way with the societal superstructure

of culture, law, religion and art.

”When an engineer FALLS ILL ,ITS EQUALLY IMPORTANT”

SAID THE VOICE OF MR.HAQ A POLICE INSPECTOR.”OH

YES WE ARE ALL JOLLY IMPORTANT, OUR SALARISE PROVE

IT” SAID MR. SYED MOHAMMED.

Therefore, in our novel “A Passage To India” no

wonder that we will find some none-Englishmen

characters in this novel, for instance, Aziz the

Indian doctor when he said “Why talk about the

English?....why be either friends with the .

fellows or not friends? Let us shut them up and

be jolly. Queen Victoria & Mrs.Bannester were

the only expiation and they're dead”.

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

1-Introduction.2-His Theory.

3-Application.

Who is Charles Darwin?

He is an English naturalist and geologist.

Laid the foundations of the theory of evolution and transformed the way we think about the natural world .

Charles Darwin one of the leading intellectuals of 18th century England.

The Notion of His Theory:He established that all species of life have descended

over time from common descent.

Evolution Theory : Survival of the strongest. Struggle for Existence. Natural Selection. Sexual Selection. Mutation.

His Theory In “A Passage To India”

England vs. India

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)

1-Introduction2-His Philosophy.

3-Application.

Who is Friedrich Nietzsche?

He was a classical philologist then transferred to be a philosopher .

He suffered from health problems.

His most famous philosophies:

Death of God.

Apollonian and Dionysian.

Dionysian is the spirit that feels the

oneness of all things and which shares in all

the pain and ecstasy in the universe .

Apollonianism establishes measure and morality

and imposes the image of finite humanity upon

the disorder of experience by recognizing

forms borders and categories.

How Does His Theory Apply on A Passage To India:

The unity of all living things. The wasp.The echo.

Carl Jung (1875-1961)

1-Introduction.2-His Theory.

3-Application.

Who is Carl Jung?

He was a Swiss psychiatrist who founded analytical psychology . Jung decided to study medicine . Jung worked with psychiatric patients .  created some of the best known psychological concepts.

 

The Content of His Theory:

It is called Analytical Psychology:   The central concept of analytical psychology is individuation .    Jung to understand the human mind through dreams and symbol .    believed the human psyche exists in three parts:    the ego .  the personal unconscious .  the collective unconscious .

   

His theory focuses on four basic

psychological functions:

 

Extraversion vs. Introversion

 Sensation vs. Intuition

 Thinking vs. Feeling

 Judging vs. Perceiving

A Psychological Critique from Jungian Perspective of E.M Forster A Passage

To India:

The Marabar caves is the central psychological

symbol of the narrative, representing what Jung

calls the collective unconscious. Both Adela

quested and Mrs .Moore, the novel effective

protagonist ,encounter heretofore unconscious

material in the caves the precipitate psychology

growth for each . Adela encounter is best

understood as an animus confrontation while Mrs .

Moore more profound journey is best characterized

as a meeting of the self archetype.

 

Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)

1-Introduction.2-His Theory.

3-Application.

Who is Ferdinand de Saussure ?

He was a Swiss linguist and semiotician whose

ideas laid a foundation for many

significant developments both

in linguistics and semiology in the 20th

century.

He defines language as a system of signs, which we can study

it (as a complete system at any given point) or (in its

historical development).

Semiotics Theory

What is semiotics?

It is a study ofsigns and

symbols ,especially as elements of

language (written or spoken)

The Main Focus of His Theory:

Saussure focuses on the linguistic sign, making a

number of crucial points about the relationship

between the signifier (Sr) and the signified (Sd).

A signifier (Sr), the sound-image or its graphical

equivalent, for example (C A T) means the phoneme

word small animals, and its signified (Sd), the

concept or the meaning. For example, we can say that,

to an English speaking person, the three black marks

c-a-t serve as the signifier which evokes the "cat“.

His Theory In Relation To E.M. Forster’s A Passage To India He Suggests that there are 3 levels on which an

audience read a text: 1- syntactic level.2- representational level.

3-symbolic level.

Example:1 -The Mosque.

2-The Cave.3-The Temple.

4-Godble song.5 -The wasp.

6-The festival of lord Krishna.7-Birth

Links :// . . / / / /http psychology about com od theoriesofpersonality a consci

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The Selfish Gene BY Richard Dawkins . . /~ / /.../ /www princeton edu achaney tmve docs Marxist_ _literary

criticism.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/darwin_charles.shtml  the Origin of Species

:// . .http www jstor org/:// . .http www academia edu/:// . . .http www glyndwr ac uk/:// . .http ariel synergiesprairies ca/

http://www.butler-bowdon.com/carl-jung-archetypes-collective-unconcioushttp://www.novelguide.com/reportessay/biography/historical-figures/life-philosophy-friedrich-nietzschehttp://ieas.unideb.hu/admin/file_1372.pdf http://dc.etsu.edu//etd

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