a possible periodisation of the treaties of ...i temporis.medium aevum, viii (2014) 211-238. issn...

211 Imago TemporIs. medIum aevum, VIII (2014) 211-238. ISSN 1888-3931

A POSSIBLE PERIODISATION OF THE TREATIESOF PEACE AND TRUCE BETWEEN AL-ANDALUS

AND THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS (NASRID SULTANATE OF GRANADA WITH CASTILE

AND ARAGON) 13TH-15TH CENTURIES

dieGo melo

univeRsidad adolfo iBáñez

chile

Date of receipt: 17th of January, 2013Final date of acceptance: 4th of February, 2014

abstract

The truces between the reigns of Grenade and Castile served to balance and weigh the complex relations on the border from the 13th to the 15th centuries. They were an effective method to cease hostilities, and varied greatly in length. Eventually they imposed a certain rhythm on the way of life in the frontier, and worked as a common solution to avoid and offset the violence that characterized this area. By studying and analyzing their progression and features, it is possible to establish a brief characterisation and a possible periodisation for these truces over a long period of time. This helps us to understand the complexities that typified the border area1.

key Words

Kingdom of Grenade, Kingdom of Castile, War, Truces, Border.

caPItalIa Verba

Granatae regnum, Castellae regnum, Bellum, Indutiae, Limen.

Imago TemporIs. medIum aevum, viii (2014) 211-238. issn 1888-3931

Diego Melo212

1. Truces: between war and peace1

One of the essential aspects of the frontier area is the duality of war and peace displayed there2. This complex reality in turn becomes more specific given that, as Juan de Mata Carriazo states, en la frontera de Granada, la paz y la guerra no eran esas cosas rotundas de siempre y de todas partes, ni la paz era paz, ni la guerra era guerra, en el pleno sentido de cada concepto [...] ni aún las treguas eran tales treguas; todo lo más, un estado de guerra atenuado3. In this sense, the most accurate is to imagine the existence of three states: war, peace and between these, truces. This way, historians who have worked on the frontier of Granada have always debated about two views of this. On one hand, there is the view of frank relations and everyday good understanding, with the marked exception of the specific moments of open warfare and, on the other, those who interpret these relations as forced neighbourliness that sought survival, independently of the means used to achieve this.

It is important to emphasise this ambivalent view of the frontier and especially to detail some considerations about cross-border relations included in an institution as peculiar as the truces as these led to a series of contacts and situations that allow us to extend the systematic analysis of these and to look into the everyday relations that took place in this historical area.

Thus, as sketched out above, life on the frontier in the kingdom of Granada, marked by two well-defined geographic and socio-historical entities, was lived through two openly contradictory times: the time of war and the time of peace. This same frontier ambivalence leads us into a space that has commonly been filled with light and shadow4. While the official discourse on the letters of peace

1. I wish to express my thanks for the methodological help from professors Constanza Rojas and Constanza López. This study is included within the project FONDECYT n. 11130061. Used abbreviations: ACA, Archivo de la Corona de Aragón; AGS, Archivo General de Simancas; AHMJF, Archivo Histórico Municipal de Jerez de la Frontera; AHN, Archivo Histórico Nacional (Madrid); AHPJ, Archivo Histórico Provincial de Jaén; AMC, Archivo Municipal de Córdoba; AMJ, Archivo Municipal de Jaén; AMM, Archivo Municipal de Murcia; AMS, Archivo Municipal de Sevilla; BS, British Library; BNE, Biblioteca Nacional de España.

2. Torres, Juan. Instituciones y sociedad en la frontera murciano-granadina. Murcia: Real Academia Alfonso X el Sabio, 2004: 9-10.

3. “on the frontier of Granada, peace and war were not these rotund things of always and everywhere, peace was not peace, nor was war, war, in the full sense of each concept [...] nor were the truces even truces; everything else, an attenuated state of war” (Carriazo, Juan de Mata. En la frontera de Granada. Granada: Universidad de Granada, 2002: 215-216).

4. Argente, Carmen. “Los cautivos en la frontera entre Jaén y Granada”, Relaciones exteriores del Reino de Granada: IV del Coloquio de Historia Medieval Andaluza, Cristina Segura, coord. Almeria: Instituto de Estudios Almerienses, 1998: 222-223.

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A Possible PeriodisAtion of the treAties of PeAce And truce 213

and truce seems clear and precise, the information supplied by other documents, like the chapter records of frontier towns5, puts us in contact with fluctuating and variable relations that force us to combine the peaceful relations with the bellicose relations and the state of war and insecurity of the frontier lands6.

This makes the men that lived on the frontier displayed episodes of violence7, but also aspirations for peace that took the form of agreements or pacts of greater or lesser duration, number and frequency8. This double dimension led Manuel Rojas to affirm that the relations between the inhabitants on either side of the border could be caused by an attitude of confrontation or, in contrast, be born out of the need to coexist in this shared area9. It is no easy task to resolve this dilemma as the life of the people on the frontier cannot be defined from a single angle, as, although it is true that the confrontation emanated from more or less clearly defined ideological postures —Jihad in the case of the Muslims and reconquest in the case of the Christians—, it is also true that other economic factors must be added, as we know that the elites of both societies extracted huge profits from the exercise of violence. However, this was not only the case of these elites, but also sectors of the popular estates who made war into a way of earning a living10.

In this sense, in the places further from the frontier, the truces meant economic relief, a return to a certain “normality” of life, that brought with it a resumption of trade, the negotiation and freeing of captives and the possibility of economic activity free from the risk of being surprised by the enemy11. Those who did these activities carried cartas de seguro12

5. González, Manuel; García, Manuel. Actas Capitulares de Morón de la Frontera (1402-1426). Seville: Excelentísima Diputación Provincial de Sevilla, 1992; Garrido, Juan Carlos. “Relaciones fronterizas con el Reino de Granada en las Capitulares del Archivo Histórico Municipal de Jaén”, Relaciones exteriores del Reino de Granada...: 161-172; Carriazo, Juan de Mata. “Los moros en las Actas del concejo de Jaén de 1479”. Miscelánea de Estudios Árabes y Hebraicos, 4 (1995): 81-125.

6. Rodríguez, José. La vida de moros y cristianos en la frontera. Alcala la Real: Alcalá Grupo Editorial, 2007: 99.

7. García, manuel. La Campiña Sevillana y la Frontera de Granada (Siglos XIII-XV). Estudios Sobre Poblaciones de la Banda Morisca. Seville: Universidad de Sevilla, 2005: 99.

8. Rodríguez, José. La vida de moros...: 103.

9. Rojas, Manuel. La frontera entre los reinos de Sevilla y Granada en el siglo XV (1390-1481): un ensayo sobre la violencia y sus manifestaciones. Cadiz: Universidad de Cádiz, 1995: 227.

10. Porras, Pedro. “El derecho de Frontera durante la Baja Edad Media. La regulación de las relaciones transfronterizas en tiempo de treguas y guerras”. Estudios dedicados a la memoria del Prof. L. M. Díez de Salazar (1992): I, 261-287.

11. Porras, Pedro. “El derecho de Frontera...”: 261-287.

12. Here is one of these as an example: Muy honrrado, esforçado, Fidalgo e presçiado, virtuoso e noble caballero el alcayde Abulcaçin Venegas, alguasil mayor del Señor Rey de Granada e del su Consejo: el conçejo etc. Nos vos encomendamos con voluntad muy presta de facer las cosas que ordenáres e mandares: Lorenço de Sella, genoués, morador de esta çibdad, va con nuestro seguro a esa çibdad del Reyno de Granada negociar e librar çciertas cosas de sus mercaderías. Por ende, mucho...vos pedimos, asy porquel va con nuestro seguro como por nuestra contemplación, sea bien tratado e honrrado en esa çibdad e Reyno, en todas las cosas que ouiere menester, e no le sea fecho enojo ni daño alguno. E en esto, allende de... nuestro rruego nos rremaneçerremos en obligación para en las cosas que mandáredes las facer como propias nuestras. Nuestro Señor conserve vuestra virtuosa persona como... deseáis. De Jahén, XXXVI de nouiembre de LXXXIX años, Viernes 26-XI-1479 (“Very honourable, brave nobleman and esteemed, virtuous and noble knight, the warden Abulcaçin Venegas, high constable of His Highness the King of Granada and of his Council: the council etc. We commend you very willingly to do the things that you order and


Diego Melo214

from the border council. In these, they promised formally to comply with, and enforce, the truce13.

Most of the truce agreements that have reached us are from the Castilian chancellery, unlike what happened with those from Granada. The typology was varied, but the peace treaties always originated from an initiative by kings and affected all the territory. Together with this, we find documents that correspond to partial treaties that affected some sectors of the frontier and that were managed by frontier nobles14.

Regarding their contents, Manuel García Fernández states that, la tregua fue desde siempre una institución fronteriza tremendamente monótona, que repitió desde el siglo XIII idénticas cláusulas, todas derivadas del modelo que se establece a partir del vasallaje granadino del Pacto de Jaén de 1246, protocolos y obligaciones genéricas, a nivel siempre de estado o reino; que, sin embargo, presentó importantes cláusulas particulares, específicas de cada momento histórico que no sólo las diferencian sino que las explican15. In general, each truce had its own specific conditioning factors that depended on the historical circumstances. That is why the aspirations were not identical for those from Seville, Cordoba and Jaén, but rather that each of these understood “their peace”, “their truce”, in their own way16.

Despite the efforts envisaged by the truces, there was always a “tone of life” that was manifested in a certain uncertainty, because the danger and threat were constant, given that it was extremely difficult to impede the incursions of all kinds of adventurers, as the depopulation and lay of the land made it easy for them to penetrate the area17.

command: Lorenço de Sella, Genoese, inhabitant of this city, go with your guarantee to that city of the Kingdom of Granada to negotiate and give some items among its merchandises. Therefore, we demand to you many things, because he goes according our safety and your contemplation, in order to be well treated and honoured in that city and Kingdom, in the different things he could need, and that he does not receive any damage and prejudice. And in this, beyond our demand, we will serve all your orders such as it are ours. May Our Lord conserve your virtuous person as... you wish. In Jaén, XXXVI of November of the year LXXXIX), in: AMJ, Actas Municipales de Jaén. Libro de Actas Capitulares, doc. n. 171; Carriazo, Juan de Mata. En la frontera de Granada...: 303.

13. Carriazo, Juan de Mata. En la frontera de Granada...: 303.

14. Argente, Carmen. “Las relaciones de convivencia a través de los tratados de paz”, III Estudios de Frontera, Convivencia, defensa y comunicación en la frontera, Francisco Toro, José Rodríguez, coords. Jaen: Diputación de Jaén, 2002: 84.

15. “the truce was always a tremendously monotonous frontier institution, in which identical clauses were repeated from the 13th century, all derived from the model that was established from the vassalage of Granada under the Treaty of Jaén in 1246, generic protocols and obligations, always at the level of the state or kingdom; that, nevertheless, had important particular provisions, specific to each historical moment that not only differentiated them but also explained them” (García, Manuel. “Las treguas entre Castilla y Granada en tiempos de Alfonso XI, 1312-1350”. Ifigea: Revista de la Sección de Geografía e Historia, 5-6 (1988-1989): 135); see also: García, Manuel. “La alteridad en la frontera de Granada (siglos XIII al XV)”. Revista da Facultade de Letras, 6 (2005): 213-235; García, Manuel. Andalucía y Granada en tiempos de los Reyes Católicos. Seville: Universidad de Sevilla, 2006: 89.

16. García, Manuel. “La alteridad en la frontera...”; García, Manuel. Andalucía y Granada...: 136.

17. Torres, Juan. “Dualidad Fronteriza: Guerra y paz”, Actas del Congreso La Frontera Oriental Nazarí como Sujeto Histórico (S. XIII-XVI): Lorca-Vera, 22 a 24 de noviembre de 1994, Pedro Segura, dir. Almeria: Instituto de Estudios Almerienses, 1997: 70.



Considering the above, it is possible to state that despite the complex frontier dynamic, the truces permitted the establishment of certain channels of coexistence between Christians and Muslims apart from possible isolated local aggressions. In this sense, they “rationalised” the life on the frontier18, making it, if you wish, “more humane” and less exposed to ideological confrontation, as shown by some of the lesser aspects of everyday neighbourliness19, like trade, grazing, exchange of garments, etc.

2. A proposal for periodization

An important amount of news and texts about truces have survived to our times. In some cases, we know about these from indirect references, either in chronicles or an announcement or notification. However, a considerable number of whole texts have also survived. In contrast, we could state that, although this is not a full list, it does at least include a large enough number to enables us to carry out a relatively exhaustive analysis of their contents. In this sense, any attempt to systemise the information they contain will require work to gather together and collate these contents.

From this perspective, we cannot ignore the unparalleled publications by Juan de Mata Carriazo20 y Arroquia or Juan Torres Fontes21, various of whose works present an important analysis of this subject. However, most notably, they open up a broad path on the study of the frontier relations, with joint or individual works that have enriched this field. In this sense, José Rodríguez Molina has made an interesting effort of synthesis, grouping the information according to the kingdom it corresponds to, collecting a great deal of news about the truces22.

To be able to envisage the importance of this institution, it is necessary to draw up a table that combines the principal aspects dealt with in the documents (treaties or charters) that deal with these questions. Given the above, we decided to collect and review the existing materials that allow us to group and sort the information in a documentary corpus combining all the treaties, peaces and truces between al-Andalus and the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon from the epoch studied, namely the Nasrid period (1232-1492).

18. Torres, Juan. “Dualidad Fronteriza...”: 72.

19. García, Manuel. “La alteridad en la frontera...”; García, Manuel. Andalucía y Granada...: 230.

20. Carriazo, Juan de Mata. “La últimas treguas con Granada”. Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses, 3 (1953): 11-43; Carriazo, Juan de Mata. “Las treguas con Granada de 1475 y 1478”. Al-Andalus, 2 (1954): 19, 317-364.

21. Torres, Juan. “Dualidad Fronteriza...”: 63-78; Torres, Juan. “Las relaciones castellano-granadinas desde 1475 a 1478”. Hispania, 86 (1962): 186-229; Torres, Juan. “Las relaciones castellano-granadinas desde 1416 a 1432. Las treguas de 1417 a 1426”. Cuadernos de Estudios Medievales, 6-7 (1978-1979): 297-311; Torres, Juan. “Las treguas con Granada de 1462 y 1463”. Hispania, 90 (1963): 163-199; Torres, Juan. Instituciones y sociedad...; Torres, Juan. Las relaciones castellano-granadinas (1432-1454). Murcia: Patrimonio, Cultura y Ciencias Sociales, 2010; Torres, Juan. La frontera Murciano-Granadina. Murcia: Academia Alfonso X el Sabio, 2004.

22. Especially in: Rodríguez, José. La vida de moros...: 347- 416.


Diego Melo216

This material, as mentioned, was scattered around a range archives, sources and bibliography23. Once localised, we developed a tool to extract all the data and the main

23. Menéndez, Ramón. Primera Crónica General de España. Madrid: Gredos, 1977: chapter 1070; Argote, Gonzalo. Nobleza de Andalucía que dedicó al Rey Don Felipe II. Jaen: Est. Tip. de D. Francisco López Vizcaíno, 1866: 269, 320, 366-367, 374, 392 and 527; Alarcón, Maximiliano; García de Linares, Ramón. Los documentos árabes diplomáticos en el Archivo de la Corona de Aragón. Madrid: Imprenta de Estanislao Maestre, 1940: 2-3, 5-6, 10-11, 34-36, 54-55, 69-70 and 150-154; Crónica del Rey Don Alfonso. Madrid: Atlas, 1953: LXVI (chapter LVIII), 46-47; Crónica del Rey Don Alfonso. Madrid: Atlas, 1953: LXVI (chapter LIX), 47; Ibn Abi Zarc. Rawd al-qirtas, trans. and notes Ambrosio Huici. Valencia: Anubar, 1964: 614-618; Torres, Juan. Instituciones...: 251; Giménez, Andrés. La Corona de Aragón y Granada, historia de las relaciones entre ambos reinos. Barcelona: Imprenta de la Casa Provincial de Caridad, 1908: 37-40, 71-72, 77-80, 80-81, 90-91, 167-169, 212-214, 229-232, 306-311, 312-313, 314-320, 322 and 325-333; Estal, Juan del. El reino de Murcia bajo Aragón (1296-1305). Alicante: Universidad de Alicante, 1999: 50-53, 76-79 and 96-98; Tuñón, manuel. Textos y documentos de Historia Antigua, Media y Moderna hasta el Siglo XVII. Barcelona: Labor, 1984: 458-460; Gaspar, mariano. “El negocio de Ceuta entre Jaime II de Aragón y Aburrebia Solaimán, sultán de Fez (1309)”. Revista del Centro de Estudios históricos de Granada y su reino, 12-3/4 (1923): 169-170; Cerdá, francisco. Crónica del Rey D. Alfonso Onceno, Parte I. Madrid: imprenta de D. Antonio de Sancha, 1787: 167-168, 250-252 and 618-623; Bofarull, Próspero. Colección de documentos inéditos del Archivo General de la Corona de Aragón. Barcelona: José Eusebio Montfort, 1851: VII, 176-179; Gaspar, mariano. Correspondencia diplomática entre Granada y Fez (siglo XIV) Extractos de la “Raihana alcuttab”. Granada: Imprenta del Defensor, 1916: 230-231; El perfume de la Amistad. Correspondencia árabe en archivos españoles (siglos XIII-XVII). Madrid: Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, 2010; Torres, Juan. La frontera...: 97, 110-111, 112, 134-135 and 138-139; Veas, Francisco. Documentos del Siglo XIV. Colección de Documentos para la Historia del Reino de Murcia. Murcia: Academia Alfonso X el Sabio-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1990: XII, 13-14 and 163-164; Vilaplana, María Victoria. Documentos sobre la minoría de Juan II. La regencia de Don Fernando de Antequera. Murcia: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1993: 94, 150, 186-187, 438 and 466-467; Toral, Enrique. “Dos cartas al rey Mahomad V de Granada”. Boletín del Instituto Estudios Giennenses, 140 (1989): 58; García de Santa María, Alvar. Crónica de Juan II de Castilla. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1982: 231-232, 267-269 and 402-407; Torres, Juan. “La regencia de don Fernando de Antequera”. Miscelánea de Estudios Árabes y Hebraicos, 14-15 (1965-1966): 145; Arribas, mariano. Las treguas entre Castilla y Granada firmadas por Fernando I de Aragón. Tetouan: Editora Marroquí, 1956: 35-36, 37-39, 41-46, 47-56, 67-68, 65-66, 69-70, 75-84, 85-94 and 95-102; Alijo, francisco. “Mercedes y privilegios a una plaza fronteriza del siglo XV: Antequera”, Actas del I Congreso de Historia de Andalucía. Córdoba: 1978: 409; Salicrú, Roser. Documents per a la historia de Granada del Regnat d’Alfons el Magnànim (1416-1458). Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1999: 21-22, 51, 57-58, 199-208, 261-262 and 421-422; Rodríguez, José. La vida de moros...: 381 and 388; Torres, Juan. “Las relaciones...”: 90 and 98; Suarez, luis. Juan II y la frontera de Granada. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1954: 38-42; García, José Antonio, “Las treguas con Granada de 1439”. Qurtuba: Estudios andalusíes, 3 (1998): 39-45; García, José Antonio. Treguas, guerra y capitulaciones de Granada. Granada: Diputación de Granada, 82-85, 85-86, 87-91, 92-97 and 97-105; Benavides, Antonio. Memoria sobre la guerra del Reino de Granada. Madrid: Imprenta de la Real Academia de la Historia, 1852: VIII, 41-45; Ríos, José Amador de los. Memoria histórico-crítica sobre las treguas celebradas en 1439 entre los reyes de Castilla y de Granada leída en varias sesiones de la Real Academia de la Historia. Madrid: Academia de la Historia, 1879: 128-132 and 133-137; Abellán, Juan. “Jerez, las treguas de 1450 y la guerra civil granadina”, Estudios sobre Málaga y el Reino de Granada en el V Centenario de la Conquista, José Enrique López de Coca, ed. Malaga: Diputación provincial de Málaga, 1987: 16; López de Coca, José Enrique. “Acerca de las relaciones diplomáticas castellano-granadinas en la primera mitad del siglo XV”. Revista del Centro de Estudios Históricos de Granada y su Reino, 12 (1998): 24-30; Juan, Carmen. Colección diplomática medieval del Alcalá ́ la Real, ed. Francisco Toro. Jaen: Imprenta Esclavitud del Señor de la Humildad y María Santísima de los Dolores, 1988: 61; Molina, María del Carmen. Colección de documentos para la historia del Reino de Murcia XVIII, Documentos de Enrique IV. Murcia: Academia Alfonso X el Sabio, 1988: 158-159, 160, 289-291, 434-435, 448-



information and news of the truces. To this end, we prepared a table on a spreadsheet to bring together all the information extracted from the corpus of documents.

This was how we focussed on gathering the texts and news about truces ranging from 1246 (Treaty of Jaén) until the truce of 1486, the last before the definitive capitulation of 1491. The treaties between Ibn al Ahmar and Ibn Hud are not included as these were between two Andalusian lords and as recognition by the Nasrids of Ibn Hud’s authority. Thus, our register begins with the first great pact that is documented between Nasrid al-Andalus and Castile, that was of vital importance for the development of relations between the two worlds. It is also important to indicate that our list ends with the truce of 1486. The reason for this is that the pacts and treaties with Boabdil from around 1491 are not precisely a pact of truce, but rather a treaty of surrender that established capitulations with their conditions and that resulted in the handing over of Nasrid Granada and the end of al-Andalus.

3. Criteria for setting the information. Towards an analytical tool

To draw up a table that enables the spread of the truces over the centuries to be analysed, we eliminated all minor references (notifications, announcements, letters of credentials, etc.), those that do not supply relevant data about their contents. However, in some cases, despite the text not being available, some truces for which the chronicles contain extensive references are included.

On the other hand, only relations between states have been considered, in other words, between Granada-Castile and Granada-Aragon. Thus, we omitted all truces between private individuals. Also, these are few in number and, although they sometimes have a certain circumstantial importance, they are not relevant for the overall perspective24. This in no way implies that they were not important, but these

449 and 509-510; Torres, Juan. Estudio sobre la Crónica de Enrique IV. Murcia: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1946: 473-474; Torres, Juan. Estudio sobre la Crónica de Enrique IV del Dr. Galíndez de Carvajal. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1946: 355, 373-375, 375-377, 377-379 and 379-380; García, María del Mar. “Las relaciones castellano-granadinas en el sector Xerciense. El tratado de paz de 1460”. Estudios sobre Patrimonio, Cultura y Ciencias Medievales, 11-12 (2010): 108-110; Torres, Juan. “Las treguas con Granada...”: 194-195, 196, 197-198 and 198-199; Cascales, Francisco. Discursos Históricos de la muy noble y muy leal ciudad de Murcia y su reino. Murcia: Francisco Benedito, 1775: 432; Abellán, Juan. “Jerez y Granada en la tregua de 1467...”: 15-16; Fernández, fernando. “Historia y descripción de la antigüedad y descendencia de la casa de Córdova”. Boletín de la Real Academia de Córdoba, de Ciencias, Bellas Letras y Nobles Artes, 78 (1958): 268-271; Carandé, Ramón; Mata, Juan de. El Tumbo de los Reyes Católicos de la Catedral de Sevilla. Seville: Editorial Católica Española, 1968: I, 11-13 and 122-123; Rodríguez, José, dir. Colección Diplomática del Archivo Histórico Municipal de Jaén, siglos XIV y XV. Jaen: Ayuntamiento de Jaén, 1985: 60-62; Bonilla, José Antonio; Toral, Enrique. El tratado de paz de 1481 entre Castilla y Granada. Jaen: Instituto de Estudios Giennenses, 1982: 29-32; Porras, Pedro. “Documentos cristianos sobre mudéjares de Andalucía en los siglos XV y XVI”. Anaquel de Estudios Árabes, 3 (1992): 227; Garrido, Miguel. Las capitulaciones para la entrega de Granada. Granada: Universidad de Granada, 1992: 168-169.

24. In fact, we know that the peaces were not an exclusive initiative of the monarchs. Lords and councils signed private pacts in line with their specific interests, and this undoubtedly helped to make life easier.


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truces (for example, those agreed in 130125, 141826, 146727, 146928, 147129), were only partial and local agreements that benefited specific interests and not the state as a whole. We also left out letters of credentials that do not contribute more information than what they normally include, likewise with proposals and negotiations that did not lead to anything. Nor have we included diplomatic relations between Fez and Granada, as these lie outwith the scope of this study, although they could well be analysed on another occasion and be used in a comparative study.

4. A proposal for periodization

Graph 1. Spread of the chronological evolution of the truces.

Graph 1 shows the spread of the agreements for truces over time. It is interesting to observe how these are clearly clustered into two periods. The first goes from 1246 (Treaty of Jaén) to 1329, and the second, from 1405 to 1486. On the other hand, from the mid 14th century until the beginning of the 15th century, these are more widely spread, and are mainly clustered between 1366 and 1386. Despite this, the first period appears more scattered than the second, where there is a

The Fajardos, the adelantados of Murcia, signed pacts in their own name with the kingdom of Granada. Rodríguez, José. La vida de moros...: 112.

25. Giménez, Andrés. La Corona de Aragón y Granada...: 80-81.

26. Salicrú, Roser. El Sultanato Nazarí de Granada, Génova y la Corona de Aragón en el siglo XV. Granada: Universidad de Granada, 2007: 199-208.

27. Fernandez de Córdova, francisco. “Historia y descripción de la antigüedad y descendencia de la casa de Córdova”. Boletín de la Academia de Córdoba, de Ciencias, Bellas Letras y Nobles Artes, 78 (1958): 268-269.

28. García, José Antonio. Treguas, Guerras...: 82-86.

29. carriazo, Juan de Mata. “Las treguas con Granada de 1475 y 1478...”: 349-350.

Tru

ces

Years



closer sequence of truces. From this, we can establish that the 15th century was the period with a greater sequence. Ti interpret the above in greater depth and establish certain epochs, it is necessary to cross reference the information with another type of graph.

Graph 2. Duration of the truces (years).

The information presented in Graph 2 complements the details from Graph 1. If we look at the “year of truce”, we can see that there was continuity in the period from 1246 to 1328. Then, from the mid-14th century (1328) the sequence of truces tends to become more scattered before clustering again between 1344 and 1369, with a more regular sequence. As mentioned above, the 15th century was the century of the truces, with over 50% of the information from this vector. On the other hand, it is also interesting to verify another aspect: during the 13th and 14th centuries, as well as being scattered, the truces tended to last longer, with an average of around 7.7 years, in contrast with the 2.8 years that the truces lasted in the 15th century. Moreover, in the period between 1246 and 1328, we can find truces with a duration of 20 years (1246) and several that lasted between 5 and 8 years. In the period from 1344 to 1367, it is possible to verify agreements with a duration of close to 10 years (the peace treaty after the siege of Algeciras). In the case of the peaces from the 15th century, they were much shorter lasting, with only one that stretched to 10 years. This illustrates an important phenomenon that, although the truces show the possibility and intention of peace for a certain period of time, these often ended by violent action with the seizing of booty and captives. This meant the breaking of the truces. However, depending on the domestic situation, efforts were quickly made to re-establish these.

Thus, through these graphs, it is possible to see, at least roughly, three distinct moments related to the phases of the truces: one from the mid 13th century to the

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Diego Melo220

mid 14th, another from then to the beginning of the 15th century and a third, from the start of the 15th to the end of the same century. This does not preclude the existence of fluctuation within these periods, but as an overview, it seems interesting to note the possibility of defining these three main phases.

Thus, the stage from the mid 13th to the mid 14th centuries could be called the “Initial Phase: vassalage and violence”, the second, the “Middle Phase: dispersion and peace”, and the third, the “Final Phase: of conflict and frontier violence”.

Graph 3. Truces signed during the Initial Phase.

This stage began with the signing of the Treaty of Jaén (1246), and concluded around 1291 with the signing of the truce between Muhammad II and Sancho IV. The initial duration of the Treaty of Jaén was 20 years and this was confirmed in 1254 by Alfonso X the Wise after the death of Ferdinand III the Saint. It lasted until 1261, when the truce was breached by the Granadans30. All this coincides with the development of Alfonso’s expansionist policy, which took the form of the conquest of the enclaves of Cadiz, Jeréz and Niebla. This forced Muhammad I to resort to his fellow African Muslims, the Marinids. The rupture was widened by the Mudejar revolt of 1264, leading Granada to request a truce the following year.

However, this situation was accentuated with the internal revolt of the Asqilula, which spread due to Marinid meddling with the army. On the other hand, Alfonso X interfered in the internal affairs of Granada supporting precisely the Asqilula. Muhammad II could not resolve this complex situation facing the emirate without Marinid help.

This was also the epoch when the question of the Straight began to loom, a situation that the Marinids and Nasrids disputed. The external and internal pressures were eased with the signing of the truce of 1276, another signed in 1278, new signings in 1285 and then those of 1286 and 1291. The latter was never observed,

30. Argote de Molina, Gonzalo. Nobleza de Andalucía que dedicó al Rey Don Felipe II. Jaén: Establecimiento Tipográfico de Don Francisco López Vizcaíno, 1866: 267.

Initial phase: vasallage and violence

Tru

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which encouraged Granada to again negotiate with the Marinids, leading to a period of war until the death of Sancho IV on 25th April 129531.

It is for this that it is often claimed that there were twenty years of total insecurity between 1275 and 1294, because of the endless wars32. In this sense, it is usually stated that this was a complex epoch, but that this appreciation of the existence of periods of peace and truce should also be mentioned, as these were breathing spaces in this tense panorama. However, all this leads us to think that the time on the frontier in the last quarter of the 13th century must surely have passed in an steadily worsening state of war. On the other hand, a definitive pact was signed with Aragon for trade and collaboration in 1301.

Graph 4. The signing of truces during the Middle Phase.

This period, that began around 1295, with the death of Sancho IV, reached its most important moment with the conquest Algeciras in 1344. This was the start of a new stage in the relations between Castile and Granada, one that ended with the Battle of Los Collejares in 1406. Indeed, this stage was characterised by less frontier violence, with rather longer pacts of truces due to factors related to the domestic situation that arose with the death of Sancho IV, and the rise of the Cerda crown princes. This situation would continue throughout the reign of Ferdinand IV (1295-1312), who had to face conflicts with members of the House of Lara. The same situation, but even more serious, affected Peter I. All this contrasted with events in Granada, where, after the rise of Yusuf I, there was a stage of consolidation that reached its peak during the reign of Muhammad V.

It is in this setting that the 14th century began with a period of weakness for the Castilians, meaning that the war against the Muslims and the conflicts on the frontier

31. Argote de Molina, Gonzalo. Nobleza de Andalucía...: 333.

32. García, Francisco. “La frontera Castellano-Granadina a fines del siglo XIII”, Relaciones exteriores del Reino de Granada: IV del Coloquio de Historia Medieval Andaluza, Cristina Segura, coord. Almeria: Instituto de Estudios Almerienses, 1988: 28.

Middle phase: dispersion and peace

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were less important33. During this century, we find a period of truces and peaces of around 85 years, while the wars were spread over 15 years34. In most cases, these clashes were not generalised, but mostly localised, such as with the sieges of certain cities. It is true that the first half of the 14th century was an epoch of clashes and frequent sieges, but these did not occur simultaneously everywhere nor last very long. The outbreaks of war in this period were as follows. Between 1297 and 1302, there was a Granadan offensive, which led to the taking of Alcaudete, Bedmar and Quesada and the siege of Alcalá de Benzaide, followed by the Castilian counter-attack of 1309 that led to the recovery of the places that had been lost35. A significant period of confrontations began in 1319; 1328 was also a time of military incursions in the region of Jaén, and there was another outbreak of war between 1341 and 134436.

However, the existence of ten treaties of truce from the first half of the 14th century must be taken into account. Some of these were long-lasting, like the one between 1303 and 1309, ratified in 1307 and 1309, the year when war was declared, to then find three years of extensions of the truce (1310, 1311 and 1312), which gives us a insight of certain periods of war aimed more at conquering lands and fortresses than the demand to sign peaces and truces, with recognition of vassalage to Castile and the corresponding payment of taxes37.

All this turbulence in the early 14th century ended around 1344, after the siege of Algeciras, when the Peace of Algeciras was signed and lasted ten years. Thus, in the first half of the 14th century, there were around thirty years of truce and peace (shown in graph 2), only counting on the news we have about peace treaties and the signing of truces and their respective duration. To this, we must add the months when there was no fighting because of the suspension of the conflict. In line with this, there are 18 mentions of war in the first half of the 14th century.

The second half of the 14th century saw a series of acts of war with the destruction of Jaén, Úbeda, the siege of Baeza and various attacks on Cordoba. However, all these incursions were very localised and due more to the civil war between Peter I and Henry II than the conflicts between Castile and Granada. Henry, on his part, was just as indisposed to the Granadans, allies of the legitimate monarch, that, when he reached power, he did what he could in a simulated way to sign truces with Granada, as he had enough work dealing with the disorganisation and problems of Castile, just after a cruel war38.

33. Segura, cristina. “Las reinas castellanas y la frontera en la Baja Edad Media”, IV Estudios de Frontera. Historia, tradiciones y leyendas en la Frontera. Homenaje a Enrique Toral y Peñaranda. Jaen: Diputación Provincial de Jaén, 2002: 519-534.


35. Ladero, Miguel Ángel. “Los Estados Peninsulares a la muerte de Alfonso X el Sabio”. VII Centenario del Infante Don Fernando de la Cerda, Jornadas de Estudio. Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Manchegos, 1976: 332-333.



38. Segura, Cristina. “La reinas castellanas...”: 527.



In these reflections, Rodríguez Molina concludes that en el siglo XIV las proporciones temporales más significativas fueron favorables a las treguas, pues sólo éstas ocuparían en torno a un cómputo estimado del 85% de la centuria y únicamente el 15% de ella y no completo, compondría el tiempo ocupado por las confrontaciones bélicas. Es decir, que durante un tiempo aproximado a los 85 años se pudieron practicar actividades comerciales, arrendamientos de pastos y tierras de cultivo39.

Graph 5. Signing of truces during the Final Phase.

Except for the Battle of Los Collejares, the conquest of Antequera and the Battle of La Higueruela, the wars in the 15th century were brief affairs. However, the peaces and truces occurred almost annually, with short gaps between them, marked by the cavalry raids and certain frontier violence. This phase coincided with the rule of John II and Henry IV in Castile, and that ended with the rise of the Catholic Monarchs. From this point of view, there was a phase of consolidation by Castile, although not free of problems of succession and tantrums by the nobility, especially that frontier, differentiated from the internal processes that began to undermine the fragile stability of the Nasrid state, especially in the unstable decade from 1445-1455, and that Francisco Vidal Castro has clearly identified. This stage concluded in 1486 with the truce prior to the capitulations and handing over of the capital of Granada.

In this sense, in the words of Juan Torres Fontes,

desde la conquista de Antequera hasta el comienzo de la definitiva campaña de de 1482, que acabaría con la conquista total del reino de Granada, se caracterizó por una sucesión casi continuada de las treguas, cuya ruptura formal, tanto en el reinado de Juan II como en el Enrique IV, no cambiaría sustancialmente la situación, aunque ocasionalmente

39. “in the 14th century the longest periods of time were favourable to the truces, as these alone occupied an estimated 85% of the century and only 15% of it, and not all this, was taken up by armed confrontations. In other words, during around 85 years, one could trade, lease pastures and fields” (Rodríguez, José. La vida de moros...: 107).

Final phase: conflict and fronter violence

Tru

ces


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se modificarán las condiciones económicas y geográficas entre ambos reinos, todo queda dependiente de las respectivas situaciones a la hora de renovar las treguas, la cuantía de las parias a pagar y de los cautivos a entregar. Hubo también incorporaciones territoriales de importancia, como Archidona y Gibraltar, aunque la conquista de esas plazas fronterizas no modificarán ni supondránun reajuste extraordinario de la frontera para los dirigentes granadinos, porque todo siguió sensiblemente igual40.

Thus, at least, González Jiménez also saw this for the area of Morón, where, between 1402 and 1427, relations between Castile and Granada were good, except for the 1405-1410 period41. However, with the exception of the Battle de Los Collejares, the conquest of Antequera and the Battle of La Higueruela, as stated above specific events, the longest period of war was the one between 1430 and 143942 and, even here, we find peaces signed within this same period, like that of 143143.

So, apart from the relevant events of war mentioned, short in duration, the most prolonged period of war was between 1430 and 1439 (during the reign of John II), which, in turn, fell inside a longer phase that stretched from 1432 to 145444. However, within this phase, we can distinguish a first period of war, as mentioned, from 1430 to 1439. A second phase, of peace, lasted from 1439 to 1445, with no significant modifications to the frontier. The events of 1445 to 1452 were very different. There was a Granadan predominance on the frontier and a manifest weakness of the Castilians. During this period, the rulers of Castile worked to counterbalance their military weakness on the frontier with political intrigues and financial assistance to the crown princes of Granada who aspired to take the throne. This was the turbulent decade that began in 1445 and led to a civil war in the Emirate of Granada.

A fourth phase stretched from 1452 to 1454, and was characterised by the onslaught by the nobles that brought down Álvaro de Luna’s government and led to his execution, and which prevented Castile from carrying out any foreign adventure. This was the start of a stage marked by frontier skirmishes mainly aimed at seizing bounty and captives for sale and exchange.

40. “from the conquest of Antequera to the start of the definitive campaign of 1482 that would end with the total conquest of the Kingdom of Granada, was characterised by an almost continuous succession of truces, whose formal rupture, under the reigns of both John II and Henry IV, did not substantially change the situation, although occasionally the economic and geographic conditions between the two kingdoms were modified, everything remained dependent on the respective situations when it came to renewing the truces, the amount to pay in tributes and the captives to be handed over. There were also important territorial incorporations, like Archidona and Gibraltar, although the conquest of these frontier places did not modify nor mean any extraordinary readjustment of the frontier for the Granadan leaders, because everything remained basically the same” (Torres, Juan. Las relaciones castellano-granadinas (1432-1454). Murcia: HUM-165: Patrimonio, Cultura y Ciencias Sociales, 2010: 84); Torres, Juan. La frontera Murciano-Granadina...:158.

41. González, Manuel. “Morón, una villa de frontera (1402-1427)”, Relaciones exteriores del Reino de Granada...: 57.



44. See the recently-published work by: Torres, Juan. Las relaciones castellano-granadinas (1432-1454)...: 14-15.



Thus, the internal struggle and weakness of the monarchy then impeded any Castilian activity beyond the borders. All attention was focussed on maintaining a predominant position and securing possession of lands, awaiting Henry IV’s accession and immediate decisions. This waiting attitude affected the frontier and lasted until the death of John II45.

Then, during the reign of Henry IV and until 1488, when the Catholic Monarchs began the final war against Granada, the frontier remained stable in many sectors, although it was not free from individual offensive actions. At this time, cattle rustling raids by Castilian councils became more dangerous when these were between a Christian council and a Muslim one. There was no lack of motives for retaliation, skirmishes, logging and burning, unexpected seizures, theft and even more-serious actions. All this is reflected in the local annals46.

Thus, this century was characterised, in general terms, by a practically uninterrupted continuity of truces, only broken by frequent raids, always localised, of no great importance except for a few larger ones. Many of the truces were signed effectively to stem brief and sporadic breaks by some of the parties to the existing peace and truce.

5. Final words

From the systematisation of the information about the truces, we have defined a progression of these in a dynamic that appeared with the passing of time, establishing three phases in the evolution of the truces: the first, from the mid 13th century to the mid 14th century, the second, from the mid 14th century to the early 15th century, and the third, from the beginning to the end of the 15th century. In view of their characteristics, these are defined as the “Initial Phase: vassalage and violence”; “Middle Phase: dispersion and peace” and “Final Phase: of conflict and frontier violence”.

Although it is true that some sub-periods can be recognised inside each of these, addressing minor alterations could lead to complex subdivisions that would impede an overview. Moreover, a possible contribution of this periodisation lies in it being structured from the nature and contents of the truces, not from the historical evolution of the states involved, although, logically, this is one of the determining factors of the truces.

45. Torres, Juan. Las relaciones castellano-granadinas (1432-1454)...: 16.

46. García, Manuel. “Un episodio de la Frontera de Granada: el Madroño 1462”. Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses, 79 (1974): 10.


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66

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ap.

XLV

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vol.

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37

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66

: ch

ap.

CX

XX

IV,

vol.

II,

52

7

13

79

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th M

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an I

IM

adri

d:

Rea

l A

cad

emia

de

la

His

tori

a,1

98

2:

26

7-2

69

14

09

Val

lad

oli

d

14

09

, 3

1st

A

ugu

st5

mo

nth

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ing,

Qu

een

an

d P

rin

ce

14

10

Trea

ty o

f tr

uce

s w

ith

Gra

nad

aC

ón

ica

de

Juan

II,

ch

ap.

19

1

Car

riaz

o,

Juan

d

e M

ata

Cón

ica

de J

uan

II

Mad

rid

: R

eal

Aca

dem

ia d

e H

isto

ria,

19

82

: 4

02

-40

7

14

10

, 1

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ove

mbe

r

14

10

, 1

0th

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ove

mbe

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2,

10

th

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ril

17

mo

nth

sD

on

Fer

di -

nan

d,

Qu

een

C

atal

ina

14

12

Ex

ten

sio

n o

f th

e tr

uce

of

14

10

A

lijo

Hid

algo

, F

ran

cisc

o“M

erce

des

y

pri

vile

gio

s a

un

a p

laza

fro

nte

riza

d

el s

iglo

XV

: A

nte

qu

era”

An

dalu

cia

Med

ieva

l. A

ctas

de

l I C

ongr

eso

de

His

tori

a de

An

-da

luci

a (C

órdo

ba,

nov

iem

bre

1979

),

Có

rdo

ba:

Mo

n-

te d

e P

ied

ad,

19

82

: 4

09

14

12

, 1

0th

A

pri

l

14

12

, 1

0th

A

pri

l1

41

3,

5th

F

ebru

ary

10

mo

nth

s

14

13

Let

ter

of

tru

-ce

s be

twee

n

Fer

din

and

I

and

Yu

suf

III

AC

A.

Can

-ci

ller

ia,

R.

2.4

04

, fo

l.

31

r.,

l 1

.

Arr

ibas

Pal

au,

Mar

ian

oL

as tr

egu

as e

ntr

e C

asti

lla

y G

ran

ada

firm

adas

por

Fer

-n

ando

I d

e A

ragó

n

Teto

uan

: E

di-

tora

Mar

roq

uí,

1

95

6:

67

-68

14

14

, 2

8th

F

ebru

ary

Sar

ago

ssa

1 y

ear

14

14

Tru

ce b

etw

een

C

asti

le a

nd

G

ran

ada

AC

A.

Can

-ci

ller

ia,

R.

3.3

97

, fo

l.

17

9 r

., l

. 1

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ibas

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au,

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ian

oL

as tr

egu

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e C

asti

lla

y G

ran

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adas

por

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-n

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ragó

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uan

: E

di-

tora

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roq

uí,

1

95

6:

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-84

14

14

, 2

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May

1

41

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th

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ril

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15

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pri

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15

Tru

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asti

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nd

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ran

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AC

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Can

-ci

ller

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2.3

97

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l.

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. 1

.

Arr

ibas

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au,

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oL

as tr

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ran

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por

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-n

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: E

di-

tora

Mar

roq

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1

95

6:

85

-94

14

15

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st

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ruar

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14

15

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pri

l1

41

6,

17

th

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ril

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ear

Fer

din

and

I

of

Ara

gon


Diego Melo232

14

17

Pro

lon

gati

on

of

the

Tru

ce o

f 1

41

5

Torr

es F

on

-te

s, J

uan

La

fron

tera

mu

r -ci

ana-

gran

adin

aM

urc

ia:

Rea

l A

cad

emia

A

lfo

nso

X,

20

04

: 1

34

-13

5

14

17

, 1

6th

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pri

l1

41

9,

16

th

Ap

ril

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ears

Joh

n I

I o

f C

asti

le

14

18

Tru

ce a

gree

d

betw

een

Alf

on

so

the

Mag

nan

i -m

ou

s an

d t

he

Alc

aid

e H

ayre

n,

Mes

sen

ger

of

Mu

ham

mad

V

III

of

Gra

nad

a

AC

A.

Can

-ci

ller

ia,

R.,

re

g. 2

64

1,

ff.1

53

v-1

56

r.

Sal

icrú

i

Llu

ch,

Ro

ser

El S

ult

anat

o N

azar

í de

Gra

na -

da, G

énov

a y

la

Cor

ona

de A

ragó

n

en e

l sig

lo X

V

Gra

nad

a:

Un

iver

sid

ad

de

Gra

nad

a,

20

01

: 1

99

-20

8

14

18

, 4

th a

nd

5

th J

uly

Sar

ago

ssa

2 y

ears

Alf

on

so

the

Mag

-n

anim

ou

s o

f A

rago

n

14

19

Ex

ten

sio

n o

f th

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uce

of

14

17

To

rres

Fo

n-

tes,

Ju

anL

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onte

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ur-

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Mu

rcia

: R

eal

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dem

ia

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on

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, 2

00

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39

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19

, 1

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pri

l1

42

1,

18

th

Ap

ril

14

21

Tru

ce b

etw

e -en

Gra

nad

a an

d C

asti

le

R

od

rígu

ez

Mo

lin

a, J

osé

La

vida

de

mor

os

y cr

isti

anos

en

la

fron

tera

Jaen

: A

lcal

á G

rup

o E

dit

ori

al,

20

07

: 3

81

14

21

, 1

5th

Ju

lyTo

rdes

illa

s1

42

1,

16

th

July

14

24

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5th

Ju

ly3

yea

rsJo

hn

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of

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tile

14

24

Let

ter

of

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ces

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Jo

hn

II

of

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tile

an

d

Abu

Abd

All

ah

Mu

ham

mad

V

II,

el I

zqu

ierd

o

BN

E, m

s.

nú

m.,

13.2

59, f

ol.

380

r., l

. 5.

Arr

ibas

Pal

au,

Mar

ian

oL

as tr

egu

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ntr

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asti

lla

y G

ran

ada

firm

adas

por

Fer

-n

ando

I d

e A

ragó

n

Teto

uan

: E

di-

tora

Mar

roq

uí,

1

95

6:

95

-10

2

14

24

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th J

un

eV

illa

de

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ña

14

24

, 1

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Ju

ly1

42

6,

16

th

July

2 y

ears

Joh

n I

I o

f C

asti

le

14

27

Tru

ce b

etw

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Gra

nad

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d C

asti

le

To

rres

Fo

n-

tes,

Ju

an“L

as r

elac

ion

es

Cas

tell

ano

-G

ran

adin

as,

14

27

-14

30

”

Rel

acio

nes

ex

teri

ores

del

ren

io

de G

ran

ada.

IV

de

l Col

oqu

io d

e H

isto

ria

Med

i-ev

al A

nda

luza

, C

rist

ina

Seg

ura

, ed

. A

lmer

ia:

Inst

itu

to d

e E

stu

dio

s A

lmer

i-en

ses,

19

88

: 9

0

14

27

, 1

6th

F

ebru

ary

1

42

7,

16

th

Feb

ruar

y1

42

9,

16

th

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ruar

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yea

rs

14

29

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ten

sio

n o

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revi

ou

s tr

uce

To

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Fo

n-

tes,

Ju

an“L

as r

elac

ion

es

Cas

tell

ano

-G

ran

adin

as,

14

27

-14

30

”

Rel

acio

nes

ex

teri

ores

del

ren

io

de G

ran

ada.

IV

de

l Col

oqu

io d

e H

isto

ria

Med

i -ev

al A

nda

luza

, C

rist

ina

Seg

ura

, ed

. A

lmer

ia:

Inst

itu

to d

e E

stu

dio

s A

lmer

i-en

ses,

19

88

: 9

8

14

29

, 5

th

Feb

ruar

y

un

defi

ned

Joh

n I

I o

f C

asti

le



14

31

Pac

t o

f va

ssal

age

betw

een

Jo

hn

II

an

d Y

uce

f A

ben

Al-

Mau

l

B

enav

ides

, A

nto

nio

Mem

oria

sob

re la

gu

erra

del

Rei

no

de G

ran

ada

Mad

rid

: Im

pre

n-

ta d

e la

Rea

l A

cad

emia

de

la

His

tori

a, 1

85

2:

vol.

8,

41

-45

14

31

, 1

6th

D

ecem

ber

Ard

ales

14

31

, 1

6th

D

ecem

ber

li

felo

ng

Joh

n I

I o

f C

asti

le

14

32

Rec

ogn

itio

n o

f va

ssal

age

by Y

u-

suf

IV t

o J

oh

n I

I

AG

S.

Pa-

tro

nat

o

Rea

l. L

eg.

1,

fol.

12

4

Su

arez

, L

uis

“Ju

an I

I y

la

fro

nte

ra d

e G

ran

ada”

Cu

ader

nos

de

His

tori

a M

edie

val,

2

(1

95

4):

38

-42

14

32

, 2

7th

Ja

nu

ary

Gra

nad

a

Joh

n I

I o

f C

asti

le

14

39

Tru

ce f

or

thre

e ye

ars

agre

ed

by I

ñig

o L

óp

ez

de

Men

do

za

wit

h A

bd A

llah

al

-Am

ín

Arc

hiv

o

Do

men

ecq

-Z

uri

ta,

Señ

orí

o d

e F

ern

ánd

ez

de

Zu

rita

(O

lim

) n

°7;

n°1

3

(fo

lio

2v)

Gar

cía

Lu

ján

, Jo

sé A

nto

nio

“Las

tre

guas

co

n G

ran

ada

de

14

39

”

Qu

rtu

ba, E

stu

dios

A

nda

lusí

es,

3

(19

98

): 3

9-4

5

14

39

, 1

1th

A

pri

lJa

én1

43

9,

15

th

Ap

ril

14

42

, 1

6th

A

pri

l3

yea

rsJo

hn

II

of

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tile

14

39

Mu

ham

mad

IX

si

gns

the

ttru

-ce

s w

ith

Jo

hn

II

of

Cas

tile

AM

C.

Lib

ro

Azu

l, f

f°.

56

-57

Ald

ón

, M

a-n

uel

an

d

Mar

ín,

José

“La

emba

jad

a d

e D

iego

Fer

nán

dez

d

e Z

uri

ta a

l S

ul-

tán

Mu

ham

mad

IX

de

Gra

nad

a”

Al-

An

dalu

s-M

agre

b, 5

(1

997)

: 69-

70

14

39

, s.

m.

Gra

nad

a1

43

9,

15

th

Ap

ril

14

42

, 1

6th

A

pri

l3

yea

rsM

uh

am-

mad

IX

14

42

Co

py

of

the

Ch

arte

r an

d L

iti -

gati

on

th

at a

cit

y (A

lcal

á la

Rea

l)

sen

t by

ord

er o

f h

is m

ajes

ty,

in

the

year

14

42

, to

th

e M

oo

rish

k

ing

of

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nad

a an

d t

he

pri

nce

d

on

Mah

om

at,

his

nep

hew

an

d t

he

hei

r to

h

is k

ingd

om

, as

suri

ng

them

th

at f

or

a p

erio

d

of

five

yea

rs

no

dam

age

or

har

m w

ou

ld

be d

on

e to

th

e ci

ties

an

d p

lace

s o

f h

is k

ingd

om

Leg

ajo

p

arti

cula

r d

e A

lfo

nso

C

alo

nje

Mar

tín

Ro

sa-

les,

Fra

nci

sco

“Do

cum

ento

s so

bre

la F

ron

tera

d

e A

lcal

á la

Rea

l”

III

Est

udi

os d

e F

ron

tera

. Con

vi-

ven

cia,

Def

ensa

y

com

un

icac

ión

en

la fr

onte

ra.

En

mem

oria

de

don

Ju

an d

e M

ata.

Car

riaz

o

y A

rro

qu

ía.

Jaen

: D

ipu

taci

ón

P

rovi

nci

al d

e Ja

én,

20

00

: 8

61

5 y

ears

Joh

n I

I


Diego Melo234

14

43

Joh

n I

I o

f C

asti

le

con

ced

es a

tru

ce

for

thre

e ye

ars

to

the

Em

ir o

f G

ra-

nad

a. A

n a

nn

ex

con

tain

s th

e N

a-za

rin

e co

mm

it-

men

t to

pay

th

e p

aria

s an

d h

and

o

ver

cap

tive

s

BL

. A

dd

iti-

on

al M

s. N

° 9

.92

4,

fols

. 2

27

-23

5

Ló

pez

de

Co

ca,

José

En

riq

ue

“Ace

rca

de

las

rela

cio

nes

di-

plo

mát

icas

cas

te-

llan

o-g

ran

adin

as”

Rev

ista

del

Cen

tro

de E

stu

dios

His

-tó

rico

s de

Gra

nad

a y

su r

ein

o, (

2n

d

epo

ch),

12

(1

99

8):

24

-30

14

43

, 2

0th

M

arch

Esc

alo

na

14

43

, 1

5th

A

pri

l1

44

6,

16

th

Ap

ril

3 y

ears

Joh

n I

I

14

45

Mem

ori

al w

he -

reby

Bar

tom

eu

Reu

s, r

oya

l se

cret

ary

and

am

bass

ado

r o

f Jo

hn

of

Nav

arre

to

Alf

on

so t

he

Mag

nan

imo

us,

an

swer

s Jo

hn

o

n b

ehal

f o

f A

lfo

nso

, w

ho

ag

rees

to

sig

n a

tr

uce

fo

r a

year

w

ith

Yu

suf

V

AC

A.

Can

-ci

ller

ia,

reg.

2

69

8,

ff.

13

5r-

13

8r.

Sal

icrú

i

Llu

ch,

Ro

ser

Doc

um

ents

per

a

la H

istó

ria

de

Gra

nad

a de

l R

egn

at d

’ A

lfon

s el

Mag

nán

im

(141

6-14

58)

Bar

celo

na:

Co

n-

sejo

Su

per

ior

de

Inve

stig

acio

nes

C

ien

tífi

cas,

2

00

3:

42

1-4

22

14

45

, 2

1st

O

cto

ber

Ad

ria

1 y

ear

Alf

on

so

the

Mag

-n

anim

ou

s

14

47

Pro

rogu

e o

f Tr

uce

be

twee

n G

ran

ada

and

Cas

tile

R

od

rigu

ez

Mo

lin

a, J

osé

“La

vid

a d

e m

o-

ros

y cr

isti

ano

s en

la

fro

nte

ra”

Jaen

: A

lcal

á G

rup

o E

dit

ori

al,

20

07

: 3

88

14

47

, 1

7th

O

cto

ber

1

44

6,

Ap

ril

14

49

, M

arch

3 y

ears

Joh

n I

I

14

50

Pro

clam

atio

n

of

dis

mis

sal

AH

MJF

. A

rch

ivo

d

el C

on

ce-

jo,

14

50

, fo

l.1

43

v

Abe

llán

P

erez

, Ju

an“J

erez

, L

as

Treg

uas

de

14

50

y

la G

uer

ra c

ivil

G

ran

adin

a”

Est

udi

os s

obre

el

Rei

no

de M

álag

a y

el R

ein

o de

G

ran

ada

en e

l IV

Cen

ten

ario

de

la C

onqu

ista

. M

álag

a:

Dip

uta

ció

n

Pro

vin

cial

d

e M

álag

a,

19

87

: 1

6

14

50

, 2

7th

M

arch

1

45

0,

27

th

Mar

ch

18

mo

nth

s

14

50

Joh

n I

I co

m-

mu

nic

ates

th

e gr

anti

ng

of

tru

ces

AH

MJF

. A

rch

ivo

del

C

on

cejo

, 1

45

0,

fols

. 1

68

r-v

Abe

llán

P

erez

, Ju

an“J

erez

, L

as

Treg

uas

de

14

50

y

la G

uer

ra c

ivil

G

ran

adin

a”

Est

udi

os s

obre

el

Rei

no

de M

álag

a y

el R

ein

o de

G

ran

ada

en e

l IV

Cen

ten

ario

de

la C

onqu

ista

. M

alag

a: D

ipu

-ta

ció

n P

rovi

n-

cial

de

Mál

aga,

1

98

7:

16

14

50

, 7

th A

pri

lA

réva

lo

5

yea

rsJo

hn

II

of

Cas

tile



14

52

Mis

sive

fro

m

Joh

n I

I to

th

e ci

ty

of

Alc

alá

la R

eal,

st

atin

g th

at h

e h

as g

iven

po

wer

s to

D.

Ped

ro d

e A

guil

ar t

o m

ake

a tr

uce

fo

r fi

ve

year

s w

ith

th

e k

ing

of

Gra

nad

a

Co

lecc

ión

D

iplo

mát

ica

Alc

alá

la

Rea

l, O

rig.

3

10

x 2

95

m

m.

Juan

Lo

vera

, C

arm

enC

olec

ción

Di-

plom

átic

a M

edie

val

de A

lcal

á la

Rea

l

Alc

alá

la R

eal:

E

scla

vitu

d d

el

Señ

or

de

la

Hu

mil

dad

y

Mar

ía S

antí

sim

a d

e la

s D

olo

res,

1

98

8:

14

0-1

42

14

52

, 1

6th

A

ugu

stB

urg

os

14

52

, 1

st

Sep

tem

ber

5

yea

rsJo

hn

II

of

Cas

tile

14

52

Joh

n I

I in

form

s th

e co

un

cil

of

Mu

rcia

th

at

tru

ces

hav

e be

en s

ign

ed

wit

h G

ran

ada

for

five

yea

rs

AM

M.

Caj

a 1

, n

úm

. 1

04

Abe

llán

P

erez

, Ju

anD

ocu

men

tos

de J

uan

II

Mu

rcia

: A

ca-

dem

ia A

lfo

nso

X

el

Sab

io,

19

84

: 6

65

-66

7

14

52

, 1

6th

A

ugu

stB

urg

os

14

52

, 1

st

Sep

tem

ber

5

yea

rsJo

hn

II

of

Cas

tile

14

56

Zaa

d,

Kin

g o

f G

ran

ada,

ne -

goti

ates

tru

ces

wit

h J

uan

Bra

vo,

rep

rese

nta

-ti

ve o

f P

edro

G

iró

n,

Mas

ter

of

Cal

atra

va

AH

PJ.

Arc

hiv

o de

lo

s C

onde

s de

H

um

anes

, le-

gajo

15.

789.

C

opia

co

etán

ea d

e la

Ch

anci

lle-

ría

Gra

nad

ina

Po

rras

Arb

o-

led

a, P

edro

“Do

cum

ento

s so

bre

mu

sul-

man

es y

ju

dío

s en

arc

hiv

os

señ

ori

ales

y d

e p

roto

colo

s (s

iglo

s X

V y

XV

I)”

Cu

ader

nos

de

Est

udi

os M

edie

-va

les

y C

ien

cias

y

Téc

nic

as H

is-

tori

ográ

ficas

, 1

6

(19

91

): 1

52

14

56

, 1

0th

O

cto

ber

Gra

nad

a1

45

6,

16

th

Oct

obe

r1

45

7,

15

th

Feb

ruar

y4

mo

nth

sZ

aad

, K

ing

of

Gra

nad

a

14

57

Ro

yal

Ch

arte

r to

Die

go P

uer

-to

carr

ero

abo

ut

the

tru

ce s

ign

ed

for

five

mo

nth

s

AM

M.

cart

a o

rigi

nal

, ca

ja

1,

n°

13

0

Mo

lin

a G

ran

-d

e, M

aría

de

la C

on

cep

ció

n

Doc

um

ento

s de

E

nri

que

IVC

olec

ción

de

Doc

um

ento

s pa

ra

la H

isto

ria

del

Rei

no

de M

urc

ia.

Mu

rcia

: A

cad

e-m

ia A

lfo

nso

X e

l S

abio

(C

ole

cció

n

de

do

cum

ento

s p

ara

la h

isto

ria

del

Rei

no

de

Gra

nad

a, 1

8),

1

98

8:

16

0

14

57

, 1

6th

O

cto

ber

Jaén

14

57

, 3

1st

O

cto

ber

14

58

, 3

1st

M

arch

5 m

on

ths

Kin

g o

f C

asti

le

14

58

Tru

ce b

etw

e -en

Gra

nad

a an

d C

asti

le

To

rres

Fo

n-

tes,

Ju

an“E

nri

qu

e IV

y

la f

ron

tera

de

Gra

nad

a”

Hom

enaj

e al

Pro

fe-

sor

Car

riaz

o. S

evi-

lla: P

ubl

icac

ion

es

de la

Un

iver

sida

d

de S

evill

a,

1971

: 3, 3

55

14

58

, A

ugu

st-

Sep

tem

ber

Hen

ry I

V

et C

asti

le


Diego Melo236

14

60

Ro

yal

ord

er,

no

tify

ing

the

tru

ce s

ign

ed

wit

h G

ran

ada

AM

M.

Car

-tu

lari

o R

eal,

fs

. 9

9v-

10

0r

Mo

lin

a G

ran

-d

e, M

aría

de

la C

on

cep

ció

n

“Do

cum

ento

s d

e E

nri

qu

e IV

”C

olec

ción

de

Doc

um

ento

s pa

ra

la H

isto

ria

del

Rei

no

de M

urc

ia.

Mu

rcia

: A

cad

e -m

ia A

lfo

nso

X e

l S

abio

(C

ole

cció

n

de

do

cum

ento

s p

ara

la h

isto

ria

del

Rei

no

de

Gra

nad

a, 1

8),

1

98

8:

16

0,

28

9-2

91

14

60

, 3

rd A

pri

lM

adri

d1

46

0,

15

th

Ap

ril

14

61

, 1

5th

A

pri

l1

yea

rH

enry

IV

et

Cas

tile

14

60

Art

icle

s o

f th

e tr

uce

s si

gned

by

Hen

ry I

V

and

do

n S

ad

of

Gra

nad

a

AM

J. A

.C.,

1

46

0,

fs.

61

v-6

2r

Gar

cía

Gu

zmán

, M

aría

del

Mar

“Las

rel

acio

nes

ca

stel

lan

o-

gran

adin

as e

n e

l se

cto

r X

erci

ense

. E

l tr

atad

o d

e p

az d

e 1

46

0”

Est

udi

os s

obre

P

atri

mon

io,

Cu

ltu

ra y

Cie

n-

cias

Med

ieva

les,

1

1-1

2,

(20

10

):

10

8-1

10

14

60

. 3

rd A

pri

lM

adri

d1

46

0,

15

th

Ap

ril

14

61

, 1

5th

A

pri

l1

yea

rH

enry

IV

et

Cas

tile

14

62

Do

n P

edro

Gir

ón

, M

aste

r o

f C

ala -

trav

a an

no

un

ces

a si

x-m

on

th t

ruce

w

ith

Kin

g Is

mae

l o

f G

ran

ada

AM

M.

Car

-tu

lari

o R

eal

14

53

-14

78

, fo

l. 1

48

.

Torr

es F

on

-te

s, J

uan

“Las

tre

guas

co

n G

ran

ada

de

14

62

y 1

46

4”

His

pan

ia, R

evis

ta

Esp

añol

a de

H

isto

ria,

23

/90

(1

96

3):

19

6

14

62

, 3

0th

N

ove

mbe

r P

orc

un

a

14

63

, 1

st

May

6 m

on

ths

Hen

ry I

V

et C

asti

le

14

63

Ord

er f

rom

E

nri

qu

e IV

to

D

on

Ped

ro G

iró

n,

Mas

ter

of

Cal

a -tr

ava,

to

agr

ee

a tr

uce

wit

h

the

Kin

gdo

m

of

Gra

nad

a

AM

M.

Car

-tu

lari

o R

eal

14

53

-14

78

, fo

l. 1

53

r.

Torr

es F

on

-te

s, J

uan

“Las

tre

guas

co

n G

ran

ada

de

14

62

y 1

46

5”

His

pan

ia, R

e-vi

sta

Esp

añol

a de

His

tori

a, 9

0

(19

63

): 1

97

-19

8

14

63

, 2

7th

Ja

nu

ary

Alm

azán

8 m

on

ths

Hen

ry I

V

et C

asti

le

14

64

Ro

yal

ord

er t

o

tho

se o

n t

he

fro

nti

er w

ith

th

e k

ingd

om

of

Gra

nad

a, n

o-

tify

ing

them

of

the

tru

ce s

ign

ed

by t

hei

r k

ing

AM

M.

Car

ta

Ori

gin

al,

caja

1,

n°

15

0;

Car

t,

cit.

,fo

l. 1

65

v.

Mo

lin

a G

ran

-d

e, M

aría

de

la C

on

cep

ció

n

“Do

cum

ento

s d

e E

nri

qu

e IV

”M

urc

ia:

Aca

de-

mia

Alf

on

so X

el

Sab

io (

Co

lecc

ión

d

e d

ocu

men

tos

par

a la

his

tori

a d

el R

ein

o d

e G

ran

ada,

18

),

19

88

: 5

09

-51

0

14

64

, 1

4th

M

arch

Jaén

1 y

ear

Hen

ry I

V

of

Cas

tile

14

65

Pro

rogu

e o

f th

e tr

uce

of

14

64

C

asca

les,

F

ran

cisc

oD

iscu

rsos

His

-tó

rico

s de

Mu

rcia

y

su r

ein

o

Mu

rcia

: F

ran

-ci

sco

Ben

edit

o,

17

75

: 4

32

14

65

, 2

8th

May

Sal

aman

ca

2

yea

rsH

enry

IV

o

f C

asti

le



14

69

Th

e sh

eik

s A

bd

All

ah b

. In

an,

Am

mar

b.

Mu

sa

and

Rah

hu

an

d

com

man

der

s A

lon

so d

e L

isó

n

and

Die

go S

oto

, ag

ree

to a

tru

ce

for

thre

e ye

ars

AH

N.

Arc

hiv

o d

e lo

s D

uq

ues

d

e F

rías

C

atál

ogo

15

, n

. 2

. P

apel

, 3

00

/42

5m

m.

(Oli

m)

Cax

ón

11

, n

. 1

28

Gar

cía

Lu

ján

, Jo

sé A

nto

nio

Treg

uas

, Gu

erra

s y

Cap

itu

laci

ones

de

Gra

nad

a

Gra

nad

a: D

ipu

-ta

ció

n P

rovi

nci

al

de

Gra

nad

a,

19

98

: 8

2-8

5

87

4 E

.H.

19

th

Mu

har

ran

/ 1

46

9,

29

th J

uly

Lla

no

de

Gu

adal

op

e8

74

E.H

. 1

9th

of

Mu

har

-ra

n/

14

69

, 2

9th

Ju

ly

3

yea

rs

14

69

Th

ree-

year

tr

uce

agr

eed

by

Ain

en,

Am

ir

Abé

nam

ar,

Rah

o

and

Abu

lhay

a an

d D

iego

L

óp

ez P

ach

eco

AH

N,

Arc

hiv

o d

e lo

s D

uq

ues

d

e F

rías

, C

atál

ogo

15

, n

. 2

. P

apel

, 3

00

/42

5m

m.

(Oli

m)

Cax

ón

11

, n

. 1

28

Gar

cía

Lu

ján

, Jo

sé A

nto

nio

Treg

uas

, Gu

erra

s y

Cap

itu

laci

ones

de

Gra

nad

a

Gra

nad

a: D

ipu

-ta

ció

n P

rovi

nci

al

de

Gra

nad

a,

19

98

: 8

5-8

6

14

69

, 2

9th

Ju

ly

1

46

9,

29

th

July

3

yea

rs

14

71

Tru

ce b

etw

een

G

ran

ada

and

th

e fa

ctio

n o

f th

e D

uk

e o

f C

abra

Co

lecc

ión

D

iplo

mát

ica

de

En

riq

ue

IV,

n°

CX

C,

p.

65

9

Car

riaz

o,

Juan

d

e M

ata

“Las

tre

guas

co

n G

ran

ada

de

14

75

y 1

47

8”

Al-

An

dalu

s, 1

9/2

(1

95

4):

34

9-3

50

14

71

, Dec

embe

rG

ran

ada

10

yea

rsA

ly s

on

of

Abu

-l-N

asar

14

72

Pea

ce t

reat

y be

twee

n M

awla

y H

asan

, K

ing

of

Gra

nad

a,

and

Hen

ry I

V

of

Cas

tile

AH

N.

Arc

hiv

o d

e lo

s D

uq

ues

d

e F

rías

, C

atál

ogo

15

, n

.3.

Vit

ela,

5

65

/60

0

mm

. (O

lim

) C

axó

n 1

9,

n.

26

, n

. 5

8.

Vi -

llen

a, v

ol.

99

Gar

cía

Lu

ján

, Jo

sé A

nto

nio

Treg

uas

, Gu

erra

s y

Cap

itu

laci

ones

de

Gra

nad

a

Gra

nad

a: D

ipu

-ta

ció

n P

rovi

nci

al

de

Gra

nad

a,

19

98

: 9

2-9

7

14

72

, 1

8th

Ja

nu

ary

Gra

nad

a1

47

2,

18

th

Jan

uar

y1

47

5,

17

th

Jan

uar

y3

yea

rsH

enry

IV

o

f C

asti

le

14

75

Let

ter

of

tru

-ce

wit

h t

he

Kin

gdo

m o

f G

ran

ada

AM

C.

Tum

-bo

de

los

Rey

es C

ató

li-

cos,

I,

63

.

Car

riaz

o,

Juan

d

e M

ata;

Ca-

ran

dé,

Ram

ón

El T

um

bo d

e lo

s R

eyes

Cat

ólic

os d

el

Con

cejo

de

Sevi

lla

Sev

illa

: E

di-

tori

al C

ató

lica

E

spañ

ola

, 1

96

8:

I, 1

22

-12

3

14

75

, 1

7th

N

ove

mbe

rV

alla

do

lid

Tiem

pos

a vo

sotr

os

bien

vis

to

Cat

ho

lic

Mo

nar

chs

Fer

din

and

an

d I

sabe

lla


Diego Melo238

14

76

Ex

chan

ge o

f le

tter

s ab

ou

t th

e si

gnin

g o

f p

eace

be

twee

th

e C

at-

ho

lic

Mo

nar

chs

and

Mu

ley

Abu

lhac

en,

Kin

g o

f G

ran

ada

AM

J. A

ctas

d

e 1

47

6,

fols

. 2

9r-

30

v.

Ro

dri

guez

Mo

-li

na,

Jo

sé (

Dir

)C

olec

ción

Di -

plom

átic

a de

l A

rch

ivo

His

tóri

co

Mu

nic

ipal

de

Jaén

. Si

glos

XIV

y X

V

Jaen

: E

xm

o.

Ayu

nta

mie

n-

to d

e Ja

én,

19

85

: 6

0-6

2

14

76

, 1

1th

Ja

nu

ary

Jaén

14

77

, 1

1th

M

arch

14

81

, 1

1th

M

arch

4 y

ears

Cat

ho

lic

Mo

nar

chs

Fer

din

and

an

d I

sabe

lla

14

78

Tru

ce b

etw

een

G

ran

ada

and

C

asti

le

To

rres

Fo

n-

tes,

Ju

anL

as t

regu

as

cast

ella

no

-gr

anad

inas

des

de

14

75

a 1

47

8

His

pan

ia. R

e-vi

sta

Esp

añol

a de

His

tori

a, 3

6

(19

62

): 2

19

-22

0

14

78

14

81

3 y

ears

Cat

ho

lic

Mo

nar

chs

Fer

din

and

an

d I

sabe

lla

14

81

14

81

Pea

ce t

reat

y be

twee

n C

asti

le

and

Gra

nad

a

AH

N.

Sec

-ci

ón

del

C

lero

, le

gajo

n

° 2

.45

6/2

Bo

nil

la y

Mir

, Jo

sé;

Tora

l,

En

riq

ue

El T

rata

do d

e P

az

de 1

481

entr

e G

ran

ada

y C

asti

lla

Jaen

: In

stit

uto

d

e E

stu

dio

s G

ien

ense

s-C

on

-se

jo S

up

erio

r d

e In

vest

igac

ion

es

Cie

ntí

fica

s-D

i -p

uta

ció

n P

ro-

vin

cial

de

Jaén

, 1

98

2:

29

-32

14

81

, 1

st M

arch

Gra

nad

a1

48

1,

12

th

Mar

ch1

48

2,

11

th

Mar

ch1

yea

rC

ath

oli

c M

on

arch

s F

erd

inan

d

and

Isa

bell

a

14

86

Kin

g F

erd

inan

d

info

rms

the

cou

nci

l o

f Ú

be-

da

abo

ut

the

cap

itu

lati

on

he

had

agr

eed

wit

h

Kin

g B

oab

dil

Arc

hiv

o

Mu

nic

ipal

d

e Ú

bed

a

Po

rras

, P

edro

“Do

cum

ento

s cr

isti

ano

s so

bre

mu

déj

ares

de

An

dal

ucí

a en

lo

s si

glo

s X

V y

XV

I”

An

aqu

el d

e E

stu

dios

Ára

bes,

3

(1

99

2):

22

7

14

86

, 3

0th

May

Lo

ja1

48

6,

29

th

May

14

87

, 3

0th

Ja

nu

ary

8 m

on

ths

Fer

din

and

th

e C

ath

oli

c

14

86

Tru

ce a

nd

pea

ce

for

thre

e ye

ars

in t

he

citi

es a

nd

to

wn

s th

at r

ose

fo

r B

oab

dil

Arc

hiv

o d

e la

Cas

a d

e Z

afra

. C

ar-

pet

a C

. n

úm

. 7

, fo

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