copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
7
7
Pressure（50）
R410A 307MPaR32ｙｆ 314MPa
Ignition Source
R410A None
R32ｙｆ Open flame
Diesel explosionR410A YesR32ｙｆ Yes
FlammabilityR410A NoR32ｙｆ Mildly
Toxicity R410A NoneR32ｙｆ None
Hazards of R32 R1234yf
Change Point
yfR1234yf
Flammability and ignition source are studied in changing to R32 and R1234yfDiesel explosion and contact flame study for R32 and R1234yf are performed universities and AIST donrsquot change the study result with R410A
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 88
Procedure of risk evaluation in ISOIEC guide51
START
Identify user intended use reasonably foreseen misuse
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
JRAIA has been conducting the risk assessmentin accordance with ISOIEC guide 51
8
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 9
Guide 51 Safety means
Freedom from risk which is not tolerable Tolerable risk
Accepted in a given context based on the current values of society
Examples of the current values in Japan1 Chemical factory 10-5 [accidents(yearsite)]2 Car 10-7 [accidents(yearunit)]3 Home appliance 10-8 [accidents(yearunit)]
for one million units in the market
Start Identify the tolerable risk
START
Identify user etc
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
JRAIA decided the accident less than once per century would be tolerable for use
9
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 10
Start Identify the tolerable risk
ProductSystem
No of units in market
Tolerable value Use Installservice
etc
Residential AC 1108 10 10-10 1010-9
Commercial AC 78 106 13 10-9 13 10-8
VRF 1107 10 10-9 10 10-8
Chiller 134105 75 10-7 75 10-7
GHP 45105 37 10-9 37 10-8
Display cabinet 49105 20 10-8 20 10-7
Condensing unit 146105 69 10-8 69 10-7
START
Identify user etc
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
Tolerable value is dependent on the number of units in the market for each products
The tolerable value was increased by 10 times becausethey are handled by trained professionals except when use
The tolerable value was increased in chillers
10
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
11
11
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2013 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A2L
Comparison of the probability of the presence of ignition sources for air-conditioners
12
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Individual floor
Semi-Underground
NarrowSpace
Spark
[timesm3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P = 567800000space volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 56 timesyear numbers 78 mil units
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil
lighter)
Worker 36times10-10 13times10-9 17times10-9 17times10-9 [Worker]P = Smoking rate(near unit)timesservice rate ｘ 0322 timesRule disregarding rate during work 001[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 times 171space v(Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
Openflame
[-]
Smoking
Worker 60times10-8 30times10-8 15times10-7 15times10-7 [Worker]P = Worker presence rate (near units) times service rate ｘ0322 (smoking rate) times 16 (cigarettes) times 5space volume (seconds1 cigarette open fire consistence)(24 times 60 times60) times 001 (manual ignorance rate)
[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 (smoking rate)
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
Indoor Unit 57times10-16 45times10-16 P=installed unitstimesaccident ratenumbers on marketspace volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 3 timesyear (NITE) numbers on market 884 mil units
Appliances
Air Cleaner 70times10-16 - Installed 02 unitsroom accident rate 36year numbers on site 173 milHumidifier 56times10-16 - Installed 009 units accident rate 3year numbers on site 811 mil
Mobile 76times10-16 - Installed 812 accident rate 2317 years (LT10year) numbers 239 milPC 12times10-14 - Installed 812 accident rate 17417 years (LT10year) numbers on site 118 mil
Light 13times10-15 16times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 22717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 165 milTracking 67times10-16 11times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 20217 years (LT10year) numbers on site 298 mil
Refrigerator - 16times10-14 Installed 03 accident rate 26717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 388 milFreezer - 38times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 1617 years (LT10year) numbers on site 0658 mil
Dishwashers - 97times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 7117 years (LT10year) numbers on site 1511 milPhone - 25times10-16 Installed 01 accident rate 1817 years (LT10year) numbers on site 567 mil
TV - 11times10-15 Installed 01 accident rate 35517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 252 milExhaust Fan - 55times10-15 Installed 04 accident rate 10517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 596 mil
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil lighter) 88times10-7 -
P=smoker presence rate in the roomtimes0209times171space volume(24times60) times005Smoker presence in the room 01 smoking rate 0209 (Japanese Adult)Smoking numbers 171dayperson(2013JT) use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Using rate for gas burner 5 timesday Use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Open flame
[-]Combustionequipment
Water Heater 83times10-3 67times10-2 [Office]inst 01 Use rate 2 hday [Kitchen]2 60 minday Installed rate 08Heater - 27times10-5 Installed 0001 units Use rate 4 hday 60 dayyear
Kitchen Burner - 31times10-1 Installed 15 units Use rate 0023 Installed rate 09Gas Rice Cooker - 50times10-2 Installed 2 units Use rate 2 hday Installed rate 03
Gas Oven - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Coffee Siphon - 87times10-4 Installed 3 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Gas Burner - 69times10-4 Installed 05 units Use rate 02 mintime10 timesdayGas Roaster - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
SparksAppliance (cause of fire) match oil lighter and metal spark by forklift are ignition sourcesStatic electricity by human body electric gas lighter
and electric parts in unit (less than 5 kVA) arenrsquot ignition sources
Open flameOpen flame brought into the space where leaked refrigerant exists are regarded as ignition sources
Oil lighter candle gas burner for blazing and etcCombustion equipment like fan heater arenrsquot
ignition sources
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Risk assessment A2L
13
13
Ignition sourceR410A1 R32A2L
Open flame（Blazing torch
Oil lighter Candle）
No ignition Rare ignition
Electric spark No ignition Rare ignition
Static electricity No ignition No ignition
examination of ignition sourceFrom study of R32
rArrMildly flammable refrigerant in a room air-conditioner leaked in the spacebut no flame propagation across the whole space
rArrIgnition was observed at the outlet of piezo lighter but no flame propagation of lighter to n-butanemildly flammable refrigerant mixture
rArrUnder 3mm of clearances in case cover mildly flammable refrigerant no flame propagation through clearances
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Human error
14
14
Probability of human error in Install and service stages and etc of ACs
Reference Hashimoto K ldquoHuman safety engineeringrdquoCentral Association of Work Accident Protection (1984) pp85-97 (in Japanese)
110
1100 to 110000
1100000
110
JRAIA adopts 11000
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
15
15
FTA
Ignition energyamp flame quenching
Human error
Flammable gas region Ignition of fossil-fuel appliance
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
7
7
Pressure（50）
R410A 307MPaR32ｙｆ 314MPa
Ignition Source
R410A None
R32ｙｆ Open flame
Diesel explosionR410A YesR32ｙｆ Yes
FlammabilityR410A NoR32ｙｆ Mildly
Toxicity R410A NoneR32ｙｆ None
Hazards of R32 R1234yf
Change Point
yfR1234yf
Flammability and ignition source are studied in changing to R32 and R1234yfDiesel explosion and contact flame study for R32 and R1234yf are performed universities and AIST donrsquot change the study result with R410A
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 88
Procedure of risk evaluation in ISOIEC guide51
START
Identify user intended use reasonably foreseen misuse
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
JRAIA has been conducting the risk assessmentin accordance with ISOIEC guide 51
8
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 9
Guide 51 Safety means
Freedom from risk which is not tolerable Tolerable risk
Accepted in a given context based on the current values of society
Examples of the current values in Japan1 Chemical factory 10-5 [accidents(yearsite)]2 Car 10-7 [accidents(yearunit)]3 Home appliance 10-8 [accidents(yearunit)]
for one million units in the market
Start Identify the tolerable risk
START
Identify user etc
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
JRAIA decided the accident less than once per century would be tolerable for use
9
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 10
Start Identify the tolerable risk
ProductSystem
No of units in market
Tolerable value Use Installservice
etc
Residential AC 1108 10 10-10 1010-9
Commercial AC 78 106 13 10-9 13 10-8
VRF 1107 10 10-9 10 10-8
Chiller 134105 75 10-7 75 10-7
GHP 45105 37 10-9 37 10-8
Display cabinet 49105 20 10-8 20 10-7
Condensing unit 146105 69 10-8 69 10-7
START
Identify user etc
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
Tolerable value is dependent on the number of units in the market for each products
The tolerable value was increased by 10 times becausethey are handled by trained professionals except when use
The tolerable value was increased in chillers
10
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
11
11
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2013 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A2L
Comparison of the probability of the presence of ignition sources for air-conditioners
12
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Individual floor
Semi-Underground
NarrowSpace
Spark
[timesm3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P = 567800000space volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 56 timesyear numbers 78 mil units
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil
lighter)
Worker 36times10-10 13times10-9 17times10-9 17times10-9 [Worker]P = Smoking rate(near unit)timesservice rate ｘ 0322 timesRule disregarding rate during work 001[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 times 171space v(Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
Openflame
[-]
Smoking
Worker 60times10-8 30times10-8 15times10-7 15times10-7 [Worker]P = Worker presence rate (near units) times service rate ｘ0322 (smoking rate) times 16 (cigarettes) times 5space volume (seconds1 cigarette open fire consistence)(24 times 60 times60) times 001 (manual ignorance rate)
[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 (smoking rate)
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
Indoor Unit 57times10-16 45times10-16 P=installed unitstimesaccident ratenumbers on marketspace volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 3 timesyear (NITE) numbers on market 884 mil units
Appliances
Air Cleaner 70times10-16 - Installed 02 unitsroom accident rate 36year numbers on site 173 milHumidifier 56times10-16 - Installed 009 units accident rate 3year numbers on site 811 mil
Mobile 76times10-16 - Installed 812 accident rate 2317 years (LT10year) numbers 239 milPC 12times10-14 - Installed 812 accident rate 17417 years (LT10year) numbers on site 118 mil
Light 13times10-15 16times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 22717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 165 milTracking 67times10-16 11times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 20217 years (LT10year) numbers on site 298 mil
Refrigerator - 16times10-14 Installed 03 accident rate 26717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 388 milFreezer - 38times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 1617 years (LT10year) numbers on site 0658 mil
Dishwashers - 97times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 7117 years (LT10year) numbers on site 1511 milPhone - 25times10-16 Installed 01 accident rate 1817 years (LT10year) numbers on site 567 mil
TV - 11times10-15 Installed 01 accident rate 35517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 252 milExhaust Fan - 55times10-15 Installed 04 accident rate 10517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 596 mil
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil lighter) 88times10-7 -
P=smoker presence rate in the roomtimes0209times171space volume(24times60) times005Smoker presence in the room 01 smoking rate 0209 (Japanese Adult)Smoking numbers 171dayperson(2013JT) use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Using rate for gas burner 5 timesday Use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Open flame
[-]Combustionequipment
Water Heater 83times10-3 67times10-2 [Office]inst 01 Use rate 2 hday [Kitchen]2 60 minday Installed rate 08Heater - 27times10-5 Installed 0001 units Use rate 4 hday 60 dayyear
Kitchen Burner - 31times10-1 Installed 15 units Use rate 0023 Installed rate 09Gas Rice Cooker - 50times10-2 Installed 2 units Use rate 2 hday Installed rate 03
Gas Oven - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Coffee Siphon - 87times10-4 Installed 3 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Gas Burner - 69times10-4 Installed 05 units Use rate 02 mintime10 timesdayGas Roaster - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
SparksAppliance (cause of fire) match oil lighter and metal spark by forklift are ignition sourcesStatic electricity by human body electric gas lighter
and electric parts in unit (less than 5 kVA) arenrsquot ignition sources
Open flameOpen flame brought into the space where leaked refrigerant exists are regarded as ignition sources
Oil lighter candle gas burner for blazing and etcCombustion equipment like fan heater arenrsquot
ignition sources
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Risk assessment A2L
13
13
Ignition sourceR410A1 R32A2L
Open flame（Blazing torch
Oil lighter Candle）
No ignition Rare ignition
Electric spark No ignition Rare ignition
Static electricity No ignition No ignition
examination of ignition sourceFrom study of R32
rArrMildly flammable refrigerant in a room air-conditioner leaked in the spacebut no flame propagation across the whole space
rArrIgnition was observed at the outlet of piezo lighter but no flame propagation of lighter to n-butanemildly flammable refrigerant mixture
rArrUnder 3mm of clearances in case cover mildly flammable refrigerant no flame propagation through clearances
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Human error
14
14
Probability of human error in Install and service stages and etc of ACs
Reference Hashimoto K ldquoHuman safety engineeringrdquoCentral Association of Work Accident Protection (1984) pp85-97 (in Japanese)
110
1100 to 110000
1100000
110
JRAIA adopts 11000
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
15
15
FTA
Ignition energyamp flame quenching
Human error
Flammable gas region Ignition of fossil-fuel appliance
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
7
7
Pressure（50）
R410A 307MPaR32ｙｆ 314MPa
Ignition Source
R410A None
R32ｙｆ Open flame
Diesel explosionR410A YesR32ｙｆ Yes
FlammabilityR410A NoR32ｙｆ Mildly
Toxicity R410A NoneR32ｙｆ None
Hazards of R32 R1234yf
Change Point
yfR1234yf
Flammability and ignition source are studied in changing to R32 and R1234yfDiesel explosion and contact flame study for R32 and R1234yf are performed universities and AIST donrsquot change the study result with R410A
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 88
Procedure of risk evaluation in ISOIEC guide51
START
Identify user intended use reasonably foreseen misuse
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
JRAIA has been conducting the risk assessmentin accordance with ISOIEC guide 51
8
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 9
Guide 51 Safety means
Freedom from risk which is not tolerable Tolerable risk
Accepted in a given context based on the current values of society
Examples of the current values in Japan1 Chemical factory 10-5 [accidents(yearsite)]2 Car 10-7 [accidents(yearunit)]3 Home appliance 10-8 [accidents(yearunit)]
for one million units in the market
Start Identify the tolerable risk
START
Identify user etc
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
JRAIA decided the accident less than once per century would be tolerable for use
9
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 10
Start Identify the tolerable risk
ProductSystem
No of units in market
Tolerable value Use Installservice
etc
Residential AC 1108 10 10-10 1010-9
Commercial AC 78 106 13 10-9 13 10-8
VRF 1107 10 10-9 10 10-8
Chiller 134105 75 10-7 75 10-7
GHP 45105 37 10-9 37 10-8
Display cabinet 49105 20 10-8 20 10-7
Condensing unit 146105 69 10-8 69 10-7
START
Identify user etc
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
Tolerable value is dependent on the number of units in the market for each products
The tolerable value was increased by 10 times becausethey are handled by trained professionals except when use
The tolerable value was increased in chillers
10
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
11
11
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2013 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A2L
Comparison of the probability of the presence of ignition sources for air-conditioners
12
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Individual floor
Semi-Underground
NarrowSpace
Spark
[timesm3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P = 567800000space volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 56 timesyear numbers 78 mil units
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil
lighter)
Worker 36times10-10 13times10-9 17times10-9 17times10-9 [Worker]P = Smoking rate(near unit)timesservice rate ｘ 0322 timesRule disregarding rate during work 001[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 times 171space v(Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
Openflame
[-]
Smoking
Worker 60times10-8 30times10-8 15times10-7 15times10-7 [Worker]P = Worker presence rate (near units) times service rate ｘ0322 (smoking rate) times 16 (cigarettes) times 5space volume (seconds1 cigarette open fire consistence)(24 times 60 times60) times 001 (manual ignorance rate)
[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 (smoking rate)
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
Indoor Unit 57times10-16 45times10-16 P=installed unitstimesaccident ratenumbers on marketspace volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 3 timesyear (NITE) numbers on market 884 mil units
Appliances
Air Cleaner 70times10-16 - Installed 02 unitsroom accident rate 36year numbers on site 173 milHumidifier 56times10-16 - Installed 009 units accident rate 3year numbers on site 811 mil
Mobile 76times10-16 - Installed 812 accident rate 2317 years (LT10year) numbers 239 milPC 12times10-14 - Installed 812 accident rate 17417 years (LT10year) numbers on site 118 mil
Light 13times10-15 16times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 22717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 165 milTracking 67times10-16 11times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 20217 years (LT10year) numbers on site 298 mil
Refrigerator - 16times10-14 Installed 03 accident rate 26717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 388 milFreezer - 38times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 1617 years (LT10year) numbers on site 0658 mil
Dishwashers - 97times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 7117 years (LT10year) numbers on site 1511 milPhone - 25times10-16 Installed 01 accident rate 1817 years (LT10year) numbers on site 567 mil
TV - 11times10-15 Installed 01 accident rate 35517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 252 milExhaust Fan - 55times10-15 Installed 04 accident rate 10517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 596 mil
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil lighter) 88times10-7 -
P=smoker presence rate in the roomtimes0209times171space volume(24times60) times005Smoker presence in the room 01 smoking rate 0209 (Japanese Adult)Smoking numbers 171dayperson(2013JT) use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Using rate for gas burner 5 timesday Use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Open flame
[-]Combustionequipment
Water Heater 83times10-3 67times10-2 [Office]inst 01 Use rate 2 hday [Kitchen]2 60 minday Installed rate 08Heater - 27times10-5 Installed 0001 units Use rate 4 hday 60 dayyear
Kitchen Burner - 31times10-1 Installed 15 units Use rate 0023 Installed rate 09Gas Rice Cooker - 50times10-2 Installed 2 units Use rate 2 hday Installed rate 03
Gas Oven - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Coffee Siphon - 87times10-4 Installed 3 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Gas Burner - 69times10-4 Installed 05 units Use rate 02 mintime10 timesdayGas Roaster - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
SparksAppliance (cause of fire) match oil lighter and metal spark by forklift are ignition sourcesStatic electricity by human body electric gas lighter
and electric parts in unit (less than 5 kVA) arenrsquot ignition sources
Open flameOpen flame brought into the space where leaked refrigerant exists are regarded as ignition sources
Oil lighter candle gas burner for blazing and etcCombustion equipment like fan heater arenrsquot
ignition sources
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Risk assessment A2L
13
13
Ignition sourceR410A1 R32A2L
Open flame（Blazing torch
Oil lighter Candle）
No ignition Rare ignition
Electric spark No ignition Rare ignition
Static electricity No ignition No ignition
examination of ignition sourceFrom study of R32
rArrMildly flammable refrigerant in a room air-conditioner leaked in the spacebut no flame propagation across the whole space
rArrIgnition was observed at the outlet of piezo lighter but no flame propagation of lighter to n-butanemildly flammable refrigerant mixture
rArrUnder 3mm of clearances in case cover mildly flammable refrigerant no flame propagation through clearances
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Human error
14
14
Probability of human error in Install and service stages and etc of ACs
Reference Hashimoto K ldquoHuman safety engineeringrdquoCentral Association of Work Accident Protection (1984) pp85-97 (in Japanese)
110
1100 to 110000
1100000
110
JRAIA adopts 11000
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
15
15
FTA
Ignition energyamp flame quenching
Human error
Flammable gas region Ignition of fossil-fuel appliance
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
7
7
Pressure（50）
R410A 307MPaR32ｙｆ 314MPa
Ignition Source
R410A None
R32ｙｆ Open flame
Diesel explosionR410A YesR32ｙｆ Yes
FlammabilityR410A NoR32ｙｆ Mildly
Toxicity R410A NoneR32ｙｆ None
Hazards of R32 R1234yf
Change Point
yfR1234yf
Flammability and ignition source are studied in changing to R32 and R1234yfDiesel explosion and contact flame study for R32 and R1234yf are performed universities and AIST donrsquot change the study result with R410A
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 88
Procedure of risk evaluation in ISOIEC guide51
START
Identify user intended use reasonably foreseen misuse
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
JRAIA has been conducting the risk assessmentin accordance with ISOIEC guide 51
8
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 9
Guide 51 Safety means
Freedom from risk which is not tolerable Tolerable risk
Accepted in a given context based on the current values of society
Examples of the current values in Japan1 Chemical factory 10-5 [accidents(yearsite)]2 Car 10-7 [accidents(yearunit)]3 Home appliance 10-8 [accidents(yearunit)]
for one million units in the market
Start Identify the tolerable risk
START
Identify user etc
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
JRAIA decided the accident less than once per century would be tolerable for use
9
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 10
Start Identify the tolerable risk
ProductSystem
No of units in market
Tolerable value Use Installservice
etc
Residential AC 1108 10 10-10 1010-9
Commercial AC 78 106 13 10-9 13 10-8
VRF 1107 10 10-9 10 10-8
Chiller 134105 75 10-7 75 10-7
GHP 45105 37 10-9 37 10-8
Display cabinet 49105 20 10-8 20 10-7
Condensing unit 146105 69 10-8 69 10-7
START
Identify user etc
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
Tolerable value is dependent on the number of units in the market for each products
The tolerable value was increased by 10 times becausethey are handled by trained professionals except when use
The tolerable value was increased in chillers
10
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
11
11
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2013 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A2L
Comparison of the probability of the presence of ignition sources for air-conditioners
12
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Individual floor
Semi-Underground
NarrowSpace
Spark
[timesm3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P = 567800000space volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 56 timesyear numbers 78 mil units
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil
lighter)
Worker 36times10-10 13times10-9 17times10-9 17times10-9 [Worker]P = Smoking rate(near unit)timesservice rate ｘ 0322 timesRule disregarding rate during work 001[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 times 171space v(Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
Openflame
[-]
Smoking
Worker 60times10-8 30times10-8 15times10-7 15times10-7 [Worker]P = Worker presence rate (near units) times service rate ｘ0322 (smoking rate) times 16 (cigarettes) times 5space volume (seconds1 cigarette open fire consistence)(24 times 60 times60) times 001 (manual ignorance rate)
[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 (smoking rate)
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
Indoor Unit 57times10-16 45times10-16 P=installed unitstimesaccident ratenumbers on marketspace volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 3 timesyear (NITE) numbers on market 884 mil units
Appliances
Air Cleaner 70times10-16 - Installed 02 unitsroom accident rate 36year numbers on site 173 milHumidifier 56times10-16 - Installed 009 units accident rate 3year numbers on site 811 mil
Mobile 76times10-16 - Installed 812 accident rate 2317 years (LT10year) numbers 239 milPC 12times10-14 - Installed 812 accident rate 17417 years (LT10year) numbers on site 118 mil
Light 13times10-15 16times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 22717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 165 milTracking 67times10-16 11times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 20217 years (LT10year) numbers on site 298 mil
Refrigerator - 16times10-14 Installed 03 accident rate 26717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 388 milFreezer - 38times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 1617 years (LT10year) numbers on site 0658 mil
Dishwashers - 97times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 7117 years (LT10year) numbers on site 1511 milPhone - 25times10-16 Installed 01 accident rate 1817 years (LT10year) numbers on site 567 mil
TV - 11times10-15 Installed 01 accident rate 35517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 252 milExhaust Fan - 55times10-15 Installed 04 accident rate 10517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 596 mil
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil lighter) 88times10-7 -
P=smoker presence rate in the roomtimes0209times171space volume(24times60) times005Smoker presence in the room 01 smoking rate 0209 (Japanese Adult)Smoking numbers 171dayperson(2013JT) use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Using rate for gas burner 5 timesday Use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Open flame
[-]Combustionequipment
Water Heater 83times10-3 67times10-2 [Office]inst 01 Use rate 2 hday [Kitchen]2 60 minday Installed rate 08Heater - 27times10-5 Installed 0001 units Use rate 4 hday 60 dayyear
Kitchen Burner - 31times10-1 Installed 15 units Use rate 0023 Installed rate 09Gas Rice Cooker - 50times10-2 Installed 2 units Use rate 2 hday Installed rate 03
Gas Oven - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Coffee Siphon - 87times10-4 Installed 3 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Gas Burner - 69times10-4 Installed 05 units Use rate 02 mintime10 timesdayGas Roaster - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
SparksAppliance (cause of fire) match oil lighter and metal spark by forklift are ignition sourcesStatic electricity by human body electric gas lighter
and electric parts in unit (less than 5 kVA) arenrsquot ignition sources
Open flameOpen flame brought into the space where leaked refrigerant exists are regarded as ignition sources
Oil lighter candle gas burner for blazing and etcCombustion equipment like fan heater arenrsquot
ignition sources
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Risk assessment A2L
13
13
Ignition sourceR410A1 R32A2L
Open flame（Blazing torch
Oil lighter Candle）
No ignition Rare ignition
Electric spark No ignition Rare ignition
Static electricity No ignition No ignition
examination of ignition sourceFrom study of R32
rArrMildly flammable refrigerant in a room air-conditioner leaked in the spacebut no flame propagation across the whole space
rArrIgnition was observed at the outlet of piezo lighter but no flame propagation of lighter to n-butanemildly flammable refrigerant mixture
rArrUnder 3mm of clearances in case cover mildly flammable refrigerant no flame propagation through clearances
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Human error
14
14
Probability of human error in Install and service stages and etc of ACs
Reference Hashimoto K ldquoHuman safety engineeringrdquoCentral Association of Work Accident Protection (1984) pp85-97 (in Japanese)
110
1100 to 110000
1100000
110
JRAIA adopts 11000
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
15
15
FTA
Ignition energyamp flame quenching
Human error
Flammable gas region Ignition of fossil-fuel appliance
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
7
7
Pressure（50）
R410A 307MPaR32ｙｆ 314MPa
Ignition Source
R410A None
R32ｙｆ Open flame
Diesel explosionR410A YesR32ｙｆ Yes
FlammabilityR410A NoR32ｙｆ Mildly
Toxicity R410A NoneR32ｙｆ None
Hazards of R32 R1234yf
Change Point
yfR1234yf
Flammability and ignition source are studied in changing to R32 and R1234yfDiesel explosion and contact flame study for R32 and R1234yf are performed universities and AIST donrsquot change the study result with R410A
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 88
Procedure of risk evaluation in ISOIEC guide51
START
Identify user intended use reasonably foreseen misuse
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
JRAIA has been conducting the risk assessmentin accordance with ISOIEC guide 51
8
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 9
Guide 51 Safety means
Freedom from risk which is not tolerable Tolerable risk
Accepted in a given context based on the current values of society
Examples of the current values in Japan1 Chemical factory 10-5 [accidents(yearsite)]2 Car 10-7 [accidents(yearunit)]3 Home appliance 10-8 [accidents(yearunit)]
for one million units in the market
Start Identify the tolerable risk
START
Identify user etc
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
JRAIA decided the accident less than once per century would be tolerable for use
9
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 10
Start Identify the tolerable risk
ProductSystem
No of units in market
Tolerable value Use Installservice
etc
Residential AC 1108 10 10-10 1010-9
Commercial AC 78 106 13 10-9 13 10-8
VRF 1107 10 10-9 10 10-8
Chiller 134105 75 10-7 75 10-7
GHP 45105 37 10-9 37 10-8
Display cabinet 49105 20 10-8 20 10-7
Condensing unit 146105 69 10-8 69 10-7
START
Identify user etc
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
Tolerable value is dependent on the number of units in the market for each products
The tolerable value was increased by 10 times becausethey are handled by trained professionals except when use
The tolerable value was increased in chillers
10
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
11
11
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2013 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A2L
Comparison of the probability of the presence of ignition sources for air-conditioners
12
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Individual floor
Semi-Underground
NarrowSpace
Spark
[timesm3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P = 567800000space volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 56 timesyear numbers 78 mil units
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil
lighter)
Worker 36times10-10 13times10-9 17times10-9 17times10-9 [Worker]P = Smoking rate(near unit)timesservice rate ｘ 0322 timesRule disregarding rate during work 001[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 times 171space v(Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
Openflame
[-]
Smoking
Worker 60times10-8 30times10-8 15times10-7 15times10-7 [Worker]P = Worker presence rate (near units) times service rate ｘ0322 (smoking rate) times 16 (cigarettes) times 5space volume (seconds1 cigarette open fire consistence)(24 times 60 times60) times 001 (manual ignorance rate)
[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 (smoking rate)
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
Indoor Unit 57times10-16 45times10-16 P=installed unitstimesaccident ratenumbers on marketspace volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 3 timesyear (NITE) numbers on market 884 mil units
Appliances
Air Cleaner 70times10-16 - Installed 02 unitsroom accident rate 36year numbers on site 173 milHumidifier 56times10-16 - Installed 009 units accident rate 3year numbers on site 811 mil
Mobile 76times10-16 - Installed 812 accident rate 2317 years (LT10year) numbers 239 milPC 12times10-14 - Installed 812 accident rate 17417 years (LT10year) numbers on site 118 mil
Light 13times10-15 16times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 22717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 165 milTracking 67times10-16 11times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 20217 years (LT10year) numbers on site 298 mil
Refrigerator - 16times10-14 Installed 03 accident rate 26717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 388 milFreezer - 38times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 1617 years (LT10year) numbers on site 0658 mil
Dishwashers - 97times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 7117 years (LT10year) numbers on site 1511 milPhone - 25times10-16 Installed 01 accident rate 1817 years (LT10year) numbers on site 567 mil
TV - 11times10-15 Installed 01 accident rate 35517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 252 milExhaust Fan - 55times10-15 Installed 04 accident rate 10517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 596 mil
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil lighter) 88times10-7 -
P=smoker presence rate in the roomtimes0209times171space volume(24times60) times005Smoker presence in the room 01 smoking rate 0209 (Japanese Adult)Smoking numbers 171dayperson(2013JT) use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Using rate for gas burner 5 timesday Use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Open flame
[-]Combustionequipment
Water Heater 83times10-3 67times10-2 [Office]inst 01 Use rate 2 hday [Kitchen]2 60 minday Installed rate 08Heater - 27times10-5 Installed 0001 units Use rate 4 hday 60 dayyear
Kitchen Burner - 31times10-1 Installed 15 units Use rate 0023 Installed rate 09Gas Rice Cooker - 50times10-2 Installed 2 units Use rate 2 hday Installed rate 03
Gas Oven - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Coffee Siphon - 87times10-4 Installed 3 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Gas Burner - 69times10-4 Installed 05 units Use rate 02 mintime10 timesdayGas Roaster - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
SparksAppliance (cause of fire) match oil lighter and metal spark by forklift are ignition sourcesStatic electricity by human body electric gas lighter
and electric parts in unit (less than 5 kVA) arenrsquot ignition sources
Open flameOpen flame brought into the space where leaked refrigerant exists are regarded as ignition sources
Oil lighter candle gas burner for blazing and etcCombustion equipment like fan heater arenrsquot
ignition sources
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Risk assessment A2L
13
13
Ignition sourceR410A1 R32A2L
Open flame（Blazing torch
Oil lighter Candle）
No ignition Rare ignition
Electric spark No ignition Rare ignition
Static electricity No ignition No ignition
examination of ignition sourceFrom study of R32
rArrMildly flammable refrigerant in a room air-conditioner leaked in the spacebut no flame propagation across the whole space
rArrIgnition was observed at the outlet of piezo lighter but no flame propagation of lighter to n-butanemildly flammable refrigerant mixture
rArrUnder 3mm of clearances in case cover mildly flammable refrigerant no flame propagation through clearances
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Human error
14
14
Probability of human error in Install and service stages and etc of ACs
Reference Hashimoto K ldquoHuman safety engineeringrdquoCentral Association of Work Accident Protection (1984) pp85-97 (in Japanese)
110
1100 to 110000
1100000
110
JRAIA adopts 11000
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
15
15
FTA
Ignition energyamp flame quenching
Human error
Flammable gas region Ignition of fossil-fuel appliance
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
7
7
Pressure（50）
R410A 307MPaR32ｙｆ 314MPa
Ignition Source
R410A None
R32ｙｆ Open flame
Diesel explosionR410A YesR32ｙｆ Yes
FlammabilityR410A NoR32ｙｆ Mildly
Toxicity R410A NoneR32ｙｆ None
Hazards of R32 R1234yf
Change Point
yfR1234yf
Flammability and ignition source are studied in changing to R32 and R1234yfDiesel explosion and contact flame study for R32 and R1234yf are performed universities and AIST donrsquot change the study result with R410A
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 88
Procedure of risk evaluation in ISOIEC guide51
START
Identify user intended use reasonably foreseen misuse
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
JRAIA has been conducting the risk assessmentin accordance with ISOIEC guide 51
8
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 9
Guide 51 Safety means
Freedom from risk which is not tolerable Tolerable risk
Accepted in a given context based on the current values of society
Examples of the current values in Japan1 Chemical factory 10-5 [accidents(yearsite)]2 Car 10-7 [accidents(yearunit)]3 Home appliance 10-8 [accidents(yearunit)]
for one million units in the market
Start Identify the tolerable risk
START
Identify user etc
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
JRAIA decided the accident less than once per century would be tolerable for use
9
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 10
Start Identify the tolerable risk
ProductSystem
No of units in market
Tolerable value Use Installservice
etc
Residential AC 1108 10 10-10 1010-9
Commercial AC 78 106 13 10-9 13 10-8
VRF 1107 10 10-9 10 10-8
Chiller 134105 75 10-7 75 10-7
GHP 45105 37 10-9 37 10-8
Display cabinet 49105 20 10-8 20 10-7
Condensing unit 146105 69 10-8 69 10-7
START
Identify user etc
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
Tolerable value is dependent on the number of units in the market for each products
The tolerable value was increased by 10 times becausethey are handled by trained professionals except when use
The tolerable value was increased in chillers
10
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
11
11
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2013 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A2L
Comparison of the probability of the presence of ignition sources for air-conditioners
12
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Individual floor
Semi-Underground
NarrowSpace
Spark
[timesm3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P = 567800000space volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 56 timesyear numbers 78 mil units
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil
lighter)
Worker 36times10-10 13times10-9 17times10-9 17times10-9 [Worker]P = Smoking rate(near unit)timesservice rate ｘ 0322 timesRule disregarding rate during work 001[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 times 171space v(Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
Openflame
[-]
Smoking
Worker 60times10-8 30times10-8 15times10-7 15times10-7 [Worker]P = Worker presence rate (near units) times service rate ｘ0322 (smoking rate) times 16 (cigarettes) times 5space volume (seconds1 cigarette open fire consistence)(24 times 60 times60) times 001 (manual ignorance rate)
[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 (smoking rate)
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
Indoor Unit 57times10-16 45times10-16 P=installed unitstimesaccident ratenumbers on marketspace volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 3 timesyear (NITE) numbers on market 884 mil units
Appliances
Air Cleaner 70times10-16 - Installed 02 unitsroom accident rate 36year numbers on site 173 milHumidifier 56times10-16 - Installed 009 units accident rate 3year numbers on site 811 mil
Mobile 76times10-16 - Installed 812 accident rate 2317 years (LT10year) numbers 239 milPC 12times10-14 - Installed 812 accident rate 17417 years (LT10year) numbers on site 118 mil
Light 13times10-15 16times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 22717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 165 milTracking 67times10-16 11times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 20217 years (LT10year) numbers on site 298 mil
Refrigerator - 16times10-14 Installed 03 accident rate 26717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 388 milFreezer - 38times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 1617 years (LT10year) numbers on site 0658 mil
Dishwashers - 97times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 7117 years (LT10year) numbers on site 1511 milPhone - 25times10-16 Installed 01 accident rate 1817 years (LT10year) numbers on site 567 mil
TV - 11times10-15 Installed 01 accident rate 35517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 252 milExhaust Fan - 55times10-15 Installed 04 accident rate 10517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 596 mil
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil lighter) 88times10-7 -
P=smoker presence rate in the roomtimes0209times171space volume(24times60) times005Smoker presence in the room 01 smoking rate 0209 (Japanese Adult)Smoking numbers 171dayperson(2013JT) use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Using rate for gas burner 5 timesday Use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Open flame
[-]Combustionequipment
Water Heater 83times10-3 67times10-2 [Office]inst 01 Use rate 2 hday [Kitchen]2 60 minday Installed rate 08Heater - 27times10-5 Installed 0001 units Use rate 4 hday 60 dayyear
Kitchen Burner - 31times10-1 Installed 15 units Use rate 0023 Installed rate 09Gas Rice Cooker - 50times10-2 Installed 2 units Use rate 2 hday Installed rate 03
Gas Oven - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Coffee Siphon - 87times10-4 Installed 3 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Gas Burner - 69times10-4 Installed 05 units Use rate 02 mintime10 timesdayGas Roaster - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
SparksAppliance (cause of fire) match oil lighter and metal spark by forklift are ignition sourcesStatic electricity by human body electric gas lighter
and electric parts in unit (less than 5 kVA) arenrsquot ignition sources
Open flameOpen flame brought into the space where leaked refrigerant exists are regarded as ignition sources
Oil lighter candle gas burner for blazing and etcCombustion equipment like fan heater arenrsquot
ignition sources
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Risk assessment A2L
13
13
Ignition sourceR410A1 R32A2L
Open flame（Blazing torch
Oil lighter Candle）
No ignition Rare ignition
Electric spark No ignition Rare ignition
Static electricity No ignition No ignition
examination of ignition sourceFrom study of R32
rArrMildly flammable refrigerant in a room air-conditioner leaked in the spacebut no flame propagation across the whole space
rArrIgnition was observed at the outlet of piezo lighter but no flame propagation of lighter to n-butanemildly flammable refrigerant mixture
rArrUnder 3mm of clearances in case cover mildly flammable refrigerant no flame propagation through clearances
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Human error
14
14
Probability of human error in Install and service stages and etc of ACs
Reference Hashimoto K ldquoHuman safety engineeringrdquoCentral Association of Work Accident Protection (1984) pp85-97 (in Japanese)
110
1100 to 110000
1100000
110
JRAIA adopts 11000
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
15
15
FTA
Ignition energyamp flame quenching
Human error
Flammable gas region Ignition of fossil-fuel appliance
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
7
7
Pressure（50）
R410A 307MPaR32ｙｆ 314MPa
Ignition Source
R410A None
R32ｙｆ Open flame
Diesel explosionR410A YesR32ｙｆ Yes
FlammabilityR410A NoR32ｙｆ Mildly
Toxicity R410A NoneR32ｙｆ None
Hazards of R32 R1234yf
Change Point
yfR1234yf
Flammability and ignition source are studied in changing to R32 and R1234yfDiesel explosion and contact flame study for R32 and R1234yf are performed universities and AIST donrsquot change the study result with R410A
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 88
Procedure of risk evaluation in ISOIEC guide51
START
Identify user intended use reasonably foreseen misuse
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
JRAIA has been conducting the risk assessmentin accordance with ISOIEC guide 51
8
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 9
Guide 51 Safety means
Freedom from risk which is not tolerable Tolerable risk
Accepted in a given context based on the current values of society
Examples of the current values in Japan1 Chemical factory 10-5 [accidents(yearsite)]2 Car 10-7 [accidents(yearunit)]3 Home appliance 10-8 [accidents(yearunit)]
for one million units in the market
Start Identify the tolerable risk
START
Identify user etc
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
JRAIA decided the accident less than once per century would be tolerable for use
9
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 10
Start Identify the tolerable risk
ProductSystem
No of units in market
Tolerable value Use Installservice
etc
Residential AC 1108 10 10-10 1010-9
Commercial AC 78 106 13 10-9 13 10-8
VRF 1107 10 10-9 10 10-8
Chiller 134105 75 10-7 75 10-7
GHP 45105 37 10-9 37 10-8
Display cabinet 49105 20 10-8 20 10-7
Condensing unit 146105 69 10-8 69 10-7
START
Identify user etc
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
Tolerable value is dependent on the number of units in the market for each products
The tolerable value was increased by 10 times becausethey are handled by trained professionals except when use
The tolerable value was increased in chillers
10
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
11
11
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2013 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A2L
Comparison of the probability of the presence of ignition sources for air-conditioners
12
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Individual floor
Semi-Underground
NarrowSpace
Spark
[timesm3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P = 567800000space volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 56 timesyear numbers 78 mil units
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil
lighter)
Worker 36times10-10 13times10-9 17times10-9 17times10-9 [Worker]P = Smoking rate(near unit)timesservice rate ｘ 0322 timesRule disregarding rate during work 001[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 times 171space v(Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
Openflame
[-]
Smoking
Worker 60times10-8 30times10-8 15times10-7 15times10-7 [Worker]P = Worker presence rate (near units) times service rate ｘ0322 (smoking rate) times 16 (cigarettes) times 5space volume (seconds1 cigarette open fire consistence)(24 times 60 times60) times 001 (manual ignorance rate)
[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 (smoking rate)
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
Indoor Unit 57times10-16 45times10-16 P=installed unitstimesaccident ratenumbers on marketspace volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 3 timesyear (NITE) numbers on market 884 mil units
Appliances
Air Cleaner 70times10-16 - Installed 02 unitsroom accident rate 36year numbers on site 173 milHumidifier 56times10-16 - Installed 009 units accident rate 3year numbers on site 811 mil
Mobile 76times10-16 - Installed 812 accident rate 2317 years (LT10year) numbers 239 milPC 12times10-14 - Installed 812 accident rate 17417 years (LT10year) numbers on site 118 mil
Light 13times10-15 16times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 22717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 165 milTracking 67times10-16 11times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 20217 years (LT10year) numbers on site 298 mil
Refrigerator - 16times10-14 Installed 03 accident rate 26717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 388 milFreezer - 38times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 1617 years (LT10year) numbers on site 0658 mil
Dishwashers - 97times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 7117 years (LT10year) numbers on site 1511 milPhone - 25times10-16 Installed 01 accident rate 1817 years (LT10year) numbers on site 567 mil
TV - 11times10-15 Installed 01 accident rate 35517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 252 milExhaust Fan - 55times10-15 Installed 04 accident rate 10517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 596 mil
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil lighter) 88times10-7 -
P=smoker presence rate in the roomtimes0209times171space volume(24times60) times005Smoker presence in the room 01 smoking rate 0209 (Japanese Adult)Smoking numbers 171dayperson(2013JT) use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Using rate for gas burner 5 timesday Use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Open flame
[-]Combustionequipment
Water Heater 83times10-3 67times10-2 [Office]inst 01 Use rate 2 hday [Kitchen]2 60 minday Installed rate 08Heater - 27times10-5 Installed 0001 units Use rate 4 hday 60 dayyear
Kitchen Burner - 31times10-1 Installed 15 units Use rate 0023 Installed rate 09Gas Rice Cooker - 50times10-2 Installed 2 units Use rate 2 hday Installed rate 03
Gas Oven - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Coffee Siphon - 87times10-4 Installed 3 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Gas Burner - 69times10-4 Installed 05 units Use rate 02 mintime10 timesdayGas Roaster - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
SparksAppliance (cause of fire) match oil lighter and metal spark by forklift are ignition sourcesStatic electricity by human body electric gas lighter
and electric parts in unit (less than 5 kVA) arenrsquot ignition sources
Open flameOpen flame brought into the space where leaked refrigerant exists are regarded as ignition sources
Oil lighter candle gas burner for blazing and etcCombustion equipment like fan heater arenrsquot
ignition sources
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Risk assessment A2L
13
13
Ignition sourceR410A1 R32A2L
Open flame（Blazing torch
Oil lighter Candle）
No ignition Rare ignition
Electric spark No ignition Rare ignition
Static electricity No ignition No ignition
examination of ignition sourceFrom study of R32
rArrMildly flammable refrigerant in a room air-conditioner leaked in the spacebut no flame propagation across the whole space
rArrIgnition was observed at the outlet of piezo lighter but no flame propagation of lighter to n-butanemildly flammable refrigerant mixture
rArrUnder 3mm of clearances in case cover mildly flammable refrigerant no flame propagation through clearances
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Human error
14
14
Probability of human error in Install and service stages and etc of ACs
Reference Hashimoto K ldquoHuman safety engineeringrdquoCentral Association of Work Accident Protection (1984) pp85-97 (in Japanese)
110
1100 to 110000
1100000
110
JRAIA adopts 11000
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
15
15
FTA
Ignition energyamp flame quenching
Human error
Flammable gas region Ignition of fossil-fuel appliance
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
7
7
Pressure（50）
R410A 307MPaR32ｙｆ 314MPa
Ignition Source
R410A None
R32ｙｆ Open flame
Diesel explosionR410A YesR32ｙｆ Yes
FlammabilityR410A NoR32ｙｆ Mildly
Toxicity R410A NoneR32ｙｆ None
Hazards of R32 R1234yf
Change Point
yfR1234yf
Flammability and ignition source are studied in changing to R32 and R1234yfDiesel explosion and contact flame study for R32 and R1234yf are performed universities and AIST donrsquot change the study result with R410A
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 88
Procedure of risk evaluation in ISOIEC guide51
START
Identify user intended use reasonably foreseen misuse
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
JRAIA has been conducting the risk assessmentin accordance with ISOIEC guide 51
8
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 9
Guide 51 Safety means
Freedom from risk which is not tolerable Tolerable risk
Accepted in a given context based on the current values of society
Examples of the current values in Japan1 Chemical factory 10-5 [accidents(yearsite)]2 Car 10-7 [accidents(yearunit)]3 Home appliance 10-8 [accidents(yearunit)]
for one million units in the market
Start Identify the tolerable risk
START
Identify user etc
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
JRAIA decided the accident less than once per century would be tolerable for use
9
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 10
Start Identify the tolerable risk
ProductSystem
No of units in market
Tolerable value Use Installservice
etc
Residential AC 1108 10 10-10 1010-9
Commercial AC 78 106 13 10-9 13 10-8
VRF 1107 10 10-9 10 10-8
Chiller 134105 75 10-7 75 10-7
GHP 45105 37 10-9 37 10-8
Display cabinet 49105 20 10-8 20 10-7
Condensing unit 146105 69 10-8 69 10-7
START
Identify user etc
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
Tolerable value is dependent on the number of units in the market for each products
The tolerable value was increased by 10 times becausethey are handled by trained professionals except when use
The tolerable value was increased in chillers
10
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
11
11
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2013 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A2L
Comparison of the probability of the presence of ignition sources for air-conditioners
12
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Individual floor
Semi-Underground
NarrowSpace
Spark
[timesm3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P = 567800000space volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 56 timesyear numbers 78 mil units
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil
lighter)
Worker 36times10-10 13times10-9 17times10-9 17times10-9 [Worker]P = Smoking rate(near unit)timesservice rate ｘ 0322 timesRule disregarding rate during work 001[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 times 171space v(Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
Openflame
[-]
Smoking
Worker 60times10-8 30times10-8 15times10-7 15times10-7 [Worker]P = Worker presence rate (near units) times service rate ｘ0322 (smoking rate) times 16 (cigarettes) times 5space volume (seconds1 cigarette open fire consistence)(24 times 60 times60) times 001 (manual ignorance rate)
[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 (smoking rate)
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
Indoor Unit 57times10-16 45times10-16 P=installed unitstimesaccident ratenumbers on marketspace volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 3 timesyear (NITE) numbers on market 884 mil units
Appliances
Air Cleaner 70times10-16 - Installed 02 unitsroom accident rate 36year numbers on site 173 milHumidifier 56times10-16 - Installed 009 units accident rate 3year numbers on site 811 mil
Mobile 76times10-16 - Installed 812 accident rate 2317 years (LT10year) numbers 239 milPC 12times10-14 - Installed 812 accident rate 17417 years (LT10year) numbers on site 118 mil
Light 13times10-15 16times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 22717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 165 milTracking 67times10-16 11times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 20217 years (LT10year) numbers on site 298 mil
Refrigerator - 16times10-14 Installed 03 accident rate 26717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 388 milFreezer - 38times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 1617 years (LT10year) numbers on site 0658 mil
Dishwashers - 97times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 7117 years (LT10year) numbers on site 1511 milPhone - 25times10-16 Installed 01 accident rate 1817 years (LT10year) numbers on site 567 mil
TV - 11times10-15 Installed 01 accident rate 35517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 252 milExhaust Fan - 55times10-15 Installed 04 accident rate 10517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 596 mil
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil lighter) 88times10-7 -
P=smoker presence rate in the roomtimes0209times171space volume(24times60) times005Smoker presence in the room 01 smoking rate 0209 (Japanese Adult)Smoking numbers 171dayperson(2013JT) use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Using rate for gas burner 5 timesday Use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Open flame
[-]Combustionequipment
Water Heater 83times10-3 67times10-2 [Office]inst 01 Use rate 2 hday [Kitchen]2 60 minday Installed rate 08Heater - 27times10-5 Installed 0001 units Use rate 4 hday 60 dayyear
Kitchen Burner - 31times10-1 Installed 15 units Use rate 0023 Installed rate 09Gas Rice Cooker - 50times10-2 Installed 2 units Use rate 2 hday Installed rate 03
Gas Oven - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Coffee Siphon - 87times10-4 Installed 3 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Gas Burner - 69times10-4 Installed 05 units Use rate 02 mintime10 timesdayGas Roaster - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
SparksAppliance (cause of fire) match oil lighter and metal spark by forklift are ignition sourcesStatic electricity by human body electric gas lighter
and electric parts in unit (less than 5 kVA) arenrsquot ignition sources
Open flameOpen flame brought into the space where leaked refrigerant exists are regarded as ignition sources
Oil lighter candle gas burner for blazing and etcCombustion equipment like fan heater arenrsquot
ignition sources
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Risk assessment A2L
13
13
Ignition sourceR410A1 R32A2L
Open flame（Blazing torch
Oil lighter Candle）
No ignition Rare ignition
Electric spark No ignition Rare ignition
Static electricity No ignition No ignition
examination of ignition sourceFrom study of R32
rArrMildly flammable refrigerant in a room air-conditioner leaked in the spacebut no flame propagation across the whole space
rArrIgnition was observed at the outlet of piezo lighter but no flame propagation of lighter to n-butanemildly flammable refrigerant mixture
rArrUnder 3mm of clearances in case cover mildly flammable refrigerant no flame propagation through clearances
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Human error
14
14
Probability of human error in Install and service stages and etc of ACs
Reference Hashimoto K ldquoHuman safety engineeringrdquoCentral Association of Work Accident Protection (1984) pp85-97 (in Japanese)
110
1100 to 110000
1100000
110
JRAIA adopts 11000
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
15
15
FTA
Ignition energyamp flame quenching
Human error
Flammable gas region Ignition of fossil-fuel appliance
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 88
Procedure of risk evaluation in ISOIEC guide51
START
Identify user intended use reasonably foreseen misuse
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
JRAIA has been conducting the risk assessmentin accordance with ISOIEC guide 51
8
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 9
Guide 51 Safety means
Freedom from risk which is not tolerable Tolerable risk
Accepted in a given context based on the current values of society
Examples of the current values in Japan1 Chemical factory 10-5 [accidents(yearsite)]2 Car 10-7 [accidents(yearunit)]3 Home appliance 10-8 [accidents(yearunit)]
for one million units in the market
Start Identify the tolerable risk
START
Identify user etc
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
JRAIA decided the accident less than once per century would be tolerable for use
9
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 10
Start Identify the tolerable risk
ProductSystem
No of units in market
Tolerable value Use Installservice
etc
Residential AC 1108 10 10-10 1010-9
Commercial AC 78 106 13 10-9 13 10-8
VRF 1107 10 10-9 10 10-8
Chiller 134105 75 10-7 75 10-7
GHP 45105 37 10-9 37 10-8
Display cabinet 49105 20 10-8 20 10-7
Condensing unit 146105 69 10-8 69 10-7
START
Identify user etc
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
Tolerable value is dependent on the number of units in the market for each products
The tolerable value was increased by 10 times becausethey are handled by trained professionals except when use
The tolerable value was increased in chillers
10
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
11
11
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2013 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A2L
Comparison of the probability of the presence of ignition sources for air-conditioners
12
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Individual floor
Semi-Underground
NarrowSpace
Spark
[timesm3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P = 567800000space volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 56 timesyear numbers 78 mil units
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil
lighter)
Worker 36times10-10 13times10-9 17times10-9 17times10-9 [Worker]P = Smoking rate(near unit)timesservice rate ｘ 0322 timesRule disregarding rate during work 001[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 times 171space v(Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
Openflame
[-]
Smoking
Worker 60times10-8 30times10-8 15times10-7 15times10-7 [Worker]P = Worker presence rate (near units) times service rate ｘ0322 (smoking rate) times 16 (cigarettes) times 5space volume (seconds1 cigarette open fire consistence)(24 times 60 times60) times 001 (manual ignorance rate)
[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 (smoking rate)
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
Indoor Unit 57times10-16 45times10-16 P=installed unitstimesaccident ratenumbers on marketspace volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 3 timesyear (NITE) numbers on market 884 mil units
Appliances
Air Cleaner 70times10-16 - Installed 02 unitsroom accident rate 36year numbers on site 173 milHumidifier 56times10-16 - Installed 009 units accident rate 3year numbers on site 811 mil
Mobile 76times10-16 - Installed 812 accident rate 2317 years (LT10year) numbers 239 milPC 12times10-14 - Installed 812 accident rate 17417 years (LT10year) numbers on site 118 mil
Light 13times10-15 16times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 22717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 165 milTracking 67times10-16 11times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 20217 years (LT10year) numbers on site 298 mil
Refrigerator - 16times10-14 Installed 03 accident rate 26717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 388 milFreezer - 38times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 1617 years (LT10year) numbers on site 0658 mil
Dishwashers - 97times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 7117 years (LT10year) numbers on site 1511 milPhone - 25times10-16 Installed 01 accident rate 1817 years (LT10year) numbers on site 567 mil
TV - 11times10-15 Installed 01 accident rate 35517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 252 milExhaust Fan - 55times10-15 Installed 04 accident rate 10517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 596 mil
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil lighter) 88times10-7 -
P=smoker presence rate in the roomtimes0209times171space volume(24times60) times005Smoker presence in the room 01 smoking rate 0209 (Japanese Adult)Smoking numbers 171dayperson(2013JT) use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Using rate for gas burner 5 timesday Use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Open flame
[-]Combustionequipment
Water Heater 83times10-3 67times10-2 [Office]inst 01 Use rate 2 hday [Kitchen]2 60 minday Installed rate 08Heater - 27times10-5 Installed 0001 units Use rate 4 hday 60 dayyear
Kitchen Burner - 31times10-1 Installed 15 units Use rate 0023 Installed rate 09Gas Rice Cooker - 50times10-2 Installed 2 units Use rate 2 hday Installed rate 03
Gas Oven - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Coffee Siphon - 87times10-4 Installed 3 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Gas Burner - 69times10-4 Installed 05 units Use rate 02 mintime10 timesdayGas Roaster - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
SparksAppliance (cause of fire) match oil lighter and metal spark by forklift are ignition sourcesStatic electricity by human body electric gas lighter
and electric parts in unit (less than 5 kVA) arenrsquot ignition sources
Open flameOpen flame brought into the space where leaked refrigerant exists are regarded as ignition sources
Oil lighter candle gas burner for blazing and etcCombustion equipment like fan heater arenrsquot
ignition sources
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Risk assessment A2L
13
13
Ignition sourceR410A1 R32A2L
Open flame（Blazing torch
Oil lighter Candle）
No ignition Rare ignition
Electric spark No ignition Rare ignition
Static electricity No ignition No ignition
examination of ignition sourceFrom study of R32
rArrMildly flammable refrigerant in a room air-conditioner leaked in the spacebut no flame propagation across the whole space
rArrIgnition was observed at the outlet of piezo lighter but no flame propagation of lighter to n-butanemildly flammable refrigerant mixture
rArrUnder 3mm of clearances in case cover mildly flammable refrigerant no flame propagation through clearances
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Human error
14
14
Probability of human error in Install and service stages and etc of ACs
Reference Hashimoto K ldquoHuman safety engineeringrdquoCentral Association of Work Accident Protection (1984) pp85-97 (in Japanese)
110
1100 to 110000
1100000
110
JRAIA adopts 11000
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
15
15
FTA
Ignition energyamp flame quenching
Human error
Flammable gas region Ignition of fossil-fuel appliance
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 9
Guide 51 Safety means
Freedom from risk which is not tolerable Tolerable risk
Accepted in a given context based on the current values of society
Examples of the current values in Japan1 Chemical factory 10-5 [accidents(yearsite)]2 Car 10-7 [accidents(yearunit)]3 Home appliance 10-8 [accidents(yearunit)]
for one million units in the market
Start Identify the tolerable risk
START
Identify user etc
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
JRAIA decided the accident less than once per century would be tolerable for use
9
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 10
Start Identify the tolerable risk
ProductSystem
No of units in market
Tolerable value Use Installservice
etc
Residential AC 1108 10 10-10 1010-9
Commercial AC 78 106 13 10-9 13 10-8
VRF 1107 10 10-9 10 10-8
Chiller 134105 75 10-7 75 10-7
GHP 45105 37 10-9 37 10-8
Display cabinet 49105 20 10-8 20 10-7
Condensing unit 146105 69 10-8 69 10-7
START
Identify user etc
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
Tolerable value is dependent on the number of units in the market for each products
The tolerable value was increased by 10 times becausethey are handled by trained professionals except when use
The tolerable value was increased in chillers
10
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
11
11
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2013 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A2L
Comparison of the probability of the presence of ignition sources for air-conditioners
12
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Individual floor
Semi-Underground
NarrowSpace
Spark
[timesm3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P = 567800000space volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 56 timesyear numbers 78 mil units
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil
lighter)
Worker 36times10-10 13times10-9 17times10-9 17times10-9 [Worker]P = Smoking rate(near unit)timesservice rate ｘ 0322 timesRule disregarding rate during work 001[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 times 171space v(Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
Openflame
[-]
Smoking
Worker 60times10-8 30times10-8 15times10-7 15times10-7 [Worker]P = Worker presence rate (near units) times service rate ｘ0322 (smoking rate) times 16 (cigarettes) times 5space volume (seconds1 cigarette open fire consistence)(24 times 60 times60) times 001 (manual ignorance rate)
[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 (smoking rate)
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
Indoor Unit 57times10-16 45times10-16 P=installed unitstimesaccident ratenumbers on marketspace volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 3 timesyear (NITE) numbers on market 884 mil units
Appliances
Air Cleaner 70times10-16 - Installed 02 unitsroom accident rate 36year numbers on site 173 milHumidifier 56times10-16 - Installed 009 units accident rate 3year numbers on site 811 mil
Mobile 76times10-16 - Installed 812 accident rate 2317 years (LT10year) numbers 239 milPC 12times10-14 - Installed 812 accident rate 17417 years (LT10year) numbers on site 118 mil
Light 13times10-15 16times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 22717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 165 milTracking 67times10-16 11times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 20217 years (LT10year) numbers on site 298 mil
Refrigerator - 16times10-14 Installed 03 accident rate 26717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 388 milFreezer - 38times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 1617 years (LT10year) numbers on site 0658 mil
Dishwashers - 97times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 7117 years (LT10year) numbers on site 1511 milPhone - 25times10-16 Installed 01 accident rate 1817 years (LT10year) numbers on site 567 mil
TV - 11times10-15 Installed 01 accident rate 35517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 252 milExhaust Fan - 55times10-15 Installed 04 accident rate 10517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 596 mil
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil lighter) 88times10-7 -
P=smoker presence rate in the roomtimes0209times171space volume(24times60) times005Smoker presence in the room 01 smoking rate 0209 (Japanese Adult)Smoking numbers 171dayperson(2013JT) use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Using rate for gas burner 5 timesday Use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Open flame
[-]Combustionequipment
Water Heater 83times10-3 67times10-2 [Office]inst 01 Use rate 2 hday [Kitchen]2 60 minday Installed rate 08Heater - 27times10-5 Installed 0001 units Use rate 4 hday 60 dayyear
Kitchen Burner - 31times10-1 Installed 15 units Use rate 0023 Installed rate 09Gas Rice Cooker - 50times10-2 Installed 2 units Use rate 2 hday Installed rate 03
Gas Oven - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Coffee Siphon - 87times10-4 Installed 3 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Gas Burner - 69times10-4 Installed 05 units Use rate 02 mintime10 timesdayGas Roaster - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
SparksAppliance (cause of fire) match oil lighter and metal spark by forklift are ignition sourcesStatic electricity by human body electric gas lighter
and electric parts in unit (less than 5 kVA) arenrsquot ignition sources
Open flameOpen flame brought into the space where leaked refrigerant exists are regarded as ignition sources
Oil lighter candle gas burner for blazing and etcCombustion equipment like fan heater arenrsquot
ignition sources
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Risk assessment A2L
13
13
Ignition sourceR410A1 R32A2L
Open flame（Blazing torch
Oil lighter Candle）
No ignition Rare ignition
Electric spark No ignition Rare ignition
Static electricity No ignition No ignition
examination of ignition sourceFrom study of R32
rArrMildly flammable refrigerant in a room air-conditioner leaked in the spacebut no flame propagation across the whole space
rArrIgnition was observed at the outlet of piezo lighter but no flame propagation of lighter to n-butanemildly flammable refrigerant mixture
rArrUnder 3mm of clearances in case cover mildly flammable refrigerant no flame propagation through clearances
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Human error
14
14
Probability of human error in Install and service stages and etc of ACs
Reference Hashimoto K ldquoHuman safety engineeringrdquoCentral Association of Work Accident Protection (1984) pp85-97 (in Japanese)
110
1100 to 110000
1100000
110
JRAIA adopts 11000
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
15
15
FTA
Ignition energyamp flame quenching
Human error
Flammable gas region Ignition of fossil-fuel appliance
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 10
Start Identify the tolerable risk
ProductSystem
No of units in market
Tolerable value Use Installservice
etc
Residential AC 1108 10 10-10 1010-9
Commercial AC 78 106 13 10-9 13 10-8
VRF 1107 10 10-9 10 10-8
Chiller 134105 75 10-7 75 10-7
GHP 45105 37 10-9 37 10-8
Display cabinet 49105 20 10-8 20 10-7
Condensing unit 146105 69 10-8 69 10-7
START
Identify user etc
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
Tolerable value is dependent on the number of units in the market for each products
The tolerable value was increased by 10 times becausethey are handled by trained professionals except when use
The tolerable value was increased in chillers
10
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
11
11
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2013 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A2L
Comparison of the probability of the presence of ignition sources for air-conditioners
12
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Individual floor
Semi-Underground
NarrowSpace
Spark
[timesm3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P = 567800000space volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 56 timesyear numbers 78 mil units
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil
lighter)
Worker 36times10-10 13times10-9 17times10-9 17times10-9 [Worker]P = Smoking rate(near unit)timesservice rate ｘ 0322 timesRule disregarding rate during work 001[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 times 171space v(Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
Openflame
[-]
Smoking
Worker 60times10-8 30times10-8 15times10-7 15times10-7 [Worker]P = Worker presence rate (near units) times service rate ｘ0322 (smoking rate) times 16 (cigarettes) times 5space volume (seconds1 cigarette open fire consistence)(24 times 60 times60) times 001 (manual ignorance rate)
[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 (smoking rate)
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
Indoor Unit 57times10-16 45times10-16 P=installed unitstimesaccident ratenumbers on marketspace volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 3 timesyear (NITE) numbers on market 884 mil units
Appliances
Air Cleaner 70times10-16 - Installed 02 unitsroom accident rate 36year numbers on site 173 milHumidifier 56times10-16 - Installed 009 units accident rate 3year numbers on site 811 mil
Mobile 76times10-16 - Installed 812 accident rate 2317 years (LT10year) numbers 239 milPC 12times10-14 - Installed 812 accident rate 17417 years (LT10year) numbers on site 118 mil
Light 13times10-15 16times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 22717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 165 milTracking 67times10-16 11times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 20217 years (LT10year) numbers on site 298 mil
Refrigerator - 16times10-14 Installed 03 accident rate 26717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 388 milFreezer - 38times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 1617 years (LT10year) numbers on site 0658 mil
Dishwashers - 97times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 7117 years (LT10year) numbers on site 1511 milPhone - 25times10-16 Installed 01 accident rate 1817 years (LT10year) numbers on site 567 mil
TV - 11times10-15 Installed 01 accident rate 35517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 252 milExhaust Fan - 55times10-15 Installed 04 accident rate 10517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 596 mil
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil lighter) 88times10-7 -
P=smoker presence rate in the roomtimes0209times171space volume(24times60) times005Smoker presence in the room 01 smoking rate 0209 (Japanese Adult)Smoking numbers 171dayperson(2013JT) use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Using rate for gas burner 5 timesday Use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Open flame
[-]Combustionequipment
Water Heater 83times10-3 67times10-2 [Office]inst 01 Use rate 2 hday [Kitchen]2 60 minday Installed rate 08Heater - 27times10-5 Installed 0001 units Use rate 4 hday 60 dayyear
Kitchen Burner - 31times10-1 Installed 15 units Use rate 0023 Installed rate 09Gas Rice Cooker - 50times10-2 Installed 2 units Use rate 2 hday Installed rate 03
Gas Oven - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Coffee Siphon - 87times10-4 Installed 3 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Gas Burner - 69times10-4 Installed 05 units Use rate 02 mintime10 timesdayGas Roaster - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
SparksAppliance (cause of fire) match oil lighter and metal spark by forklift are ignition sourcesStatic electricity by human body electric gas lighter
and electric parts in unit (less than 5 kVA) arenrsquot ignition sources
Open flameOpen flame brought into the space where leaked refrigerant exists are regarded as ignition sources
Oil lighter candle gas burner for blazing and etcCombustion equipment like fan heater arenrsquot
ignition sources
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Risk assessment A2L
13
13
Ignition sourceR410A1 R32A2L
Open flame（Blazing torch
Oil lighter Candle）
No ignition Rare ignition
Electric spark No ignition Rare ignition
Static electricity No ignition No ignition
examination of ignition sourceFrom study of R32
rArrMildly flammable refrigerant in a room air-conditioner leaked in the spacebut no flame propagation across the whole space
rArrIgnition was observed at the outlet of piezo lighter but no flame propagation of lighter to n-butanemildly flammable refrigerant mixture
rArrUnder 3mm of clearances in case cover mildly flammable refrigerant no flame propagation through clearances
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Human error
14
14
Probability of human error in Install and service stages and etc of ACs
Reference Hashimoto K ldquoHuman safety engineeringrdquoCentral Association of Work Accident Protection (1984) pp85-97 (in Japanese)
110
1100 to 110000
1100000
110
JRAIA adopts 11000
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
15
15
FTA
Ignition energyamp flame quenching
Human error
Flammable gas region Ignition of fossil-fuel appliance
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
11
11
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2013 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A2L
Comparison of the probability of the presence of ignition sources for air-conditioners
12
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Individual floor
Semi-Underground
NarrowSpace
Spark
[timesm3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P = 567800000space volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 56 timesyear numbers 78 mil units
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil
lighter)
Worker 36times10-10 13times10-9 17times10-9 17times10-9 [Worker]P = Smoking rate(near unit)timesservice rate ｘ 0322 timesRule disregarding rate during work 001[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 times 171space v(Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
Openflame
[-]
Smoking
Worker 60times10-8 30times10-8 15times10-7 15times10-7 [Worker]P = Worker presence rate (near units) times service rate ｘ0322 (smoking rate) times 16 (cigarettes) times 5space volume (seconds1 cigarette open fire consistence)(24 times 60 times60) times 001 (manual ignorance rate)
[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 (smoking rate)
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
Indoor Unit 57times10-16 45times10-16 P=installed unitstimesaccident ratenumbers on marketspace volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 3 timesyear (NITE) numbers on market 884 mil units
Appliances
Air Cleaner 70times10-16 - Installed 02 unitsroom accident rate 36year numbers on site 173 milHumidifier 56times10-16 - Installed 009 units accident rate 3year numbers on site 811 mil
Mobile 76times10-16 - Installed 812 accident rate 2317 years (LT10year) numbers 239 milPC 12times10-14 - Installed 812 accident rate 17417 years (LT10year) numbers on site 118 mil
Light 13times10-15 16times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 22717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 165 milTracking 67times10-16 11times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 20217 years (LT10year) numbers on site 298 mil
Refrigerator - 16times10-14 Installed 03 accident rate 26717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 388 milFreezer - 38times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 1617 years (LT10year) numbers on site 0658 mil
Dishwashers - 97times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 7117 years (LT10year) numbers on site 1511 milPhone - 25times10-16 Installed 01 accident rate 1817 years (LT10year) numbers on site 567 mil
TV - 11times10-15 Installed 01 accident rate 35517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 252 milExhaust Fan - 55times10-15 Installed 04 accident rate 10517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 596 mil
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil lighter) 88times10-7 -
P=smoker presence rate in the roomtimes0209times171space volume(24times60) times005Smoker presence in the room 01 smoking rate 0209 (Japanese Adult)Smoking numbers 171dayperson(2013JT) use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Using rate for gas burner 5 timesday Use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Open flame
[-]Combustionequipment
Water Heater 83times10-3 67times10-2 [Office]inst 01 Use rate 2 hday [Kitchen]2 60 minday Installed rate 08Heater - 27times10-5 Installed 0001 units Use rate 4 hday 60 dayyear
Kitchen Burner - 31times10-1 Installed 15 units Use rate 0023 Installed rate 09Gas Rice Cooker - 50times10-2 Installed 2 units Use rate 2 hday Installed rate 03
Gas Oven - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Coffee Siphon - 87times10-4 Installed 3 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Gas Burner - 69times10-4 Installed 05 units Use rate 02 mintime10 timesdayGas Roaster - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
SparksAppliance (cause of fire) match oil lighter and metal spark by forklift are ignition sourcesStatic electricity by human body electric gas lighter
and electric parts in unit (less than 5 kVA) arenrsquot ignition sources
Open flameOpen flame brought into the space where leaked refrigerant exists are regarded as ignition sources
Oil lighter candle gas burner for blazing and etcCombustion equipment like fan heater arenrsquot
ignition sources
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Risk assessment A2L
13
13
Ignition sourceR410A1 R32A2L
Open flame（Blazing torch
Oil lighter Candle）
No ignition Rare ignition
Electric spark No ignition Rare ignition
Static electricity No ignition No ignition
examination of ignition sourceFrom study of R32
rArrMildly flammable refrigerant in a room air-conditioner leaked in the spacebut no flame propagation across the whole space
rArrIgnition was observed at the outlet of piezo lighter but no flame propagation of lighter to n-butanemildly flammable refrigerant mixture
rArrUnder 3mm of clearances in case cover mildly flammable refrigerant no flame propagation through clearances
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Human error
14
14
Probability of human error in Install and service stages and etc of ACs
Reference Hashimoto K ldquoHuman safety engineeringrdquoCentral Association of Work Accident Protection (1984) pp85-97 (in Japanese)
110
1100 to 110000
1100000
110
JRAIA adopts 11000
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
15
15
FTA
Ignition energyamp flame quenching
Human error
Flammable gas region Ignition of fossil-fuel appliance
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
copy 2013 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A2L
Comparison of the probability of the presence of ignition sources for air-conditioners
12
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Individual floor
Semi-Underground
NarrowSpace
Spark
[timesm3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P = 567800000space volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 56 timesyear numbers 78 mil units
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil
lighter)
Worker 36times10-10 13times10-9 17times10-9 17times10-9 [Worker]P = Smoking rate(near unit)timesservice rate ｘ 0322 timesRule disregarding rate during work 001[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 times 171space v(Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
Openflame
[-]
Smoking
Worker 60times10-8 30times10-8 15times10-7 15times10-7 [Worker]P = Worker presence rate (near units) times service rate ｘ0322 (smoking rate) times 16 (cigarettes) times 5space volume (seconds1 cigarette open fire consistence)(24 times 60 times60) times 001 (manual ignorance rate)
[User]P = User presence rate (near units) times 0209 (smoking rate)
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
Indoor Unit 57times10-16 45times10-16 P=installed unitstimesaccident ratenumbers on marketspace volume(365times24times60)Fire accident rate 3 timesyear (NITE) numbers on market 884 mil units
Appliances
Air Cleaner 70times10-16 - Installed 02 unitsroom accident rate 36year numbers on site 173 milHumidifier 56times10-16 - Installed 009 units accident rate 3year numbers on site 811 mil
Mobile 76times10-16 - Installed 812 accident rate 2317 years (LT10year) numbers 239 milPC 12times10-14 - Installed 812 accident rate 17417 years (LT10year) numbers on site 118 mil
Light 13times10-15 16times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 22717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 165 milTracking 67times10-16 11times10-15 Installed 1015 accident rate 20217 years (LT10year) numbers on site 298 mil
Refrigerator - 16times10-14 Installed 03 accident rate 26717 years (LT10year) numbers on site 388 milFreezer - 38times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 1617 years (LT10year) numbers on site 0658 mil
Dishwashers - 97times10-15 Installed 02 accident rate 7117 years (LT10year) numbers on site 1511 milPhone - 25times10-16 Installed 01 accident rate 1817 years (LT10year) numbers on site 567 mil
TV - 11times10-15 Installed 01 accident rate 35517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 252 milExhaust Fan - 55times10-15 Installed 04 accident rate 10517 years (LT10year) numbers on site 596 mil
Smoking Equipment(MatchOil lighter) 88times10-7 -
P=smoker presence rate in the roomtimes0209times171space volume(24times60) times005Smoker presence in the room 01 smoking rate 0209 (Japanese Adult)Smoking numbers 171dayperson(2013JT) use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Using rate for gas burner 5 timesday Use rate MatchOil lighter 005
Open flame
[-]Combustionequipment
Water Heater 83times10-3 67times10-2 [Office]inst 01 Use rate 2 hday [Kitchen]2 60 minday Installed rate 08Heater - 27times10-5 Installed 0001 units Use rate 4 hday 60 dayyear
Kitchen Burner - 31times10-1 Installed 15 units Use rate 0023 Installed rate 09Gas Rice Cooker - 50times10-2 Installed 2 units Use rate 2 hday Installed rate 03
Gas Oven - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Coffee Siphon - 87times10-4 Installed 3 units Installed rate 29times10-4
Gas Burner - 69times10-4 Installed 05 units Use rate 02 mintime10 timesdayGas Roaster - 58times10-4 Installed 2 units Installed rate 29times10-4
SparksAppliance (cause of fire) match oil lighter and metal spark by forklift are ignition sourcesStatic electricity by human body electric gas lighter
and electric parts in unit (less than 5 kVA) arenrsquot ignition sources
Open flameOpen flame brought into the space where leaked refrigerant exists are regarded as ignition sources
Oil lighter candle gas burner for blazing and etcCombustion equipment like fan heater arenrsquot
ignition sources
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Risk assessment A2L
13
13
Ignition sourceR410A1 R32A2L
Open flame（Blazing torch
Oil lighter Candle）
No ignition Rare ignition
Electric spark No ignition Rare ignition
Static electricity No ignition No ignition
examination of ignition sourceFrom study of R32
rArrMildly flammable refrigerant in a room air-conditioner leaked in the spacebut no flame propagation across the whole space
rArrIgnition was observed at the outlet of piezo lighter but no flame propagation of lighter to n-butanemildly flammable refrigerant mixture
rArrUnder 3mm of clearances in case cover mildly flammable refrigerant no flame propagation through clearances
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Human error
14
14
Probability of human error in Install and service stages and etc of ACs
Reference Hashimoto K ldquoHuman safety engineeringrdquoCentral Association of Work Accident Protection (1984) pp85-97 (in Japanese)
110
1100 to 110000
1100000
110
JRAIA adopts 11000
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
15
15
FTA
Ignition energyamp flame quenching
Human error
Flammable gas region Ignition of fossil-fuel appliance
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
(24times60times60)timessmoking area rate
Open flame generating time 5s
User
93times10-6
13times10-6
93times10-6
93times10-6
Boiler
66times10-4
22times10-4
22times10-4
22times10-4
P=Use ratetimesInstalled rate
Installed rate 01
Use ratehellipGround 066(24hday 20daysmonth）
Others 022（8hday 20daysmonth）
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Results of risk assessment A2L
17
17
Wall mount type air conditioner
Probability of indoor use is lower than tolerable level 10-10tolerable level 10-9 in service installation and others is satisfied in all stages
Risk Ignition ProbabilityR32 R1234yf
Logistic 41times10-17 45times10-17
Installation 27times10-10 31times10-10
Use (Indoor) 39times10-15 43times10-15
(Outdoor) 15times10-10 21times10-10
Service 32times10-10 36times10-10
Disposal 36times10-11 53times10-11
The ignition probability of R32 and R1234yf is nearly same（Attention R1234yf is extended flammable range in high humidity condition
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
18
18
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 1919
Procedure of risk evaluation in ISOIEC guide51
START
Identify user intended use reasonably foreseen misuse
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
JRAIA has been conducting the risk reductionby measures and regulations
Commercial AC and so on needsafety measures JRAIA made these measures to
guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
20
20
The dominant risk factors and safety measures for step
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
(24times60times60)timessmoking area rate
Open flame generating time 5s
User
93times10-6
13times10-6
93times10-6
93times10-6
Boiler
66times10-4
22times10-4
22times10-4
22times10-4
P=Use ratetimesInstalled rate
Installed rate 01
Use ratehellipGround 066(24hday 20daysmonth）
Others 022（8hday 20daysmonth）
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
18
18
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 1919
Procedure of risk evaluation in ISOIEC guide51
START
Identify user intended use reasonably foreseen misuse
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
JRAIA has been conducting the risk reductionby measures and regulations
Commercial AC and so on needsafety measures JRAIA made these measures to
guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
20
20
The dominant risk factors and safety measures for step
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
(24times60times60)timessmoking area rate
Open flame generating time 5s
User
93times10-6
13times10-6
93times10-6
93times10-6
Boiler
66times10-4
22times10-4
22times10-4
22times10-4
P=Use ratetimesInstalled rate
Installed rate 01
Use ratehellipGround 066(24hday 20daysmonth）
Others 022（8hday 20daysmonth）
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 1919
Procedure of risk evaluation in ISOIEC guide51
START
Identify user intended use reasonably foreseen misuse
Estimation of risk
Hazard Identification
Risk Reduction
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable
１
２
３
４
５
Validation and documentation
JRAIA has been conducting the risk reductionby measures and regulations
Commercial AC and so on needsafety measures JRAIA made these measures to
guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
20
20
The dominant risk factors and safety measures for step
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
(24times60times60)timessmoking area rate
Open flame generating time 5s
User
93times10-6
13times10-6
93times10-6
93times10-6
Boiler
66times10-4
22times10-4
22times10-4
22times10-4
P=Use ratetimesInstalled rate
Installed rate 01
Use ratehellipGround 066(24hday 20daysmonth）
Others 022（8hday 20daysmonth）
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
20
20
The dominant risk factors and safety measures for step
Item Air circulationVentilation High concentration Gas burner
(brazing) -
Safety measures
ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detectorrdquo(Min air flow 10m3min and minimumspeed 10ms)
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Semi-underground (Depth≧12
m)
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationVentilation Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supply
Safety measures
If refrigerant amountgt12xLFLx12ldquoUnitrsquos fan operating with a leak detector(Air flow rate≧40[ms] Depth≦2m
and distance from discharge grille ≦3m)rdquoor ldquoMechanical ventilationrdquo
ldquoEducation for workersrdquo and ldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Outdoors
Narrow space
Factor Leakage gas Presence of ignition sources Human error Human error
Item Air circulationOpening Boiler Refrigerant recovery
Gas burner (brazing)
Refrigerant recoveryWiring for power
supplySafety
measures ldquoOpening of 06 m or more for one siderdquoldquoEducation for workersrdquo andldquoCarrying a portable leak detectorrdquo
Commercial AC needs safety measures JRAIA made these measures to Guidelines and requirements
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
(24times60times60)timessmoking area rate
Open flame generating time 5s
User
93times10-6
13times10-6
93times10-6
93times10-6
Boiler
66times10-4
22times10-4
22times10-4
22times10-4
P=Use ratetimesInstalled rate
Installed rate 01
Use ratehellipGround 066(24hday 20daysmonth）
Others 022（8hday 20daysmonth）
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
21
21
No Std GL Title Application
1 JRA GL-20 Appropriate measures to prevent combustion against refrigerant gas leakage from the refrigerant charged equipment using particular inert gas
General
2 JRA 4068 Requirements of refrigerant leak detector and alarm for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
Leak detector and alarm
3 JRA GL-15 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from chiller using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerantsrdquo
Chiller75kW～
4 JRA 4070 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerant
Commercial AC 3～20ｔ
5 JRA GL-16 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
(24times60times60)timessmoking area rate
Open flame generating time 5s
User
93times10-6
13times10-6
93times10-6
93times10-6
Boiler
66times10-4
22times10-4
22times10-4
22times10-4
P=Use ratetimesInstalled rate
Installed rate 01
Use ratehellipGround 066(24hday 20daysmonth）
Others 022（8hday 20daysmonth）
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
22
22
No Std GL Title Application
6 JRA 4072 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial refrigeration equipment
7 JRA GL-18 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial refrigeration equipment using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
8 JRA 4073 Requirements for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
commercial packaged AC for facilities
9 JRA GL-19 Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial packaged air conditioner for facilities using lower flammability(A2L) refrigerants
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
(24times60times60)timessmoking area rate
Open flame generating time 5s
User
93times10-6
13times10-6
93times10-6
93times10-6
Boiler
66times10-4
22times10-4
22times10-4
22times10-4
P=Use ratetimesInstalled rate
Installed rate 01
Use ratehellipGround 066(24hday 20daysmonth）
Others 022（8hday 20daysmonth）
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
23
23
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
(24times60times60)timessmoking area rate
Open flame generating time 5s
User
93times10-6
13times10-6
93times10-6
93times10-6
Boiler
66times10-4
22times10-4
22times10-4
22times10-4
P=Use ratetimesInstalled rate
Installed rate 01
Use ratehellipGround 066(24hday 20daysmonth）
Others 022（8hday 20daysmonth）
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
24
24
DirectionIn the trend of deregulation of A3 refrigerants JRAIA will propose air-conditioner be securedBased on RACs risk assessment method and results for A2L refrigerant JRAIA also conducts risk assessment for A3 refrigerant and recommended measures to ensure safety from the evaluated resultJRAIA collaborates with universities and research institutions to compare the hazards tothe refrigerant of A2L and A3 refrigerants
Schedule
First year A3 refrigerant risk assessment and countermeasureSecond half year Estimation method and make plan for estimation Last year Practical estimation for risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
(24times60times60)timessmoking area rate
Open flame generating time 5s
User
93times10-6
13times10-6
93times10-6
93times10-6
Boiler
66times10-4
22times10-4
22times10-4
22times10-4
P=Use ratetimesInstalled rate
Installed rate 01
Use ratehellipGround 066(24hday 20daysmonth）
Others 022（8hday 20daysmonth）
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
25
25
Ignition Source [Units] Ground Each Floor
Semi -Undergr
ound
Narrow Space
Spark
[times m3min]
Outdoor Unit 14times10-14 95times10-14 25times10-14 91times10-14 P=567800000space volume(365times24times60) Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001 Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05 Service rate 01 Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT) Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan) Use rate for matchoil lighter 005 Rule disregarding rate during work 001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125 Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User 56times10-8 54times10-8 11times10-7 11times10-7
[Worker] P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001 [User] P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume (24times60times60)timessmoking area rate Open flame generating time 5s
User 93times10-6 13times10-6 93times10-6 93times10-6
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
Ignition Source [Units]
Ground
Each Floor
Semi
-Underground
Narrow
Space
Spark
[times
m3min]
Outdoor Unit
14times10-14
95times10-14
25times10-14
91times10-14
P=567800000space volume(365times24times60)
Fire accident rate 56timesyear numbers78mil units
Smoking Equipment
(MatchOil lighter)
Worker
36times10-10
13times10-9
17times10-9
17times10-9
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16space volume(24times60) times005[spark]times001
Smoking rate near unitG 02 EF01 SUNS 05
Service rate 01
Smoking rate for workers 0322(Japanese MaleJT)
Smoking numbers for workers16day (Japan)
Use rate for matchoil lighter 005
Rule disregarding rate during work 001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171space volume(24times60)times005[spark]timessmoking area rate
Smoking rate near units GSUNS 005 EF 00125
Smoking rate 0209 Numbers 171day (Japanese Adult) Smoking area rate EF 05 others 09
User
56times10-8
54times10-8
11times10-7
11times10-7
Open flame
[-]
Smoking
Worker
60times10-8
30times10-8
15times10-7
15times10-7
[Worker]
P=Smoking space ratetimesservice rateｘ0322times16times5space volume(24times60times60) times001
[User]
P=Smoking rate near unitstimes0209times171times5space volume
(24times60times60)timessmoking area rate
Open flame generating time 5s
User
93times10-6
13times10-6
93times10-6
93times10-6
Boiler
66times10-4
22times10-4
22times10-4
22times10-4
P=Use ratetimesInstalled rate
Installed rate 01
Use ratehellipGround 066(24hday 20daysmonth）
Others 022（8hday 20daysmonth）
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition source A3
26
26
Ignition sourceR410A1 R32A2L R290A3
（Propane）
Open flame（Blazing torch
Oil lighter Candle）
No ignition Rare ignition Ignition
Electric spark No ignition Rare ignition Ignition
Static electricity No ignition No ignition Occasional Ignition
Ignition source for A3 refrigerant
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
27
27
Generation of Flammable cloud near the floor (Red area)
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
27
27
Generation of Flammable cloud near the floor (Red area)
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Ignition and extinction property A3
28
28
１Ignition property ２Quenching distance and mass burning rate
Flame generation speed
Minimum ignition energy
Quenching distanceand mass burning rate
R32
The substance at the lower left of the graphhas characteristics that
it easily ignites and burns violently
The substance at the lower rightis dangerous
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
29
29
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Real balcony
Collective apartment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Real leakage ignition study A3
30
30
Balcony is few ignition sources but A3 flammable refrigerant leaksmake serious accidents
Leakage inlet
L36m
H28m
W10m
Hh13m(Handrail)
Real model balconyBy Infrared cameraHigh temp flame is white
Serious flame
Red areas are flammable religion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
31copy 2016 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
31
Flammable Volume and time IntegrationEstablishment for safety specification of A3 refrigerant
① Evaluated product Setting of evaluated product and usage conditionMaking the risk scenarioManufacturing Transportation Install Use serves recycle
②Risk assessment Basic items of risk estimation Installation case (leaky space model setting) Refrigerant leak rate and leak speed Ignition source existence probability larrIdentification the ignition source Flammable cloud larr CFD simplified calculation
③ Measures Equipment measures Air circulation and ventilation fan shutoff valve alarm Document correspondence Instruction manual warning display Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
④In market(Regulation） Regulatory compliance regulations industrial association manual
Document correspondence Instruction manual warning labelMaintenance of work procedures manualImprovement of working accuracy in education and training
Step Terms
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Agenda
32
32
【1】Introduction
【2】A2L refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerable level
【3】Study for A2L refrigerant air-conditioner(Residential air-conditioner and
light commercial air-conditioner)
【4】Guideline of Japan refrigeration and air-conditioner industry association
【5】Risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant air-conditioner
【6】Conclusion
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
33
33
1Risk assessment for A2L refrigerantCompletion of RA for residential air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 25 million in Japan
Completion of RA for commercial air-conditionerrArrThe cumulative sales units (from 2012 to 2016) is 35 million in Japan
Promotion on RA for other refrigeration productsDisplay cabinet GHP Condensing unite and etc
2Establishment of Japanese type risk assessment 3Guideline and requirements of JRAIA for A2L
Apply the guideline and requirements for products in JapanReflecting on international safety standards
4Risk assessment for A3 refrigerantPromotion of appropriate FTAs based on research with
industry-university collaboration Review of FTA results and planning of measures
then demonstration of its effect (At Kobe symposium in 2018)
RA Risk assessment
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Guideline and Requirements of JRAIA
Agenda
Direction and Schedule A3 refrigerant
Probability of presence of ignition source A3
Ignition source A3
Leak simulation A3 refrigerant
Ignition and extinction property A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
Real leakage ignition study A3
RA Step for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Conclusion
スライド番号 35
copy 2017 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association All Rights Reserved 34
Thank you very much
A2L refrigerants risk assessment results and risk assessment plan for A3 refrigerant
Agenda
Agenda
スライド番号 4
スライド番号 5
Agenda
スライド番号 7
Hazards of R32 and R1234yf A2L
スライド番号 9
スライド番号 10
スライド番号 11
Agenda
スライド番号 13
Risk assessment A2L
Human error
FTA for all knowledge and experimental results
FTA of life cycle stage
Results of risk assessment A2L
Agenda
スライド番号 20
The result of commercial air-conditioner risk assessment A2L
