a ppendix a: c w p greements , 1990 2011978-3-319-40102-7/1.pdf · djibouti accord on civil reform...
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© The Author(s) 2016A.G. Reiter, Fighting Over Peace, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40102-7
163
Case Peace agreement Date Type
Afghanistan Peshawar Accord 4/24/1992 Comprehensive Afghanistan Islamabad Accord 3/7/1993 Comprehensive Afghanistan Jalalabad Agreement 5/20/1993 Comprehensive Afghanistan Mahipar Agreement 5/24/1996 Comprehensive Angola Bicesse Accords 5/31/1991 Comprehensive Angola Lusaka Protocol 11/15/1994 Comprehensive Angola Luena Memorandum 4/4/2002 Comprehensive Angola (Cabinda) Cabinda Agreement 4/11/1996 Ceasefi re Azerbaijan (Nagorno- Karabakh)
Bishkek Protocol 5/5/1994 Comprehensive
Bangladesh (Chittagong Hill Tracts)
Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord
12/2/1997 Comprehensive
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Herzeg-Bosnia)
Washington Agreement 3/1/1994 Comprehensive
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Herzeg-Bosnia and Srpska)
Agreed Basic Principles 9/8/1995 Preliminary
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Herzeg-Bosnia and Srpska)
Further Agreed Basic Principles
9/26/1995 Preliminary
APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011
164 APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011
Case Peace agreement Date Type
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Herzeg-Bosnia and Srpska)
Ceasefi re Agreement 10/5/1995 Ceasefi re
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Herzeg-Bosnia and Srpska)
Dayton Agreement 11/21/1995 Comprehensive
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Srpska)
Framework Agreement on Police Reform
12/9/1998 Implementation
Burundi Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement
8/28/2000 Comprehensive
Burundi Burundi Ceasefi re Agreement
12/2/2002 Preliminary
Burundi Pretoria Protocol 10/8/2003 Preliminary Burundi Pretoria II Protocol 11/2/2003 Preliminary Burundi Global Ceasefi re
Agreement 11/16/2003 Comprehensive
Burundi Comprehensive Ceasefi re Agreement
9/7/2006 Ceasefi re
Burundi Joint Declaration on Ceasefi re
5/26/2008 Ceasefi re
Burundi Summit Declaration 12/4/2008 Comprehensive Burundi Declaration on
Implementation 4/8/2009 Implementation
Cambodia Comprehensive Political Settlement
10/23/1991 Comprehensive
Central African Republic
Peace Accord with FDPC and UFDR
2/2/2007 Preliminary
Central African Republic
Birao Peace Agreement 4/13/2007 Preliminary
Central African Republic
Peace Accord with APRD
5/9/2008 Preliminary
Central African Republic
Global Peace Accord 6/2/2008 Comprehensive
Chad El Geina Agreement 10/31/1992 Comprehensive Chad Tripoli 1 Agreement 10/16/1993 Comprehensive Chad Bangui 2 Agreement 8/11/1994 Comprehensive Chad Abeche Agreement 10/12/1994 Comprehensive Chad Dougia Accord 11/22/1995 Comprehensive Chad AFUD Ceasefi re 1/25/1996 Comprehensive Chad FARF Ceasefi re 4/18/1997 Comprehensive
APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011 165
Case Peace agreement Date Type
Chad Frolinat-FAP Ceasefi re 8/14/1997 Ceasefi re Chad Donya Agreement 5/7/1998 Comprehensive Chad RAFAD Ceasefi re 6/1/2000 Preliminary Chad Tripoli 2 Agreement 1/7/2002 Comprehensive Chad ANR Agreement 1/9/2003 Ceasefi re Chad MDJT Agreement 12/14/2003 Comprehensive Chad Yebibou Agreement 8/18/2005 Comprehensive Chad Tripoli Accord 12/24/2006 Comprehensive Chad Syrte Agreement 10/25/2007 Comprehensive Colombia Political Agreement
with M-19 3/9/1990 Comprehensive
Colombia Final Accord with PRT 1/25/1991 Comprehensive Colombia Final Accord with EPL 2/15/1991 Comprehensive Colombia Final Accord with
Quintin Lame 5/27/1991 Comprehensive
Colombia Caracas Agenda 6/6/1991 Preliminary Colombia Accord with Comandos
Ernesto Rojas 3/20/1992 Comprehensive
Colombia Final Political Accord with CRS
4/9/1994 Comprehensive
Colombia Accord with Urban Militias of Medellin
5/26/1994 Comprehensive
Colombia Final Accord with Frente Francisco Garnica
6/30/1994 Comprehensive
Colombia Final Accord with MIR-COAR
7/29/1998 Comprehensive
Colombia Accord for Colombia with ELN
11/24/2001 Preliminary
Colombia Agreement with ERG 8/2/2008 Comprehensive Comoros (Anjouan) Famboni Declaration 8/26/2000 Comprehensive Comoros (Anjouan) Famboni II Agreement 2/17/2001 Comprehensive Comoros (Anjouan) Maroni Accord 12/20/2003 Comprehensive Congo-Brazzaville Cessation of Hostilities
Accord 11/16/1999 Preliminary
Congo-Brazzaville Ceasefi re and Cessation of Hostilities Accord
12/29/1999 Comprehensive
Congo-Brazzaville Pool Peace Agreement 3/17/2003 Comprehensive Congo/Zaire Lusaka Accord 7/10/1999 Preliminary Congo/Zaire Declaration of
Fundamental Principles 5/4/2001 Preliminary
Congo/Zaire Gaborone Engagement Act
8/24/2001 Preliminary
166 APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011
Case Peace agreement Date Type
Congo/Zaire Political Agreement on Consensual Management of the Transition
4/16/2002 Preliminary
Congo/Zaire Pretoria Agreement 12/16/2002 Preliminary Congo/Zaire Memorandum for the
Formation of a National Army
3/7/2003 Preliminary
Congo/Zaire Sun City Agreement 4/2/2003 Comprehensive Congo/Zaire South Kivu Ceasefi re 1/23/2008 Ceasefi re Congo/Zaire North Kivu Ceasefi re 1/23/2008 Ceasefi re Congo/Zaire Ihusi Accord 3/23/2009 Comprehensive Côte d’Ivoire Cessation of Hostilities
Accord 10/17/2002 Ceasefi re
Côte d’Ivoire Lomé Accord 11/1/2002 Preliminary Côte d’Ivoire Linas-Marcoussis
Agreement 1/24/2003 Comprehensive
Côte d’Ivoire Accra II Accord 3/8/2003 Implementation Côte d’Ivoire Ceasefi re Accord 5/3/2003 Ceasefi re Côte d’Ivoire Joint Declaration of the
Defense and Security Forces
7/4/2003 Implementation
Côte d’Ivoire Accra III Agreement 7/30/2004 Implementation Côte d’Ivoire Pretoria I 4/6/2005 Comprehensive Côte d’Ivoire Pretoria II 6/29/2005 Implementation Côte d’Ivoire Ouagadougou
Agreement 3/4/2007 Implementation
Côte d’Ivoire First Complementary Agreement
3/4/2007 Implementation
Côte d’Ivoire Second Complementary Agreement
3/27/2007 Implementation
Côte d’Ivoire Third Complementary Agreement
11/28/2007 Implementation
Côte d’Ivoire Fourth Complementary Agreement
11/28/2007 Implementation
Croatia (Krajina) Erdut Agreement 11/12/1995 Comprehensive Djibouti Peace Accord 12/26/1994 Comprehensive Djibouti Final Accord on Civil
Reform 2/7/2000 Comprehensive
Djibouti Accord on Civil Reform 5/12/2001 Implementation El Salvador Mexico Agreements 4/27/1991 Preliminary El Salvador New York Agreement
and Compressed Negotiations
9/25/1991 Preliminary
APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011 167
Case Peace agreement Date Type
El Salvador New York Act 12/31/1991 Preliminary El Salvador Chapultepec Peace
Agreement and New York Act II
1/16/1992 Comprehensive
El Salvador Complementary Agreement
12/22/1992 Implementation
El Salvador Supplementary Agreement
2/5/1993 Implementation
El Salvador Agreement of the Tripartite Meeting
9/8/1993 Implementation
El Salvador Timetable for Implementation
5/19/1994 Implementation
Georgia (Abkhazia) Ceasefi re Agreement 5/14/1993 Ceasefi re Georgia (Abkhazia) Sochi Agreement 7/27/1993 Preliminary Georgia (Abkhazia) Memorandum of
Understanding 12/1/1993 Preliminary
Georgia (Abkhazia) Communiqué on the Second Round of Negotiations
1/13/1994 Preliminary
Georgia (Abkhazia) Declaration on a Political Settlement and Quadripartite Agreement
4/4/1994 Preliminary
Georgia (Abkhazia) Proposal for the Establishment of a Coordinating Commission
5/11/1994 Preliminary
Georgia (Abkhazia) Agreement on a Ceasefi re and Separation of Forces
5/15/1994 Ceasefi re
Georgia (Abkhazia) Gagra Protocol 5/26/1998 Ceasefi re Georgia (Abkhazia) Concluding Statement
of the Second Meeting 7/25/1998 Preliminary
Georgia (Abkhazia) Meeting on Stabilization of the Separating Lines
9/24/1998 Preliminary
Georgia (Abkhazia) Athens Meeting 10/18/1998 Preliminary Georgia (Abkhazia) Istanbul Statement 6/9/1999 Preliminary Georgia (Abkhazia) Yalta Declaration 3/16/2001 Preliminary Georgia (South Ossetia)
Memorandum on Georgian–Ossetian Confl ict
5/16/1996 Preliminary
Guatemala Queretaro Agreement 7/25/1991 Preliminary Guatemala Framework Agreement 1/10/1994 Preliminary
168 APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011
Case Peace agreement Date Type
Guatemala Agreements on Negotiations and Human Rights
3/29/1994 Preliminary
Guatemala Agreement on Resettlement of Population Groups
6/17/1994 Preliminary
Guatemala Agreement to Establish Commission to Clarify Past Human Rights Violations
6/23/1994 Preliminary
Guatemala Agreement on the Identity and Rights of Indigenous Peoples
3/31/1995 Preliminary
Guatemala Agreement on the Social and Economic Aspects and Agrarian Situation
5/6/1996 Preliminary
Guatemala Agreement on the Armed Forces
9/19/1996 Preliminary
Guatemala Agreement on a Defi nitive Ceasefi re
12/4/1996 Ceasefi re
Guatemala Agreement on Constitutional Reforms and the Electoral Regime
12/7/1996 Preliminary
Guatemala Agreement on Integration of the URNG
12/12/1996 Preliminary
Guatemala Agreement on a Firm and Lasting Peace
12/29/1996 Comprehensive
Guinea-Bissau Ceasefi re Agreement 8/26/1998 Ceasefi re Guinea-Bissau Abuja Accord 11/1/1998 Comprehensive Guinea-Bissau Additional Protocol to
the Abuja Accord 12/15/1998 Implementation
Haiti Governors Island Accord
7/3/1993 Comprehensive
India (Bodoland) Bodo Accord 2/20/1993 Comprehensive India (Bodoland) Bodoland Ceasefi re 3/29/2000 Ceasefi re India (Bodoland) Memorandum of
Settlement 2/10/2003 Comprehensive
India (Nagaland) Naga Truce 8/1/1997 Ceasefi re India (Tripura) Memorandum of
Settlement 8/23/1993 Comprehensive
APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011 169
Case Peace agreement Date Type
Indonesia (Aceh) Joint Understanding on Humanitarian Pause
5/12/2000 Ceasefi re
Indonesia (Aceh) Second Meeting of the Joint Forum
8/6/2000 Ceasefi re
Indonesia (Aceh) Third Meeting of the Joint Forum
9/24/2000 Ceasefi re
Indonesia (Aceh) Provisional Understanding
1/9/2001 Ceasefi re
Indonesia (Aceh) Agreed Directive 2/16/2001 Ceasefi re Indonesia (Aceh) Cessation of Hostilities
Framework Agreement 12/9/2002 Preliminary
Indonesia (Aceh) Memorandum of Understanding
8/15/2005 Comprehensive
Indonesia (East Timor)
Dili Peace Accord 4/21/1999 Comprehensive
Israel (Palestine) Oslo Accords 9/13/1993 Preliminary Israel (Palestine) Paris Economic
Relations Pact 4/29/1994 Preliminary
Israel (Palestine) Cairo Agreement 5/4/1994 Preliminary Israel (Palestine) Agreement on
Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities
8/29/1994 Preliminary
Israel (Palestine) Protocol on Further Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities
8/27/1995 Preliminary
Israel (Palestine) Oslo II 9/28/1995 Preliminary Israel (Palestine) Agreement on the
Temporary International Presence in the City of Hebron
4/9/1996 Preliminary
Israel (Palestine) Protocols Concerning Hebron
1/17/1997 Preliminary
Israel (Palestine) Wye River Memorandum
10/23/1998 Preliminary
Israel (Palestine) Sharm el-Sheikh Memorandum
9/4/1999 Preliminary
Israel (Palestine) Reefah Crossing Agreement
11/15/2005 Preliminary
Israel (Palestine) Joint Understanding on Negotiations
11/27/2007 Preliminary
Liberia Banjul III Agreement 10/24/1990 Preliminary Liberia Bamako Ceasefi re
Agreement 11/28/1990 Preliminary
170 APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011
Case Peace agreement Date Type
Liberia Banjul IV Agreement 12/21/1990 Preliminary Liberia Lomé Agreement 2/13/1991 Preliminary Liberia Yamoussoukro I Accord 6/30/1991 Preliminary Liberia Yamoussoukro II Peace
Agreement 7/29/1991 Preliminary
Liberia Yamoussoukro III Peace Agreement
9/17/1991 Preliminary
Liberia Yamoussoukro IV Accord
10/30/1991 Comprehensive
Liberia Geneva Agreement 4/7/1992 Implementation Liberia Cotonou Accord 7/25/1993 Comprehensive Liberia Akosombo Agreement 9/12/1994 Implementation Liberia Agreement on the
Clarifi cation of the Akosombo Agreement
12/21/1994 Implementation
Liberia Abuja Peace Accord 8/19/1995 Implementation Liberia Supplement to the
Abuja Accord 8/17/1996 Implementation
Liberia Accra Ceasefi re Agreement
6/17/2003 Ceasefi re
Liberia Comprehensive Peace Agreement
8/18/2003 Comprehensive
Macedonia Ohrid Agreement 8/13/2001 Comprehensive Mali (Azawad) Tamanrasset Accord 1/6/1991 Ceasefi re Mali (Azawad) National Pact 4/11/1992 Comprehensive Mexico (Chiapas) Actions and Measures
for Chiapas 1/17/1996 Preliminary
Mexico (Chiapas) The San Andrés Accords
2/16/1996 Preliminary
Moldova (Transnistria)
Memorandum on the Bases for Normalization of Relations
5/8/1997 Comprehensive
Mozambique Agreement on a Partial Ceasefi re
12/1/1990 Ceasefi re
Mozambique Protocol I 10/18/1991 Preliminary Mozambique Protocol II 11/13/1991 Preliminary Mozambique Protocol III 3/12/1992 Preliminary Mozambique Joint Declaration 7/8/1992 Preliminary Mozambique Protocols IV–VII 10/4/1992 Comprehensive Nepal 25-Point Ceasefi re
Code of Conduct 5/25/2006 Ceasefi re
Nepal 8-Point Agreement 6/16/2006 Preliminary Nepal Decisions of the
Summit Meeting 11/8/2006 Preliminary
APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011 171
Case Peace agreement Date Type
Nepal Comprehensive Agreement with CPN-M
11/21/2006 Comprehensive
Nepal 7-Point Agreement 11/1/2011 Implementation Nicaragua Toncontin Agreement 3/23/1990 Comprehensive Nicaragua Defi nitive Ceasefi re
Agreement 4/18/1990 Ceasefi re
Nicaragua Yatama Ceasefi re Agreement
4/18/1990 Ceasefi re
Nicaragua Managua Protocol 5/30/1990 Implementation Niger (Air and Azawad)
Paris Accord 6/10/1993 Preliminary
Niger (Air and Azawad)
Ouagadougou Accord 10/9/1994 Preliminary
Niger (Air and Azawad)
Accord to Establish a Defi nitive Peace
4/25/1995 Comprehensive
Niger (Air and Azawad)
Additional Protocol 11/29/1997 Comprehensive
Pakistan North West Frontier Agreement
5/21/2008 Comprehensive
Pakistan Malakand Accord 2/16/2009 Comprehensive Papua New Guinea (Bougainville)
Agreement to End Hostilities on Bougainville
3/1/1990 Ceasefi re
Papua New Guinea (Bougainville)
Endeavor Accord 8/5/1990 Preliminary
Papua New Guinea (Bougainville)
Honiara Commitments to Peace
9/3/1994 Ceasefi re
Papua New Guinea (Bougainville)
Burnham Truce 10/10/1997 Ceasefi re
Papua New Guinea (Bougainville)
Cairns Commitment 11/24/1997 Preliminary
Papua New Guinea (Bougainville)
Lincoln Agreement 1/23/1998 Preliminary
Papua New Guinea (Bougainville)
Arawa Agreement 4/30/1998 Ceasefi re
Papua New Guinea (Bougainville)
Matakana and Okataina Understanding
4/22/1999 Preliminary
Papua New Guinea (Bougainville)
Bougainville Peace Agreement
8/30/2001 Comprehensive
Philippines General Agreement for Peace
10/13/1995 Comprehensive
Philippines Comprehensive Agreement on Human Rights
3/16/1998 Preliminary
172 APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011
Case Peace agreement Date Type
Philippines Oslo Joint Statements 2/14/2004 Preliminary Philippines Closure Agreement 1/18/2011 Comprehensive Philippines (Mindanao)
Interim Ceasefi re Agreement
11/7/1993 Ceasefi re
Philippines (Mindanao)
Interim Agreement, Second Round
9/5/1994 Preliminary
Philippines (Mindanao)
Interim Agreement, Third Round
12/1/1995 Preliminary
Philippines (Mindanao)
Jakarta Accord 9/2/1996 Comprehensive
Philippines (Mindanao)
Interim Cessation of Hostilities in Buldon, Maguindanao
1/27/1997 Ceasefi re
Philippines (Mindanao)
Agreement for General Cessation of Hostilities
7/18/1997 Ceasefi re
Philippines (Mindanao)
Agreement to Sustain the Quest for Peace I
2/6/1998 Preliminary
Philippines (Mindanao)
Resolution Creating a Joint Monitoring Contingent
10/16/1998 Preliminary
Philippines (Mindanao)
Rules and Procedures regarding the Cessation of Hostilities
5/18/1999 Preliminary
Philippines (Mindanao)
Tripoli Agreement on Peace
6/22/2001 Preliminary
Philippines (Mindanao)
GRP–MILF Joint Communiqué
8/7/2001 Implementation
Philippines (Mindanao)
Implementing Guidelines for Tripoli Agreement
5/7/2002 Implementation
Philippines (Mindanao)
Agreement on Ancestral Domain
8/5/2008 Implementation
Philippines (Mindanao)
International Contact Group Agreement
9/15/2009 Implementation
Philippines (Mindanao)
Agreement on Civilian Protection
10/27/2009 Implementation
Russia (Chechnya) Agreement on the Peaceful Regulation of the Situation in the Chechen Republic
7/30/1995 Ceasefi re
Russia (Chechnya) Agreement on the Basic Principles of Relations
12/3/1995 Preliminary
Russia (Chechnya) Draft Treaty on the Delimitation of Subjects of Jurisdiction and Powers
5/31/1996 Comprehensive
APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011 173
Case Peace agreement Date Type
Russia (Chechnya) Protocols of the Meeting of the Commissions on the Negotiations
6/10/1996 Implementation
Russia (Chechnya) Khasavyurt Accords 8/31/1996 Preliminary Russia (Chechnya) Russian–Chechen
Agreement 11/23/1996 Preliminary
Russia (Chechnya) Peace Treaty and Principles of Interrelation
5/12/1997 Preliminary
Rwanda N’SELE Ceasefi re Agreement
7/12/1992 Preliminary
Rwanda Protocol of Agreement on the Rule of Law
8/18/1992 Preliminary
Rwanda Protocol of Agreement on Powersharing
10/30/1992 Preliminary
Rwanda Arusha Accords 8/4/1993 Comprehensive Senegal (Casamance) Agreement with MFDC 3/16/2001 Preliminary Senegal (Casamance) General Peace Accord 12/30/2004 Ceasefi re Sierra Leone Abidjan Accord 10/30/1996 Comprehensive Sierra Leone Agreement on Ceasefi re 5/18/1999 Ceasefi re Sierra Leone Lomé Agreement 7/7/1999 Comprehensive Sierra Leone Abuja Ceasefi re
Agreement 11/10/2000 Preliminary
Somalia General Agreement 1/8/1993 Ceasefi re Somalia Addis Ababa
Agreement 3/27/1993 Preliminary
Somalia Nairobi Declaration on National Reconciliation
3/24/1994 Preliminary
Somalia Cairo Declaration 12/22/1997 Preliminary Somalia Declaration on
Cessation of Hostilities 10/27/2002 Comprehensive
Somalia Transitional Federal Charter
1/29/2004 Comprehensive
Somalia Djibouti Agreement 6/9/2008 Ceasefi re Somalia Djibouti
Implementation Agreement
10/26/2008 Implementation
Somalia High Level Committee Agreement
11/25/2008 Comprehensive
Somalia Declaration of Cooperation
6/21/2009 Preliminary
Somalia Galkayo Agreement 8/23/2009 Comprehensive Somalia Ahlu Sunnah Wal Jamaa
Agreement 3/15/2010 Comprehensive
174 APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011
Case Peace agreement Date Type
Sri Lanka (Eelam) Declaration of Cessation of Hostilities
1/8/1995 Ceasefi re
Sri Lanka (Eelam) Agreement on Ceasefi re 2/23/2002 Ceasefi re Sudan Political Charter 4/10/1996 Preliminary Sudan Peace Agreement with
UDSF 4/21/1997 Comprehensive
Sudan Nuba Mountains Ceasefi re Agreement
1/19/2002 Ceasefi re
Sudan Machakos Protocol 7/20/2002 Preliminary Sudan Memorandum of
Understanding on Cessation of Hostilities
10/15/2002 Ceasefi re
Sudan Memorandum of Understanding
11/18/2002 Preliminary
Sudan Agreement on Security Arrangements
9/25/2003 Preliminary
Sudan Framework Agreement on Wealth Sharing
1/7/2004 Preliminary
Sudan Humanitarian Ceasefi re Agreement on the Confl ict in Darfur
4/8/2004 Ceasefi re
Sudan Protocols on the Resolution of Confl ict and Powersharing
5/26/2004 Preliminary
Sudan Declaration on the Conclusion of IGAD Negotiations
11/19/2004 Preliminary
Sudan Implementation Protocols
12/31/2004 Preliminary
Sudan Sudanese Comprehensive Peace Agreement
1/9/2005 Comprehensive
Sudan Darfur Peace Agreement
5/5/2006 Comprehensive
Sudan Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement
10/14/2006 Comprehensive
Sudan Doha Goodwill Agreement
2/17/2009 Preliminary
Sudan JEM Framework Agreement
2/23/2010 Preliminary
Sudan LJM Framework Agreement
3/18/2010 Preliminary
Sudan LJM Ceasefi re 3/18/2010 Ceasefi re Sudan Agreement on Political
Partnership 6/28/2011 Preliminary
APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011 175
Case Peace agreement Date Type
Sudan LJM Doha Adoption 7/14/2011 Comprehensive Sudan Protocol on Political
Participation 7/16/2011 Implementation
Tajikistan Tehran Agreement 9/17/1994 Ceasefi re Tajikistan Protocol on Settlement
of the Military and Political Situation in the areas of Confrontation
12/11/1996 Ceasefi re
Tajikistan Agreement on the Moscow Meeting
12/23/1996 Preliminary
Tajikistan Joint Statement 1/19/1997 Preliminary Tajikistan Protocol on Military
Issues 3/8/1997 Preliminary
Tajikistan Protocol on Political Issues
5/18/1997 Preliminary
Tajikistan General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord
6/27/1997 Comprehensive
Uganda Gulu Ceasefi re 2/2/1994 Ceasefi re Uganda Uganda National
Rescue Front II Ceasefi re
6/15/2002 Ceasefi re
Uganda Yumbe Peace Agreement
12/24/2002 Comprehensive
Uganda Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities
8/26/2006 Ceasefi re
Uganda Comprehensive Solutions Agreement
5/2/2007 Comprehensive
Uganda Agreement on Accountability and Reconciliation
6/29/2007 Implementation
Uganda Annex to Accountability and Reconciliation
2/19/2008 Implementation
Uganda Implementation Protocol
2/22/2008 Implementation
Uganda Permanent Ceasefi re 2/23/2008 Ceasefi re Uganda Agreement on
Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration
2/28/2008 Implementation
Uganda Implementation and Monitoring Protocol
2/29/2008 Implementation
176 APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011
Case Peace agreement Date Type
UK (Northern Ireland)
Good Friday Agreement
4/10/1998 Comprehensive
Yemen (South Yemen)
Ceasefi re Agreement 6/30/1994 Ceasefi re
Yugoslavia (Croatia) Ceasefi re Agreement 1/2/1992 Ceasefi re Yugoslavia (Slovenia) Brioni Agreement 7/12/1991 Comprehensive
177
Case Peace agreement Spoiler Objective
Afghanistan Peshawar Accord (1992) HIA Modifi cation Angola Bicesse Accords (1991) UNITA Modifi cation Angola Lusaka Protocol (1994) UNITA Modifi cation Azerbaijan (Nagorno- Karabakh)
Bishkek Protocol (1994) OMON Termination
Azerbaijan (Nagorno- Karabakh)
Bishkek Protocol (1994) Opposition Parties Modifi cation
Bangladesh Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord (1997)
BNP Modifi cation
Burundi Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement (2000)
FDD Termination
Burundi Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement (2000)
FNL Termination
Burundi Burundi Ceasefi re Agreement (2002)
CNDD-FDD Modifi cation
Burundi Pretoria Protocol (2003)
FNL Termination
Burundi Pretoria II Protocol (2003)
FNL Termination
Burundi Global Ceasefi re Agreement (2003)
FNL Termination
Cambodia Comprehensive Political Settlement (1991)
Civilian Rioters Termination
APPENDIX B: SPOILERS
178 APPENDIX B: SPOILERS
Case Peace agreement Spoiler Objective
Cambodia Comprehensive Political Settlement (1991)
KR Modifi cation
Chad Tripoli 2 Agreement (2002)
MDJT Mardigue Faction
Termination
Colombia Political Agreement with M-19 (1990)
Paramilitaries Termination
Congo/Zaire Lusaka Accord (1999) MLC Modifi cation Côte d’Ivoire Linas-Marcoussis
Agreement (2003) Civilian Rioters Modifi cation
Côte d’Ivoire Linas-Marcoussis Agreement (2003)
Young Patriots Modifi cation
Côte d’Ivoire Linas-Marcoussis Agreement (2003)
Military Modifi cation
Côte d’Ivoire Pretoria II (2005) Young Patriots Modifi cation Djibouti Peace Accord (1994) FRUD-AD Termination El Salvador Chapultepec Peace
Agreement and New York Act II (1992)
Paramilitaries Termination
El Salvador Chapultepec Peace Agreement and New York Act II (1992)
FMLN Modifi cation
El Salvador Chapultepec Peace Agreement and New York Act II (1992)
Government Modifi cation
El Salvador Supplementary Agreement (1993)
FMLN Modifi cation
El Salvador Agreement of the Tripartite Meeting (1993)
Former Members of the Military
Modifi cation
Georgia (Abkhazia)
Agreement on a Ceasefi re and Separation of Forces (1994)
Abkhazia Rebels Modifi cation
Georgia (Abkhazia)
Agreement on a Ceasefi re and Separation of Forces (1994)
Government Modifi cation
Guatemala Queretaro Agreement (1991)
Military Modifi cation
Guatemala Queretaro Agreement (1991)
Business Leaders Modifi cation
Guatemala Agreements on Negotiations and Human Rights (1994)
URNG Modifi cation
APPENDIX B: SPOILERS 179
Case Peace agreement Spoiler Objective
Guatemala Agreements on Negotiations and Human Rights (1994)
Paramilitaries Termination
Haiti Governors Island Accord (1993)
FRAPH Termination
India (Bodoland) Bodo Accord (1993) BSF Modifi cation Indonesia (Aceh) Cessation of Hostilities
Framework Agreement (2002)
FPSG Modifi cation
Indonesia (Aceh) Cessation of Hostilities Framework Agreement (2002)
TNI Modifi cation
Indonesia (Aceh) Cessation of Hostilities Framework Agreement (2002)
Government Modifi cation
Indonesia (East Timor)
Dili Peace Accord (1999)
Indonesian Military Termination
Indonesia (East Timor)
Dili Peace Accord (1999)
Militias Termination
Israel (Palestine) Oslo Accords (1993) Hamas Termination Israel (Palestine) Oslo Accords (1993) DFLP Termination Israel (Palestine) Oslo Accords (1993) PFLP Termination Israel (Palestine) Paris Economic
Relations Pact (1994) Hamas Termination
Israel (Palestine) Paris Economic Relations Pact (1994)
DFLP Termination
Israel (Palestine) Paris Economic Relations Pact (1994)
PFLP Termination
Israel (Palestine) Cairo Agreement (1994) Hamas Termination Israel (Palestine) Cairo Agreement (1994) DFLP Termination Israel (Palestine) Cairo Agreement (1994) PFLP Termination Israel (Palestine) Agreement on
Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities (1994)
Islamic Jihad Termination
Israel (Palestine) Agreement on Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities (1994)
Hamas Termination
Israel (Palestine) Agreement on Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities (1994)
DFLP Termination
180 APPENDIX B: SPOILERS
Case Peace agreement Spoiler Objective
Israel (Palestine) Agreement on Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities (1994)
PFLP Termination
Israel (Palestine) Oslo II (1995) Hamas (Factions) Termination Israel (Palestine) Protocols Concerning
Hebron (1997) Hamas Termination
Liberia Lomé Agreement (1991)
NPFL Modifi cation
Liberia Yamoussoukro III Peace Agreement (1991)
ULIMO Termination
Liberia Yamoussoukro IV Accord (1991)
ULIMO Termination
Liberia Geneva Agreement (1992)
ULIMO Termination
Liberia Cotonou Accord (1993) NPFL Modifi cation Liberia Accra Ceasefi re
Agreement (2003) Charles Taylor Modifi cation
Liberia Comprehensive Peace Agreement (2003)
LURD Modifi cation
Liberia Comprehensive Peace Agreement (2003)
Model Modifi cation
Macedonia Ohrid Agreement (2001)
Ljube Boškoski Termination
Macedonia Ohrid Agreement (2001)
NLA Modifi cation
Mali (Azawad) Tamanrasset Accord (1991)
FPLA Termination
Mexico (Chiapas) The San Andrés Accords (1996)
EZLN Modifi cation
Nepal Decisions of the Summit Meeting (2006)
CPN-M Modifi cation
Nepal Decisions of the Summit Meeting (2006)
CPN-M Modifi cation
Nepal 7-Point Agreement (2011)
UCPN-M Modifi cation
Nepal 7-Point Agreement (2011)
CPN-M Modifi cation
Nicaragua Toncontin Agreement (1990)
Virgilio Godoy Termination
Nicaragua Toncontin Agreement (1990)
Re-Contras Modifi cation
Nicaragua Toncontin Agreement (1990)
Contras Modifi cation
APPENDIX B: SPOILERS 181
Case Peace agreement Spoiler Objective
Nicaragua Toncontin Agreement (1990)
Revueltos Modifi cation
Niger (Air and Azawad)
Paris Accord (1993) FLAA Factions Termination
Niger (Air and Azawad)
Paris Accord (1993) FLT Modifi cation
Niger (Air and Azawad)
Accord to Establish a Defi nitive Peace (1995)
UFRA Modifi cation
Papua New Guinea (Bougainville)
Burnham Truce (1997) BRA Ona Faction Termination
Papua New Guinea (Bougainville)
Arawa Agreement (1998) BRA Ona Faction Termination
Philippines (Mindanao)
Jakarta Accord (1996) MILF Termination
Philippines (Mindanao)
Jakarta Accord (1996) Civilian Rioters Termination
Philippines (Mindanao)
Agreement on Ancestral Domain (2008)
BIFF Modifi cation
Rwanda Arusha Accords (1993) RPF Modifi cation Sierra Leone Agreement on Ceasefi re
(1999) RUF Modifi cation
Sierra Leone Lomé Agreement (1999)
RUF Modifi cation
Sierra Leone Abuja Ceasefi re Agreement (2000)
RUF Modifi cation
Somalia Transitional Federal Charter (2004)
General Morgan Modifi cation
Somalia Djibouti Agreement (2008)
ALRS Asmara Faction
Termination
Sudan Political Charter (1996) SPLA Garang Faction
Termination
Sudan Darfur Peace Agreement (2006)
National Resistance Front
Termination
Sudan Agreement of Good Will (2009)
JEM Modifi cation
Tajikistan General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord (1997)
Defense Council for South and Central Tajikistan
Termination
Tajikistan General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord (1997)
UTO Modifi cation
182 APPENDIX B: SPOILERS
Case Peace agreement Spoiler Objective
Uganda Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities (2006)
LRA Modifi cation
Uganda Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities (2006)
Government Modifi cation
Uganda Comprehensive Solutions Agreement (2007)
LRA Modifi cation
UK (Northern Ireland)
Good Friday Agreement (1998)
CIRA Termination
UK (Northern Ireland)
Good Friday Agreement (1998)
Orange Volunteers Termination
UK (Northern Ireland)
Good Friday Agreement (1998)
RIRA Termination
UK (Northern Ireland)
Good Friday Agreement (1998)
Loyalist Volunteer Force
Termination
UK (Northern Ireland)
Good Friday Agreement (1998)
IRA Modifi cation
183© The Author(s) 2016A.G. Reiter, Fighting Over Peace, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40102-7
INDEX
A Abkhazia , 130 Abu Sayyaf , 2, 82 Abuja Ceasefi re , 119 Abuja Ceasefi re Agreement , 113 Accord to Establish a
Defi nitive Peace , 109, 130 Accra Ceasefi re Agreement , 114 Accra, Ghana , 107 Aceh , 120 Affi N’Guessan, Pascal , 110 Afghanistan , 116–18 African National Congress , 33 African Union , 43, 95 Agreement of Goodwill , 131 Agreement on Cessation of
Hostilities , 38, 129 Ahmed, Ahmed
Dini , 31, 88 Ahmed, Sharif Sheikh , 96 Air and Azawak Liberation Front
(FLAA) , 88, 130 Akosombo Agreement , 134 Alaka, Caleb , 121 al-Bashir, Omar , 131
Alliance of the Liberation and Reconstitution of Somalia (ALRS) , 96
al-Qaeda , 81 al-Shabaab , 96 Angola , 4, 5, 23, 133 Ankunda, Paddy , 130 Arab Islamic Front of Azawad , 90 Arafat, Yasser , 80, 95 Aristide, Jean-Bertrand , 93 Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) , 94 Armed Resistance Organization
(ORA) , 109 Armenia , 91 Arusha Accords , 132 Arusha Peace and Reconciliation
Agreement , 88 Assam , 2 Association of Demobilized
Members of the Armed Forces (ADEFAES) , 128
Australia , 93 Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao (ARMM) , 81, 86 Azerbaijan , 91, 92, 108, 109, 151
184 INDEX
B Baidya, Mohan , 115 Bangkok, Thailand , 86 Bangladesh , 119 Bangladesh Nationalist Party
(BNP) , 115 Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL) , 2 Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom
Fighters (BIFF) , 2, 133 Banny, Konan , 110, 111 Basque , 5 Bhattarai, Baburam , 115 Bicesse Accords , 133 Bishkek Protocol , 91, 108, 151 Bobby, Paul , 81 Bodo Accord , 119 Bodo Autonomous Council , 119 Bodo Security Force (BSF) , 119, 120 Bosco, Jean , 88 Boŝkoski, Ljube , 85 Bougainville , 80 Bougainville Burnham Truce , 81 Bougainville Copper Limited , 80 Bougainville Revolutionary Army
(BRA) , 80–2 Bryant, Gyude , 111, 112 Bujumbura, Burundi , 124 Burundi , 2, 88, 124
C Cambodia , 36, 41, 85, 133, 134 Cameroon , 114 Canada , 93 Cédras, Raoul , 93 Central African Republic , 122 Chad , 5, 87 Chamorro, Violeta , 84, 112 Chapultepec Agreement , 127 Chittagong Hill Tract (CHT) ,
115–16 Cochrane, Feargal , 14, 42
Colombia , 2, 5, 34, 35, 46, 91, 151
Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (CPN-M) , 4, 40, 109, 110, 115, 124, 125, 150
Comprehensive Agreement on Bangsamoro (CAB) , 1–3, 82
Comprehensive Human Rights Agreement , 125
Comprehensive Political Settlement in Cambodia , 85
Conneh, Sekou , 111 Continuity Irish Republican Army
(CIRA) , 78, 151 Contras , 25, 84, 112, 129 Coordinating Council of the
Southern States , 89 Co-ordination of Armed
Resistance , 130 Correlates of War (COW) , 8, 9 Côte d’Ivoire , 36, 41, 46, 94, 107,
109–12 Cotonou Agreement , 134 Cristiani, Alfredo , 127
D Dahir Aweys, Hassan , 96 Darby, John , 3, 45 Darfur , 96, 131 Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA) , 2,
14, 95, 96 Dayak, Mano , 88 Defense Council for South and
Central Tajikistan , 92 Democratic Front for the
Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) , 80
Democratic Republic of Congo , 130 de Soto, Álvaro , 127 diamonds , 55, 62 Dili Peace Accord , 92, 93
INDEX 185
disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration , 58, 60, 112, 128
Djibouti , 31, 88 Doe, Samuel , 94 Doha Agreement , 2 Doha Goodwill Agreement , 131 Dostum, Abdul Rashid , 117, 118 drugs , 3, 34, 55, 62
E East Timor , 34, 46, 92, 93, 151 Economic Community of West
African States , 107 Economic Community of West
African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) , 94, 113, 116, 117
Ellis, Stephen , 33 El Salvador , 4, 33, 39, 46, 82, 83,
127, 129, 132, 151, 155 European Union (EU) , 3, 51, 85
F Farabundo Martí National Liberation
Front (FMLN) , 39, 82, 83, 127, 128, 155
Farid, Ustad , 118 Forces for the Defense of Democracy
(FDD) , 88, 89 Foreign & Commonwealth Offi ce of
the United Kingdom , 3 France , 107 Free Aceh Movement , 120, 133 Front for the Advancement and
Progress of Haiti (FRAPH) , 93 Front for the Liberation of Tamoust
(FLT) , 88, 130 Front for the Restoration of
Unity and Democracy (FRUD) , 31, 88
Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy-Ahmed Dini Ahmed , 31, 88
G Gaddafi , Muammar , 117 Garang, John , 89 Gbagbo, Laurent , 36, 107,
110, 111 Georgia , 130 Ghana , 107, 117 Global Ceasefi re Agreement , 89 Godoy, Virgilio , 84 Good Friday Agreement , 3, 78, 79,
87, 125, 151 Goulding, Marrack , 127 Governors Island Accord , 93 Greenhill, Kelly , 26, 58 Guatemala , 4, 24, 46, 82,
83, 108, 109, 125, 126, 151
Guatemala City, Guatemala , 108, 154 Guatemalan National Revolutionary
Unity (URNG) , 83, 108, 125, 126, 154
Guinea , 114 Gurr, Ted , 51 Guterres, Eurico , 93
H Habyarimana, Juvénal , 132, 133 Haiti , 46, 93, 151 Hamas , 24, 31, 80, 95 Hampson, Fen Osler , 57 Harff, Barbara , 51 Hartzell, Caroline , 65 Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin , 116–18 High Court of Uganda , 121 Hizb-i-Islami Gulbuddin (HIG) , 117 Hoddie, Matthew , 65
186 INDEX
I Independent Electoral
Commission , 110 Independent National Patriotic Front
of Liberia (INPFL) , 94 India , 2, 116, 119, 120 Indonesia , 34, 46, 92, 93, 120, 133 Indonesian National Armed
Forces , 120 Inter-American Development
Bank , 108 Intergovernmental Authority on
Development , 114 International Confl ict Research
Institute at the University of Ulster , 9–10
International Criminal Court , 111, 120–2, 130, 131
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia , 85
International Force for East Timor , 93
International Peace Institute , 3 International Support and Verifi cation
Commission , 129 Iran , 42, 108 Irish Republican Army (IRA) ,
78, 79, 125 Irvinestown, Northern
Ireland , 79 Islamabad Accord , 118 Islamic Command Council , 82 Islamic Jihad , 80, 95 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria , 2 Israel , 3, 5, 24, 31, 41, 80,
82, 95,97 Ivorian Popular Front , 110
J Jakarta Accord , 36, 81, 86
Jakarta Agreement , 82 Janjaweed , 131 Jaramillo Ossa, Bernardo , 35 Javadov, Rovshan , 92 Johnson, Prince , 85, 94 Johnson-Sirleaf, Ellen , 112 Joint Security Committee (JSC) , 120 Justice and Equality Movement
(JEM) , 95, 131
K Kabbah, Ahmad Tejan , 113 Kabul, Afghanistan , 117, 118 Keesing’s World News Archives , 11 Kenya , 114 Khmer Rouge (KR) , 36, 85,
86, 134 Khudayberdiev, Makhmud , 92 Kismayo, Somalia , 114, 115 Kony, Joseph , 120–2 Kuanyin Bol, Kerubino , 89 Kufuor, John , 107 Kydd, Andrew , 53
L Ledoux, Guy , 3 Liberia , 41, 94, 97, 111, 112, 114,
116, 117, 129, 133, 134 Liberians United for Reconciliation
and Democracy (LURD) , 111, 114, 123
Libya , 117 Likud , 95 Linas-Marcoussis Agreement ,
36, 107 Lions , 85 Lomé Agreement , Liberia, 116 Lomé Agreement, Sierra Leone ,
118–119
INDEX 187
Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) , 38, 120–2, 129, 130
Loyalist Volunteer Force , 88, 153
Lukwiya, Raska , 120–1 Lusaka Accord , 130 Lusaka Protocol , 134
M Macedonia , 84, 85, 125, 126 Mac Ginty, Roger , 87 Machar, Riek , 89 Major, Solomon , 26, 58 Makeni, Sierra Leone , 119 Mali , 90 Marcos, Ferdinand , 81 Massoud, Ahmad Shah , 117 Maximiliano Hernández Martínez
Anti-Communist Brigade , 83 Mazari, Abdul Ali , 117 Memorandum of Agreement on the
Muslim Ancestral Domain , 133 Mexico , 132, 133 Mindanao , 1, 2, 81, 86 Minnawi, Minni , 95, 96 Misuari, Nur , 81 Mitchell, George , 125 modifi cation spoiling , 39, 123 Monrovia, Liberia , 117 Moreno-Ocampo, Luis , 121, 122 Morgan, Mohammed Siyad Hersie ,
114, 115 Moro Islamic Liberation Front
(MILF) , 1, 2, 81, 82, 133 Moro nationalists , 1 Moro National Liberation Front
(MNLF) , 1, 36, 81, 82, 86 Movement for Democracy and
Justice in Chad (MDJT) , 87 Movement for Democracy in Liberia
(MODEL) , 111, 114
Movement for the Liberation of Congo (MLC) , 130
Mugabarabona, Alain , 89
N Nagorno , 151 Nagorno-Karabakh , 91, 108 Nairobi, Kenya , 114 Najibullah, Mohammad , 117 National Council for the Defense of
Democracy—Forces for the Defense of Democracy (CNDD- FDD) , 89, 124
National Forces for Liberation (FNL) , 2, 88, 89
Nationalist Republican Alliance , 83 National Liberation Army , 85 National Opposition Union , 84 National Patriotic Front of Liberia
(NPFL) , 94, 116, 117, 134 National Redemption Front
(NRF) , 2, 14 National Resistance Front , 95 National Salvation Commission , 84 National Union for the Total
Independence of Angola , 4, 133 Navarro, Antonio , 91 Nepal , 4, 40, 109, 112, 115, 124,
125, 136, 150 Netanyahu, Benjamin , 95 New Forces , 107 Newman, Edward , 56 Nicaragua , 25, 46, 84, 112, 113,
129, 132 Niger , 88, 109, 112, 129, 130 Nigeria , 114, 117 Nilsson, Desirée , 45 19th of April Movement
(M-19) , 91 Nkurunziza, Peter , 124 Non-State Actor Dataset , 27
188 INDEX
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) , 85, 125
Northern Ireland , 3, 30–1, 41, 78, 79, 82, 87, 125, 126, 151
O Odhiambo, Okot , 121 Ohrid Agreement , 85, 125 Omagh, Northern Ireland , 79 Ona, Francis , 80–2 Ongwen, Dominic , 121 Operation Lightning Thunder , 122 Operation Octopus , 117 Operation Uphold Democracy , 93 Orange Volunteers , 79, 151 Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) , 85, 108
Organization of American States , 112, 129
Organization of the Armed Resistance , 130
Ortega, Daniel , 112 Ortega, Humberto , 112 Oslo Accords , 80, 95 Otti, Vincent , 120
P Pakistan , 117 Palestine , 3, 5, 24, 41, 80, 95 Palestinian Liberation Organization
(PLO) , 80, 95 Palawan , 81 Panama , 93 Papua New Guinea , 80 Paris Accord , 130 Paris Accords , 36 Patriotic Union , 35 peacekeeping , 8, 25, 29, 36, 41, 58,
62, 66, 81, 93, 105, 108, 109, 111, 127, 133, 148, 157
Pearlman, Wendy , 95
Peshawar Accord , 117, 118 Philippines , 1, 3, 36, 80–2, 86, 133 Phnom Penh, Cambodia , 86 Pizarro, Carlos , 91 Political Charter , 89 Polity IV , 63 Popular Front for the Liberation of
Palestine (PFLP) , 80 Popular Liberation Front of Azawad
(FPLA) , 90 Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Azawad , 90 Pot, Pol , 85 powersharing , 30, 54, 59, 60, 65, 66,
70, 89, 107, 111, 118, 119, 124 Prachanda , 115 Pretoria Agreement , 110 Pretoria Protocol on Political,
Defence and Security Power Sharing , 124
R Rabbani, Burhanuddin , 118 Rabin, Yitzhak , 80 Ramos, Fidel , 36, 86 Real Irish Republican Army (RIRA) ,
31, 78, 79, 151 Re-Contras , 112, 123, 129, 135 Resistance Front Against GAM
Separatists , 120 Revolutionary Armed Forces of
Colombia (FARC) , 2, 35 Revolutionary Army for the Liberation
of Azawad (ARLA) , 90 Revolutionary Front for an
Independent East Timor , 93 Revolutionary United Front (RUF) ,
40, 113, 114, 118, 119 Revueltos , 129 Reychler, Luc , 14 Robow Abu Mansur, Moqtar , 96 Romero, Oscar , 83 Russia , 108
INDEX 189
Rwanda , 5, 132, 133 Rwandese Patriotic Front , 132 Rwasa, Agathon , 89
S Salamat, Hasham , 81 Samphan, Khieu , 85 San Andrès Accords , 132 Sandinistas , 25, 84, 112, 129 Sandline International , 80 Sankoh, Foday , 40, 113–14,
118,119 Saudi Arabia , 42 Savimbi, Jonas , 4, 23, 133, 134 Sawyer, Amos , 116, 117 Senegal , 117 Sen, Hun , 86 Sen, Son , 36 Sierra Leone , 40, 94, 114, 118, 119 Sihanouk, Norodom , 85 Sisk, Timothy , 14 Social Action Party , 108 Söderberg Kovacs , Mimmi, 45 Somalia , 5, 96, 114 Somoza Debayle, Anastasio , 84 Soro, Guillaume , 111 South Africa , 33 Southern Sudan Defense Forces , 89 Southern Sudan Independence
Movement/Army , 89 Soviet Union , 91, 117 Spain , 5 Special Purpose Police Unit
(OMON) , 91, 92, 151 Sri Lanka , 5 Srirarm, Chandra Lekha , 60 Stedman, Stephen , 2, 6, 14,
22, 45, 97 Stockholm International
Peace Research Institute’s Military Expenditure Database , 62
Sudan , 2, 5, 89, 95, 96, 131
Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) , 95, 96, 131
Sudan Liberation Movement/Army-Abdel Wahid , 95
Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) , 89
Sudan People’s Liberation Army-Bahr al-Ghazel , 89
Suharto , 93 Sulu , 81 Sun City Agreement , 130 Syria , 42
T Tajikistan , 92, 129 Talavera, Jose Angel , 129 Taliban , 118 Tamanrasset Agreement , 90 Taylor, Charles , 94, 114, 116,
117, 134 Thailand , 86 The Hague, Netherlands , 85, 111 Third-Party Peacekeeping Missions
Dataset , 62 Tigers , 98 Togoi, Adoum , 87 Togoïmi, Youssouf , 87 Toncontin Agreement , 84 Transitional Federal Charter , 114 Transitional Justice Peace
Agreements Database , 9 Traoré, Moussa , 90 Trebos , 85 Tripoli Agreement , 81 Tripoli 2 Agreement , 87 Tuareg , 88, 90, 109 Turkey , 108 Tutsi , 88, 124
U Uganda , 38, 120–2, 129, 130 Ulster , 79, 87
190 INDEX
Unifi ed Communist Party of Nepal- Maoist , 125, 136
Union of Armed Resistance Force (UFRA) , 109
United Democratic Salvation Front , 89 United Kingdom , 79 United Liberation Movement of
Liberia , 94 United Liberation Movement
of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO) , 117
United Movements and Fronts of Azawad , 90
United Nations , 3, 9, 51, 56, 83, 93, 95, 110–12, 114, 118, 119, 126–9, 131, 132, 134, 152–7
United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone , 113, 119
United Nations Offi ce on Drugs and Crime , 46
United Nations peacekeeping , 3, 111, 119, 127, 157
United Nations Peacemaker website , 9
United Nations Security Council , 3, 14, 107, 157
United Nations Special Court for Sierra Leone , 114
United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor , 93
United States , 84, 93, 94, 117, 118, 125, 131
United States Aid for International Development , 129
United States Department of the Treasury , 14
United States Institute of Peace , 10
United Tajik Opposition (UTO) , 92, 129
Uppsala Confl ict Data Program/Peace Research Institute Oslo (UCDP/PRIO) , 8–10, 14, 62, 63
USS Harlan County , 93 Uzbekistan , 92
V Vietnam , 134
W Walter, Barbara , 51, 53 Wolves , 98 World Bank’s Governance
Indicators , 62 World Bank’s World Development
Indicators , 62
Y Yamoussoukro Accords , 94 Yebibou Agreement , 87 Yemen , 3, 14, 42 Young Patriots , 36, 107, 110 Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang , 133
Z Zahar, Marie-Jöelle , 45, 58 Zamboanga, Philippines , 36, 86 Zapatista Army of National
Liberation , 132 Zartman, I. William , 58