abdullah tawakul r2 neurology. introduction the assessment of a patient with a transient loss of...
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Abdullah TawakulR2 Neurology
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Introduction•The assessment of a patient with a
transient loss of consciousness can be difficult .
These patients fall into two groups: those with seizures, which embrace both epileptic and non-epileptic events.
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Introduction
And those with syncope, defined as loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by cerebral hypoperfusion with spontaneous
recovery .
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Introduction
There can also be the confounding factor of convulsive
syncope, which is a seizure-like reaction resulting from
global cerebral hypoperfusion; this happens in around
12% of patients presenting with syncope.
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Introduction
On presentation, vital clues are commonly missing because patients may have amnesia and a witness account might not be available, and even after multiple investigations a diagnosis may still be not be possible.
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Seizure DDx :
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Syncope DDx:
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Clinical approach..
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It’s all in the history
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Clinical history and examination
Historical features are very essential in distinguishing syncope from seizures, and have been proposed as a scoring scheme
(table) by Sheldon and colleagues .
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This point score is a useful bedside tool, is based on symptoms only, and diagnoses seizures with 94% sensitivity and specificity.
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Events prior to the attack
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Events prior to the attack
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Event at the onset of the attack
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Event during the attack
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Event during the attack
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Events after the attack
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Antecedent disorders
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Clinical exam:
Vital signs ..orthostasisNeurological exam ??CVS exam .OB
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It’s tricky ..lets do MRI or PET scan?
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InvestigationsManagement of the patients should not be guided by the specialty under which they were admitted—eg, a patient admitted under
neurology only having neurological investigations.
One study of clinical-decision making has shown that internists tended toward a broader diagnostic assessment than their cardiology colleague.
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Investigations
Basic laboratory investigations should be done to
exclude anaemia, infection, electrolyte disturbances, or
renal and liver dysfunction.EKG (cardiac work up)D dimer ..VQ scan
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InvestigationsEEG and telemetry : Clinical suspicion ,
abnormal movements , funny turns. In one British study of electroencephalogram
use in a district hospital, 56% of orders were considered to be inappropriate, and only 16% influenced management.
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Investigations
Neuroimaging : reserved for patients presenting with a
suspected first unprovoked seizure or with a focal neurological deficit.
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References
Historical criteria that distinguish syncope from seizures.. Sheldon et.al.
Seizure versus syncope .. McKeon et.al.Falls, faints, fits and funny turns.. Thijs
et.al.Making the diagnosis in patients with blackouts: it’s all in the history.. Plug et.al