abc construction safety

8/3/2019 ABC Construction Safety

1/47

The ABCs of

ConstructionSite Safety


2/47

The ABCs Of Construction Site Safety

About this guide

This guide describes common hazards and various construction-related topics as

they relate to safety and health.

Keep in mind that the Oregon OSHA standards referenced in this guide aresummarized and not every Oregon OSHA standard is listed. Refer to the actualOregon OSHA standard for the full text of requirements.

Questions or comments?

Contact Craig Hamelund, Oregon OSHA Education

1750 NW Naito Pkwy. Ste. 112, Portland, OR 97209

(503) 229-5910

[email protected]

2 ABCs of Construction Site Safety
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


3/47

Contents

Accident Prevention and Accident Investigation ....................... 6

Accident Prevention Responsibilities ............................................6Employer Responsibilities ..........................................................6

Investigations of Injuries ...........................................................6

Barricades and Other Traffic Control.........................................8

Traffic Control.........................................................................8

Vehicle Drivers and Riders .........................................................8

High Visibility Garments ............................................................8

Chemicals .................................................................................. 9

Hazard Communication .............................................................9

Electrical.................................................................................. 11

Branch circuits .......................................................................11

Working Near Overhead High Voltage Lines and Equipment .......... 11

Fall Protection ......................................................................... 13

General fall protection .............................................................13

Hand and power tools: guarding .............................................. 15

Condition of tools ...................................................................15

Guarding ...............................................................................15

Types of guarding ...................................................................15

Health Hazards ........................................................................ 16

Inspections .............................................................................. 18

Safety Training and Education ..................................................18

Accident prevention responsibilities ...........................................18

Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) ....................................................... 19



4/47

Keeping The Site Clean ............................................................ 20

General Safety and Health Provisions ........................................ 20

Housekeeping ........................................................................20

Sanitation (including toilets and drinking water) ..........................20General Requirements for Storage ............................................ 20

Ladders (and Stairways) ......................................................... 22

Ladders ................................................................................22

Training Requirements ............................................................22

Medical and First Aid ............................................................... 24

First Aid and Medical Attention ................................................. 24

Medical Services and First Aid .................................................. 24

Noise ....................................................................................... 26

Occupational Noise Exposure ....................................................26

Organize a Safety Committee .................................................. 28

Rules for Workplace Safety Committees and Safety Meetings ........ 28

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ...................................... 29

Personal Protective Equipment ................................................. 29

Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment ........................... 29

Head Protection .....................................................................29

High Visibility Garments ..........................................................30

Qualified and Competent Persons ............................................ 31

Rigging and Cranes .................................................................. 32

Rigging Equipment for Material Handling ....................................32

Cranes and Derricks ................................................................32

Crane Operator Safety Training Requirements ............................ 33

Scaffolding .............................................................................. 34



5/47

Manually Propelled Elevating Aerial Platforms ............................. 34

Boom Supported Elevating Work Platforms .................................35

Scissor Lifts Self-Propelled Elevating Work Platforms ................. 35

Trenching and Excavations ...................................................... 36

Protection of employees in excavations ......................................37

Unsafe Conditions and Practices .............................................. 38

Vehicles and Mobile Equipment ............................................... 39

Welding and Cutting ................................................................ 41

Hazards of welding and cutting .................................................41

X-Ray and Other Radiation ...................................................... 43

Your Attitude ........................................................................... 45

Zero Energy State (Lockout/Tagout) ....................................... 46

Lockout and Tagging of Electrical Circuits ...................................46

The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout) ..................... 46

Vehicles for Highway and Road Operation Characteristics andMaintenance ..........................................................................46



6/47

Accident Prevention and Accident Investigation

Accident Prevention Responsibilities

Subdivision 3/C, 1926.20(b)

It must be the responsibility of the employer to initiate and maintain suchprograms as may be necessary to comply with Oregon OSHA construction safetyand health standards.

Such programs must provide for frequent and regular inspections of the job sites,materials, and equipment to be made by competent persons designated by theemployers.

The use of any machinery, tool, material, or equipment which is not incompliance with any applicable requirement of this part is prohibited. Such

machine, tool, material, or equipment must either be identified as unsafe bytagging or locking the controls to render them inoperable or must be physicallyremoved from its place of operation.

The employer must permit only those employees qualified by training orexperience to operate equipment and machinery.

Employer Responsibilities

Division 1, 437-001-0760(1)

(a) The employer must see that workers are properly instructed and supervisedin the safe operation of any machinery, tools, equipment, process, or practicewhich they are authorized to use or apply.

(b) The employer must take all reasonable means to require employees: To workand act in a safe and healthful manner; to conduct their work in compliance withall applicable safety and health rules; to use all means and methods that arenecessary to safely accomplish all work where employees are exposed to ahazard; and not to remove, displace, damage, destroy or carry off any safetydevice, guard, notice or warning provided for use in any employment or place ofemployment while such use is required by applicable safety and health rules.

Investigations of Injuries

Div 1, 437-001-0760(3)

Each employer must investigate or cause to be investigated every lost time injurythat workers suffer in connection with their employment, to determine the meansthat should be taken to prevent recurrence. The employer must promptly installany safeguard or take any corrective measure indicated or found advisable.



7/47

Any supervisors or persons in charge of work are held to be the agents of theemployer in the discharge of their authorized duties, and are at all timesresponsible for:

(A) The execution in a safe manner of the work under their supervision

(B) The safe conduct of their crew while under their supervision

(C) The safety of all workers under their supervision



8/47

Barricades and Other Traffic Control

Traffic Control

Subdivision 3/G, 437-003-0420

Adequate and appropriate traffic controls must be provided for all operations onor adjacent to a highway, street, or roadway. The traffic controls must conform tothe Millennium Edition of the (FHWA) Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices(MUTCD), December 2000.

Signaling by flaggers and the use of flaggers, including warning garments wornby flaggers must conform to the Millennium Edition of the (FHWA) Manual ofUniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), December 2000.

Barricades for protection of employees must conform to the Millennium Edition of

the (FHWA) Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), December2000.

Vehicle Drivers and Riders

Subdivision 3/O, 437-003-3224(12)

Traffic Control. You must require employees to set up appropriate traffic controlswhen they stop on or adjacent to a highway, street, or road in a way that createsa hazard and when traffic cannot adjust safely on its own. The controls mustconform to the Millennium Edition of the (FHWA) Manual of Uniform Traffic

Control Devices (MUTCD), December 2000.

NOTE: Employers who follow the most current edition of the Oregon TemporaryTraffic Control Handbook for Operations of 3 Days or Less comply with thisrequirement.

High Visibility Garments

Subdivision 3/C, 437-003-0128

Employees exposed to hazards caused by on-highway type moving vehicles inconstruction zones and street/highway traffic must wear highly visible upper body

garments. The colors must contrast with other colors in the area sufficiently tomake the worker stand out. Colors equivalent to strong red, strong orange,strong yellow, strong yellow-green or fluorescent versions of these colors areacceptable. During hours of darkness, the garments must also have reflectivematerial visible from all sides for 1000 feet.

NOTE: High visibility garments for flaggers must meet the requirements inSubdivision 3/G, 437-003-0420.



9/47

Chemicals

Hazard Communication

Subdivision 3/D, 1926.59

Main components:

Written hazard communication program

Material safety data sheets

Labels and other forms of warning

Employee information and training

All employers must provide information to their employees about the hazardouschemicals to which they are exposed. The purpose of this Oregon OSHAstandard is to ensure that the hazards of all chemicals are evaluated and theinformation is transmitted to employers and employees via a hazardcommunication program (HAZCOM).

This standard applies to any hazardous chemical where employees may beexposed under normal conditions of use or in a foreseeable emergency. Ahazardous chemical is any chemical which presents a physical hazard or ahealth hazard.

Health hazards produce acute or chronic health effects and include carcinogens,toxic agents, irritants, corrosives, and sensitizers. Physical hazards includecombustible liquids, compressed gases, explosives, flammables, organicperoxides, oxidizers, and unstable (reactive) agents.

When employees of other employer(s) may be exposed to chemicals, the writtenprogram must include the methods the employer will use to provide the otheremployer(s) on-site access to material safety data sheets; the methods to informthe other employer(s) of any precautionary measures; and the methods to informthe other employer(s) of the labeling system used in the workplace.

The employer must ensure that each container of hazardous chemicals in the

workplace is labeled, tagged or marked to identify the hazardous chemical(s) andappropriate hazard warnings.

The employer must maintain copies of the required material safety data sheetsfor each hazardous chemical, and must ensure that they are readily accessibleduring each work shift to employees when they are in their work area(s). Whereemployees must travel between workplaces during a workshift, i.e., their work iscarried out at more than one geographical location, the material safety data



10/47

sheets may be kept at the primary workplace facility. In this situation, theemployer must ensure that employees can immediately obtain the requiredinformation in an emergency.



11/47

Electrical

Subdivision 3/K

General

Installation safety requirements

Safety-related work practices (includes lockout/tagout)

Safety-related maintenance and environmental considerations

Safety requirements for special equipment

Branch circuits

Subdivision 3/K, OAR 437-003-0404

(1) General. Use ground fault circuit interrupters specified in (2) below or anassured equipment grounding conductor program as in (3) below. Theserequirements are in addition to any other requirements for equipment groundingconductors.

(2) All 125-volt, single-phase, 15-, 20-, and 30-ampere receptacles onconstruction sites, that are for temporary power and are available for use byemployees, must have approved ground-fault circuit interrupters.

(a) GFI protection must be at the outlet end of the circuit. Extension cords orother devices with listed ground-fault circuit interrupter protection for personnelidentified for portable are acceptable.

(3) Assured equipment grounding conductor program: Receptacles more than125-volt, singlephase, 30-amperes must have protection that complies with (2)above, or an assured equipment grounding conductor program that complies with(a) through (f)

Working Near Overhead High Voltage Lines and Equipment

Subdivision 3/K, 437-003-0047

(2) General requirement. Do not enter, perform any function of activity (such ashandling, erecting, operating, transporting, or storing any tools, equipment ormaterials, moving a building or structure) within the restricted space surroundingan overhead high voltage line or equipment unless:

(a) You are the owner, an authorized employee, or authorized (in writing) agentof the overhead high voltage system: or



12/47

(b) Proper notification is provided; and (A) The line and/or equipment is de-energized and visibly grounded by the owner of the high voltage system or theirauthorized agent; or (B) Accidental contact is effectively prevented by use ofinsulating barriers or guards.

(c) Insulated lines (not tree wire) and equipment (designed and engineered toallow only incidental contact) are erected or installed by the owner of the highvoltage system or their authorized agent.

Restricted Space: (a) For lines rated more than 600 V to 50 kV, restricted spaceextends 10 feet in all directions from the surface of the line or equipment. (b) Forlines rated over 50 kV, restricted space extends 10 feet plus 0.4 inch for each 1kV over 50 kV, or twice the length of the insulator (but never less than 10 feet) inall directions from the surface of the line or equipment. (c) For equipment orstructures in transit, on level surfaces, restricted space extends 4 feet in alldirections from lines or equipment rated 50 kV or less, 10 feet in all directions forlines or equipment rated over 50 kV, and 16 feet in all directions for lines orequipment rated over 345 kV up to and including 750 kV.



13/47

Fall Protection

Subdivision Div 3/M

Scope, application, and definitions

Duty to have fall protection (General fall protection)

Fall protection systems criteria and practices

Training requirements

General fall protection

Subdivision 3/M, 437-003-1501

Except as otherwise provided in paragraphs (1) through (4) below, whenemployees are exposed to a hazard of falling 10 feet or more to a lower level, theemployer must ensure that fall protection systems are provided, installed, andimplemented.

(1) Holes. Each employee on walking/working surfaces must be protected fromfalling through holes (including skylights) more than 6 feet above lower levels.Each employee on a walking/working surface must be protected from tripping inor stepping into or through holes (including skylights) by covers. Each employeeon a walking/working surface must be protected from objects falling throughholes (including skylights) by covers.

(2) Wall openings. Each employee working on, at, above, or near wall openings(including those with chutes attached) where the outside bottom edge of the wallopening is 6 feet or more above lower levels and the inside bottom edge of thewall opening is less than 39 inches above the walking/working surface, must beprotected from falling.

(3) Established floors, mezzanines, balconies and walkways. Each employee onestablished floors, mezzanines, balconies and walkways, with an unprotectedside or edge 6 feet or more above a lower level, must be protected from falling.

(4) Excavations. Each employee at the edge of an excavation 6 feet or more in

depth must be protected from falling when the excavations are not readily seenbecause of plant growth or other visual barrier. Each employee at the edge of awell, pit, shaft, and similar excavation 6 feet or more in depth must be protectedfrom falling.

Each employee must be protected from falls into or onto dangerous equipment,regardless of the fall distance.



14/47

When an employee is exposed to falling objects, the employer must have eachemployee wear a hard hat and must implement an additional measure ofprotection such as erecting toeboards, screens, or guardrail systems; or erect acanopy structure; or barricade the area and prohibit employees from entering thebarricaded area.

Remember, Subdivision 3/Mis Oregon OSHAs general standard for fallprotection. Other Oregon OSHA standards contain specific fall protectionrequirements that must be followed when those standards apply.



15/47

Hand and power tools: guarding

Subdivision 3/I

General requirements

Hand tools

Power-operated hand tools

Powder-actuated tools

Abrasive wheels and tools

Woodworking tools

Jacks lever and ratchet, screw, and hydraulic

Condition of tools

All hand and power tools and similar equipment, whether furnished by theemployer or the employee, must be maintained in a safe condition.

Guarding

When power operated tools are designed to accommodate guards, they must beequipped with such guards when in use. Belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets,

spindles, drums, fly wheels, chains, or other reciprocating, rotating or movingparts of equipment must be guarded if such parts are exposed to contact byemployees or otherwise create a hazard.

Types of guarding

One or more methods of machine guarding must be provided to protect theoperator and other employees in the machine area from hazards such as thosecreated by point of operation, ingoing nip points, rotating parts, flying chips andsparks.

Guarding of abrasive wheel machinery (portable and fixed) is addressed inSubdivision 3/I, 1926.303, Abrasive wheels and tools



16/47

Health Hazards

Subdivision 3/D, Occupational Health and Environmental Controls

Radiation

Ventilation

Drinking water

Methylenedianiline (MDA)

Lead

Hazard communication

Subdivision 3/Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances

Air contaminants

Asbestos

Chromium (VI)

Cadmium

Methylene Chloride

Subdivision 3/ C, 1926.21(b)

(3) Employees required to handle or use poisons, caustics, and other harmfulsubstances must be instructed regarding the safe handling and use, and bemade aware of the potential hazards, personal hygiene, and personal protectivemeasures required.

(4) In job site areas where harmful plants or animals are present, employees whomay be exposed must be instructed regarding the potential hazards, and how toavoid injury, and the first aid procedures to be used in the event of injury.

(5) Employees required to handle or use flammable liquids, gases, or toxicmaterials must be instructed in the safe handling and use of these materials andmade aware of other specific requirements contained in Oregon OSHA Div 3.

(6)(i) All employees required to enter into confined or enclosed spaces must beinstructed as to the nature of the hazards involved, the necessary precautions tobe taken, and in the use of protective and emergency equipment required. The



17/47

employer must comply with any specific regulations that apply to work indangerous or potentially dangerous areas.

Division 1, 437-001-0760(1)

(c) Every employer must be responsible for providing the health hazard controlmeasures necessary to protect the employees health from harmful or hazardousconditions and for maintaining such control measures in good working order andin use.

(d) Every employer must inform the employees regarding the known healthhazards to which they are exposed, the measures which have been taken for theprevention and control of such hazards, and the proper methods for utilizing suchcontrol measures.



18/47

Inspections

Many specific Oregon OSHA safety and health standards require inspections.The following are some general requirements.

Safety Training and Education


(2) The employer must instruct each employee in the recognition and avoidanceof unsafe conditions and the regulations applicable to his work environment tocontrol or eliminate any hazards or other exposure to illness or injury.

Accident prevention responsibilities


It must be the responsibility of the employer to initiate and maintain suchprograms as may be necessary to comply with this part.

Such programs must provide for frequent and regular inspections of the job sites,materials, and equipment to be made by competent persons designated by theemployers.

The use of any machinery, tool, material, or equipment which is not incompliance with any applicable requirement of this part is prohibited. Suchmachine, tool, material, or equipment must either be identified as unsafe by

tagging or locking the controls to render them inoperable or must be physicallyremoved from its place of operation.

The employer shall permit only those employees qualified by training orexperience to operate equipment and machinery.

And dont forget safety committee inspection requirements. At the time of thiswriting, Oregon OSHA is holding public hearings on the proposed changes to thesafety committee requirements. The revision should become effective sometimein early 2008. Please check our website at www.orosha.org for the proposedchanges.

How does your company organize and conduct site inspections?



19/47

Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)

The JHA (job safety analysis (JSA), pre-task plan, etc.) is basically an analysisand improvement process that can literally transform workplace safety. The JHAis a structured process that can discover the causes for the vast majority of

workplace injuries and illnesses.

Most Oregon OSHA standards do not specifically require the employer toconduct a JHA. However, the employer is required to take the necessary stepsto furnish employment (jobs, tasks, procedures) that is safe and healthful. TheJHA helps fulfill this requirement. Employers applying for Oregon OSHA's Safetyand Health Achievement Recognition Program (SHARP) and the VoluntaryProtection Program (VPP) usually conduct JHA's.

The preferred steps to an effective JHA:

1. Prepare to conduct a JHA (review accident history, involve employees,conduct risk assessment, prioritize jobs based on hazardous exposures).Often jobs need to be broken into tasks to better analyze the steps involved.

2. Observe the job/task and list the steps involved.

3. Describe the hazard in each step (e.g. falls, impact, mechanical,vibration/noise, toxins, pressure, heat/temp, flammability/fire; explosives,electrical, ergonomics, biohazards, and/or violence).

Another hazard tracking method is categorizing into the following types:Struck-by; Struck-against; Contact-by; Contact-with; Caught-on; Caught-in;Caught-between; Fall-to-surface; Fall-to-below; Overexertion; Bodily reaction;Overexposure.

4. Develop preventative measures (engineering controls, managementcontrols, PPE, and/or interim measures).

5. Write a safe job procedure (SJP).

What are the benefits of conducting a job hazard analysis?

How can the job hazard analysis be used?



20/47

Keeping The Site Clean

General Safety and Health Provisions

Subdivision 3/C, 1926.20

(a) Contractor requirements.

(1) that no contractor or subcontractor for any part of the contract work shallrequire any laborer or mechanic employed in the performance of the contract towork in surroundings or under working conditions which are unsanitary,hazardous, or dangerous to his health or safety.

Housekeeping


(a) During the course of construction, alteration, or repairs, form and scraplumber with protruding nails, and all other debris, must be kept cleared from workareas, passageways, and stairs, in and around buildings or other structures.

(b) Combustible scrap and debris must be removed at regular intervals during thecourse of construction. Safe means must be provided to facilitate such removal.

(c) Containers must be provided for the collection and separation of waste, trash,oily and used rags, and other refuse. Containers used for garbage and otheroily, flammable, or hazardous wastes, such as caustics, acids, harmful dusts, etc.

must be equipped with covers. Garbage and other waste must be disposed of atfrequent and regular intervals.

Sanitation (including toilets and drinking water)


General Requirements for Storage

Subdivision 3/H, 1926.250(a)

(1) All materials stored in tiers must be stacked, racked, blocked, interlocked, or

otherwise secured to prevent sliding, falling or collapse.

(2) Maximum safe load limits of floors within buildings and structures, in poundsper square foot, must be conspicuously posted in all storage areas, except forfloor or slab on grade. Maximum safe loads must not be exceeded.



21/47

(3) Aisles and passageways must be kept clear to provide for the free and safemovement of material handling equipment or employees. Such areas must bekept in good repair.

Paragraph (b) also includes storage of specific materials (e.g. brick, lumber, pipe,

etc.)

(c) Housekeeping. Storage areas must be kept free from accumulation ofmaterials that constitute hazards from tripping, fire, explosion, or pest harborage.Vegetation control will be exercised when necessary.



22/47

Ladders (and Stairways)

Main sections, Subdivision 3/X:



Stairways

Ladders

Extension ladders


Ladders

Subdivision 3/X, 1926.1053

(a) General requirements

(b) Use

Training Requirements

Subdivision 3/X, 1926.1060

(a) The employer must provide a training program for each employee usingladders and stairways, as necessary. The program must enable each employeeto recognize hazards related to ladders and stairways, and must train eachemployee in the procedures to be followed to minimize these hazards.

(1) The employer must ensure that each employee has been trained by acompetent person in the following areas, as applicable:

(i) The nature of fall hazards in the work area;

(ii) The correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, and disassembling the fall

protection systems to be used;

(iii) The proper construction, use, placement, and care in handling of all stairwaysand ladders;

(iv) The maximum intended load-carrying capacities of ladders used;

(v) The standards contained in this subdivision.



23/47

(b) Retraining must be provided for each employee as necessary so that theemployee maintains the understanding and knowledge acquired throughcompliance with this section.

A safe approach to ladder safety includes the following:

Proper selection

Inspection

Set-up

Safe use

Maintenance and storage

Training



24/47

Medical and First Aid

First Aid and Medical Attention


First aid services and provisions for medical care must be made available by theemployer for every employee covered by these regulations.

Medical Services and First Aid


(a) The employer must ensure the availability of medical personnel for adviceand consultation on matters of occupational health.

(b) Provisions must be made prior to commencement of the project for promptmedical attention in case of serious injury.

(c) In the absence of an infirmary, clinic, hospital, or physician, that is reasonablyaccessible in terms of time and distance to the worksite, which is available for thetreatment of injured employees, a person who has a valid certificate in first aidtraining from the U.S. Bureau of Mines, the American Red Cross, or equivalenttraining that can be verified by documentary evidence, must be available at theworksite to render first aid.

(d) First aid supplies must be easily accessible when required. The contents of

the first aid kit must be placed in a weatherproof container with individual sealedpackages for each type of item, and must be checked by the employer beforebeing sent out on each job and at least weekly on each job to ensure that theexpended items are replaced.

(e) Proper equipment for prompt transportation of the injured person to aphysician or hospital, or a communication system for contacting necessaryambulance service, must be provided.

(f) In areas where 911 is not available, the telephone numbers of the physicians,hospitals, or ambulances must be conspicuously posted.

Appendix A to 1926.50 First Aid Kits (Non-mandatory) provides a little moreon first aid kits including:

Employers should determine the need for additional first aid kits at theworksite, additional types of first aid equipment and supplies and additionalquantities and types of supplies and equipment in the first aid kits.



25/47

Employers who have unique or changing first aid needs in their workplace,may need to enhance their first aid kits.

Consultation from the local Fire/Rescue Department, appropriate medicalprofessional, or local emergency room may be helpful to employers in these

circumstances.

Employers should assess the specific needs of their worksite periodically andaugment the first aid kit appropriately.

If it is reasonably anticipated employees will be exposed to blood or otherpotentially infectious materials while using first-aid supplies, employers shouldprovide personal protective equipment such as gloves, gowns, face shields,masks and eye protection.



26/47

Noise

Occupational Noise Exposure


Subdivision 3/D, 437-003-0027

Whenever any employee is exposed to noise in the workplace, the requirementsofSubdivision 2/G, 1910.95 Occupational Noise Exposure must apply.

Main components:

Permissible exposure limits

Hearing conservation program

Monitoring

Employee notification

Observation of monitoring

Audiometric testing

Hearing protectors

Hearing protector attenuation

Training

Access to information and training materials

Recordkeeping

Employers must administer a hearing conservation program whenever employeenoise exposures equal or exceed an 8-hour time-weighted average sound level(TWA) of 85 dBA.

When employees are subjected to sound exceeding those listed in the tablebelow , feasible administrative or engineering controls must be utilized.



27/47

Duration/day (hrs) Sound level

8 90

6 92

4 95

3 97

2 100

1.5 102

1 105

0.5 110

0.20 or less 115



28/47

Organize a Safety Committee

Oregon OSHA is currently revising its existing safety committee requirements.Oregon OSHA is holding public hearings on the proposed changes to the safetycommittee requirements. The revision should become effective later in 2008.

Rules for Workplace Safety Committees and Safety Meetings

Division 1, 437-001-0765

Purpose: The purpose of safety committees and safety meetings is to bringworkers and management together in a non-adversarial, cooperative effort topromote safety and health in each workplace. Safety committees and safetymeetings are designed to effectively assist the employer by makingrecommendations for improvement.

How is your safety committee set up?



29/47

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Personal Protective Equipment


(a) The employer is responsible for requiring the wearing of appropriate personalprotective equipment in all operations where there is an exposure to hazardousconditions or where this part indicates the need for using such equipment toreduce the hazards to the employees.

(b) Regulations governing the use, selection, and maintenance of personalprotective and lifesaving equipment are described under Subpart E of this part.

Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment

Subdivision 3/E

Criteria for personal protective equipment

Head protection

Hearing protection

Eye and face protection

Respiratory protection

Working over or near water

Head Protection

Subdivision 3/E, 1926.100

(a) Employees working in areas where there is a possible danger of head injuryfrom impact, or from falling or flying objects, or from electrical shock and burns,must be protected by protective helmets.

(b) Helmets for the protection of employees against impact and penetration of

falling and flying objects must meet the specifications contained in AmericanNational Standards Institute, Z89.1-1969, Safety Requirements for IndustrialHead Protection.

(c) Helmets for the head protection of employees exposed to high voltageelectrical shock and burns must meet the specifications contained in AmericanNational Standards Institute, Z89.2-1971.



30/47

High Visibility Garments

Subdivision 3/C, 437-003-0128

Employees exposed to hazards caused by on-highway type moving vehicles inconstruction zones and street/highway traffic must wear highly visible upper body

garments. The colors must contrast with other colors in the area sufficiently tomake the worker stand out. Colors equivalent to strong red, strong orange,strong yellow, strong yellow-green or fluorescent versions of these colors areacceptable. During hours of darkness, the garments must also have reflectivematerial visible from all sides for 1000 feet. NOTE: High visibility garments forflaggers must meet the requirements in Subdivision 3/G, 437-003-0420.



31/47

Qualified and Competent Persons

Requirements for qualified and competent persons are found in several specificOregon OSHA safety and health standards such as, but not limited to fallprotection, scaffolding, steel erection, rigging, excavation, asbestos, and lead.

The general definitions for both qualified and competent person are found inSubdivision 3/C, 1926.32.

1926.32(m) Qualified means one who, by possession of a recognized degree,certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training, andexperience, has successfully demonstrated his/her ability to solve or resolveproblems related to the subject matter, the work, or the project.

1926.32(f) Competent person means one who is capable of identifying existingand predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which areunsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to

take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.

Subdivision 3/R, Steel Erection, also adds the following: NOTE: In Oregon, acompetent person is considered to be someone with equivalent skills as aqualified person in identifying existing and potential hazards in the workplace,while also being authorized by the employer or employers representative to takeimmediate corrective action to control or eliminate hazards.



32/47

Rigging and Cranes

Rigging Equipment for Material Handling

Subdivision 3/H, 1926.251

Rigging equipment for material handling must be inspected prior to use oneach shift and as necessary during its use to ensure that it is safe

Defective rigging equipment must be removed from service

Rigging equipment must not be loaded in excess of its recommended safeworking load (Tables H-1 through H-20)

Rigging equipment, when not in use, must be removed from the immediatework area so as not to present a hazard to employees

Special custom design grabs, hooks, clamps, or other lifting accessories, forsuch units as modular panels, prefabricated structures and similar materials,must be marked to indicate the safe working loads and must be proof-testedprior to use to 125 percent of their rated load

Includes alloy steel chain, wire rope, metal mesh, natural or synthetic fiberrope (conventional three strand construction), and synthetic web (nylon,polyester, and polypropylene) more specific requirements in 1926.251

Each day before being used, slings and all fastenings and attachments must

be inspected for damage or defects by a competent person designated by theemployer (additional inspections must be performed when conditions warrant)

Cranes and Derricks

Subdivision 3/N, 1926.550


Crawler, locomotive, and truck cranes

Hammerhead tower cranes, and overhead and gantry cranes

Derricks

Floating cranes and derricks

Crane or derrick suspended personnel platform



33/47

Crane Operator Safety Training Requirements

Subdivision 3/N, 437-003-0081

Written procedures for the safe operation of all cranes used in construction

Employees who operate cranes must be properly trained, have sufficientpractical experience, and follow operating procedures for the safe operationof the crane

Level of training and experience must be in writing

All employees engaged in construction work who operate cranes of 5 toncapacity or greater must have additional training and experience as set forthin Appendices OR-A through OR-E of this Subdivision, and must possess avalid crane operators safety training card issued by a training provider oremployer

The crane operators safety training card must specify the type or types andsize of cranes the operator is trained to operate, a picture of the operator, theoriginal issue date, expiration date, name, signature of the operator, and thename and signature of the training provider or employer (renewed every 3years)



34/47

Scaffolding

Main sections ofSubdivision 3/L:

Scope, application and definitions


Additional requirements applicable to specific types of scaffolds

Aerial lifts

Manually propelled elevating aerial platforms

Boom supported elevating work platforms

Scissor lifts


Main components ofSubdivision 3/L, 1926.451, General Requirements:

Capacity

Scaffold platform construction

Criteria for supported scaffolds

Criteria for suspension scaffolds

Access

Use

Fall protection

Falling object protection

Manually Propelled Elevating Aerial Platforms

Subdivision 3/L, 437-003-0071

(1) When using manually propelled elevating aerial platforms as covered byANSI/SIA A92.3-1990, the manufacturers operating manual must be with theequipment. You must follow all operating and maintenance instructions andrecommendations of the manufacturer.



35/47

Boom Supported Elevating Work Platforms


(1) When using boom supported elevating work platforms as covered byANSI/SIA A92.5-1992, the manufacturers operating manual must be with the

equipment. You must follow all operating and maintenance instructions andrecommendations of the manufacturer.

(2) Workers must use personal fall protection that complies with subdivision M ofthis division, when working in these devices.

Scissor Lifts Self-Propelled Elevating Work Platforms


(1) When using self-propelled elevating aerial platforms, scissor lifts, as covered

by ANSI/SIA A92.6-1990, the manufacturers operating manual must be with theequipment. You must follow all operating and maintenance instructions andrecommendations of the manufacturer.



36/47

Trenching and Excavations

Main sections ofSubdivision 3/P


Specific excavation requirements

Underground installations

Requirements for protective systems

Appendix A Soil classification

Appendix B Sloping and benching

Appendix C Timber shoring for trenches

Appendix D Aluminum hydraulic shoring for trenches

Appendix E Alternatives to timber shoring

Appendix F Selection of protective systems

Main components ofSubdivision 3/P, 1926.51 Specific ExcavationRequirements:

Underground utilities

Surface encumbrances

Access and egress

Exposure to vehicular traffic

Exposure to falling loads

Warning system for mobile equipment

Hazardous atmospheres

Water accumulation

Stability of adjacent structures

Loose rock and soil



37/47

Daily inspections

Fall protection

Main components ofSubdivision 3/P, 1926.652, Requirements for Protective

Systems:

Protection of employees in excavations

Design of sloping and benching systems

Design of support systems, shield systems, and other protective systems.

Materials and equipment

Installation and removal of support

Sloping and benching systems

Shield systems

Protection of employees in excavations

Subdivision 3/P, 1926.652(a)

(1) Each employee in an excavation must be protected from cave-ins by anadequate protective system except when: (i) Excavations are made entirely instable rock; or (ii) Excavations are less than 5 feet (1.52 m) in depth and

examination of the ground by a competent person provides no indication of apotential cave-in.



38/47

Unsafe Conditions and Practices

A hazard can be defined as an unsafe condition or practice that can cause injury,illness, damage, or death.

Exposure can be defined as ones proximity to danger.

Risk = Hazard + Exposure

Risk can be defined as

Possibility of harm

Involving danger

Chance of loss

Exposure to a hazard

What is meant by hazards are merely symptoms to bigger problems?

How do you reduce risk?

How does your company reduce risk?



39/47

Vehicles and Mobile Equipment

Main sections ofSubdivision 3/O:

Equipment and general requirements

Pinchpoints

Vehicle drivers and riders

Vehicles for highway and road operation characteristics and maintenance

Vehicles for use on property other than public roads and highways operation,characteristics and maintenance

Material handling equipment (including earthmoving, excavating, and forklifts)

Personnel platforms on forklifts

Pile driving equipment

Site clearing

Marine operations and equipment

Pinchpoints. To protect against workers being exposed to the hazardouspinchpoint area between the rotating superstructure and the non-rotating

undercarriage of any mechanical equipment: (1) Signs must be conspicuouslyposted on all sides of any mechanical equipment warning workers: DANGER STAY CLEAR; (2) Items of personal property, tools, or other miscellaneousmaterials must not be stored on or near any mechanical equipment if retrieval ofsuch items would expose a worker to the hazardous pinchpoint; (3) Workersmust approach the hazardous pinchpoint area only after informing the operator ofhis intent and receiving acknowledgment from the operator that the operatorunderstands his intention. All mechanical equipment must be stopped while anyworker is in the hazardous pinchpoint area; and (4) When the nature of the workrequires a person to work within 3 feet of the swing radius of the rotating upperstructure, a warning barricade must be provided.

Some general requirements for vehicle operation:

Do not allow employees to drive or ride in any vehicle known to be unsafe

Require employees to report any safety problems effecting vehicles you ownor provide



40/47

Secure all material, equipment or tools to prevent movement or a barrier mustbe in place to protect the occupants from moving items

All vehicles must have a working horn that can be heard above surroundingarea noise

Vehicles with an obstructed view to the rear must have a backup alarm thatcan be heard over the surrounding noise unless theres a spotter orverification that nobody can enter the danger area (flashing lights/strobesacceptable if there are too many backup beepers sounding or surroundingnoise is too loud)

Look in the direction of travel and have a clear view unless being guided bysomebody with a clear view of the route

Slow or stop as appropriate at intersections and not drive in markedpedestrian lanes

Never drive a vehicle up to a person standing in front of a stationary object



41/47

Welding and Cutting

Mains sections of Subdivision 3/J:

Gas welding and cutting

Arc welding and cutting

Fire prevention

Ventilation and protection in welding, cutting, and heating (includes confinedspaces)

Welding, cutting, and heating in way of preservative coatings

Hazards of welding and cutting

Fire and Explosion

Main cause of fatalities

Ignition of flammables or vapors

Explosion from cutting into drums, barrels, containers, tanks/trailers

Chemical exposure, smoke, fumes, gas

Modes of entry (inhalation, ingestion, and absorption)

Burns (eye and skin)

Molten metal/electric arc

Electrode contact

Catching coveralls on fire (avoid synthetics)

Noise

Hammering, grinding, chipping

Hearing Conservation Program normally required

Radiation

Health effects depend on intensity of radiation and wave



42/47

Non-ionizing radiation is most common

Eye injuries most common

Arc flash burns

Reflection

Skin

37% all injuries are flash burns, arc eye, welders eye, arc flash

Electric shock

Injuries usually result from contact with bare or poorly insulated conductors

Skin burns

Abnormal heart function

Respiratory paralysis injuries most common

Safety must include engineering controls (ventilation), guarding (screens andcovers), and personal protective equipment (gloves, hood/helmet, eye/faceprotection, respirators).



43/47

X-Ray and Other Radiation

Subdivision 3/D

Subdivision 3/D, 1926.53, Ionizing Radiation

Subdivision 3/D, 1926.54, Nonionizing Radiation

The most familiar form of electromagnetic (EM) radiation is sunshine, whichprovides light and heat. Sunshine consists primarily of radiation in infrared (IR),visible, and ultraviolet (UV) frequencies. Lasers also emit EM radiation in these"optical frequencies." The higher frequencies of EM radiation, consisting of x-raysand gamma rays, are types of ionizing radiation. Lower frequency radiation,consisting of ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), microwave (MW), Radio Frequency(RF), and extremely low frequency (ELF) are types of non-ionizing radiation.

Non-ionizing radiation is described as a series of energy waves composed ofoscillating electric and magnetic fields traveling at the speed of light. Non-ionizingradiation includes the spectrum of ultraviolet (UV), visible light, infrared (IR),microwave (MW), radio frequency (RF), and extremely low frequency (ELF).Lasers commonly operate in the UV, visible, and IR frequencies. Non-ionizingradiation is found in a wide range of occupational settings and can pose aconsiderable health risk to potentially exposed workers if not properly controlled.

LASER is an acronym which stands for Light Amplification by StimulatedEmission of Radiation. The laser produces an intense, highly directional beam oflight. The most common cause of laser-induced tissue damage is thermal in

nature, where the tissue proteins are denatured due to the temperature risefollowing absorption of laser energy.

The human body is vulnerable to the output of certain lasers, and under certaincircumstances, exposure can result in damage to the eye and skin. Researchrelating to injury thresholds of the eye and skin has been carried out in order tounderstand the biological hazards of laser radiation. It is now widely acceptedthat the human eye is almost always more vulnerable to injury than human skin.

Subdivision 3/D, 1926.54, Nonionizing Radiation

Only qualified and trained employees shall be assigned to install, adjust, and

operate laser equipment

Proof of qualification of the laser equipment operator shall be available and inpossession of the operator at all times

Employees, when working in areas in which a potential exposure to direct orreflected laser light greater than 0.005 watts (5 milliwatts) exists, shall beprovided with antilaser eye protection devices as specified in Sub E.



44/47

Areas in which lasers are used shall be posted with standard laser warningplacards

The laser beam shall not be directed at employees

Laser equipment shall bear a label to indicate maximum output



45/47

Your Attitude

How attitude can affect others?

Can influence others

Can dictate work

Can aggravate

Can motivate

Why risk?

Lack of proper equipment

Lack of time

Lack of information

Lack of help

Choice

Do you prioritize safety or do you value safety?



46/47

Zero Energy State (Lockout/Tagout)

Lockout and Tagging of Electrical Circuits

Subdivision 3/K, 1926.417

Controls that are to be deactivated during the course of work on energized ordeenergized equipment or circuits must be tagged.

Equipment or circuits that are deenergized must be rendered inoperative andmust have tags attached at all points where such equipment or circuits can beenergized.

Tags must be placed to identify plainly the equipment or circuits being worked on

The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout)

Subdivision 2/J, 1910.147(c)

(1) Energy control program. The employer must establish a program consistingof energy control procedures, employee training and periodic inspections toensure that before any employee performs any servicing or maintenance on amachine or equipment where the unexpected energizing, start up or release ofstored energy could occur and cause injury, the machine or equipment must beisolated from the energy source, and rendered inoperative.

The procedures must clearly and specifically outline the steps for shutting down,

isolating, blocking and securing machines or equipment to control hazardousenergy; the placement, removal and transfer of lockout devices or tagout devicesand the responsibility for them; and the requirements for testing a machine orequipment to determine and verify the effectiveness of lockout devices, tagoutdevices, and other energy control measures.

Vehicles for Highway and Road Operation Characteristics and Maintenance

Subdivision 3/O, 437-003-3225

Block or crib heavy machinery, equipment or parts supported by slings, hoists,jacks or otherwise prevent it from falling before employees work underneath or

between such objects.

During repair or maintenance set all controls in neutral, stop the motor and setthe brakes unless the work requires otherwise.

During maintenance or inspection on vehicles with dump bins, use an attached,lockable support that prevents unintentional lowering of the bin.



47/47

Disconnect the vehicle battery when the work allows and the energized systemcould cause injury.

abc construction safety

Documents