a short history of philadelphia

8/6/2019 A Short History of Philadelphia

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A SHORT HISTORY OF PHILADELPHIA

PHILADELPHIA BEFORE AND DURING THE ORIGIN OF ICE CREAM

YEAR SUBJECT AREA(S) EVENT(S)

Before

1600SOCIETAL

The ancesters of the Lenni Lenapi, the inhabitants of this region at the

time of the first European settlers, most likely came from Asia, via the

Bering Strait, about 10,000 years ago. They spoke an Algonquin

dialect. The term "Lenni Lenapi" which literally means "common

people," also carries with it the meanings of "Original people," "Men

among men," and "Men of our kind." Other Algonquin speaking tribes

referred to the Lenni Lenapi with the venerable description of

"Grandfathers."

1609 ECONOMIC/SOCIETAL Henry Hudson briefly explores a body of water and names it Zuydt(South) River.

1610 ECONOMIC/SOCIETAL

Sir Samuel Argall explores the same bay and names it after the 12th

Lord De la Warr, which comes to be known as Delaware, the name

ultimately given to a river, a colony, and the Lenni Lenapi tribe.

1620s

and

1630s

ECONOMIC/SOCIETAL

The Dutch make several futile attempts to settle in the Delaware Valley.

Part of their problems arose from the Delawares not understanding the

concept of private land ownership.

1638 ECONOMIC/SOCIETAL Peter Minuit, working for the Swedes, settled in what is todayWilmington.

1640s ECONOMIC/SOCIETALThe Swedes settle in several localities throughout the region, including

Tinicum and Cobbs Creek, Upland/Chester, and Kingsessing.

1650s

and

1660s

ECONOMIC/MILITARYControl of the land changes hands several times between the Dutch and

the Swedes.

1663 -

1665SOCIETAL Quakers from Radnorshire, Wales settle in what is now Radnor, PA

1664 ECONOMIC/MILITARYThe British, under Charles II, claim the area, and send Warships to the

area to protect its interest.

1681 SOCIETAL

The Quaker William Penn receives a charter from the crown for a

colony on the Delaware River. The original city was laid out like a grid,

from the Delaware to the Schuylkill Rivers, and from Cedar Street

(now South Street) to Vine Street. Penn sells 40,000 acres to Welsh

Quakers, which eventually form the townships of Radnor, Haverford,

and Lower Merion.

4/22/2011 A SHORT HISTORY OF PHILADELPHIA

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1680s SOCIETAL

Many early Philadelphians, including Thomas Wynne, the City's First

doctor, live in caves. Within fifty years, the city becomes predominantly

brick.

1682 -

1684ECONOMIC/POLITICAL

Penn offers Delawares (Leni Lenapi) wampum and other gifts (totalling

about 1000 pounds) to extinguish their claim to the land in Bucks,

Chester, and Philadelphia Counties. Contrary to the Benjamin West

painting, there was no single treaty at Shackamaxon (an Englishcorruption of Sachemexon, or "Place of the chiefs")

1683 SOCIETALDutch speaking Quakers establish a settlement in present day

Germantown.

1700 SOCIETAL Philadelphia has about 2000 residents

1700s SOCIETALSmaller numbers of French, Italians, and Swiss enter the area. A small

Jewish population also migrate to the area.

Early

1700s SOCIETAL

The first Delawares travel into the Ohio River Valley. The Iroquois "Six

Nations" begin to exert their authority over the Delawares.

Late

1700sSOCIETAL

An aristocracy composed of Quaker and former Quaker families is

developing in the City.

1701 SOCIETALPenn's Frame of Government, which gives full legislative power to an

Assembly, becomes a model for the future U.S. Constitution.

1701 -

1751BIOGRAPHICAL

William Penn's secretary, James Logan, administers the colonies while

Penn, and later his sons, are Proprietors. In addition to the skill with

which he performs his duties, he is the first of the Renaissance type men

who live and work in Philadelphia. He is a polyglot, a scientist, and amathematician. He becomes rich through the trade of fur, British

securities, and real estate. This latter source of wealth is at times

obtained through unscrupulous activities (see the Walking Purchase).

His Stenton estate in Germantown has the largest library in America at

that time.

1718 SOCIETAL Penn dies, leaving his three sons to gain the Propietorship of the City.

1720s

to

1740

SOCIETAL

Delawares now live mainly (1) on the Brandywine, (2) in the areas of

Reading, Kutztown, Maxatawny, and (3) in the area of the Lehigh

Valley, also known as the Forks.

1723

to

1788

SOCIETAL

17 year old Benjamin Franklin comes to Philadelphia. He enters the

printing trade, but during the next 67 years, he makes major

contributions in literature, the natural and social sciences, music,

politics, and civic welfare.

James Logan and Thomas Penn apparently trick (and/or threaten) the

Delawares into confirming a questionable deed purportedly owned by

William Penn, dating back to 1686. The deed specifies an area


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1737 GEOGRAPHICbounded on one side that a man could walk in 1 1/2 days, starting at a

fixed point at currrent day Wrightstown in Bucks County. The area is

cleared and one of the three designated "walkers" traverses 60 miles,

which, when manipulating the other boundaries, ends up driving the

Delawares out of the Delaware Valley.

1740s SOCIETAL About half of the population in the colony is German speaking.

1740s SOCIETAL Population reaches 10000.

1740s SOCIETALLarge numbers of Irish, Scotch-Irish, and Scots arrive in the colonies.

Presbyterians rival Quakers in population.

1751 SCIENCEBenjamin Franklin publishes "Experiments and Observations in

Electricity".

1754 SOCIETAL"Six Nations (Iroquois speaking tribes) choose Shingas as the

Delaware king of the Ohio.

1755 MILITARY

The defeat of George Washington and Edward Braddock by the

French and their northern American Indian allies in WesternPennsylvania turn the Delawares (led by Shingas) against the English,

and in many cases, against the Europeans in general. This revolt helps

to break the yoke of the Six Nations around the Delaware. The French

Indian War also has a direct bearing on Philadelphia because the State

Government resides there.

1755 EDUCATION

The University of Pennsylvania, (originally called the College,

Academy, and Charitable School of Philadelphia), is given the power

to grant college level degrees.

1759 MILITARYKing Beaver, a relative of Shingas signs a treaty which ends the first

round of the Delaware's revolt against the English.

1760s SOCIETAL Population reaches 25000.

1764 MILITARY

Displaced Moravian Delawares who come to Philadelphia are the

targets of the "Paxton Boys", a group of white settlers from the western

Pennsylvania frontiers. Benjamin Franklin leads a group of citizens to

Germantown, which prevents an attack.

1765 GOVERNMENTThe British Stamp Act taxes almost all printed materials, placing

additional stress on the Colonies' economic relations with England.

1765 MILITARY

The Delawares sign a final peace treaty with Sir William Johnson,

ending a renewed round of fighting that began when the Ottawa,

Pontiac, under advice from the Delawares, joined various tribes in a

war against the English.

1765 SOCIETAL

The 170 Moravian Delawares that were protected in Philadelphia go to

Friedenshutten, a Moravian community on the Susquehanna, near

Wyalusing.


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1767 GOVERNMENTThe British Townshend Revenue Acts tax glass, lead, painters' colors,

paper, and tea.

1770 RELIGIOUS

Religious groups represented in the City at this point are Anglicans,

Baptists, Catholics, German Reform, Jews, Methodists, Presbyterians,

and Quakers, .

1773 SOCIETAL Walnut Street Prison is built.

1773 GOVERNMENT

Although the Tea Act has the effect of selling British teas in the colony

below current prices, the colonists fear monopolization of the tea trade

in America.

1774 GOVERNMENT

Delegates of the First Continental Congress meet in Philadelphia.

Congress votes to boycott British trade until the British change their

policies toward the colonists.

1775 GOVERNMENT

Delegates of the Second Continental Congress meet in Philadelphia.

Congress drafts the "Olive Branch Petition" declaring loyalty to the

Crown, which the king refuses to read. Congress then turns its work toindependence of the colonies from the crown.

1776 GOVERNMENT

The Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America, which is

adopted by the convention, marks the formal declaration of

independence of the colonies and the beginning of war with England.

1777 MILITARYThe Battle of Brandywine (September 11) ends with the British

creating a beachhead in Pennsylvania,

1777 MILITARY

(September 26) The British march into Philadelphia. (Ocotober 4)

Washington stages a battle in Germantown which the Americans lose,but helps to convince the French to support the patriots' cause.

1777 MILITARY

Americans establish a blockade at Fort Mifflin and Fort Mercer on

both sides of the Delaware which inhibits British delivering goods to its

soldiers.

1777 -

1778MILITARY

Washington's irregulars winter in Valley Forge. They emerge as a

professional army.

1778 MILITARY Control of Philadelphia returns to the Americans.

1781 MILITARYAmerican militiamen bludgeon and scalp 90 Moravian Delaware adultsand children, execution style, to avenge American deaths by hostile

tribes.

1787 GOVERNMENTThe Constitutional Convention meets in Philadelphia to adopt a

common Federal law for the United States of America.

1790 GOVERNMENT The Federal Capital moves to Philadelphia from New York.

1791 ECONOMICThe First Bank of the United States receives a Federal charter and in

December, occupies Carpenter's Hall.


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1792 SOCIETALMoravian Delawares, found a mission named Schonfeldt (fairfield) in

Ontario, Canada.

1793 MEDICINEThe summer and fall of 1793 sees an epidemic of yellow fever that

claims the lives of 5,000 people out of a population of 45,000 people.

1795 SOCIETAL/MILITARY

The Greenville Treaty, concluding yet another war by the Delawares in

confederacy with other tribes, moves the Delawares out of the Ohio

Valley and into Indiana territory.

1799 GOVERNMENTThe State Government moves to Lancaster before settling in

Harrisburg.

PHILADELPHIA DURING THE GREAT AGE OF AFRICAN AMERICAN

CATERERS


1800 GOVERNMENT The Federal Government moves to Washington.

1810 ECONOMICThe First Bank of the United States fails to have its Federal

charter renewed

1816 ECONOMICThe Second Bank of the United States receives a Federal

charter. It is built on Chestnut Street between 4th & 5th Streets

1818 SOCIETAL/GOVERNMENTAL

By bribing Delaware chiefs to sign a treaty, The U.S. government

forces the Delawares out of Indiana and Ohio, across theMississippi and into Missouri.

1818 EDUCATIONThe Assembly passes an act that establishes the "First School

District" out of the city and the county of Philadelphia.

1819 -

1824ARCHITECTURE

William Strickland's Second Bank of the United States is built on

Chestnut Streets between 4th & 5th Streets.

1820 SOCIETAL Population reaches 63,713

1823 ECONOMIC

Nicholas Biddle assumes the helm of the 2nd Bank of the U.S. A

renaissance man in the spirit of Franklin, he helps to give the

bank a vibrancy while maintaining the financial health of the

institution.

1825 EDUCATION/MEDICINEThomas Jefferson University (originally called the Jefferson

Medical College) is founded.

1828 ARTS/SCIENCES PA Horticultural Society founded.

1829 SOCIETY Eastern State Penitentiary Completed




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1829 JOURNALISMThe Philadelphia Inquirer (originally called the Pennsylvania

Inquirer) is founded.

1829 GOVERNMENTAL/SOCIETALThe U.S. government and the Delawares negotiate a new treaty,

which moves the Delawares into Kansas.

1830 ECONOMICWilliam Cramp establishes the Cramp Shipbuilding Company,

later called William Cramp and Sons.

1831 ECONOMIC Baldwin Locomotive Works is founded in North Philadelphia.

1834 RECREATION Rowing clubs begin to hold regattas.

1834 EDUCATIONThe Free School law creates tax supported public schools

throughout the State.

1838 EDUCATION Central High School, the first of its kind in the country, opens.

1838 SOCIETYAfrican Americans are denied the right to vote, under

Pennsylvania's Constitution.

THE GOLDEN AGE OF PHILADELPHIA ICE CREAM


1840 ">SOCIETAL Population reaches 93,652.

1840 ECONOMIC Henry Disston founds the Keystone Saw Works in Tacony,eventually employing 2,500 workers.

1840 SOCIETAL

Southwark, the area bounded by South Street, Sixth Street,

Federal Street, and the Delaware River, has an unusual number

of fire companies and gangs. Often, they are undistinguishable

from each other, with rival companies intentionally setting fires in

order to descend upon another company as it tries to extinguish

the fires. These activities strengthen the county consolidation

movement and underscore the need for a professional police

force.

1840s SOCIETAL

Southwark, the area bounded by South Street, Sixth Street,

Federal Street, and the Delaware River, has an unusual number

of fire companies and gangs. Often, they are undistinguishable

from each other, with rival companies intentionally setting fires in

order to descend upon another company as it tries to extinguish

the fires. These activities strengthen the county consolidation

movement and underscore the need for a professional police

force.


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1841 ECONOMICThe 2nd Bank of the United State's opposition by Andrew

Jackson brings about its final demise.

1841 SOCIETAL/ECONOMICSThe City forms a monopoly - The Gas Trust - which creates a

system of political favoritism that lasts for years

1844 ETHNIC/RELIGIOUS

A dispute about the type of Bible used in the city's public schools

begins the Nativist (anti-Catholic) riots. These riots are ultimately

responsible for (1) the incorporation of Philadelphia county intoPhiladelphia city, and (2) a strong Archdiocesan Catholic School

System in the City.

1846 ECONOMIC The Pennsylvania Railroad is incorporated.

1847 JOURNALISMThe Philadelphia Evening Bulletin (originally called Cummings'

Evening Telegrphic Bulletin) is founded.

1847 MEDICINE The American Medical Association is organized in Philadelphia.

1849 EDUCATION

The legislature allows Central High School the right to confer

baccalaureates.

1850 SOCIETAL Population reaches 121,376.

1850s ECONOMICSPhiladelphia has more textile factories than anywhere else in the

world.

1851 EDUCATION/MEDICINEThe Medical College of Pennsylvania (originally called the

Female Medical College) is founded

1854 GOVERNMENTAL/SOCIETAL Philadelphia county is consolidated into Philadelphia city.

1854 SOCIETAL State requires separate schools for Blacks in districts with 20 ormore blacks.

1854 SOCIETALRobert Conrad oversees the first professional police department

in the city.

ICE CREAM - MODERNITY AND BEYOND


1860 BASEBALL The Philadelphia Athletics are founded.

1860 SOCIETAL

With the incorporation of Philadelphia County

into Philadelphia City, Philadelphia's

population climbs 565,529

Peter A.B. Widener and William Elkins

Lukins form the Philadelphia Rapid Transit




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1860s

LateECONOMIC

, ,

eventually becomes the only transit company

within the city. This Company will eventually

be named Philadelphia Transportation

Company.

1860s

LateSOCIETAL

The old Philadelphia aristoracy begins to give

way to the nouveau riche that supported the

Republican cause during the Civil War.

1860s

LateECONOMIC

John B. Stetson founds Stetson Hats, which

will eventually employ 5,400 workers in

North Philadelphia.

1865

onSOCIETAL

Cheap mortgages and land expansion allows

more Philadelphians to own homes than

anywhere else in the country.

1867 SOCIETAL Streetcars are desegregated.

1867 GOVERNMENTAL/SOCIETAL

An agreement is reached by the U.S.government, the Cherokee nation, and the

Delawares toward moving the Delawares into

Oklahoma, and making them official

Cherokee citizens.

1870 SOCIETAL The City's population reaches 674,022

1870 GOVERNMENTAL

The Fifteenth Amendment goes into effect,

allowing African Americans the right to vote.

The first test of the new law causes riots in theCity.

1870 -

1900SOCIETAL

The City's Italian population increases from

300 to 18,000. Many seek better economic

conditions.

1871 BASEBALL

The Athletics win the championship of the

National Association of Professional Baseball

Players.

1872 EDUCATIONThe University of Pennsylvania relocates to

West Philadelphia.

1874 GOVERNMENTALThe Philadelphia House of Correction is built,

mainly for persons committing petty crimes.

1875 EDUCATION

There are 108,631 students, 182 schools,

and about 1900 teachers in the Philadelphia

schools.

Overcrowding forces many students away


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1876 EDUCATION.

10% pay cut, that is reversed due to strong

support in the press.

1876 ECONOMIC/GOVERNMENTAL/RECREATION

Philadelphia hosts a Centennial exposition.

This World's Fair promotes the age of

science and the machine and exemplifies

America's dominance in these areas.

Germany. in particular, is influenced deeplyby the exposition.

1876 -

1896SOCIETAL

African American population grows from

25,000 to 40,000.

1877 ART The Philadelphia Museum of Art is founded.

1880 SOCIETAL The City's population reaches 847,170

1880 -

1900SOCIETAL

A sizable number of Polish and Hungarian

immigrants come to Philadelphia.

1880s ECONOMIC

Affordable housing, comparatively high

wages, good working conditions, and

superior worker benefits cause less worker

strife in Philadelphia than in other large cities.

1880s SOCIETAL

The City's Jewish population increases 9-fold

due to pogroms in Eastern Europe. Many

Settle in the river wards south of Spruce

Street, displacing many African Americans.

1880s POPULATION Less than 1% of the population is Quaker.

1880s ECONOMICTextile and garment workers join socialist

unions.

1883 BASEBALLThe Philadelphia Phillies begin play in

Philadelphia.

1883 EDUCATION A central school board is formed in 1883.

1887 SOCIETAL The Jewish Exponent is founded.

1887 GOVERNMENTAL Edwin Fitler is elected mayor. A good mayorin otherwise corrupt times.

1888 EDUCATION

Temple University, intended as a

"Workingman's University" is chartered by

Russell Conwell, the minister of the Grace

Baptist Church.

1890 SOCIETAL The City's population reaches 1,046,964

Knights of Labor organize brewers, cigar




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workers, and trolley car conductors in the city

1891 GOVERNMENTALEdwin Stuart is elected mayor. Another good

mayor in otherwise corrupt times

1891 EDUCATION

The Free Library is founded in 1891 through

donations from George Pepper, Andrew

Carnegie, and Peter Widener. William

Pepper, the legendary provost of theUniversity of Pennsylvania provides

leadership there in its early years.

1891 -

1892EDUCATION

Drexel University is founded by Anthony J.

Drexel to provide a technical education to

young working class people, regardless, of

gender.

1891-

1892 EDUCATION

Bryn Mawr is founded by Joseph W. Taylor

as a women's college that would serve as a

complement to Haverford College and wouldpromote women's rights.

1893 SOCIETALThere are 212 miles of trolley tracks in the

city

1895 ECONOMIC

Strike by railway conductors against

Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company during

Christmas earns strikers slightly higher wages

and the limitation of the workday to 12 hours.

1896 SOCIETAL W.E.B. DuBois The Philadelphia Negro ispublished.

1896 SOCIETAL

The Octavia Hill Association is founded to

provide housing and to lobby for legislation

that would address the housing needs of

indigent Philadelphians.

1896 ECONOMIC

Frederick Taylor, the founder of Scientific

School of Management, is one of the few

employers to hire African Americans to work

alongside white workers.

Late

1800sSOCIETAL

Pennsylvania Railroad is responsible for the

Main Line, the railroad line cutting through

some of the original Welsh communities of

Merion, Narberth, Wynnewood, Haverford,

and Bryn Mawr.

1883 JOURNALISMLadies Home Journal founded by Cyrus H.K.

Curtis.


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1897 JOURNALISMCyris H.K. Curtis buys the Saturday Evening

Post.

Late

1800sSOCIETAL

Henry Houston, a railroad magnate, develops

holdings in Chestnut Hill.

Late

1800sECONOMIC

Pennsylvania Railroad is the largest

corporation in the country.

Late

1800sSOCIETAL

With government programs for the poor

virtually non-existent, religious groups and

politicians take responsibility for providing

food, clothing, and shelter.

Late

1800sECONOMIC

Philadelphia becomes a major publishing city.

Peterson's Saturday Evening Post and the

Lippincott Company are examples of the elite

publishing houses in the city at that time.

Late

1800sECONOMIC

The diversity of industries, such as beer,brooms, candies, cigars, cigarettes, ice

cream, and pharmaceuticals, shipbuilding and

railroad manufacturing mollifies the effects of

severe economic downturns in the city.

Late

1800s

to

Early

1900s

GOVERNMENTALThere is inadequate water and sewer lines as

well as road repair, due to corruption.

1900 MUSIC The Philadelphia Orchestra is established.


1900s

EarlyGEOGRAPHIC

The city still consists of neighborhoods that

appear to be like separate villages.

1900s

EarlyGEOGRAPHIC

The area of Philadelphia is the largest of any

other city in U.S.

1901 SOCIETAL

The City sponsors its first Mummers' Parade,

a tradition with its roots in Europe and its

American roots most probably in the Swedes'

celebration of the Christmas and New Years

holiday in Tinicum and Kingsessing.

1902 LITERATURE Owen Wistar's "The Virginian" is published.

1902 BASEBALLThe Athletics win the American League

pennant.

The commentator Lincoln Steffens writes that




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public.

1929 MUSICJazz saxophonist and composer Benny

Golson is born on January 25.


1933 FOOTBALL The Philadelphia Eagles are founded

1938 MUSICLeopold Stokowski leaves the PhiladelphiaOrchestra. Eugene Ormandy assumes the

baton.

1938 MUSICJazz pianist McCoy Tyner is born on

December 11.

1942 MUSICJazz saxophonist Byard Lancaster is born on

August 6.

1942 MUSICJazz legend John Coltrane moves to

Philadelphia at age 17.

1946 SCIENCE

The first large-scale fully operational

electronic computer is completed at the

University of Pennsylvania.

1947 BASKETBALL

The Philadelphia Warriors win the first league

championship of the newly formulated

National Basketball Association.

1948 FOOTBALL The Eagles win the league championship


1950 BASEBALL The Phillies win the National League pennant

1951 GOVERNMENTAL

Voters approve a new City Charter, designed

reform city government and to end political

patronage.

1952 GOVERNMENTALVoters elect Joseph Clark as Mayor, the first

Democratic mayor in nearly 100 years.



1965 EDUCATION

The State passes the Philadelphia Educational

Home Rule Charter, The Charter (2) gives

City Council the ability to tax, allows the

Mayor to appoint 9 board members from a

list of recoomendations by a Citizens Panel.

Mark Shedd is the first superintendent under

the Charter. He begins the establishment of




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"alternative schools" in the city.

1967 HOCKEY

Philadelphia Flyers are one of the new teams

to augment the ranks the the National Hockey

League.

1967 BASKETBALLThe 76ers become the National Basketball

Association champions.

1970 SOCIETAL The City's population reaches 1,927,863.

1974 HOCKEY The Philadelphia Flyers win the Stanley Cup.

1975 HOCKEY The Philadelphia Flyers win the Stanley Cup.

1978 SOCIETAL

The first major confrontation with the "back

to nature" group MOVE, ends with the death

of a police officer and the destruction of their

headquarters in Powelton Village.

1980 BASEBALL The Phillies win the World Series.

1981 FOOTBALLThe Eagles represent the National Football

Conference at the Superbowl.

1982 MUSICEugene Ormandy retires and Riccardo Muti

takes over the Philadelphia Orchestra.

1983 SPORTS The Phillies win the National League pennant.

1985 SOCIETAL

The second major confrontation with the

"back to nature" group MOVE, ends with a

fire that destroys 62 houses and the death of6 MOVE members and 5 MOVE children.

1994 SPORTS The Phillies win the National League pennant.

1993 MUSICWolfgang Sawallisch takes over as conductor

of the Philadelphia Orchestra.

2001 MUSIC

The world class concert hall, The Kimmel

Center for the Performing Arts, opens in

Mid-December.

2002 MUSIC

Christoph Eschenbach becomes the music

director of the Philadelphia Orchestra. Arts,

opens in Mid-December.

2003 ARCHITECTURE/HISTORYThe National Constitution Center opens on

July 4.

2005 FOOTBALLThe Eagles represent the National Football

Conference at the Superbowl.

For nearly half a century, Philadelphia has




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Mid1950s

to the

Present

MUSIC

been a major force in Rock music. Groups

such as Lee Andrews and the Hearts and

Danny and the Juniors defined Rock & Roll in

the late fiftees. Soloists such as Frankie

Avalon and Bobby Rydell were idolized by

teenagers across the country. Dee Dee

Sharp, Chubby Checker, the Dovelles, the

Tymes and Patti LaBelle and the Bluebellsepitomized the excitement of the music in the

sixtees. In the late sixtees, the Delphonics and

The Philly Sound, propounded by Kenny

Gamble and Leon Huff, and characterized by

such artists as the O'Jays, the Soul Survivors,

the Intruders, Harold Melvin and the Blue

Notes, Archie Bell and the Drells made

Philadelphia an important city for soul music.

In the late ninetees, the Disco Biscuits were

formed in the city, which advanced the musicof jam bands in the country.

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a short history of philadelphia

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