ab85 norton’s theorem analog lab quality policy · ab85 norton’s theorem analog lab experiment...

AB85NORTON’S THEOREM

Analog LabExperiment Board

Ver. 1.0

QUALITY POLICY

To be a Global Provider of Innovative and Affordable Electronic Equipments for Technology Training by enhancing Customer Satisfaction based on Research, Modern manufacturing techniques and continuous improvement in Quality of the products and Services with active participation of employees.

An ISO 9001: 2000 company

94-101, Electronic Complex, Pardesipura INDORE-452010, India.Tel.: 91-731-2570301 Fax: 91-731-2555643

AB85

Email: [email protected] Web: www.scientech.bz

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 2

http://www.scientech.bz/

mailto:[email protected]

AB85


AB85

NORTON’S THEOREM

AB85

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.Introduction 4

2. Theory 6

3.Experiment 8To verify Norton’s Theorem

4.Warranty 11

5.List of Service Centers 12

6.List of Accessories with AB85 12


AB85

INTRODUCTION

AB85 is a compact, ready to use Norton’s Theorem experiment board. This is useful for students to study Norton’s Theorem. It can be used as stand alone unit with external DC power supply or can be used with SCIENTECH Analog Lab ST2612 which has built in DC power supply, AC power supply, function generator, modulation generator, continuity tester, toggle switches and potentiometer.

List of Boards :

Model Name

AB01 Diode characteristics (Si, Zener, LED)AB02 Transistor characteristics (CB NPN)AB03 Transistor characteristics (CB PNP)AB04 Transistor characteristics (CE NPN)AB05 Transistor characteristics (CE PNP)AB06 Transistor characteristics (CC NPN)AB07 Transistor characteristics (CC PNP)AB08 FET characteristicsAB09 Rectifier CircuitsAB10 Wheatstone BridgeAB11 Maxwell’s BridgeAB14 Darlington PairAB15 Common Emitter AmplifierAB16 Common Collector AmplifierAB17 Common Base AmplifierAB18 Cascode AmplifierAB19 RC-Coupled AmplifierAB20 Direct Coupled AmplifierAB21 Class A AmplifierAB22 Class B Amplifier (push pull emitter follower)AB23 Class C Tuned AmplifierAB25 Phase Locked Loop (FM Demodulator & Frequency

Divider / Multiplier)AB28 Multivibrator ( Mono stable / Astable)AB29 F-V and V-F ConverterAB30 V-I and I-V ConverterAB31 Zener Voltage Regulator AB32 Transistor Series Voltage RegulatorAB33 Transistor Shunt Voltage Regulator


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AB41 Differential Amplifier (Transistorized)AB42 Operational Amplifier (Inverting / Non-inverting /

Differentiator)AB43 Operational Amplifier (Adder/Scalar)AB44 Operational Amplifier (Integrator/ Differentiator)AB45 Schmitt Trigger and ComparatorAB51 Active filters (Low Pass and High Pass)AB52 Active Band Pass Filter AB53 Notch Filter AB54 Tschebyscheff FilterAB56 Fiber Optic Analog LinkAB65 Phase Shift OscillatorAB66 Wien Bridge OscillatorsAB67 Colpitt OscillatorAB68 Hartley OscillatorAB80 RLC Series and RLC Parallel Resonance AB81 Kirchoff’s Laws (Kirchhoff’s Current Law & Kirchhoff’s

Voltage Law)AB82 Thevenin’s and Maximum power Transfer TheoremAB83 Reciprocity and Superposition TheoremAB84 Tellegen’s TheoremAB85 Norton’s theoremAB88 Diode ClipperAB89 Diode ClampersAB90 Two port network parameterAB91 Optical Transducer (Photovoltaic cell)AB92 Optical Transducer (Photoconductive cell/LDR)AB93 Optical Transducer (PhotoTransistor)AB96 Temperature Transducer (RTD & IC335)AB97 Temperature Transducer (Thermocouple)AB101 DSB Modulator and DemodulatorAB102 SSB Modulator and DemodulatorAB106 FM Modulator and Demodulator

………… and many more


AB85

THEORY

Norton’s Theorem :

Any two-terminal, linear bilateral dc network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source and a parallel resistor.

Fig. 1

The Norton’s equivalent circuit provides equivalence at the terminals only − the internal construction and characteristics of the original network and the Norton equivalent are usually quite different.

This theorem achieves two important objectives:

Provide a way to find any particular voltage or current in a linear network with one, two, or any other number of sources.

We can concentrate on a specific portion of a network by replacing the remaining network with an equivalent circuit.

Sequence to find values of RN and IN

1. Remove that portion of the network across which the Norton equivalent circuit is to be found. In the fig. 1, this requires that the load resistor RL be temporarily removed from the network.

2. Mark the terminals of the remaining two-terminal network. (The importance of this step will become obvious as we progress through some complex networks)

RN :

3. Calculate RN by first setting all sources to zero (voltage sources are replaced by short circuits and current sources by open circuits) and then finding the resultant resistance between the two marked terminals.


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(If the internal resistance of the voltage and/or current sources is included in the original network, it must remain when the sources are set to zero.)

IN :

4. Calculate IN by first short the load and find the short circuit current flowing through the shorted load terminals using conventional network analysis.

5. Norton’s equivalent circuit is drawn by keeping RN in parallel to current source as shown in Fig.

6. Reconnect the load resister (RL) across the load terminal and the current through it( IL) is then given by

( )

+

=LRNR

NRNILI


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EXPERIMENT

Objective :To verify Norton’s Theorem.

Apparatus required :

1. Analog board, AB 85.

2. DC power supplies +5V and -5V from external source or ST2612 Analog Lab.

3. Digital multimeter.

4. 2 mm patch cords.

Circuit diagram : Circuit used to study Norton’s Theorem is shown in Fig 3.

Fig. 3


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Procedure :

1. Connect +5V and -5V dc power supplies at their indicated position from external source or ST2612 Analog Lab.

2. To measure practical value of Norton's equivalent current IN of given circuit, proceed as follows :

a. Connect a 2mm patch cord between +5V supply and socket a, and ground to ground of the circuit.

b. As we want to replace left side of Load resistance by its Norton's equivalent circuit. Disconnect load resistance by removing Patch cord between socket b & c.

c. Measure current between socket b & ground

d. It is the required value of Norton's equivalent current (IN ).

3. To measure Theoretical value of Norton's equivalent current IN of given circuit, proceed as follows :

a. Determine the value of current I flowing through 1K2 resistor with the help of basic current laws.

b. Determine the value of current I flowing through 475E resistor with the help of basic current laws.

c. Compare theoretical and practical value of Norton’s equivalent current IN.

4. To measure practical value of Norton's equivalent Resistance RN of given circuit, proceed as follows :

a. Disconnect the 2mm patch cord between socket a & supply.

b. As we want to replace left side of Load resistance by its Norton’s equivalent circuit. Disconnect load resistance by removing Patch cord between socket b & c.

c. Connect socket a & ground so as to replace source by its internal resistance (Assuming it negligible)

d. Measure resistance between socket b & ground.

e. It is the required value of Norton's equivalent resistance RN.


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5. Measure Theoretical value of Norton’s equivalent resistance RN

between socket b & ground of the given circuit by using fundamentals of resistance in series and parallel.

6. Compare theoretical and practical value of Norton’s equivalent resistance RN.

7. To compare the given circuit with its Norton’s equivalent circuit proceed as follows :

a. Connect a 2mm patch cord between socket a & supply and ground to ground socket.

b. Set the value of Load resistance of given circuit and its equivalent circuit equal to 500Ω, 600Ω, 700Ω… 1K.

c. Connect an ammeter between socket b & c to measure current flowing through load resistance of given circuit.

d. Connect an ammeter between socket d & h and examine the value. This current is same as IN of the Norton circuit.

e. Connect a 2 mm patch cord between socket d & e and between socket h & i .

f. Connect an ammeter between socket f & g to measure current flowing through load resistance of Norton’s equivalent circuit.

g. Compare current flowing through both of the load resistance.

Result :

1. Theoretical value of Norton’s equivalent current IN = _____________

2. Practical value of Norton’s equivalent current IN = _______________

3. Theoretical value of Norton’s equivalent resistance RN = __________

4. Practical value of Norton's equivalent resistance RN = _____________

5. (Yes/No) _________, The value of current flowing through the load resistance in both of the cases is approximately equal. Hence Norton’s theorem is verified.


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WARRANTY

1) We guarantee the instrument against all manufacturing defects during 24 months from the date of sale by us or through our dealers.

2) The guarantee covers manufacturing defects in respect of indigenous components and material limited to the warranty extended to us by the original manufacturer and defect will be rectified as far as lies within our control.

3) The guarantee will become INVALID.a)If the instrument is not operated as per instruction given in the

instruction manual. b)If the agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not

followed.c) If the customer resells the instrument to another party.d)Provided no attempt have been made to service and modify the

instrument.

4) The non-working of the instrument is to be communicated to us immediately giving full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning the type and sr. no. of the instrument, date of purchase etc.

5) The repair work will be carried out, provided the instrument is dispatched securely packed and insured with the railways. To and fro charges will be to the account of the customer.

DESPATCH PROCEDURE FOR SERVICE

Should it become necessary to send back the instrument to factory please observe the following procedure:

1) Before dispatching the instrument please write to us giving full details of the fault noticed.

2) After receipt of your letter our repairs dept. will advise you whether it is necessary to send the instrument back to us for repairs or the adjustment is possible in your premises.

Dispatch the instrument (only on the receipt of our advice) securely packed in original packing duly insured and freight paid along with accessories and a copy of the details noticed to us at our factory address.


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LIST OF SERVICE CENTERS1. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

90, Electronic Complex Ph: (0731) 5202959Pardesipura, Email: [email protected] INDORE – 452010

2. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.First Floor, C-19, Ph.: (011) 22157370, 22157371F.I.E., Patparganj Industrial Area , Fax: (011) 22157369DELHI – 110092 Email: [email protected]

3. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.New no.2, Old no.10, 4th street Ph.: (044) 42187548, 42187549

Venkateswara nagar, Adyar Fax: (044) 42187549CHENNAI – 600025 Email: [email protected]

4. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 202/19, 4th main street Ph.: (080) 51285011 Ganganagar, Fax: (080) 51285022 BANGALORE- 560032 Email: [email protected]. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

8,1st floor, 123-Hariram Mansion, Ph.: (022) 56299457 Dada Saheb Phalke road, Fax: (022) 24168767 Dadar (East), Email: [email protected] MUMBAI –400014 6. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 988, Sadashiv Peth, Ph.: (020) 24461673 Gyan Prabodhini Lane, Fax: (020) 24482403 PUNE – 411030 Email: [email protected]. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd SPS Apartment, 1st Floor Ph.: +913355266800 2, Ahmed Mamoji Street, Email : [email protected]

Behind Jaiswal Hospital, Liluah, HOWRAH-711204 W.B.8. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd Flat No. 205, 2nd Floor, Ph.: (040) 55465643 Lakshminarayana Apartments Email: [email protected] ‘C’ wing, Street No. 17, Himaytnagar, HYDERABAD- 500029

LIST OF ACCESSORIES1. 2mm Patch cords (red) .......................................................2 Nos.2. 2mm Patch cords (black) ....................................................3 Nos.


AB85

3. 2mm Patch cords (blue) .....................................................4 Nos.


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