Josiah Austin, Renee Catalano, Logan Finger, Robert Haag, Noah Huffman, Timothy Keebler, Madison Kratzer

A Study of

High Temperature Superconductivity

Background courtesy of: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ClOaNjbUPg8/TxBearSJARI/AAAAAAAAAbs/OwFK67eamHY/s1600/electricity.jpg

PGSS 31 July 2014

With Chemical Substitutions in the 123

and 2223 Systems

History of Superconductors

Meissner effect

● 1911- Mercury superconductor

● 1933- Meissner effect

● 1957- BCS theory

● 1987- First high-Tc superconductor (YBa2Cu3O7)

● Modern applicationso MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)o MagLev (Magnetic Levitation) Traino Particle accelerators

BCS Theory Explained ● Interaction of electrons with the

lattice structure - Cooper pairs

● Condensation of electronvelocity-space

- Bose-Einstein Condensate● Energy gap

- Transition temperature- Lattice vibrations

● Type I vs Type II Cooper pairs interactingwebs.mn.catholic.edu.au

Tested Compounds● Yttrium compounds

o YBa2Cu3O7-x

o Rare Earth metal substitutions

o Other substitutionsYBa2Cu3O7-x

(courtesy of B. Mills)

Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+x

(courtesy of James Slezak)

● Bismuth compoundso Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+x

o Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2Ox

Substitutions

● Dy and Sm complete substitutions for Y in Y-123

● Sr substitutions (complete and 1 mol : 1 mol) in Y-123

● Cu doping at 90% Cu and 80% Cu using Co and Ni in Y-123

● Synthesis of Bi2Ba2Ca2Cu3Ox and Bi2Ba2CaCu2Ox using multi-

phased base compound

Methods● Stoichiometry● Synthesis● Press● Firing process

○ 1-2-3 firing○ Specialized bismuth firing○ Final annealing

X-Ray Diffraction

● Cathode rays

● Pattern of diffraction

Image courtesy of http://web.pdx.edu/~pmoeck/phy381/Topic5a-XRD.pdf

Diffraction Process

https://fys.kuleuven.be/iks/nvsf/experimental-facilities/x-ray-diffraction-2013-bruker-d8-discover

X-Ray Diffractor

Important Structures

Orthorhombic Tetragonal

Resistivity● Resistivity

o The ability of a substance to oppose the flow of electrons

● Resistance vs. Resistivity ρ = R A/L

● Resistance testing in the lab

Results (X-Ray Diffraction)

● Several 1,2,3 orthorhombic structures observed

● Multi-phase barium precursors formed into single phase bismuth compounds

Initial Results

YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-x)

DyBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-x)

Ba(2)Ca(2)Cu(3)O(x)

Comparison of Compounds

Tetragonal Decomposition

YBa(2)Cu(2.7)Co(0.3)O(7) & YBa(2)Cu(2.7)Ni(0.3)O(7)

● Compounds that superconducted:o YBa2Cu3O7, DyBa2Cu3O7, YSrBaCu3O7

● Effects of substitutions on resistivityo Changes its critical temperature

In conducted tests, temperatures were loweredo Effects on current carrying capacity

Results (Resistivity)

mV

● Successes:o Parent compoundo Dysprosium substituteo Strontium (1 mol: 1 mol) doped compound

● Failures:o Nickel and Cobalt partially doped for Coppero Strontium and Samarium full substitutes

Radius/Charge disparityo Bismuth substitutes

Heating problems Sr vs. Ba

Discussion

http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/08/16_Lanzara.shtml

Conclusions

● The experiment succeeded in producing two new high-Tc superconductors, YSrBaCu3O7 and DyBa2Cu3O7.

● Sources of error and limitations

Any Questions?

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