a satellite view of typhoon marie 1966 development

8/7/2019 A Satellite View of Typhoon Marie 1966 Development

1/99

T E C H N IC A L NO T E N A S A T N D-4757e.- -

LOAN COPY: RETURN TOKIRTLAND AFB, N M EXAFWL (WLIL-2)

OF1966 DEVELOPMENT

Y. Wurnecke a ~ d.J . Allison

Spuce Flight Center. R. Kreins

(IEnuironmentul Technicul AppZicutions Center -.d

. M . M c M il linllied Reseurcb Assocides, Inc.

A E R O N A U T I C S A N D S PACE A D M I N I S T R A T I O N W A S H I N G T O N , D . C . N O V E M B E R 1968


2/99

A SATELLITE VIEWO F TYPHOON MARIE 1966 DEVELOPMENT

By G . Warnec ke and L. J . AllisonGoddard Space Flight C ente rGreenbe lt, Md.

E. R. Krei ns, M ajor, USAFUSAF Environmental TechnicalApplications CenterWashington, D .C .

L. M . McMillinAllied Research Associa te s , Inc.Concord, Mass.

NA TI ON AL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATIONFor sa le b y t he C lear inghouse fo r Federa l Sc ie n t i f i c and Techn ica l I n format ion

Spr ingf ie ld, Virg in ia 2 2 1 5 1 - CFSTI pr ice $3.00


3/99


4/99

C O N T E N T Sb s t r a c t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

N T R O D U C T I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1IG H R E S O L U T I O N I N F R A R E D R A D I O M E T E R D A T A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

D E V E L O P M E N T O F T Y P H O O N M A RIE A S D E R IV E DF R O M S A T E L L I T E O B S E R V A T I O N S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

M E T E O R O L O G IC A L A S P E C T S O F T Y PH O O N M A RIE D E V E L O P M E N T . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6A P P A R E N T S I M IL A R IT IE S W I T H T H E D E V E L O P M E N T O F T Y P H O O N G IL DA 1 9 6 7 . . . . 1 2C O N C L U S I O N S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4R e f e r e n c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4

P P E N D I C E S - C O M P I L A T I O N O F S A T E L L I T E A ND C O N V E N T I O N A L O B S E R V A T IO N S . . 1 7A p p en d i x A - O c t o b e r 2 4. 1 9 6 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9A p p en d i x B - O c t o b e r 2 5. 1 9 6 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27A p p en d i x C - O c t o b e r 2 6. 1 9 6 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5A p p e n d i x D - O c t o b e r 27. 1 9 6 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3A p p e n d ix E - O c t o b e r 2 8. 1 9 6 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1A p p en d i x F - O c t o b e r 2 9. 1 9 6 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59A p p en d i x G - O c t o b e r 3 0. 1 9 6 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65A p p en d i x H - O c t o b e r 3 1. 1 9 6 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1A p p e n d i x I - N o v e m b e r 1. 1 9 6 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77A p p e nd ix J - N o v e m b e r 2 . 1 9 6 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3A p p e nd ix K - N o v e m b e r 3 t h r o u g h N o v e m b e r 9 . 1 9 67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7

iii


5/99

A SATELLITE VIEWOF TYPHOON MARIE 1966 DEVELOPMENT

byG . Warnecke* and L. J. Allison

Goddard Space Flight CenterE. R. Kreins, Major, USAFt

USAF Environmental Technical Applications CenterL. M. McMillin

Allied Resenvch Assoc iates, Inc.

In a comprehensive survey of prob lems in tropica l meteorology, A l a k a (1964) wrote the follow-the broad-scale conditions of hur ricane and typhoon development:

"It is a known fact that the incidence of hurricanes is directly related t o atmospheric condi-ns beyond the immediate locali ty of the potential sto rm. Some of the known pert inent broad-scale

of the trad es, the equatorward extension of the mid-latitude west-li es and the intensity and location of the subtrop ical highs and inte rtro pica l shearl ines . The

ism of the pers iste nce and variations of these fea ture s and the nature and dynamics of their

This paper will demonstrate that satelli te in frar ed and television observat ions can help in theigation of these mechanisms and will pres ent the re sult s of a case study performed parti c-

rly for the ea rly development stages of Typhoon Mar ie 1 9 6 6 using high resolution observationsf the Nimbus II and ESSA-3 meteorological satellites. In this connection, a comple te documenta-

f the sat ell ite observations of Typhoon Marie was achieved and is presented in the appendicesf this report.

Satel lite television picture s resemb le nor mal photographs and need no explanation; however,uctory re mar ks a r e necess ary to inter pret the high resolution infrared radiometer (HRIR)

used in this report.- of Ber l in , Germ a ny , as Na t io na l Aca dem y of S c i e n c e s - N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l Senior Po stdo c to ra lr Weather Ser vice member temporarily atta che d to the Go ddard Spa ce Fl ig h t Center .

1


6/99

HIGH RESOLUTION INFRARED RADIOMETER DATAThe NimbusII high resolution infrared radiome ter measured radiation in the 3.5- to 4.2-micron

atmospheric "window" region. Detailed observations of three-dimensional cloud str uc tu res weremade possible by the relatively sma ll field of view of the instru ment, which w a s 8.6 by 9.7 kilo-meters at the subsatel lite point (determined by the average sat ell ite altitude of 1100 kilometersand the 7.85 by 8.80 millira dians degree ap erture of the instrument).

The radiometer measureme nts differ from sa tellite television pictures in that the infraredradiometer measu res outgoing emitted radiation, while the television pictures depict differences inreflect ed so lar radiation. In the 3.5- to 4.2-micron nea r-in frar ed region, only nighttime mea sure-ments detect pure therm al radiation. Atmospheric and te rr es tr ia l features a re detected by daytimmeasurements also, but a separation of the two radiation components, and therefore a unique phys-

ica l interpretation of the measurements in meteorological te rms ,

20N

T O O N

0"

100s

is not possible because of the approximately equal radiances ofthe emitted thermal radiation and the near inf rared reflec ted-solar radiation. In the absence of sunlight, blackbody radiationcan be assumed and the detected radiance can be converted to thetem peratu re of the radiating su rface ("equivalent blackbody tem-perature," TBB ). This per mits the derivation of earth o r oceansurface temperatures, under cle ar sky conditions, and cloud topheights when an opaque, plane cloud surface fills the field of viewof the radiometer. Examples of this technique and resu lts fro msat elli te experiments a re we ll documented (NASA, 1965).

In the 3.5- to 4.2-micron range of theHRIRinstrument, s lightatmospheric attenuation by water vapor and carbon dioxide is stilpresen t and cor rec tions of up to +5% may have to be applied tothe tempe rature maps. These correc tions a re directly propor-tional to the scan nadir angle and the variable atmospheric watervapor content.

The infrared data ar e presently available in two forms. Oneis a photographic image formed scan by scan from the originalanalog record of the data. Thi s res ult s in a pictor ia l view of thecloud and sur face temperatu re stru ctu re. However, no absolutevalues of e ither tempe ratures or temperature differences can bederived from this display, because reproductions from the orig-inal negatives a re exposure controlled. In addition, large dis-tortions at the sid es of the o rbital st rip s prohibit a good mosaic

160E 15O"E of consecutive orbits . Never theless, the photo imagery has theadvantage of being the more complete fo rm of data display. AnFigure 1-An example of Photo im -agery of Nimbus II HRlR data fromarbit 2266 on November 1. 1966.approximate geographic grid, acc ura te to within $2 deg rees ofgreat circle ar c at the subsa tellit e point, is superimposed upon_ .showing Typhoon Mar ie near 20N. the photographic image for a rough orientation. Figure 1 is an

2


7/99

~... . .

example of a n orbital film st ri p exhibiting the fully developed Typhoon Marie, the main subject ofthis study. The vortex center is marked by a ci rr us canopy and no eye is discernible. The pro-nounced convective inflow sp ir al bands can be distinguished fr om the thinner and more diffuse c ir -rus outflow str ea me rs . A larg e number of stru ctur al details can be seen in this photographic dis-play, but the obvious distortions at the side s of the film-strip obscure par t of the storm.

The second for m of data, the grid print map, is a computer transformat ion of the data, cali-brated in ter ms of equivalent blackbody temperatu re, into a standard geographical map projection(Mercator or polar stereographic) of various scales. The advantages of this form of presentationare the display of absolute values, the elimination of distortion, and the possibility of automaticallycomposing measurem ents from consecutive orbit s into quasi-synoptic areal maps. However, dueto the scanning geometry, either a lo ss of detail will result from averaging in the center portionsof each swath, or data gaps will occur at some distance from the subsatellite point where the dataspacing is larg er than the grid interval. Figure 2 is an example of a computer product showing therectified composite of numerical dat a from thre e consecutive orbits, including the one of Figure 1,in a Mercator projection. Automatic contouring facilitates the recognitionof pa tte rns such as thelar ge spira ling typhoon cloud system (center), the cloud band of the intertropical convergence zone(center right), and extratropical f rontal cloud system s (upper left and lower right). The averageminimum cloud top temperatu res in the frontal cloud system s are around 230K (approximately-40C and corresponding to an average cloud top height of at least 11 kilometers). The lowesttemperature shown over Typhoon Marie in this map is below 225"K, indicating cloud-top heightsabove 11.8 kilometers. Values colder than 230K should, however, be viewed with some rese rvat ionbecause they are at the lower detection limits of the radiometer f or this orbit.

The computer dete rmines a n average space view level from the measured space levels pre-ceding and following each ear th scan . All values within the ear th scan that fall below this level areassigned a value of 190% while higher values are assigned a temperature given by the calibrationof the instrument. The space view or "noise equivalent temperature" for the case studied wasaround 230% but varied with the cel l tempera ture of the sensor. When a map is produced, these190's a r e averaged with the other t emperatu res occurring within a given grid interval. Thus thereis some uncertainty in all tempera tures produced on such a map since 190's may be contained inthe ave rage of every grid point; but omitting the 190's fro m the map would not solve the problembecause all the temperatures omitted would be below some level, thus causing the resulting aver-ages to be too warm. The 190's a r e left on the maps because the resulting isopleths show at leastthe st ruc tur e of the higher cloud systems. Also, all 190's that have been observed were in colderar ea s where high clouds were present. This means that, on such a map, high tempera ture s around290% a r e not likely to contain any 190's in the averages and ar e exact, while temperatu res of 240Kmay contain some 190's in the printed average value. Since the isotherm s of va lues below the spaceview level which result on such a map obviously contain 190's in the averages, no tempera turevalues ar e assigned to these lines in this area in the figures presented.

When interpreting the measured equivalent blackbody temperature as cloud-top temperatu re,an approximate conversion of these values into cloud top height can be perfo rmed using the tropicalatmosphere of the 1966 U. S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements for the temperature-height rela-tionship. This relationship is used in the legends of the second figure in each appendix.

3


8/99

-30;N

-20 N

-lF#

-0"

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . ................

I , , ,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . , . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . ... , , .. :.

130 E 140'E 150 E 160-E t m i '

Figure 2-An example of a composite grid print map of Nimbus I I HRIR data from orbits 2265,2266,and2267 on November 1, 1966. Projected on a Mercator Base ( 1 grid interval = 1.25 degrees longitude),showing Typhoon Marie near the center.

DEVEL OPM ENT OF TYPHOON MARIE A S DERIVED FROM SATELLITE OBSERVATIONSTyphoon Marie developed during the last ten days of October 1966 in an area bounded by low.,20N., 170W., and 170'E.On October 24, 1966, the remnants of a northern hemispheric extratropical frontal system ar e

trai ling into the development area producing a large number of cumulus clouds, which are organized4


9/99

in some slightly curved cloud bands (Fig ure A4). The intert ropica l convergence (ITC) zone isweakly indicated in the cloud pattern of this region (F igures A l , A 3 ) . There s eems to be an abruptstructural change in the ITC around 170W. A continuous band of heavy, high-reaching cloudinessis associated with it ea st of this longitude, where one of the northern ext rat ropica l cloud bandsmerge s into the ITC zone; west of this longitude the ITC appears poorly defined by the cloud pat-tern. The first indication of s ignif icant cloud development connected with the sto rm was found inthis ar ea on October 25, 1966.

Figure B1 is a montage of four HRIR film st ri ps obtained from consecutive nighttime orbit son October 25, 1966. The most interesting feature in this figure is the boomerang-shaped cloudsys tem composed of one northe rn and one southern hem ispher ic fronta l cloud band, which join nearthe equator at 140"E. The ITC zone is indicated by the associa ted line of convective cloud systemsbetween 5"N. and low. The significant featu re in the ar ea of later storm development is a clusterof relatively sma ll convective cloud sys tems. The different grey shades of these clouds on theoriginal film st ri p indicate that the cloud tops vary in altitude. The apparent lack of c ir ru s anvilsand the low radia tion temperatu res of some of them (indicating a high cloud top) suggest that anumber of these clouds have developed into cumulonimbus ca lms. The whole clu ster appears to beunorganized because the smalle r and lower clouds a r e too sm all to be resolved by the HRIRinstrument.

However, because of the higher spa tia l resolution of the camera, the corresponding ESSA-3photographs taken 12 hours ea rli er (Figure s B3, and B4) show that a spir al formation existed withinthe same cloud cluster; but the photograph does not give any indication of the cloud-top heights.Obviously both techniques are useful and, when used together, provide a means for early detectionof a convergent streamfield, at least at the lower tropospheric cloud level, and the build up ofstrong er convective cells within this a rea.

The analysis of a grid print map, reproduced as Figure B2, shows the HRIR mea surements ina rectif ied version (Mercator map projection) for the night of October 25. The boomerang-shapedcloud sys tem and the ITC cloud band stand out clearly. However, no st ructura l detail s of the cloudcluste r mentioned before are resolved because of the averaging of more than 200 measurementsinto one grid point of the grid print map. In the figure the cluster appears as a sma ll isolated areaof lower equivalent blackbody tempe rature indicated by the let ter "M."

On the following day, October 26, the a rea in question is located at the boundary between twoorb its f rom both the Nimbus 11and ESSA-3 satellites and is so distorted on the photographic dis-plays (Figure s C1 and C3) that it is difficult to derive detailed characteristics of the particularcloud cluste r. However, an intensification of a number of sm all convective cloud cells , som e ofwhich seem to have developed cirrus anvils, at least can be derived from the television pic ture;and the Nimbus 11 grid print map (Figure C2) confirms this by showing an expansion and intensifi-cation of the cold spot (M).

A drastic change occ urre d during the next 24 hours. On October 27 , the HRIR grid print map(Figure D2) shows an extended high (cold) cloud system that seems to merge into the ITC zone of

5


10/99


11/99

The development of Marie as seen in the satell ite data described in the previous section, ande extensivehy treat ed by Fett (1968) and also briefly discussed before by Warnecke e t al. (1968),

em s to follow the lines of tropical s to rm development as recently surveyed by Gray (1967), withof his s tated opinion on the negligible importance of upper tropospheric (perhaps

mb) divergence for the initial tropica l s tor m development. Gray's list of necessary conditionsr tropica l st orm development is fulfilled in this case. The distance of the development ar ea fromat 7%. to 8%. in the satellit e observations (Figu res B1 and B3)w a s

7" to 8". This ITC cloud band w a s assumed to coincide with Gray's equatorial surfaceessu re trough, which could not be located accurately with the spar se conventional data available.

pment occur red over water warmer than 26.5"C (79.7OF), since ocean surfa ce tempera-at leas t 28C were detected by the HRIR sensor. This is consistent with the climatological

3). The large- scal e general low level flow was convergent. The vert ical zonal wind she ar w a s very weak in this region, as shown in Table 1.

140' E 150E 160'E 170'E 1SO" 17OoW 160"W 15OoW 140W 1mow 12O0W

Figure 3-Monthly mean sea surface temperature (OF.) of the Pacific Ocean for October (from U. S. NavalOceanographic Office, 1968) and track of Typhoon Marie from October 25 through November 4, 1966.Table 2, which lists radiosonde measurements at the nearest stations, shows that this situation

as persistent for several days. A deep layer of high rela tive humidity existed in the lower tropo-since, according to Table 2, the top of the moist la yer is in the vicinity of the 700- and

2000 to 3000 m, respectively. Thus the res erv oir of latent heat is fairly large;and on October 24, 1966 w a s 4.0 cm.

7


12/99


13/99

Table 2Radiosonde Measurements in the Vicinity of the Typhoon Marie Early Development Area.

-1817

October 22, 1966; 00 GMT Octob er 23, 1966; 00 GMT Octobe r 24, 1966; 00 GMT

355 08 -52 - 290 05326 02 -30 27 115 05147 02 -15 31 124 04

Atmos. Johnston Island Wake Island Majuro Island Johnston Island Wake Island Majuro Island Johnston Island Wake Island Majuro Island

950 231000 25SFC 25

(mb) Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind WindTe mp R.H.--Temp R.H.--Temp R.H.-- Te mp R.H.--Temp RH- Temp RH-- Temp RH--

deg mps deg mps deg m ps deg mps deg mps deg mps deg raps

75 0561 11 22 80 079 13 23 7488 074 11 26 83 050 11 29 6991 080 10 28 87 040 10 30 73

200 -53 - 182 10 -53 - 13 0 03 -53 - 216 09 -53 - 276 10 -53 - 00 5 04 -53 - 300 11 -52 - 264 13300 -33 53 219 15 -32 18 050 03 -30 20400 -17 33 233 10 -18 18 059 16 -15 27500 - 6 60 244 06 - 5 17 082 10 - 6 53700 9 78 098 03 10 70 104 07 11 33800 15 76 083 05 15 71 093 08 16 30850 18 63 IO65 07 17 78 093 11 18 411 900 , 21 1 61 1060 08 1 19 1 85 ,0871 13 ~ 21 59

099 07 -32 24 260 17 -32 16 161 04 -30 19 i i 5 06 -31 14 255 15104 06 -16 25 259 14 -17 1 6 1 0 6 12 -15 36 880 08 -17 19 236 05089 06 - 6 33 260 06109 11 11 39 029 04108 09 17 53 044 07105 10 19 63 300 03100 1 0 1 21 I 72 10 56; 08

- 610

15 090 13I

- 5 16 106 1211 32 094 0915 69 088 08

- 89

141821222527-

45 062 0757 077 16

Wind WindTemp RHmp RH 1 deg mps deg mps

-53-32-16- 511161821242728-

- 4 19 128 0510 49 084 14


14/99

Figure 4-Time-section of radiosonde observations from October 24 to October 30, 1966, over Wake island (19'".,167OE.), indi ca ting tempera ture ('C.), alti tud e (gpm), re lat ive hum idity (%), and win d (degrees; a f ul l barb equals 10knots) at standard pressure levels.

Figure5-Time-section o f radiosonde observations from October 24 to October 30, 1966, over Eniwetok Atol l (1 O N . ,162OE.), indi ca ti ng temperature ('C.), alt itud e (gpm), rel ati ve hum idity (%), and wind (degrees; a fu ll barb equals 10knots) a t standard pressure leve ls.

10


15/99

I2S.E I30.E 135% 140.E I45.E IW'E , W E I60.E 4 I6S.E I70.E 175% 180. 175.1 IWW 165.1 IW.1 115.1 IW'W 141.1 140'115%

10.1

55.1

30%1

25W

20.1

IS.*

1O.W

5W

0.

5.5

10.5

15.5

20.5

25.5

30.5

35.5

40.5125.E 130.E 135.E 140.E 145E I50.E 155.E ISWE 165.E 170.E 175.E 110' 175.1 170.1 165.1 I6O.W 155.1 110.1 145.1 140'1

Figure 6-Surface weather map over the eastern central Pacific Oc ea n (October 24, 1966, 1200 GMT).recognizable in the television and infra red cloud pictures and associated with a 200-mb streamlinetrough (Figure A5). In front of this trough, a stre amline divergence can be observed, part icularlynear its southwestern-most extremities. This streaml ine divergence w a s rather persistent dur-ing the period of ea rly st orm development and over the region where the development took place(Figure s A5 through E5). It is this dynamic feature that convinced the authors that high-level di-vergence is an important factor for the ini tial tropical st orm development, at leas t in this ca se ofTyphoon Marie. As mentioned above, this is contrary to Gray's statement. In this case of October1966, a second perturbation (Tropical Disturbance #34) w a s generated nearby under the same upperflow pattern approximately 15 degrees of longitude to the west of Marie. This disturbance devel-oped its own anticyclonic 200-mb vor tex before the development of Marie's anticyclonic circula-tion (Figures C5 and D5). However, it rapidly disappeared on October 28. At the same time the

11


16/99

pre-ex isting anticyclonic vo rtex in front of the next 200-mb trough approaching fro m the northwestmoved over the developing storm Marie and consequently accelerated its development into a full-grown typhoon while #34 decayed.

The cirr us flow visible in the sat ellite pictures actually is indicating flow direction only andthus shows diffluence rather than divergence. A correl ation between tru e horizontal divergenceand cir ru s cloud patterns has not been established yet because of a number of obvious difficulties(Johnson, 1966) . However, fr om the cloud development s ee n in the satellite pictures in this case,it se em s very unlikely that the velocity d istribution in the rapidly expanding ci rr us bands wouldcompensate fo r the observed diffluence to the extent that no net horizontal divergence would result.Pronounced strea mline divergence, in this sense, strongly suggests that wind divergence wasfound to pe rs ist fo r days o ver the development are a, not only during the latter st ag es of the typhoonbut also during the very ear ly sta ges of detectable development as can be se en in Fig ures A5 througE 5 . In addition, the 200-mb streamline analyses suggest a coupling between the storm developmentand the mid-Pacific trough, as described by Sadler ( 1 9 6 3 and 1 9 6 7 ) , since the tropical sto rm de-velopment occ urre d near the extr eme southwestern tip of this trough. The mid-Pacific troughoriginally introduced as a climatological upper tropospheric feature (Dean, 1 9 5 6 ) should be inte r-preted, however, as the resu lt of sequences of ex tratropical fr ont s penetrating the subtropics andfinally stalling in this particul ar a rea. This means that the divergence pattern in the upper tropos-pheric s treamf ield undergoes a continuous cycle of appearance and decay, and the maximum of theresul ting divergence will depend on the resp ective streng th and structu re of each individual fronta lsystem. A corresponding region where extratropical frontal disturba nces penetrate the subtropicsand stagnate is found in the South Pacif ic in the same longitudinal ar ea , as see n in TIROS VI1 radi-ation data (Allison et al., 1 9 6 8 ) .

In this particular case, it seems that the divergence of the anticyclonic flow (Figures A 5 to E 5 )north of the almost zonally oriented mid-Pacific trough is particularly stro ng because of the nextapproaching mid-latitude frontal syste m. This r esu lts in s tronge r dynamic effects in the troughregion. The high-level d iffluence south of the trough s eem s also to be intensified, at least partly,by two southern hemispheric troughs approaching the same region in phase with the northern hem-ispheric system s and thus forming the boomerang-shaped, large-scale cloud configuration men-tioned befor e.

A si mi la r cas e of typhoon development (Gilda and Annie, 1 9 6 7 ) one year later, as described inthe following sect ion, suppor ts the conclusion that thi s configuration of cloud bands which rep resentthe remnants of form er mid-latitude frontal syst ems should be considered an esse ntial factor in theTyphoon Marie development.

A P PA R E NT S I M I L A R I T I E S W I T H T H E D E VE L OP M EN T OF T Y P H O O N G IL D A 1967The early development sta ges of Typhoons Marie 1 9 6 6 and Gilda 1 9 6 7 appear to have been very

sim ila r. The cloud patte rn, p reviou s to the Gilda development, on November 4, 1 9 6 7 at 5% . to 10.and 1 7 5 % . to 170W. (Figure K 2) was sim ilar to the patte rn observed for Ma rie on October 27, 1 9 6 6

12


17/99


18/99

to the final, full typhoon stage . The development took place in the trop ical Pacific where the fol-lowing conditions existed: sur face wate r warmer than 28T , high water vapor content in the lowertroposphere, low-level wind convergence, weak vert ical wind sh ear , and the ar ea located 7" to 8"latitude north of the equator ial trough. The development also took place close to a n area wherethe remnants of ex tratrop ical frontal disturbances, charac teri zed by 200-mb troughs and distin ctcloud bands, approached the ITC zone from both hemispheres. Upper tropospheric (200-mb) streamline maps constructed from radiosonde observations, as w e l l as satellite pictu res (ci rru s flow),indicated per sis ten t upper divergence over the development area in connection with these troughs.These seemed to play an essential role in the st orm development.

With the pre sent descr ipt ion of the development his tory of Typhoons Marie 1966 and Gilda 1967,and partic ularly the emphasis on the influence of the for me r mid-latitude fronta l disturbances on thedivergence pattern over the development area , the authors do not intend to suggest that this kind ofdevelopment is the only or even the main cause of t rop ica l sto rm development; rath er, in the in-vestigated case, the described mechanisms see m to have worked. This interact ion between theextratropical and tropical c irculations certainly is only one of seve ra l w a y s a tropical storm maydevelop. Stronger upper-tropospheric divergence, intensifying the pre-existing surface conver-gence and the consequently continuous and widespread convective heat release, may occur under anumber of configurations of meteorological sys tems other than the one discu ssed here. More case smust be studied to cover the full spectru m of possib le conditions. Satellite infr ared and televisiondata from near-earth orbits are, as w a s found, a lready very useful diagnostic tools for tropicalmeteorological resea rch. Future use of simi lar observations, as well as observations from geo-synchronous sate llit es should provide an even bet ter insight into tropical circulation phenomena.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors wish to thank Mr. William R. Bandeen, Goddard Space Flight Center, for his help-

ful comments and suggestions in the review of this paper. We a r e particularly grateful to theNational Environmental Satellite Center, ESSA, for providing the ESSA-3 satellite television dataused in this study.Goddard Space Flight Center

National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationGreenbelt , Maryland, May 7, 196816 -44-03-96- 1

REFERENCESAlaka , M. A., 1964: "Problems of Tropica l Meteorology: a Survey,'' Technical Note No. 62, Geneva:

World Meteorological Organization.Allison, L. J., Kreins, E. R., Godshall, F. A ,, and Warnecke, G., 1968: "Monthly Global Circula-

tion Characteristics as Reflected in TIROS VII Radiometric Measurements," NASA GoddardSpace Flight Center, Technical Note. (In preparation)

14


19/99

Dean, G. A,, 1956: "The 1955 Mean Monthly Wind Circulation Over the Tropical Centra l PacificArea," Pa pe r No. 2, Contract No. AF 19 (604)-546, LOSAngeles: Institute of Geophysics, Uni-versity of California.

ESSA, Environmental Data Service, "Catalog of Meteorological Satel lite Data, ESSA-3 TelevisionCloud Photography," Part I, 1968.

Fett, R. W., 1968: "Typhoon Formation Within the Zone of the ITC," Monthly Weather Review96(2):106-117.

Gray, W. M., 1967: "Global View of the Origin of Tropical Disturbances and Storms," AtmosphericScience Pap er No. 114, Fort Collins, Col.: Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado StateUniversity .

Jager, G., Follansbee, W. A., and Oliver, V. J., 1968: "Operational Utilization of Upper Tropo-spheric Wind Est imate s Based on Meteorological Satell ite Photographs," National Environ-mental Satellite Cente r Technical Memorandum NESCTM-8, Washington, D. C.

Johnson, H. M., 1966: "Motions in the Upper Troposphere as Revealed by Satellite-Observed Ci rr usFormations," ESSA Technical Repor t NESC-39, Washington, D. C. : Environmental ScienceServices Administration, National Environmental Satellite Center.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1965: "Observations from the Nimbus I Meteoro-logical Satellite," NASA Special Publication-89, Washington, D. C.

Sadler, J. M., 1963: "Utilization of Meteorological Sate lli te Cloud Data in Tropica l Meteorology,"Proceedings of the Fir st International Symposium on Rocket and Satellite Meteorology,Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, pp. 333-356.

Sadler, J. M., 1967: "The Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough as a Secondary Source of Typhoonsand a Prim ar y Source of Tradewind Disturbances," Final Report HIG-67-12, Contract No. AF19 (628)-3860, Honolulu: Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, University of Hawaii.

U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office, 1968: "Monthly Char ts of Mean, Minimum, and Maximum SeaSurface Temperature in the Pacific Ocean," Informal Repor t IR No. 68-2, Washington, D. C.

Warnecke, G., Allison, L. J., Kreins, E. R., and McMillin, L. M., 1968: "The Development ofTyphoon 'Marie 1966' as revealed by Nimbus II High Resolution Infrared and ESSA-3 Televi-sion Data,!' Proceedings of the Fifth Technical Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteor-ology, Caracas, Venezuela (in print).

15


20/99


21/99

Appendices

C O M P I L A T I O N OF S A T E L L I T E A N D C O N V E N T I O N A L O B S E R VA T I O N S

17


22/99


23/99

Appendix A

October 24, 1966

19


24/99

e


25/99

160E 180 16OOW1! W E 170E 170W 150OW

30N

20N

10N

00

100s

2005

305

140.E 1 6 0 O E 180

Figure Al-Montage of Nimbus II HRlR filmstrips (orbits 2158,2159, and 2160) on October 24, 1966, 1200 GMT (near localmidn ight). The dashed lin e i s the 180meridian.

21


26/99

130E 14WE 1500E 1600E 17OOE 11 I

400s "I' I I I130E 140E 1500E 1600E 170E 180 17OOW 16OOW 15OOW 14EI lU lVALENT BLACKBODY T E M P E R A T U R E [ O K ] AND A P P R O X I M A T E CLOUD TOP HEIGHTS

240'- 250' : 8.0 - 9.5 KM 270"- 280" : 3.5 - 5.0 KM250"- 260': 6.5 ~ 8.0 KM 0 80"- 290" : 1.5 - 3.5 KM260"- 270': 5.0-6.5KM m 2 9 0 - 300": 0-1.5KM

< 230" : 11 KMI230'- 240' :9.5 - I 1 KM

W

10N

30N

20N

I O O N

00

too s

20 0s

30's

40 S'W

Figure A2-Analysis of Nimbus I1 HRlR measurements (orbits 2157, 2158, 2159, 2160, and 2161) onOctober 24, 1966, 1200 GMT (near local midnight) based on a computer grid prin t map with 1.25degrees longitude per grid interval.

22


27/99

Figure AB-M ontage of ESSA-3 television photographs (orbits 270, 271, 272, and 273)on October 24, 1966, near 0200 GMT (local earl y afternoon).

23


28/99

20"N

15"N

10N

P N

25ON

20"N

15"N

10N

5"N

Figure A4 4o nt ag e of ESSA-3 television photographs (orbits 271 and 272)on October 24, 1966, near 0200 GMT (local early afternoon).

24


29/99

. _. .

40N

30"N

20N

10N

0"

10%

zoos

130'E 140E 150'E 160E 170'E 1SO" 170-W 160OW 150w 140'W

130' E 140OE 150E 160' E 170E 180' 17O0W 160"W

Figure A5-Composite of nephanalysis (based on satellite photographs, ESSA 1968) and 200mb streamlines(derived from radiosonde observations and satellite photographs) on October 24, 1966, 00GMT.

-

40N

30N

20N

10N

25


30/99


31/99

Appendix B

October 25 , 1966

27


32/99


33/99

I O O N

2005

lMOE 1 S 0 E 160E1700E 180 17OoW 160 OW

Figure B1-Montage of Nimbus II HRlR filmstrips (orbits 2171, 2172, 2173, and 2174) onOctober 25, 1966, near 1200 GMT (near local midnight). The dashed l ine is the 180'meridian.

29


34/99

400N

30N

20N

140E 150E 1 6BE 170E 180 17OOW 16OOW 15OOW 140OW

. 200ooSK3OoS4OoS

400N

30N

20N

10N

00

100s

200s

30 S

40S140E 150E 160E 170E 180 170OW 16OOW 15OoW 14OOWEIlUlVALENT BLACKBODY TEMPERATURE [OK] AND APPROXIMATE CLOUD TOP HEIGHTS

240"-250' : 8.0 9.5KM 27O0-280" 3.5 5.0 KM250'- 260":6.5.8.0 KM 280"- 290": 1.5 3.5 KM< 230" 21 1 KMI

230"-240" 9.5 1 1 K M 2600- 270" 5.0. 6.5 KM 0 90"- 300" 0 1.5 KMFigure 82-Analysis of Nimbus II HRlR measurements (orbits 2170, 2171, 2172, 2173, and 2174) onOctober 25, 1966, near 1200 GMT (near local midnight) based on a computer grid print map with1.25 degrees longitude per grid interval.

30


35/99

100s

200s

30"s

4OoS-

Figure B3-Montage of ESSA-3 television photographs (orbits 283, 284, 285, and 286)on October 25, 1966, near 0200 GMT (local early afternoon).

40N

30N

20N

10N

00

100s

200s

30"s

4OoS

31


36/99

-- .-

- % O N

- 15ON

- 10N

I I I I I165OE 170E 175OE 180 175PW

Figure B4-Montage of ESSA-3 television photographs (orbit 284)on October 25, 1966, near 0200 GMT (local early afternoon).

32


37/99

130"E 140E 150"E 160E 170E 180 17OoW 160w 150'W 140W

40N

1 30'N

20' N

10N

130" E 140E 150' E 160"E 170"E 180' 17OoW 160"W

Figure BS-Composite of nephanalysis (based on satellite photographs, ESSA 1968) and 200mb streamlines(derived from radiosonde observations and sa tellite photographs) on October 25, 1966, 00 GMT.

33


38/99


39/99

Appendix C

O c t o b e r 26 , 1966

35


40/99

111111 I I I , , . ... . ., ,,,, . ...._.......


41/99

16OOW

30N

20N

10N

100s

200s

l N O E 1 N 0 E 160E 170OE 180 17OOW

Figure C1-Montage of Nimbus II HRlR filmstrips (orbits 2185, 2186,and 2187) on October 26, 1966, near 1200 GMT (near local mid-night). The dashed line i s the 180meridian.

37


42/99


43/99

40N

30N

20N

10"N

00

100s

20"s

3OoS

4OoS

* 40N

' 30N

' 20N

10N

O 0

100s

200s

3OoS

Figure C3-Montage of ESSA-3 television photographs (orbits 295, 296, 297, and 298)on October 26, 1966, near 0200 GMT (local ea rly afternoon).

39


44/99

25ON

20N

15ON

10N

5 " N

1 S 0 E 155OE 160E 165OE 170E 175OE 180 175OW

4Figure C4-Montage of ESSA-3 television photographs (orbits 29 6 an d 297)

on October 26, 1966, near 0200 GMT ( local earl y afternoon).

25ON

20N

15ON

10N

5ON

40


45/99

130' E 140E 150' E 160E 170' E 180" 170W 16OoW 15OoW 14

40N

30N

20' N

10N

0"

10%

20%

130E 140E 150E 160E 170E 180" 170W 160"W

Figure C5-Composite of nephanalysis (based on sat ellit e photographs, ESSA 1968) and 200mb streamlines(derived from radiosonde observations and satellite photographs) on October 26, 1966, 00 GMT.

OW

40N

20N

10N

41


46/99


47/99

Appendix D

O cto b er 27, 1966

43


48/99


49/99

170E 17OOW1 6 0 O E 1800 1 6 0 o w

20N

10N

00

I O O S

1 4 0 9 160E 180 160.w150E 170E 17OOW

Figure D1-Montage of Nimbus I I HRlR filmstrips (orbits 2198, 2199, and 2200) onOctober 27, 1966, near 1200 G MT (near local midnight). The dashed line i s the 180"meridian.

45


50/99

24ON

20N

160E 16- E 170E 175OE 1800 175OW 17EllUlVALENT BLACKBODY TEMPERATURE [OW ] AN D APPROXIMATE CLOUD TOP HEIGHTS

240"-250' :8.0. 9.5 KM250"- 60" 6.5 - 8.0 KM260"- 270' :5.0 - 6.5 KM

m 2 7 0 ' - 280': 3.5 - 5.0 KM~ 2 8 0 -90': 1.5- .5 KM~ 2 9 0 " -00" 0- .5 KM

00"

W14 N

0 N

6ON

2ON

O N

'N

>N

Figure D2-Analysis of Nimbus I I HRlR measurements (orbits 2198, 2199, and 2200) on October27,1966, near 1200GMT (near local midnight) based on a computer grid print map with 0.5 de-grees long; tude per grid interval.

46


51/99

40N

30"N

20N

10N

O0

100s

200s

30 S

4 O o S

30N

120"N

1lOON

100s

1200s

3OoS

Figure D3-Montage of ESSA-3 television photographs (orbits 308, 309, 310, and 31 1)on October 27, 1966, near 0200 GMT (local early afternoon).

47


52/99

25ON

20N

15ON

10N

I I150E 155OE 160E 165OE 170E 175OE 180

Figure D4-Montage of ESSA-3 television photographs (orbits 309 and 310)on October 27, 1966, near 0200 GMT (local early afternoon).

25"N

20N

15ON

10N

5ON

00I

48


53/99

w

40N

30N

20N

10N

130E 140' E 150E 160E 170E 1SO" 17OoW 16OoW

Figure D5-Composite of nephanalysis (based on satellite photographs, ESSA 1968) and 200-mb streamlines(derived from radiosonde observations and satel I te photographs) on October 27, 1966, 00 GMT.

49


54/99

.


55/99

Appendix E

October 28, 1966

51


56/99


57/99

1 M ) O E 170E 1800 1 7 0 W 1M)OW

l! XO E 160E 170.E 180. 17OOW 160.W

Figure El-Montage of Nimbus I I HRlR filmstrips (orbits 2211, 2212, and 2213) onOctober 28, 1966, near 1200 GMT (near local midnight). The dashed li ne i s the 130'mer id an.

5 3


58/99

16 BE 165OE 17 BE 175O E 1 8 8 175OW 17BW24ON 2 4 O N

20N 20N

16'N 16ON

12ON 12ON

80N 80N

4 O N 4 O N

00160E 165OE 170E 175O E 1800 175OW 170WEUUIVALENT BLACKBODY TEMPERATURE ["K] AND APPROXIMATE CLOUD TOP HEIGHTS

240'- 250': 8.0- .5 KM 270'- 280' : 3.5 - 5.0 KM250'- 260'O: .5 - 8.0 KM 080'- 290': 1.5- 3.5 KM260"- 270' : 5.0 - 6.5 KM 290- 300' : 0 - 1.5 KM

11 KMI230'- 240 9.5 - 1 1 KM

>3000

Figure E2-Analysis of Nimbus II HRlR measurements (orbits 2212 and 2213) on October 28, 1966,near 1 20 0G MT (near local midnight)based on a computer grid map with 0.5 degree longitude pergrid interval.

54

.


59/99


60/99


61/99

4OoP

,3OoN

20N

10N

Figure E5-Composite of nephanalysis (based on satel l i te photographs, ESSA 1968) and 200mb streamlines(derived from radiosonde observations and satelli te photographs) on October 28, 1966, 00 C-MT.

57


62/99


63/99


64/99


65/99


66/99

24ON

20N

16ON

l Z O N

80N

4 O N

00150E 155OE 160E 165OE 170E 1750E 1IO0 175OWEUUIVALENT BLACKBODY TEMPERATURE ("Wl AND APPROXIMATE CLOUD TOP HEIGHTS240"- 250' : 8 . 0 - 9.5 K M250" 260" : 6.5 - 8.0 KM

270"- 280' 3. 5 - 5. 0 KMo Z 8 0 - 290": 1 .5 - 3 .5K Ma 2 9 0 - 300": 0 - l . 5 K M

< 230" >11 KM230"-240" : 9.5 - 11 KM 260". 270" : 5 . 0 . 6.5 KM

> 3 0 P

Figure F2-Analysis of Nimbus I 1 HRIR measurements (orbits 2225, and 2226) on October 29, 1966,near 1200GMT (near local midnight) based on a computer grid print map with 0.5degree longitudeper grid interval.

62


67/99

40N

30N

20N

10"N

00

100s

200s

30"s

4OoS

Figure F3-Montage of ESSA-3 television photographs (orbits 333, 334, 335, and 336)on October 29, 1966, near 0200 GMT (local early afternoon).

' 40"N

30"N

20"N

10"N

0"

100s

200s

30"s

40"s

63


68/99

25ON

20N

15ON

10N

5ON

0"160E 1 6 5 O E 1 7 0 O E 17PE 180 175"W 1 7OOW55OE

Figure F4-Montage of ESSA-3 television photographs !orbits 334, and 335'1on October 29 , 1966, near 0200 GMT (local ear ly afternoon).

25ON

20eN

15ON

10N

5ON

O 0

64


69/99

Appendix G

O c t o b e r 30, 1966

65


70/99


71/99

170E 180 17OOW 16O'w

1605 1705 Woo 17OOW 16OoW

Figure G 1 -Montage of Nimbus I I HR lR filmstrips (orbits2238,and 2239) on October 30, 1966, near 1200 GMT (near localmidnight). The dashed li ne i s the 180' meridian.

67


72/99

24O I\

20N

16"N

l Z O N

80 N

40 N

00

40 s

145"E 150E 155OE 1600E 165OE 170E 175OE 175"W 1 7 r N

, 20NI, 16ONIi 12ONII80N

4ON

00

40 s145OE 150E 155OE 160E 165'E 170E 175OE 1800 175OW 17 W WE O U IV A L E N T B L A C K B O D Y T E M P E R A T U R E ["MI AN D APPR OXI M AT E CLOUD TO P HEIGHTS

240'- 250' . 8.0 - 9.5 KM 27 0~ -80' : 3.5 - 5.0 KM250'- 260': 6.5 - 8.0 KM n 2 8 0 ' - 90' ' 1 .5-3.5KM

D Z 6 0 ' - 270' : 5.0 - 6.5 KM 090'. 300' : 0 - 1.5 KM/ 300'Figure G2-Analysis of Nimbus It HRlR measurements (orbits 2238, 2239, and 2240) on October30, 1966, near 1200 GMT (near local midnight) based on a computer grid print map with 0.625degree longitude per grid interval.

68


73/99

Figure G3-Montage of ESSA-3 television photographs (orbits 346, 347, and 348)on October 30, 1966, near 0200 GMT (local early afternoon).

30N

20N

10N

00

1005

2005

3005

4005

69


74/99


75/99

Appendix H

O c to b e r 31, 1966

71


76/99

d


77/99

150E 160E 170E 180' 17OOW

20N

10N

00

100s

200s140OE l S O E 160E 170E 180

Figure H1-Mon tage of Nimbus I I HRlR filmstrips (orbits 2252,and 2253) on October 31, 1966, near 1200 G M T (near localmidnigh t). The dashed li ne i s the 180Omeridian.

73


78/99


79/99

40"N

30N

20"N

10N

00

100s

200s

3OoS

Figure H3-Montage of ESSA-3 television photographs (orbits 360, 361, and 362)on October 31, 1966, near 0200GMT (local early afternoon).

30N

20N

10N

00

100s

2005

- 300s

400s

75


80/99


81/99

Appendix I

November 1, 1966

77


82/99


83/99

20N

00

100s

160E 150E

Figure 11-Nimbus II HRlR film-strip (orbit 2266) on November 1,1966, near 1200 GMT (near localmidnight).

79


84/99

'E 18040N

240"- 250' : 6.0.9.5 KM250'- 260' :6.5 - 8.0 KM260"- 270" :5.0- 6.5 KM

270"- 280": 3.5 - 5.0 KM~ 2 8 0 " - 2 9 0 " :.5-3.5 KM090"-300": 0 - 1.5 KM

11 KM

230'- 240" : 9.5 - 11 KM>300"

360N

320N

2 8 O N

24ON

20N

16ON

12ON

80N

4ON

0040s

8%

120s0

Figure 12-Analysis of Nimbus I I HR lR measurements (orbits 2265, 2266, and 2267) on Novem-ber 1, 1966, near 1200 GMT (near local midnight) based on a computer grid prin t map with0.625 degree longitude per grid interval.

80


85/99

400N

30N

10N

00

100s

200s

3OoS

4 O oS

40ON

30N

200N

10N

00

100s

200s

3OoS

4OoS

Figure 13-Montage of ESSA-3 television photographs (orbits 371, 372, and 373)on November 1, 1966 (local early afternoon).

81


86/99


87/99

Appendix J

November 2, 1966

83


88/99


89/99

30"

130E 170"E

Figure J1-Montage of Nimbus I I HRlR filmstrips (orbits 2279, and2280) on November 2, 1966, near 1200 GMT (near local midnight).

20'

1 o c

00

1 o c

"

"

'S

85


90/99

135OE 140E 145OE 150E 155OE 16WE 165OE 170E 175OE

9dB40N

36ON

32ON

28ON

24O N

20N

16ON

12ON

Bo N

40 N

10

30s1350E 140E 145OE 150E 155OE 160E 165OE 17OOW 175OEEOUIVALENT BLACKBODY TEMPERATURE 1K) AN0 APPROXIMATE CLOUD TOP HEIGHTS

240"-250" 8.0 9.5 K M 270'- 280" 3.5 5.0 K M< 230" 11 K M250"- 2609: .5 - 8.0 KM n 80"- 2900 1.5 3.5 KMa 60"- 270' : 5.0 6.5 K M 090- 300" 0 1.5 KMIm 2 3 0 " - 40' :9.5 - 1 1 K M

>3000

Figure J2-Analysis of Nimbus I I HRlR measurements (orbits 2278, 2279, and 2280)on Novem-ber 2, 1966, near 1200 GMT (near local midnight) based on a computer grid print map with0.625 degree longitude per grid interval.

86


91/99

Appendix K

November 3 through November 9, 1967

87


92/99

N

N

N

S

140 E 150 E 160 E 170 E 1W 1 m w 160 wFigure K1. Montage of ESSA-3 Television Photographs (Orbits 4980, 4981, 49821 on 3 November 1967,

near 0100 GMT (Local Early Afternoon)

88


93/99

30"N

20" N

IO" N

0"

IO" s

30" N

20" N

IO" N

0"

10" s

140" E 150" E 160" E 170" E 180" 170" WFigure K 2 . Montage of ESSA-3 Television Photographs (Orbits 4993, 4994, 4995) on 4 November 1967


89


94/99

150" E 160" E 170" E 180" 170" W 160" W 150" WFigure K3. Montage of ESSA-3 Television Photographs (Orbits 5005, 5006, 5007) on 5 November 1Y67,


90


95/99

160" E 170" E 180" 170" W 160" W

Figure K4. Montage of ESSA-3 Television Photographs (Orbits 5018, 5019) on 6 November 1967, nearOD00 GMT (Local Early Afternoon)

91


96/99

140" E 160" E 180" 160" W 140" W 120" w

Figure K 5 . Montage of ESSA-3 Television Photographs (Orbits 5031, 5032, 5033) on 7 November 1967,near 0200 GMT (Local Early Afternoon)

92


97/99

30" N

20" N

IO" N

0"

IO'S

20' s13

20" N

IO" N

0"

10" s

20" s

30" S

Figure K 6 . Montage of ESSA-3 Televis ion Photographs (Orbits 5044, 5045, 5046) o n 8 November 1967,near 0200 GMT (Local Early Afternoon)

93


98/99

30" N

20" N

IO" Ni

0"

IO" s

20" s

30" S

94

30' N

20" N

IO" N

0"

IO" s

20" s

30" S140" E 160" E 180" 160"W 140" w

Figure K7. Montage of ESSA-3 Television Photographs (Orbits 5056, 5057, 5058) on 9 November 1967,near 0200 GMT (Local Early Afternoon)

NASA-Langley, 1968- 0


99/99

a satellite view of typhoon marie 1966 development

Documents