A Textbook of

ENGINEERINGCHEMISTRY

(Including Lab Manual)

(According to Prescribed Syllabus of M.D.U., G.J.U.S.T., K.U., &D.C.R.U.S.T. Haryana)

DR. NAVEEN JAIN(M.Sc. Ph.D)Astt. Professor

Vaish College of Engineering, Rohtak(naveen28_jain@yahoo.com)

AN ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED COMPANY

Vayu Education of India2/25, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110 002

DR. VIBHA GUPTAProfessor

Vaish College of EngineeringRohtak

A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(Including Lab Manual)

ISBN : 978-93-83758-19-7

First Edition : 2008Second Edition : 2014

Price: ` 200/-

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,without the prior permission of the Authors.

Published by:

VAYU EDUCATION OF INDIA2/25, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110 002Ph.: 91-11-43526600, 41564445Fax: 91-11-41564440E-mail: vei@veiindia.com, vayueducation1@gmail.comWeb: www.veiindia.com

It gives me a sense of great satisfaction in bringing out this edition, meant for B.Tech students. Thisbook has been designed strictly in accordance with new prescribed syllabus of MDU, KU, DCRUST, andGJU. The book has been prepared in a simple and interesting style.

The general features of this book are:• The complete text has been written to make the subject matter more simple, clear and systematic.• The language of book is quite simple.• A number of solved and unsolved problems have been included in the book.• Every mathematical step is with perfect clarity.I strongly feel that presentation of the matter in the book is as important as the subject matter.I express my deepest gratitude towards Mr. Parveen Jain, Scientist, DRDO, Who spared some time out

of his busy schedule and give valuable suggestions.The authors are very much thankful to Dr. R.K. Jain, M/S. Vayu Education of India, Delhi for his keen

interest shown in publishing of this book.I wish to thank the entire team of Vayu Education of India for taking keen interest in publication and

promotion of this edition of the book.The suggestions and comments for further improvement of the book from readers are most welcome

and will be gratefully accepted and acknowledged.

DR. NAVEEN JAIN

PR EFACE

THE BOOK YOU HOLD in your hands is the outcome of months of tough work and a passionatedesire to create a high-quality, enlightening text on Engineering Chemistry. During the writing of this book,I have received tons of great support, which I greatly appreciate from friends and family. The processwould have been much more difficult and arguably much less fruitful, without their support.

First of all, I would like to thank all the reviewers of this book; they have done an incredible job by givingregular feedback. Then, I would like to specifically call out the following individuals for their contribution. Iwould like to thank Parveen Jain, Nishu, Rahave, Gunjan, Vinay Jindal, Bajrang Garg, Amit Sumit. Parshant,Savita, Anita.

I also need to thank my family for putting up with me while I was preoccupied with writing andresearch activities.

Please forgive me, if I have forgotten somebody as it is purely my mistake and not one I intended. Icould not have done it without all of your support. Thank you all!

DR. NAVEEN JAINDR. VIBHA GUPTA

ACKNOWLED GMENT

SCHEDULE PER WEEK

Lecture : 3 Examination Time : Three (3) Hours

Tutorial : 1 M.M. 100

UNIT 1Thermodynamics : Second law, concept of entropy, entropy change for an ideal gas, free energy and workfunctions, free energy change, chemical potential, Gibb’s Helmholtz equation, Clausius-Clapeyron equation,related numerical problems with above topics.

UNIT 2Phase Rule : Terminology, derivation of Gibb’s, phase rule equation, one component system (H2O system),two components systems, eutectic system (Pb-Ag), system with congruent m.pt. (Zn—Mg), systems withincongruent m.pt. (Na—K). Na2SO4– H2O system. Application of above systems.

UNIT 3Water and its treatment : Part I - Sources of water, Impurities in water, impurities in water, hardness ofwater and its determination, units of hardness, alkalinity of water and its determination, related numericalproblems, scale and sludge formation (composition, properties and methods of prevention).

UNIT 4Water and its treatment : Part II - Treatment of water for domestic use, coagulation, sedimentation,filtration and disinfection, water softening, ion exchange process, mixed bed demineralisation, desalination(reverse osmosis, electrodialysis).

UNIT 5Corrosion and its prevention : Galvanic and concentration cell, dry and wet corrosion, electrochemicaltheory of corrosion, galvanic corrosion, pitting corrosion, waterline corrosion, differential aeration corrosion,stress corrosion, factors affecting corrosion. preventive measures (proper design, cathodic protection, protectivecoatings).

SYLLABUS

UNIT 6Lubrication and lubricants : Friction, mechanism of lubrication, classification and properties of lubricants,additives for lubricants, synthetic lubricants, greases, preparation and properties (consistency, drop point)and uses.

UNIT 7Polymers and polymerization : Organic polymers, polymerisation, various types of polymerisation, effectof structure on properties of polymers, preparation properties and technical applications of thermoplastics(PVC, PVA), thermosets (PF, UF), and elastomers (SBR, GrR-M), silicones, introduction to polymericcomposites.

UNIT 8Analytical methods : Thermal methods, principle, method and application of thermogravimetric analysis,differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (experimental details excluded),spectroscopic methods, spectrophotometry, interaction of E.M. radiations with a molecule and origin ofspectrum, spectroscopic techniques-vibrational and electronic spectroscopy (experimental details are excluded),conductometric titration, elementary discussion on flamephotometry.

Note : Eight questions are to be set with a fair weightage of all the units. The candidates will be requiredto attempt five questions in all.

UNIT 9Catalysis : Catalyst, Positive & negative catalyst. Characteristics of catalyst, Types of cataylysis, Mechanismof Catalysis, Enzymes, chaacterisitcs of enzymes, mechanism of enzyme action.

CO NT EN TS

Preface v Acknowledgment vii

1. THERMODYNAMIC 1-351.1 Recapitulation of Some Basic Concepts 3

1.1.2 State of a System and State Variables 41.1.3 Thermodynamic Equilibrium and Non-equilibrium 51.1.4 Types of Processes 51.1.5 Concept of Heat and Work 6

1.2 First Law of Thermodynamics 91.2.1 Statement of the First Law of Thermodynamics 91.2.2 Internal Energy and Internal Energy Change 101.2.3 Mathematical Formulation of the First Law of Thermodynamics 111.2.4 Limitations of First Law of Thermodynamics and Need of the Second Law 12

1.3 Second law of thermodynamics 151.4 Enthalpy (H) 151.5 Entropy (s) 171.6 Entropy - Its physical significance 191.7 Entropy change for an ideal gas 221.8 Free Energy Function (G) and works Function (A) 231.9 Gibb’s Helmholtz Equations 25

1.10 Importance of Gibb’s Helmholtz Equations and Application 281.11 Chemical Potential (M): 301.12 The Clapeyron Equation 311.13 Clausius-clapeyron Equation 321.14 Applications of Clapeyron-clausius Equation 33

Examination Questions 34

2. PHASE RULE 37-572.1 The Statement 392.2 Meaning Of The Terms Involved 392.3 derivation Gibbs phase rule 412.4 One Component System 422.5 Water System 432.6 CO2 System 45

xii A Textbook of Engineering Chemistry

2.7 Sulphur System 472.8 The two component system 492.9 Lead Silver System 50

2.10 Application to Pattinson`s Process 512.11 Sodium-potassium System 522.12 Zinc-magnesium Alloy System 532.13 Sodium Sulphate – Water System 54

Examination Questions 56

3. WATER AND ITS TREATMENT 59-853.1 Introduction 613.2 Sources of Water 613.3 Common impurities 613.4 Types of impurities 623.5 Effects of Impurities 623.6 Hardness 623.7 Types of hardness 633.8 Determination of hardness 633.9 Degree of hardness 69

3.10 Alkalinity of Water 703.11 Solved Numericals Based on Alkalinity of Water 743.12 Water for steam making 753.13 Sludge and scale 763.14 Boiler Corrosion 793.15 Caustic Embrittlement 813.16 Prevention of caustic embrittlement 813.17 Priming and Foaming 813.18 Minimization of foaming 82

Solved Questions 82

4. WATER AND ITS TREATMENT 87-1314.1 Municipal Water Supply or Drinking Water 894.2 Purification of Water 894.3 Methods of disinfection/sterilization 924.4 Break-point Chlorination 934.5 Lime-Soda Process 964.6 Zeolite or permutit process 1004.7 Ion-exchange or De-ionization or De-mineralization Process 1024.8 Desalination Of Brackish Water 106

4.8.1 Water aDistillation 1064.8.2 Freezing 1064.8.3 Electrodialysis Method 1064.8.4 Reverse Osmosis 108

Solved Questions 109

Contents xiii

5. CORROSION AND ITS PREVENTION 133-1505.1 Introduction 1355.2 Significance of CorrOsion 1355.3 Theories of corrosion 1365.4 Dry corrosion 1365.5 Wet or Electrochemical corrosion (Immersed corrosion) 1375.7 Waterline Corrosion 1415.8 Concentration Cell (Differential areation corossion) 1415.9 Pitting Corrosion 142

5.10 Stress Corrosion 1435.11 Protection against corrosion 1445.12 Methods of Application of Metal Coatings 1475.13 Factors Influencing Corrosion 148

Examination Questions 149

6. LUBRICATIONS AND LUBRICANTS 151-1776.1 Introduction 1536.2 Functions of Lubricants 1556.3 Classification of Lubbricants 1556.4 Lubricating Oil 1556.5 Semi Solid Lubricants or Greases (Gel) 1576.6 Solid Lubricants 1606.7 Types of Lubrication (Mechanism Of Lubrication) 1616.8 Properties of Lubricants 1646.9 Viscosity 164

6.10 Flash And Fire Points 1676.11 Cloud Point and Pour Point 1696.12 Emulsification 1716.13 Effect of Structures on properties of polymer 1716.14 Silicones 1736.15 Biodegradable Polymers 174

Examination Questions 175

7. POLYMERS AND POLYMERISATION 179-2057.1 Introduction 1817.2 Classification of Polymers 1817.3 Polymerisation 1847.4 Plastics 1857.5 Classification of Plastics or Resins 1867.6 Polyethylene 1877.7 Bakelite 1917.8 Terylene or Polyesters or Dacron or Polyethylene Terphthalate (Pet) 1937.9 Polytetra Fluoro Ethylene (Teflon) 193

7.10 Moulding Constituents of Plastics or Compounding of Plastic 1947.11 Rubbers or Elastomers 195

xiv A Textbook of Engineering Chemistry

7.12 Synthetic Rubbers 1987.13 Conducting Polymers And Its Application 203

Examination Questions 204

8. ANALYTICAL METHODS 207-2308.1 Thermal Methods 2098.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 2108.3 Instrumentation for Thermogravimetric Analysis 2108.4 Application of TGA 2128.5 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) 2148.6 Instrumentation for DTA Apparatus 2148.7 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 2168.8 Spectroscopic Methods 2178.9 Electromagnetic Radiation 217

8.10 Beer-Lambert’s law 2198.11 Introduction Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 2208.12 Application of UV Spectroscopy 2228.13 Infrared Spectroscopy 2228.14 Flame Photometry 2278.15 Conductometric Titration 228

Examination Questions 229

9. CATALYSIS 231-2409.1 Introduction 2339.2 Types of Catalysis 2349.3 Characteristics of Catalysed Reactions 235 9.4 Theories (Mechanism) of Catalysis 236 9.5 Enzyme Catalsis 238

9.5.1 Characteristics of Enzyme Catalysis 2399.5.2 Mechanism of Enzyme Catalysis 239

Examination Questions 240

Lab Manual 241-320Question Papers 321-330Index 331-333

Unit–1: Thermodynamics 1.1 Some Basic Concepts

1.2 First Law of Thermodynamics

1.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics

1.4 Gibb’s Helmholtz Equation and its Application

1.5 The Clapeyron Equation and the Clapeyron

1.6 Clausius Equation

IntroductIonThermodynamics describes the transformation of matter and energy ignoring the atomistic constitution of matter. It treats matter as a continuum that displays thermal and mechanical properties on a visible or molar basis. To start with, it dealt only with heat and work, but now it deals with all types of energy changes, like electrical, chemical or surface. Before studying the 2nd Law of thermodynamics, it will be beneficial for us to go through a brief discussion of some basic concepts of thermodynamics. These are only for recapitutation.There are as under:

1.1 recapItulatIon of Some BaSIc conceptSThe study of thermodynamics involves several specific terms and concepts. Some of these are discussed below.

System and SurroundingsA system may be defined as that specific part of the universe which is under study and possesses fixed boundries. The boundaries may be real or imaginary. The rest of the universe (the entire universe other than the system) is referred to as surroundings.

For example, if we are interested in the study of some property of a liquid kept in a beaker, then the liquid contained in the beaker is the system (Fig.1.1) and everything else around it (beaker, room etc.) constitute surroundings. The walls of the beaker constitute the boundary of the system which is real in the case under consideration.

Fig. 1.1. Illustration of a system and its surroundings

Chapter

Thermodynamics

1

4 A Textbook of Engineering Chemistry

Types of system: Systems may be classified into following three types. (i) Open system: The system which allows the exchange of both matter and energy with the

surroundings is called an open system. (ii) Closed system: The system which allows only the exchange of energy (and not of matter) with

the surroundings is called a closed system. (iii) Isolated system: The system which can exchange neither matter nor energy with the surroundings

is called an isolated system.

Fig. 1.2. (a) An open system (b) a closed system (c) an isolated system.

Properties of a system: Thermodynamics deals with the behaviour of a system in bulk. The properties associated with the bulk behaviour of matter are called observable properties or macroscopic properties of the system. The macroscopic properties of a system are of following two types. 1. Intensive properties: The properties which do not depend upon the quantity of matter present

in the system are called intensive properties. For example, temperature, density, concentration, specific heat, viscosity, surface tension etc. are intensive properties.

2. Extensive properties: The properties which depend upon the quantity of matter present in the system are called extensive properties. Number of moles, mass, volume, enthalpy, entropy, free energy etc. are some properties of this type.

Intensive and Extensive Properties

Intensive properties Extensive properties Temperature Pressure Mass Enthalphy Density Refractive index Number or moles Entropy Concentration Surface tension Energy Internal energy Specific heat Boiling point Volume Viscosity Freezing point Free energy

1.1.2 State of a System and State VariablesThe concept of state of a system and state variables is very important in the study of thermodynamics.

A Textbook of Engineering Chemistry

Publisher : Vayu Education ISBN : 9789383758197 Author : Dr. Naveen Jain,Dr, Vibha Gupta

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