Southern Illinois University CarbondaleOpenSIUC

Honors Theses University Honors Program

12-1989

A Study of Laryngeal Variability in Three SpecificConsonant-Vowel Syllable ContextsMaria Winston Arokiasamy

Follow this and additional works at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/uhp_theses

This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the University Honors Program at OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusionin Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please contact opensiuc@lib.siu.edu.

Recommended CitationArokiasamy, Maria Winston, "A Study of Laryngeal Variability in Three Specific Consonant-Vowel Syllable Contexts" (1989). HonorsTheses. Paper 304.

brought to you by COREView metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk

provided by OpenSIUC

A STUDY OF LARYNGEAL VARIABILITY IN THREE

SPECIFIC CONSONANT-VOWEL SYLLABLE CONTEXTS

by

Maria Winston Aroklasamy

o

A research paper submltted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the deqree of Bachelor of Science

Department of Communicat ion Disorders and Sciences

Southern III inois University at Carbondale October 1989

A STUDY OF LARYNGEAL VARIABILITY IN THREE SPECIFIC.

CONSONANT-VOWEL SYLLABLE CONTEXTS.

INTRODUCTION

Variations exIst in every sphere of human life. In terms of speech,

numerous variables affect each sound produced by the human articulators.

A measurement of waveforms to the nearest centisecond would reveal

astonishing variations between and among sounds. With recent advances in

technology such measurements have been made possible.

liTUDY OF VARIATIQ!'JS OF SPEECH SQUNIlS.

Peterson and Lehiste (1960), claim that, "it is usually possible to

determine segmental boundaries within one or two centiseconds. In some

instances however, the transition between consonants and vowels involve

an overlapping of cues and in such instances it does not appear meaningful

to attempt to determine exact time boundaries". (pg. 694)

This paper deals with consonants being paired with vowels and how

and why two distinct consonants chosen can affect vowel patterns on

three specified vowels. It is a deliberate measure here to have no

consonants after the vowel so as to avoid post articulatory influences.

Focus Is placed on the relationship of variations in periods and frequencies

for 3 repetitions, with no context Involved.

One of the problems in doing a stUdy llke this would be the difficulty

in attempting to duplicate the stUdy to the most accurate rellabllity.

Although a computer has been used to measure the differential periods in

each case, to isolate the acoustic parameters of interest is often a

difficult problem to solve. (cf Shamo, 1988).

Contrary to Peterson and Lehiste, Haggard (cited in Allen, 1978),

Wright (c Ited in Allen, 1978 ) and Kew ley-Port and Preston (ci ted In

Allen, 1978) estimate duratlonal errors to be less than or equal to 10 ms.

Abramson and Haddlng-Koch (cited In Allen, 1978 ) and Velayudhan and

Howle (cited In Allen, 1978 ), give their data to the nearest 5 ms. Koo and

Badten (cited in Allen, 1978 ), however give a value of .:. 50 ms for their

data.

It would seem that those with 2 to 10 ms error estimates were

probably not seeking statistical reliability but rather trying to intuitively

gain accuracy In IdentifyIng the boundary criteria (Allen, 1978). Other

investigators are more sensitive to error variability. Klatt (1975), for

example, defined his boundaries between two adjacent non-nasal

sonorants so as ..... to maximize consistency of acoustic measurement... (pg.

132). And Umeda (1975) included aspiration portion of voiceless stops as

part of the following vowel so as not just to equalize boundary criteria for

voiceless stops, voIced stops and nasals, but also because .. the

dIstribution of this total duration has less variability". (pg.434)

BesIdes using intuitive approaches, other researchers have used

actual reliabllity studies In their work. Menon, Jensen and Dew (1969), had

two jUdges measure spectograms independently and had a 7.5 ms

difference 96.1 %of the time. Naeser (1970a, 1970b), correlated vowel

durations measured 64 duplex oscillograms, with durations of the same

vowels measured from 3 sets of 64 spectograms by 3 Independent jUdges.

Intercorrelations of the 4 sets came up between .97 to .99. Oller (1973)

directly using error variance wltrl 22 segments of 2 of her experimental

utterrances, 4 times each came up with approximately 3 ms average

standard error. From this studies it seems that a 10 ms error margin may

be within today's I imlts. (Allen, 1978)

Yet Peterson and Lehiste do warn investigators that some boundaries

are different, even impossible, to determine. Differences may also come in

because of different investigators and different equipment used. It should

also be noted that small differences in reliability may have big effects

theoret ica lIy.

Another important variable to consider when speaking of variances in

production of consonant-vowel combinations is the psychobiological skills

involved in the production of each phoneme or combining effects in doing

so. While we often speak of articulation and phonation as single units,

their Interrelatedness should never be overlooked or underestimated. They

are intrlcally intertwined so that changes of laryngeal adjustment are

necessary for the coarticulatlon of artiCUlatory events. (Abrahamson,

Baken and Orlikoff, cited In Blache and Monroe, unpubL>.

The same muscles that function to support and position the larynx

also serve in the production of articulatory gestures (Honda, cited In

Blache and Monroe). Muscles that connect with the hyoid bone, originating

from the mandible inclUde the diagastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid and

stylohyoid muscles. A muscle of the tongue, the genioglossus also

connects to the hyoid bone. Muscles from the larynx that make this

connection include the sternohyoid and omohyoid (Zemlin, cited In Blache

and Monroe).

Thus changes in the relationship among laryngeal cartllages can bring

about differences in tension, mass or length of vocal folds. A rise in the

tongue may be the result of a by-product of more important adjustments

elsewhere. We cannot control the organs of articulation independently nor

determine from sensations just what is recurring with our vocal

apparatus. The fundamental frequency of vowels is often said to vary with

vowel height (Peterson & Barney; House and Fairbanks; Lehiste and

Peterson, cited in Blache and Monroe). High vowels are observed to have

higher fundamental frequencies than low vowels.

"One way to observe the effects of articulatory postures on laryngeal

stability is to examine the cycle-to-cycle variation of fundamental

frequency". tBlache and Monroe, unpubl.l.These variations have been the

object of rather a few recent researches and many equations have been

proposed to calculate the variations. 50me have called it perturbation and

it can be measured as mean jitter (Hillenbrand, cited in 5hamo, 1988);

percent Jitter (Lieberman; Horii; Hollein eta!., cited in 5hamo, 1988); jitter

ratio (Wolfe & 5teinfall, cited in 5hamo, 1988 ) and jitter factor

(Lieberman; Hollien et al., cited in Shamo, 1988 ). It has also been noted by

Baken (cited in 5hamo, 1988 ), that the standard deviation is a widely-used

index of fundamental frequency variation. This can be expressed in

semitones or what has been called pitch sigma.

Ryalls (1984), in his design shows how variability of fundamental

frequency in words were significantly greater for aphasics than for

normal speakers. It was suggested that this variabllity of aphasic speech

was probably "due to poor laryngeal control". (pg. 108). This paper though

concerned wlth variabl1lty of fundamental frequency as a measure of

laryngeal control proposes to show such variability only between 3 normal

speakers. Variabl1l1ity is seen in terms of the effect the specific

consonant has on each of the specif1c vowel chosen.

EXPERIMENT

Three normal female speakers between the ages of 20 to 30 were

taken as sUbJects. The vowels lui, Iii and lal were combIned to follow

consonants 1-13 I and Im/.

Iff I was chosen for the experiment because it was found by Blache

and Monroe (unpubl.) to have the highest variance (0.1805 ms) among

consonants. They also considered Iml to have the lowest variance <0.0072

ms). Among the vowels, the highest variance was seen in lui (0.0125 ms)

and in descending order next came 11/ <0.0075 ms) and lal <0.0071 ms).

In the case of lui and 11/ variance seemed to be slightly above Iml while

lal was Just below. (cf. Appendix 1). The Iii, lal and lui combination of

vowels also are a gOOd representation of vowels set in the vowel

quadrilateral moving from high front Iii to low central lal and high back

lui. The combinations in consonant-vowel was made so that each of the

consonants was paired to each of the vowels to form nonsense words. The

words 'chacha','chichi', 'choochoo' , 'mama', 'mimi' and 'moomoo' were

written 3 times each on 3" x 5" index cards. The cards were then randomly

shuffled and presented one at a time to the SUbJects.

Recording was done in an anechoic chamber, on one track, using a

Yamaha MT I00 (multitrack cassette recorder). An external microphone was

used. The 9 utterances of each subject were digitized and wave pulses

displayed on the screen of the Mac Speech Lab. The wave pulses were then

seen on a 95.2 ms time window. They were then cut to place each

repetition of the same utterance together. Measurements were then made

beginning with the vowel onset point. Naeser (1970b) reports of the

possibility of determining the vowel onset point. She dealt with

determining the vowel onset after initial voiceless and voiced stops and

fricatives. "Fricative noise In the higher frequencies of the sound

spectogram, as mentioned with the aspirated release of the stops above,

showed up as a large negative dip In the duplex osci Ilogram. The first

patterned deflection of the vowel amplitude after this negative dip marked

the beginning of the vowel duration". (pg.164)

Periods were measured from one wave peak to another in two 47.6 ms

frame windows. The first was considered the transition window and the

second the vowel window. Differrences between periods were then used to

calculate the mean of the periods, standard deviation, the variance and the

mean fundamental frequency of the glottal waveform for each window.

A comparison of the two windows was then done. Statistical analysis

of the transition-vowel was made by means of a T-test of unrelated mean

analysis and an F-ratio.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Various presuppositions can be drawn from experiments. Some of

these are in agreement with past research especially in recent years but

others require more Indepth studies of the variables involved.

From the graphs (Appendix 2) It seems that 111 slopes have a greater

slant among all 3 sUbjects while Iml slopes are more horizontally aligned.

Of the consonants I~ I mean frequency range varies from 261 Hz to 195Hz

for 5.116, 204 Hz to 174 Hz for 5.117 and from 221 Hz to 195 Hz for 5.118.

By comparison, for Iml, 5.116 had a mean frequency range from 239 Hz to

210Hz,S. 117 from 211 Hz to 172 Hz and for 5118 from 217 Hz to 192 Hz.

One exception however seems to have occured in the case of 5.117 where

the highest mean frequency in A3 I was less than highest mean frequency

of 1m/. (Appendix 3).

The consonant I~ I seems to have a greater influence from the

transition-vowel comparison than Iml. In all cases the vowel that

precedes the consonants seem to have been affected significantly. This

may be clearer because of our choice of consonants from the extreme ends

of the consonant hierarchy built by Blache and Monroe. The choice of

vowels however although inclusive of varied vowel formation patterns

does not seem to affect the pattern of formation of the various curves

from sUbject to sUbject. In all 3 cases the patterns seem to go along

simi lar Ilnes.

From the same figures of the mean frequency range above, It seems

also that vocal behaviour can be identified individually In terms of

frequency. The graphs (Appendix 2), give a clear Indication of highest

frequency levels in 5116 of both consonants and lowest frequency level in

5118 With 5117 somewhere in between. AlthouQh the frequencies of Iml

seems to begin in the lower range and ItJ I in the upper range, the total

pattern seems to show a frequency adjusted to trle individual. In other

words although frequency may vary from sound to sound, in general

individual factors determine frequency to a greater extent. (It has already

been mentioned how Ryall used variability of fundamental frequency in

words and has shown it to be significantly greater for aphasics than for

normal speakers,)

The other two factors that show greater significance in variation are

the F-ratio and T-tests. (Appendix 3). Across the 3 SUbjects there seems

to be a greater significant variation in the ~ I sound than in the Iml

sound. Although the F-ratio showed minimal significance compared to the

T-test, there is a greater significance shown In the A3 I consonant than in

the Iml sound. For 5116, 3 utterances 1-4 I combination showed

significance while none of the utterances showed any significance for the

Iml sound. 5117 showed a simi lar pattern of greater significance for 7

utterances of the ffJ I sound measurement and only 2 utterances of the

Iml sound. For 5118 however there seems to be little difference where

the F-ratio of the 113 I sound shows one significant utterance while that

for the Iml sound shows 3.

The significance of l+jl seems more evident through results of the T­

test. While 5116 had all 9 utterances significant for the It) I sound there

were only two for the Iml sound. For 5117 while having 7 significant

utterances recorded for the/~ I sound, only two utterances were noted to

be significant in the Iml sound. In utterances of 5118 al19 showed

significance of the /-1:)01 sound and none were significant for the Iml

sound.

Sound Uarlanee lehl 0.1805 luI 0.1246 III 0.0015 Iml 0.0012 leI 0.0011

BppendiH 1 Table 1

Std. OeD. mean Hz 0.4249 4.905 ms 204 0.1116 4.563 ms 219 0.0868 3.511 ms 284 0.0851 4.125 ms 212 0.0840 4.100 ms 212

,

--

--

IIppendiH 2 6roph 1

SUBJECT 116 e__ 12.6:=1 37' e__,2.70 37' e__,2.7::; :::63

2.60 ::;~7 e I I __ I2.8:=1 ::s0 e__

2.'90 H' I e ,2.<;':1 ::.JS e__:.00 ::::sJ I e__,3.0:5 32'

3.10 ,3:22 ,-- I 3.1:5 :::17 [--'3.:'0 312 e I

:::.2:5 :::01 e 1 I~UI 3.:::0 :::0::: e I :::.3:5 Z., e I :::.40 2" .. e

,, :3:::.4:5 ZOO I I

3.::10 ZOO l :::.::1:5 261 l , ::.00 277 l -- I 3.6:5 Z" e-- 1 :::.70 270 e I 3.7::1 :1:66 ,

I -- I

J.60 Z., __ I I __:::.6::; 2:5. I .......\ ..

:.90 2:50

20' e 'Q. \ " :

:::.'i'::I C==J',}.4.00 2:50 • ,0::; ,.. ,, ,

J.-..... • "~YW\::4.10 24J I -- l_? · .:: :\:". l:l 240 e · .. . . 4.20 238 l ".2:5 23' J'-~""'. · . . . . .. ..e__ · . . . .

,4.:::0 232 i2J . .. . ...". :::::; 229 e 1 *

4."0 227 , , 4.4:5 [ ,22'

222 [ I••••0 4.::1::1 21'9' l I '.60 217 [ I 4.6:5 21:l l , 4.70 212 e , 4.7:5 2>, [ I 4.S0 :zoe [ I 4.6::1 206 , I 4.90 ,'0. l ,4. 9:5 '0' l ,:5.00 '0' [

:5.0::1 1"l'8 [ , '.10 ,.. [ , :5.:::1 ,.. [ , '.20 1'9::! [ , :5.2:5 ,., e I :5.30 ,S, [ , :5.::::5 ". [ I :5.40 I". [

:5 •• :5 IS::: e I :.:=:0 l I :5.:=!:5 '" ,'00 l :5.60 I '.6:5 170 C I ::i. 70

," C

:5.7:5 '" [[ ,,

1 " :5.60 >7Z [ , :5.B:5 , 70 [ I '.",0 '.. [ , .,.'9::; ,., [ , 6.00 >0. [ , b.O:! ,., ,C b.l0 >0, C , b. ::5 >OZ c I 6.20 >0, C , 6.2:::1 >00 [ ,

'.. [6.30 .., [ ,6.3:5 .., [

I

6.40 I 6.4:5 , 6.:50 1:53'" , C

]

6.:5:5 1:52 C ,.., l6.60 I 6.6:5 '" C.,.70 ... e

, I

. ~. 7:5 ,., [ , b.60 ,,, [ , 6.S:5 ... [ , 6.'90 ... [ , 6.9:5

1.00 ..'", [

l

, ;0.0:5 l , 1.10 '" ,"0 l 1.1:5 ... [

I

] 7.20 .., l ,

Graph 2 SUBJECT 116

Imul

irapb 3 SUBJECT 117

,.2.::0 .,. ,,2.:1:5 .2> 2.40 ... ,2 .• :1' 'OB ,2.:10 '00 ,2.:1::1 ,.2 ,2.60 >0' ,2.6::1 '17 2.70 370 ( -- I ,., ,2.7::1 (. ­

[ I2.80 30' 2.8:1 :::10 [ I ,.. [ ,2.~O ,~.'l'::l :38 [ ,[:.00 30' 3.0::1 '27 [ ,,3.10 322 e 3.1:5 :H7 ( ,,3.20 'U (

3.2:1 [ I'0' 3.30 I'0' ( ,3.3::1 2.B [

3 •• 0 [2" , 3.-4:5 28" [ ,,3.:50 2"" [

3.::1::1 281 e , 3.00 277 ( I,3.6:1 273 e ,3.70 270 [ ,3.7::1 Zbb e J.80 ,., e ,, 3.8:5 2''l' e ,:!:. ''0 Z::lb e 3.'9'::1 2:13 e ,, I~GI I~UI;4.00 750 e ,".0::1 2.. l ,., e ,4.10 ... 1::1 240 [ , 4.20 238 [ I 4.2::1 233 ( I 4.30 232 e I ".3::1 22'1' ( I 4.40 227 [ ,

'.,".4::1 22' e e ,

.,.30 222 ... :1::1 e ,21" ".00 2>, e I •• 6::1 2>3 e , ".70 2>2 [ , 4.7:1 2>0 l , " .SO 2.B e "~8::l 206 l ,

20' , (jJ.4.'9:1 202 ::1.00 200 l , ::1.0::1

4.90 [=: 1 I ... l

... f::l.10 J • • • •... (

,

\\::1.::1 " J. .• 5.20 1"2 [ ) . . . . ::1.2::1 ..0 f __ J • • • •

l • :"-~' : ~\;.. .:::1.30 ,"B .~ .:::~

::1.3:1 'B' C::f;;· ... \ ··f····.......

. .,...~."O .B3 ( :~:: ::1.4'5 .B, t __ ]~_

::l.~O 'B' ( tv. ::l.=l::l .BO ( , :5.60 "8 ( , ':1.6::1 .76 ( , :5.71) ,,, ( , '.7::1 ", ( , :5.80 ,'" (

:l.S::! "0 ( , '5 • .,0 ... ( ,,."., "B ( , b.OO ... ( ,.., ( ,b.O' .., ( ,b.l0 b.1::1 ( ,'62 ,.. (t>.20 , 6.2:5 ,"0 (

6.30 "B e ,,,, ,b. J::l ,6.40 ". (

e

6.·::1 ,,, e , 0.::10 ,,, ( , 0.::5 ,'" e

e ,6.60 I:n b.6:5 "0 e ,... e ,••. '06.7:1 "B l ,,., e ,b.80 .., ( ,110.8:1 6.'10 ,., ... l , 6.'7::1 e , 7.00 142 1.0::1

e--'.. , [ -­7. to "0 e ,, 1. l::l 1:::'1' e , '.:'0 "B ( , :".=~ I::: 7 , ,

6repb 4 SUBJECT 117

.2.40 2.4:1 :.:10

.,. I

.0. I

.00 I

, , , 2.:1:1 392 I

2.60 ,.. I

2.6:1 >77 I

2.70 370 I

2.7:1 ,., t 2.80 »7 r 2.8:1 ::10 I

2,"0 ,.. t :! • .,:l ;:311 r 3.00 ,n t

]

],, ],,, ]

]

3.0:5 >27 t ]

3.10 3.1:1 3.20

32~ t :::17 t >02 I

],, . 3.2:1 3.Z0

'07 '0'

t, ]

]

::.3:1 3 .• 0 3.4:1 3.:10 3.:1:1

2'. t ,.. , ,.. t 2.' t tel ,

]

]

], ]

-::.tlO 271 I ]

3;6:1 ,,, , , 3.70 270 , , 3.7:1 2bb t , 3.80 ,., r , :::.8:1 2:1" t , 3."0 3 • .,::1 4.00 4.0:1

::51. t ,0> I ,,. I ,.. I

], ]

]

•

4. JO 247 I ]

... 1:1 :;:40 t , 4.20 238 t , •• 2:1 2J:l t ,

/ma/4.30 232 t , ".3:1 22., t , 4.40 :27 t , •• 4:1 ,2< t , '.00 Z22 , , -.:1:1 ZI" I , 4.60 21' I , 4.6:1 210 , , 4.70 212 I ]

4.7:1 210 I , 4.eo ". , ]

4.8:1 206 I , 4 • .,0 20' I ]

4.":1 202 I , :1.00 200 I , :1.0:1 ". t , :1.10 ... , , :1.1:1 ... r , :1.20 1.,2 r , :1.2:1 "0 t ,

·'.30 ••• r ]

:1.3:1 ••• t ]

:1.40 .., ~::~@.. : : : : : : :I .• :1 .., :1.:::0 ,., ( --~ __ ' . . . . . . . . :1.::1 ••0 e__ l_ . . ..... . :1.60 17.

~--~.3~5.6:1 17.

:}:

Imi/

.. ~~.::.: • j>­ .

"V!r:'::<D.::::..... . .. .. · .. . · . · .

:0

Imul

~ . .. . .· .

· '" .· . . · .· .

~ .

· . .. . · . . .. . .. · . . · .

~ .. · . . . .. . .. . ..

· . .... · . . . . . . '.71> 172

~:::~.~'.7:1 17' :1.80 172 ~--~.> " .. .:'-8:1 170 5."0 ,.. t -­]' ••••

,.., I •• r ]

6.00 b.O:! b.l0 b.l:1 6.20

b.2:1 0.30 b.J:J 6.40 6.4:1 6.:10 6.:1' 6.60 6.6:1

••• 70b.7:1

I •• t ],., r ],., , ] I., , ],., , , '.0 , ,". I , 1:11 , , 10. , , '" r , '07 r , '" , , '0< , , 10O , ,,.. , ,... r ,

6.80 '" t --'6.8:1 6.'10 6 . .,::1 7.00 1.0:1 1.10 1. l:l 1.:0 1. :: j

14, I --'... t --' 14' , ]

1 .. :l' ,--'... t --' 14O ,--'I:::,. , , 1:::8 t , 1 ~ 1 ,

lirapb 5 SUBJECT 118

l~ul

. . ..'::!f . . .. . ......\ "

'(~~.: ::: :: :: ," ...., . . . . . . . . . ..

i' \ ••• :,,-:. ••: ••••••

8\>

SUBJECT 118 6rlpb 6

'r:. ~ ~ ~AA~' .. :: ~~~ ~ ~ :~: :: ~ .w~~:::::\ . :®~:: : : : : :: : . :G): : : . : ti,: : :: :~ .. :.: .. :l~~~.:. .0. .. '" .. , .

~: :: :: ::~:

.z.,. ." , 2.40 ... '--, ::.4:1 .0. '--, :.:10 .00 '--, 2.~~

,., '--, 2.60 ,.. '--, 2.0:1 '77 '--, ::!:.70 >70 , , 2.7:1 ,0> , , 2.80 ,., , , 2.8:1 ,.0 '--, 2 • .,0 ,.. '--, : • .,:1 Z::S1ll t __ '

:.00 ,,. C__ ' 3.0:1 >2' '_.' 3.10 32: '--, 3. 1:1 :17 '--, 3.:0 '12 C_.' 3.2:1 '0' C_.J :s.~O '0' , I ::.3:5 Z•• , , ::.40 n. {•• 1 :.4:1 ••• e_., 3.:10 ••• , , ':.:1:1 ZllIl , , 3.,60 271 , , 3.6:1 ." , , 3.10 :70 (_.' 3.7:1 ••• , , 3.BO .., , , !..B:I Z:J'9 , , 3 • .,0 ::16 , , 3 • .,:1 '5O , , c.oo ::10 , , ... 0:1 ... , , 4.10 243 , , ... 1:J :40 , , ... :0 2::8 r , 4.7:1 n. , , 4.30 ::12 , , ". :::1 Z:'P , I ..... 0 :27 r I ".4:1 ,.. r ,

••••0 :22 , , •• :1:1 :19 , , 4.60 ::17 , I 4.6:1 ... , I 4.70 ... , I 4.7:1 Z10 , I _.80 ". r , .;8:1 :06 , , ... .,0 '0' , I " • .,:1 202 , I :1.00 '00 , , :1.0:1 ,.. , , '.10 ,.. r , :l.::J ,.. , , '.20 I": , , :I.::!:1 "0 , , :.30 ,.. r , :.:::1 ,.. , ,

I :1.40 I.' , , :5.4:1 ,., , ,

I :1.:10 ,., , , :1.:1:1 ••0 , ,

I :!.!bO ". , , I :1.0:1 ". r , i :1.10 ". ,--' I :1.7:1 ", C_.'

:1.80 '72 , , :1.8:1 170 ,--:1.'90 ... r :1.,,:1 ... ,--' 6.00 ... ,--' 6.0:1 ,.. ,--' 6.10 .., r --' 0.1:1 .., ,--' 6.:0 .., ,--, 6.2:1 ..0 ,--' 6.30 ... ,--' 6.3:1 15' '_.J 6.40 15. ,--' 6.'" 15. ,--' 6.:10 15' [. __ 1 6.:::5 1:12 , , 6.00 '01 r , 6.6:1 150 ,--

••. '0 ... ,

6.7:1 '60 , , 6.60 .67 ,--' 6.8:1 ... ,--' 6 • .,0 ... ,--6.":1 '6> , 7.00 Ie: , , ;".0:1 ,.. , , 1.10 "0 , , 7. l:l I::'" , , 7.20 13. , , ,.. ::1 ." , ,

Imal

.'

~:

"

'.

Im'/

'.

/mu/

.' .

,,

,,

,,

BppendlB 3 Table 1

SUBJECT 116 Word .I!I.I1Hl s..umJHl Sum-H2 ~ I!m1yl iYm{yl Cha.l (uow) .01 47.3 203.49 11 8.909E-03 45.2 Cha.2 (uow) .0449 48.5 214.29 11 .0244 47 Cha.3 (tra) .0126 44.6 199.06 10 4.444E-03 46 Chi.1 (uow) .0795 44.8 201.42 10 .0227 48.1 Chl.2 (uow) .0196 44.2 195.54 10 .0149 45.2 Chl.3 (uow) .0484 45.2 204.74 10 .0201 45.9 Choo.l (uow) .0924 48.2 194.62 12 .0410 47.4 Choo.2 (uow) .0505 44.2 195.9 10 .0116 44.9 Choo.3 (uow) .0429 46.1 193.63 11 .0127 48 Sum-U2!t12l F-Ratlo I-Test 185.82 11 1.1225 (ns) 4.6046 (sig .01) 221.12 10 1.8372 (ns) 3.5480 (slg .00 211.64 10 2.8463 (ns) 3.0963 (slg .01) 193.05 12 3.5121 (slg .05) 5.0145 (slg .00 185.88 11 1.3117 (ns) 5.4399 (slg .00 191.73 11 2.4004 (ns) 4.3380 (Slg .01) 173.32 13 2.2528 (ns) 3.6134 (11g .00 183.39 11 4.3448 (slg .05) 4.1770 (slg .01) 192.14 12 3.3715 (slg .05) 2.7782 (slg .05) mBNSITION fUlOWEL Word Number Mean I!.AIi Std.deu. Fund.freg IDL Cha.l 22 4.2045 0.0186 0.1361 237 Hz 4.2 ml Cha.2 21 4.5476 0.0556 0.2358 219 Hz 4.5 ml Cha.3 20 4.5300 0.0148 0.1218 220 Hz 4.5 ms Chl.l 22 4.2227 0.1037 0.3221 236 Hz 4.2 ms Chl.2 21 4.2571 0.0416 0.2039 234Hz 4.3 ms Chl.3 21 4.3381 0.0634 0.2519 230 Hz 4.3 ms Choo.l 25 3.8240 0.0985 0.3139 261 Hz 3.8 ms Choo.2 21 4.2429 0.0625 0.2501 235 Hz 4.2 ms Choo.3 23 4.0913 0.0354 0.1880 244Hz 4.1 ms 8LB. Sum H HZ. 3.2% 92.5 389.31 5.2% 95.5 435.41 2.7% 90.6 410.7 7.6% 92.9 394.47 4.8% 89.4 381.42 5.8% 91.1 396.47 8.2% 95.6 367.94 5.9% 89.1 379.29 4.6% 94.1 385.77

Table 2 SUBJECT 116 Word IlArtHl Sum fHl Sum-H2 I't:1 !l.lLd.yl iJImfyl Ma.l Ural 4.889E-03 45.4 206.16 10 3.222E-03 45.1 Ma.2 (uow) 4[-03 47.8 228.52 10 3.222E-03 47.1 Ma.3 Ural 9.333E-03 46.6 217.24 10 5E-03 46.5 Me.l (uow) 6.727E-03 47.9 208.65 11 5.636E-03 48.2 Me.2 Ural 7.667E-03 44.9 201.67 10 2.778E-03 45.5 Me.3 (uow) 0.0149 46.1 193.35 11 0.0107 46.7 Moo.l (uow) 2.727E-03 45.6 189.06 11 1.636E-03 46.4 Moo.2 Ural 2.909E-03 48.3 212.11 11 2.909E-03 48.3 Moo.3 (uow) 4.545E-03 46.9 200.01 11 4,£-03 47.3 Sum-y2 ~ F-Ratio I-lest 203.43 10 1.5174 (ns) 1.0534 (ns) 221.87 10 1.2415 (ns) 2.6047 (lig .05) 216.27 10 1.8666 (ns) 0.2641 (ns) 211.26 11 1.1936 (ns) 0.8135 (ns) 207.05 10 2.7599 (ns) 1.8566 (ns) 198.37 11 1.3899 (ns) 1.1299 (ns) 195.74 II 1.6669 (ns) 3.6515 (slg .0 I) 212.11 11 1.0000 (ns) 0.0000 (ns) 203.43 II 1.1363 (ns) 1.3047 (ns) mRNS IIION Q VOWEL Word Number Mean UAIi Std.deu. Fund.keg IDJ. Ma.l 20 4.5250 0.0040 0.0638 220 Hz 4.5 ms Ma.2 20 4.7450 0.0047 0.0686 210 Hz 4.7 ms Ma.3 20 4.6550 0.0068 0.0825 214Hz 4.7 ms Me.1 22 4.3681 0.0060 0.0779 228 Hz 4.4ms Me.2 20 4.5200 0.0059 0.0767 221 Hz 4.5 ms Me.3 22 4.2181 0.0129 0.1139 237 Hz 4.2 ms Moo.1 22 4.1818 0.0034 0.0588 239 Hz 4.2 ms Moo.2 22 4.3909 0.0027 0.0526 227 Hz 4.4ms Moo.3 22 4.2818 0.0044 0.0664 233 Hz 4.3 ms 8LIl SumH Ja. 1.4% 90.5 409.59 1.4% 94.9 450.39 1.8% 93.1 433.51 1.8% 96.1 419.19 1.7% 90.4 408.72 2.7% 92.8 391.72 1.4% 92 384.80 1.2% 96.6 424.22 1.6% 94.2 403.44

Table 3 SUBJ£CII17 Word J!ArlHl S1ImJH1 Cha.l (tra) .0294 46.6 Cha.2 (tra) .0212 44.7 Cha.3 (tra) .0336 45.4 Chl.l (uow) .0127 45.5 Chl.2 (uow) .0525 48.3 Chl.3 (tra) .0161 46.7 Chao.1 (uow) .1036 46.7 Choo.2 (tra) .0582 47.6 Choo.3 (uow) .1825 47.4 Sum-y2 ~ F-Ratlo 257.13 9 3.7855 (11g .05)

Sum-H2 241.52 249.91 257.88 230.13 259.63 242.45 243.15 227.1 251.1 I-Ielt 2.5916 (lig .05)

251.68 8 4.2500 (slg .05) 1.5215 (nl) 266.86 8 4.2128 (Ilg .05) 1.3896 (nl) 219.06 9 5.1112 (11g .05) 2.9665 (Ilg .05) 233.16 9 4.7250 (Ilg.05) 3.3041 (alg .01) 258.24 9 1.2608 (nl) 2.9417 (Ilg .01) 229.65 10 4.4618 (Ilg .05) 3.5135 (Ilg .on 230.43 9 1.1580 (nl) 2.7558 (Ilg .05) 212.29 9 14.2824 (Iig .01) 2.1910 (Ilg .05) fflRNSITION & DOWEl Word Number Mean Darl Std.de". Cha.l 18 5.2611 0.0248 0.1577 Cha.2 16 5.6312 0.0143 0.1195 Cha.3 16 5.7250 0.0220 0.1483 Chi.1 18 4.9944 0.0111 0.1055 Chl.2 18 5.2277 0.0503 0.2244 Chl.3 18 5.2722 0.0209 0.1447 Chao.1 19 4.9789 0.0995 0.3154 Choo.2 19 4.9000 0.0144 0.2128 Choo.3 18 5.0611 0.1366 0.3696 BL8... Sum H HZ 3.0% 94.1 498.65 2.1% 90.1 507.59 2.6% 91.6 524.74 2.1 % 89.9 449.19 4.3% 94.1 492.79 2.1% 94.9 500.69 6.3% 94.6 472.80 5.6'70 93.1 451.53 1.3% 91.1 463.39

lH- um1ul 9 7.778£-03 8 5.£-03 8 1.857£-03 9 2.5£-03 9 .0111 9 .0127 9 .0232

10 .0502 9 .0127

Fund.freq 190 Hz 177 Hz 174Hz 200 Hz 191 Hz 189 Hz 200 Hz 204Hz 191 Hz

SYm1ul 48.1 45.4 46.2 44.4 45.8 48.2 47.9 45.5 43.7

IDl 5.3 ml 5.6 ml 5.7 ml 5.0 ml 5.2 ml 5.3 ml 5.0 ml 4.9 ml 5.1 ml

Tobie 4 SUBJECT 117 Word !!AI1Hl ilmlJHl Sum-H2 .!"t=.L DaOy) Sum(y). Ma.l (tra) 8.393E-03 44.3 245.37 8 6.964£-03 44.9 Ma.2 (tra) 6.964£-03 44.9 252.05 8 2.857E-03 45.6 Ma.3 (!Jow) 9.821[-03 46.3 268.03 8 5.E-03 46.6 Me.l (!Jow) 5.278[-03 47.2 247.58 9 4.444£-03 41.5 Me.2 (tra) .0394 47.5 251.01 9 2.778E-03 41.3 Me.3 (tra) .0126 43.9 240.99 8 8.511E-03 43.2 Moo.l(tra) .0311 47 221.18 10 2.661E-03 47.4 Moo.2 (tra) .0111 46.9 244.49 9 6.944£-03 46.6 Moo.3 (uow)6.111 E-03 48.7 263.57 9 2.857E-03 44 Sum-y2 ~ F-Ratlo T-Te,t 252.05 8 1.2052 (n,) 1.7118 (n,) 259.94 8 2.4375 (nl) 2.4973 (lig .05) 271.48 8 1.9642 (nl) 0.8712 (nl) 250.73 9 1.1877 (n,) 1.0142 (nl) 248.61 9 14.1981 (,Ig .00 0.0324 (n,) 233.34 8 1.4793 (n,) 1.6977 (nl) 224.1 10 11.6652 (11g .00 0.6882 (nl) 241.34 9 1.6001 (ns) 0.7442 (n,) 242.02 8 2.1390 (nl) 2.6994 (,Ig .05) TRRNSITION 6' DOWEL Word Number Mean Dart Std.deu. Fund.freg IDJ. Ma.l 16 5.5150 0.0086 0.0930 179 Hz 5.6 ms Ma.2 16 5.6562 0.0066 0.0814 116 Hz 5.1 ms Ma.3 16 5.8062 0.0012 0.0853 112 Hz 5.8 m, Me.1 18 5.2611 0.0049 0.0698 190 Hz 5.3 ms Me.2 18 5.2666 0.0200 0.1414 189 Hz 5.3 m, Me.3 16 5.4431 0.0119 0.1094 183 Hz 5.4 m, Moo.1 20 4.1200 0.0164 0.1281 211 Hz 4.1 ml Moo.2 18 5.1944 0.0088 0.0938 192 Hz 5.2 rna Moo.3 17 5.4529 0.0063 0.0800 183 Hz 5.5 rna BLB. Sum H H2. 1.7% 89.2 491.42 1.4% 90.5 511.99 1.5% 92.9 539.51 1.3% 94.7 498.31 2.1% 94.8 499.62 2.0% 87.1 474.33 2.7% 94.4 445.88 1.8% 93.5 485.83 1.5% 92.1 505.59

Table 5 SUBJECI118 Word I!MtHl -SlmL1Hl.. Sum-H2 Che.1(tre) .0173 46.8 219.18 Cha.2 (tre) .0125 44.1 216.19 Cha.3 (tre) .0253 44.6 221.22 Chl.1 (tra) .0410 47.9 229.81 Chl.2 (uow) .0275 46.5 240.47 Chl.3 (uow) .0375 46.5 240.55 Choo.1(tre) 5.636E-03 48.6 214.78 Choo.2(tre) .0289 48.3 Choo.3 (tre) .0116 47.5 Sum-y2 !'i:.l2l (-Retlo 216.17 9 1.7333 (n.) 245.54 9 1.0466 (n.) 250.77 9 2.6766 (n.) 200.8 10 3.8436 (slg .05) 226.72 10 1.7188 (n.) 228.66 10 1.9176 (n.) 213.48 10 1.4090 (ns) 215.44 10 1.8068 (n.) 225.08 9 1.1667 (n.) mANSITION 6' DOWEL

212.37 225.73

I-lest 4.0638 (Slg .00 6.1828 (slg .00 5.1877 (slg .00 4.3128 (slg .00 6.0486 (slg .00 5.0292 (Slg .00 6.6248 (slg .00 3.7760 (slg .00 5.2158 (slg .00

Word Number Mean I!.Dri. Std.deu. Che.l 19 4.7842 0.0258 0.1608 Che.2 18 5.0611 0.0390 0.1975 Che.3 18 5.1166 0.0438 0.2093 Chi. 1 20 4.635 0.0497 0.2230 Chl.2 19 4.9526 0.0637 0.2524 Chl.3 19 4.9631 0.0658 0.2565 Choo.l 21 4.5143 0.0152 0.1236 Choo.2 21 4.5095 0.0379 0.1947 Choo.3 19 4.8684 0.0267 0.1634 IlLJl Sum H 112 3.4% 90.9 435.35 3.9% 91.1 461.73 4.1% 92.1 471.99 4.8% 92.7 430.61 5.1% 94.1 467.19 5.2% 94.3 469.21 2.7% 94.8 428.26 4.3'70 94.7 427.81 3.4% 92.5 450.81

!"!=.L Uedyl 10 .01 9 .0119 9 9.444£-03

10 .0107 9 .016 9 .0196

11 4.E-03 11 .016 10 .01

fund.freg 209 Hz 197 Hz 195 Hz 215 Hz 201 Hz 201 Hz 221 Hz 221 Hz 205 Hz

SY.mfyl 44.1 47 47.5 44. 47.6 47.8 46.2 46.4 45

IDl 4.8 ms 5.1 m. 5.1 mt 4.6 ms 5.0 mt 5.0 m. 4.5 ms 4.5 mt 4.9 ms

Table 6 SUBJECT 118 Word I!mHl i!!m..1Hl Sum-H2 l!:.1. Ma.l Ura) .0511 44.2 217.48 9 Ma.2 (uow) 1.1 I 1E-03 46.7 242.33 9 Ma.3 Ura) 6.944E-03 46.6 241.34 9 Me.l (uow) .0284 45.8 210.02 10 Me.2 (uow) .0225 44.1 216.27 9 Me.3 (uow) 9.444E-03 43.9 214.21 9 Moo.l Ura) .0178 47.2 222.94 10 Moo.2 (tra) 9.444E-03 44.3 218.13 9 Moo.3 Ura) 0.01 44.5 219.12 9 Sum-y2 l!!=.W F-Ratio T-Telt 233.31 10 21.9078 (slg .01) 1.1101 (nl) 240.33 9 0.1111 (ns) .6325 (nl) 246.53 9 1.3888 (ns) 1.5250 (ns) 211.66 10 4.2664 (alg .05) .0337 (ns) 213.3 9 1.2857 (ns) 0.5000 (nl) 231.1410 1.7348 (ns) 1.7324 (ns) 214.45 10 1.9126 (nl) 1.7538 (ns) 215.14 9 2.6153 (ns) .8752 (nl) 220.05 9 3.5997 (slg .05) .2949 (nl) TRRNSITION 8' UOWEL Word Number Mean I!Arl Std.deu. Ma.l 19 4.8684 0.0256 0.1600 Ma.2 18 5.1777 0.0053 0.0073 Ma.3 18 5.2056 0.0064 0.0802 Me.1 20 4.5900 0.0167 0.1293 Me.2 18 4.8833 0.0191 0.1382 Me.3 19 4.8421 0.0081 0.0901 Moo.1 20 4.6750 0.0146 0.1209 Moo.2 18 4.9056 0.0064 0.0802 Moo.3 18 4.9389 0.0060 0.0778 BLIl. Sum H H2. 3.3'10 92.5 450.79 1.4% 93.2 482.66 1.5'10 93.7 487.87 2.8% 91.8 421.68 2.8% 87.9 429.57 1.9% 92 445.62 2.6% 98.5 497.39 1.6% 88.3 433.27 1.6% 88.9 439.17

J!MUJl 2.333E-03

.01 5.E-03 6.667E-03 .0175

5.444E-03 9.E-03 3.6I1E-03 2.778E-03

Fund.freq 205 Hz 198 Hz 192 Hz 217 Hz 204Hz 206 Hz 213 Hz 203 Hz 202 Hz

iY.m.f.Yl 48.3 46.5 47.1 46 43.8 48.1 46.3 44 44.5

ID1 4.9 ms 5.2 ms 5.2 ms 4.6 ms 4.9 rnl 4.9 ml 4.7 rnl 4.9 rns 4.9 rns

Bjb11 ography

Allen, G. D. (1973). Segmental timing control In speech production. Journal

of Phonetics. I, 219-237.

Allen, G. D. (1978). Vowel duration measurement: A reliability stUdy.

Journal of Acoustical Society of America. 63, 1176-1185.

Blache, S. E. (1978). The acquisItion of distinctive features. Baltimore:

University Park Press.

Blache, S. E. & Monroe, B. (1989). Varlabil1ty In the fundamental frequency

of yowels: A developmental stuQy,. Unpublished doctoral dissertation.

Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois.

Klatt, D. H. (1975). Vowel lengthening Is syntactically determined in a

connected discourse. Journal of phonetics. 3, 129-140.

Lieberman, P. (1963). Some acoustic measures of the fundamental

periodicity of normal and pathologic larynges. Journal of Acoustical

Society of AmerIca. 35, 344-353.

Lieberman, P. (1986). The acquIsition of Intonation by Infants: Physiology

and neural control. In J. Lewis (Ed.> Intonation in discourse. (pp.

239-257). San Diego, California: College-Hill Press Inc.

Menon, K. M. N., Jensen, P. J. & Dew, D. (1969). Acoustic properties of

certain VCC utterrances. Journal of Acoustical Society of America.

46, 449-457.

Naeser, M. A (1970a). Criteria for the segmentation of vowels on duplex

oscillograms. (Technical Report No. 124). Madison, Wisconsin:

Wisconsin Research and Development Center for Cognltlve Learning.

Naeser, M. A. (1970b). The AmerIcan chJJd's acquIsition of differentIa)

yowel duratIon. (Report No. 144, Parts I & 2). Madison, WIsconsin:

Wisconsin Research and Development Center for CognItive Learning.

Oller, D. K. (1973). Effect of posItIon In utterance on speech segment

duratIon In EnglIsh. Journal of Acoustical Society of America. 54,

1235-1247.

Peterson, G. E. & Lehiste, I. (1960). Duration of syllable nucleI In EnglIsh.

Journal of Acoustical Society of America. 32, 693-703.

Ryalls, H. J. (1984). Some acoustic aspects of fundamental frequency of

CVC utterrances in aphasia. phooetica. 41, 103-111.

Shamo, S. W. (1988). Pitch perturbatIon measures in the diagnosis of voice

dIsorders In preschool children. Unpublished doctoral dIssertatIon,

Southern III inols UnIversIty, Carbondale, IllInoIs.

Umeda, N. (1975). Vowel duration in American Engl ish. Journal of

Acoustical Society of America, 58, 434-445.