a revolution in american agriculture · biolubricants, neutraceuticals) de-emulsification, 3-phase...
TRANSCRIPT
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Center for Crops Utilization Research
Larry Johnson
Director, Center for Crops Utilization Research
Director, BioCentury Research Farm
The Bioeconomy A Revolution in American Agriculture
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What is the Bioeconomy?
The bioeconomy is the way society will
obtain vital sources of carbon and energy, in
the process dramatically reduce our
dependence on non-renewable resources.
Agriculture will make this transformation
possible by providing biorenewable
resources to produce biofuels and biobased
products.
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Motivation for a Bioeconomy
• Excess agricultural production – Especially in U.S., but many countries are
becoming self sufficient in food production
• Environmental quality – Local and regional (smog, acid rain, waste
disposal)
– Global climate change
• National security – Reduced reliance on imports
• Rural development – Rural economies are not thriving in many
parts of the world
• High petroleum prices – Now makes economic sense Source: USDA NRCS
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New Realities in Corn and Petroleum Prices
June 28, 2008
$7.88/bu
Fall, 2011
$95-105/brl
Fall, 2011
$6.00-6.35/bu
June 28, 2008
$147/brl
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Relative Prices of Petroleum to
Corn have Changed
Fall 2011
$100/brl ÷ $6.00/bu = 17 bu/brl
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Ethanol Plants
203 operating
11 under construction
Expanding/New construction
Currently in production
Map as of May 2008, data as of May 2010
Data from Renewable Fuels Association
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12 billion gal = 4.3 billion bu
4.3 billion bu out of a 13 billion bu
harvest = 33% of crop
US Ethanol Production
Est. 12 billion gal in 2010;
we have 14 billion gal capacity
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Corn Utilization More than one-half of
Iowa corn is converted
to ethanol
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Provisions of the 2007 Energy
Independence & Security Act
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Any renewable fuel achieving 50% reduction in life-cycle
GHG emissions from the petroleum baseline, and is not
derived from corn starch. 21 billion gallons of advanced
biofuels are to be used in US fuel supply. Includes:
• Ethanol from biomass
• Biodiesel (methyl esters)
• Biobutanol
• Green diesel (hydroprocessed)
• Biopropanol
• Pyrolysis oil
• Fischer Tropsch bio-derived diesel
• Bio-derived synthetic paraffinic kerosene (bio jet fuel)
• Biomass-based dimethyl ether
• Renewable diesel (thermal depolymerization)
Advanced Biofuel
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Biofuels Have
Endured Many Charges • Negative energy balance
• Little impact on fuel consumption
• Not enough corn and soybeans
• Corn and soybean prices are rising
• Food vs fuel, we are starving the world
• Ethanol uses too much water
• Rain forests are being destroyed
• New land brought into production exacerbates carbon emissions
• Depleting CRP and wildlife habitat
• Ethanol is unsustainable
• Ethanol producers are just getting rich
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Corn Ethanol Profitability
Data provided by C. Hart, CARD, ISU
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10 Key Messages
Message 1
Science and engineering will make
biofuels more cost effective.
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Ethanol has a positive (30%) renewable fuel-to-fossil energy gain –
But we can do better!
Adapted from Wang (2005)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year of Publication
En
erg
y R
ati
o
Chambers et al.
Weinblatt et al. Ho
Marland & Turnhollow
Delucchi Shapouri et al.
Pimentel
Keeney & DeLuca
Lorenz & Morris Agri Canada
Wang et al.
Pimentel
Shapouri et al. Kim & Dale Graboski
Wang
Pimentel
Patzek
Shapouri et al.
NR Canada
Kim & Dale
Pimentel & Patzek
Average of unrelated studies = 1.3
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Modern
power
plant
30%
Gasoline
84%
Energy Efficiency of Oil
Refining and Electric Power
Adapted from: RBAEF Project (Dartmouth) and R. Anex (ISU)
Early
refining
20%
Energy value
solid < gas < liquid < electricity
Coal $1/106 BTU
Natural gas $12/106 BTU
Gasoline $23/106 BTU
Electricity $2,700/106 BTU
Not all BTUs are equal!
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Source: R. Wisner, Iowa State University
Dry-Grind Ethanol Yields
(industry average)
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Many Opportunities to Advance Grain-based Ethanol
Debran (ethanol) and degerm (oil, pharmaceuticals), better co-product for poultry and swine; CO2 screw pressing; corn germ protein food ingredients
Eliminate by using raw starch (ultrasonics, new hybrids, ozonation)
New enzymes (more complete hydrolysis)
Expanding and extraction (biodiesel, biolubricants, neutraceuticals)
De-emulsification, 3-phase centrifugation (oil)
Fungal fermentation (feed, water recycle)
New hybrids (more yield, easier processing, better co-products)
CO2 screw pressing, algae biodiesel and
nutraceuticals No-distillation fermentation
Biocomposites
Zein extraction
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Message 2
U.S. food has been and still is inexpensive.
It is not about food vs fuel.
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Expenditures of
Disposable Income for Food
Food
23.5%
Food
9.8%
1947 2007
All other
77.5% All other
91.2%
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US Spending on Food vs. Gasoline
Source: Newsweek, July 21, 2008
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Source Cost Savings
from Ethanol
USDA/DoE 20 – 35 cents
per gallon
CARD
Iowa State
University
29 – 40 cents
per gallon
Merrill Lynch 50 cents per
gallon
Ethanol Effect on Gasoline Prices
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Food and Fuel not Food vs Fuel
Source: USDA and ISU statistics; June 2008.
Gasoline savings per household due to
ethanol (29 to 40¢/gal): $210 to $526 Fuel
Net impact of ethanol on household spending:
$204 to $511
Added cost to food due to impact of ethanol
on food inflation: $6 to $15 Food
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Message 3
Farmers deserve a larger share of food and
fuel dollars.
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Cost of Corn in Corn Flakes • Corn
represents
13¢ of a
$3.25 box of
corn flakes
when corn
costs
$7.00/bu
• Probably
less than
energy
costs Source: ISU Extension
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Cost of Corn as Percent of Total Retail, Hide, and Offal Value
Source: J. Lawrence, Iowa State University
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0
50
100
150
200
250
1
2
3
4
5
6
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
19
78
1980
19
82
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
20
00
2002
20
04
2006
U.S
. C
on
su
mer
Pri
ce In
dex
Co
rn (
$ p
er
Bu
sh
el)
Corn Consumer Price Index
Corn Prices versus
Consumer Price Index
Corn should be priced at $9.25/bu!
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Message 4
Biotechnology will increase crop
yields and enable easier processing.
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Technology Advances Corn Yields
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Is 300 bu/A
possible –
twice today’s
corn yield?
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Opportunities for Biotechnology
to Improve Biodiesel
• Design soybeans to produce ready-
made biodiesel and biolubricants with
enhanced performance
• Issues:
– cost of conversion
– oxidative stability
– cold tolerance
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Triacylglycerol
+ Glycerol
Expensive
chemistry Byproduct
Monoacyl
ester
Jojoba genes
Monoacyl esters Branched chain fatty acids
Bacterial genes
Branched chain mono-esters
Enhanced Biodiesel Feedstock
Ready-made fuel, cold tolerant, oxidatively stable
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Message 5
Corn grain alone cannot meet the US
mandate – cellulosic ethanol will be needed.
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How Can We Meet US Motor Fuel Demand?
No single solution, answer requires multiple approaches!
36 billion gal goal by 2022
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• Large underutilized resource.
• Enzyme conversion to fermentable sugars is difficult.
• One plant in Canada producing fuel ethanol.
• DOE funded 27 pilot, demonstration and commercial scale plants
Fuel Ethanol and Other Fermentation
Products from Cellulosic Biomass
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How Much Biomass
Could Be Produced?
• Total potential in
U.S. is in excess
of 1.3 billion tons
(about 21 EJ)
• Could supply
21% of U.S.
energy demand,
or
• 66% of U.S.
transportation
fuel
U.S. Biomass Potential
(million tons)
47132
43
58
55
389
343
7996
Fuel wood
Milling residues
Urban wood residues
Logging residues
Forest thinning
Crop residues
Dedicated crops
Grains for biofuels
Ag processing residues &
manure
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Poet and DuPont
are building ligno-
cellulose-to-
ethanol plants in
Iowa
Gen 1
Gen 2
Gen 3
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Message 6
Do not get wedded to today’s ethanol and
biodiesel – there may be better biofuels.
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Automobile Range for Gasoline &
Ethanol Blends (17-gal fuel tank)
0 100 200 300 400 500
Gasoline
E-10
E-85
E-100
Miles
75,400
BTU/Gal
81,600
BTU/Gal
112,500
BTU/Gal
116,600
BTU/Gal
16.2 mpg 275
297
410
425
17.5 mpg
24.1 mpg
25.0 mpg
Not used for cars in the U.S.
Low energy value and hygroscopic nature make transportation
challenging
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Biofuel Pathways from Biomass
Adapted from Virent Energy Systems (2010)
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Message 7 It is not just about ethanol,
its about biorefineries.
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A Vision for Biorefineries
Biorefinery: Cluster of biobased industries
producing chemicals, fuels, power, products
and materials.
Shifts production
between products
depending on
market prices to
maximize profits.
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Eddyville, IA & Blair, NE –
First-generation Biorefineries
• Cargill – starch, sweeteners,
ethanol, lactic acid, PLA,
citric acid
• Heartland Lysine – lysine
• Aginomoto – MSG
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How a Biorefinery Will Operate
Energy Motor Fuels Chemicals Biobased Products Biomaterials
Conversion
Thermochemical Biological Chemical
Fractionation
Fiber Starch Oil Protein
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Message 8
Biofuels provide feedstock for value-added
industrial chemicals and biobased products.
Anything you can make from petroleum,
you can make from crops – its a matter of
economics!
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Where the Value Is
More value
is created
from the 3%
used for
industrial
chemicals
than the
71% used
for fuel.
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Alcohols Ethanol, butanol, isopropanol
Organic acids
Acetic, citric, lactic, gluconic, malic,
succinic, fumaric, propionic, butyric,
ketogluconic, itaconic, kojic
Ketones Acetone, glucosone
Polyols 2,3 butanediol, 1,3 butanediol,
glycerol, mannitol, arabinitol
Biopolymers Xanthan, pullulan, alginate
Potential Fermentation Products from Cornstarch
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CH3CH2OH
CH2 = CH2 CH3CHO CH3CO2H
Ethyl benzene
Ethyl bromide
Ethyl chloride
Ethyl ether
Ethlyene chlorohydrin
Ethlyene diamine
Ethlyene glylcol
Ethyleneimine
Ethylene oxide
Diethyl ketone
Diethylene glycol
Glycol ethers, esters
MEA, DEA, TEA
Vinyl acetate
Polymers, copolyers
Acetic acid
Acetic anhydride
Aldo products
Butyl acetate
Butylaldehyde
Chloral
Ethyleneimine
Pyridines
Acetamide
Acetanilde
Acetyl chloride
Acetic anhydride
Dimethyl acetamide
Cellulose acetates
Esters
Fermentation Products Become
Platform Chemicals
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Plastics Henry Ford (Ford Motor Co.) developed
soy protein plastics but lacked the
durability needed for automobile
applications.
Compostable soy
plastics
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Textiles
Henry Ford (Ford Motor Co.) developed
soy protein textiles but did not measure
up to performance of synthetic fibers.
PLA shirt Soybean suit
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Message 9
Integrate livestock production with biorefineries
to enhance food and fuel supplies.
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Integrate Animal Agriculture into Biorefineries and Retain a Robust
Livestock Industry
• Inevitable that some best uses for co-products will be feed.
• Biorefineries will need a healthy livestock industry.
• Marketing wet
DDGS saves processing energy but only practical within short distances.
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Source: FAPRI
Learning How to Substitute DDGS for Corn in Livestock Rations
One-third of grain mass is DDGS,
so ethanol production actually uses
22% of crop. Not 33%.
2000 2004 2008
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Message 10 The bioeconomy must be done in a sustainable
way – not replace unsustainable petroleum
production with another unsustainable system.
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Perennial Cover Crops
Develop perennial cover
crops that are temporally
and spatially compatible
with row crops
Biomass Crop Rotations
Develop long and
short-term corn-biomass
crop rotations and strips
that stabilize soil
New Crop Development
Develop highly productive
alternative bioenergy crops
Today’s Corn
Production is Unsustainable1
1 Professor Kendall Lamkey, Chair, Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University
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ISU BioCentury Research Farm – First Integrated
Biomass Production and Processing Facility
First research biorefinery
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We are in the midst
of the greatest
changes in
agriculture since
mechanization and
hybrid corn – a
REVOLUTION!
Those of us in the
Midwest US are at
the EPICENTER!
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The Bioeconomy Will science make it a good revolution?
YES, but there is plenty work to be done!
One-use carbon Reusable carbon