Josiah Austin, Renee Catalano, Logan Finger, Robert Haag, Noah Huffman, Timothy Keebler, Madison Kratzer
A Study of
High Temperature Superconductivity
Background courtesy of: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ClOaNjbUPg8/TxBearSJARI/AAAAAAAAAbs/OwFK67eamHY/s1600/electricity.jpg
PGSS 31 July 2014
With Chemical Substitutions in the 123
and 2223 Systems
History of Superconductors
Meissner effect
● 1911- Mercury superconductor
● 1933- Meissner effect
● 1957- BCS theory
● 1987- First high-Tc superconductor (YBa2Cu3O7)
● Modern applicationso MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)o MagLev (Magnetic Levitation) Traino Particle accelerators
BCS Theory Explained ● Interaction of electrons with the
lattice structure - Cooper pairs
● Condensation of electronvelocity-space
- Bose-Einstein Condensate● Energy gap
- Transition temperature- Lattice vibrations
● Type I vs Type II Cooper pairs interactingwebs.mn.catholic.edu.au
Tested Compounds● Yttrium compounds
o YBa2Cu3O7-x
o Rare Earth metal substitutions
o Other substitutionsYBa2Cu3O7-x
(courtesy of B. Mills)
Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+x
(courtesy of James Slezak)
● Bismuth compoundso Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+x
o Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2Ox
Substitutions
● Dy and Sm complete substitutions for Y in Y-123
● Sr substitutions (complete and 1 mol : 1 mol) in Y-123
● Cu doping at 90% Cu and 80% Cu using Co and Ni in Y-123
● Synthesis of Bi2Ba2Ca2Cu3Ox and Bi2Ba2CaCu2Ox using multi-
phased base compound
Methods● Stoichiometry● Synthesis● Press● Firing process
○ 1-2-3 firing○ Specialized bismuth firing○ Final annealing
X-Ray Diffraction
● Cathode rays
● Pattern of diffraction
Image courtesy of http://web.pdx.edu/~pmoeck/phy381/Topic5a-XRD.pdf
Diffraction Process
https://fys.kuleuven.be/iks/nvsf/experimental-facilities/x-ray-diffraction-2013-bruker-d8-discover
X-Ray Diffractor
Important Structures
Orthorhombic Tetragonal
Resistivity● Resistivity
o The ability of a substance to oppose the flow of electrons
● Resistance vs. Resistivity ρ = R A/L
● Resistance testing in the lab
Results (X-Ray Diffraction)
● Several 1,2,3 orthorhombic structures observed
● Multi-phase barium precursors formed into single phase bismuth compounds
Initial Results
YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-x)
DyBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-x)
Ba(2)Ca(2)Cu(3)O(x)
Comparison of Compounds
Tetragonal Decomposition
YBa(2)Cu(2.7)Co(0.3)O(7) & YBa(2)Cu(2.7)Ni(0.3)O(7)
● Compounds that superconducted:o YBa2Cu3O7, DyBa2Cu3O7, YSrBaCu3O7
● Effects of substitutions on resistivityo Changes its critical temperature
In conducted tests, temperatures were loweredo Effects on current carrying capacity
Results (Resistivity)
mV
● Successes:o Parent compoundo Dysprosium substituteo Strontium (1 mol: 1 mol) doped compound
● Failures:o Nickel and Cobalt partially doped for Coppero Strontium and Samarium full substitutes
Radius/Charge disparityo Bismuth substitutes
Heating problems Sr vs. Ba
Discussion
http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/08/16_Lanzara.shtml
Conclusions
● The experiment succeeded in producing two new high-Tc superconductors, YSrBaCu3O7 and DyBa2Cu3O7.
● Sources of error and limitations
Any Questions?
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