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( 1 2 ) United S t a t e s

Patent

Leithem e t a 1 .

US007919667B1

US

7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7

B1

A p r . 5 , 2 0 1 1

( 1 0 ) Patent N 0 . :

( 4 5 ) Date o f P a t e n t :

( 5 4 )

( 7 5 )

( 7 3 )

( 2 1 )

( 2 2 )

( 6 3 )

( 5 1 )

( 5 2 )

( 5 8 )

ABSORBENT PRODUCTS

ANDMETHODS OF

PREPARATION

THEREOF

I n v e n t o r s :

P h y l l i s

L e i t h e m , M c C l e a r y , WA U S ) ;

C h a r l e s

A . K r e m e r s ,

M o r r i s v i l l e , PA

( U S ) ; W. P a u l

H a r r e l l ,

J e s u p ,

GA U S ) ;

S t e p h e n

L e w i s ,

S h e l t o n , WA U S ) ; K a r l

D .

S e a r s ,

S h e l t o n ,

WA U S ) ; Quan

e ,

L a c e y ,

WA

U S ) ; P e t e r

R .

A b i t z ,

O l y m p i a ,

WA U S )

A s s i g n e e :

R a y o n i e r TRS H o l d i n g s I n c . ,

J a c k s o n v i l l e , FL

( U S )

N o t i c e :

S u b j e c t t o

a n y d i s c l a i m e r , t h e t e r m

o f

h i s

p a t e n t

i s e x t e n d e d

o r a d j u s t e d

u n d e r 3 5

U . S . C . 1 5 4 ( b )

b y

1 1 9 2

d a y s .

A p p l . N 0 . : 0 9 / 3 3 4 , 1 2 5

F i l e d :

J u n . 1 5 ,

1 9 9 9

R e l a t e d U . S .

A p p l i c a t i o n

Data

C o n t i n u a t i o n

o f a p p l i c a t i o n N o .

0 8 / 3 7 0 , 5 7 1 ,

? l e d on

J a n .

1 8 ,

1 9 9 5 ,

n o W a b a n d o n e d , Which i s

a

c o n t i n u a t i o n - i n - p a r t

o f

a p p l i c a t i o n

N o .

0 8 / 1 8 4 , 3 7 7 ,

?led

on

J a n .

2 1 ,

1 9 9 4 ,

n o W abandoned.

I n t . C l .

A61 F

3 / 1 5 ( 2 0 0 6 . 0 1 )

D21C

/ 0 0 ( 2 0 0 6 . 0 1 )

D21H 3 / 0 0

( 2 0 0 6 . 0 1 )

U.S. C l . . . . . . . . . . . 604/367;

604/368; 604/374;

162/90;

1 6 2 /

1 5 7 . 6

Field

of Classi?catio n Search

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

604/367,

6 0 4 / 3 6 8 , 3 7 4 ,

3 8 0 ;

1 6 2 / 9 0 , 9 , 7 0 ,

1 8 2 ,

7 8 ,

1 6 2 / 1 5 7 . 6

S e e

a p p l i c a t i o n ? l e

f o r c o m p l e t e

s e a r c h h i s t o r y .

( 5 6 ) R e f e r e n c e s C i t e d

U . S .

PATENTDOCUMENTS

1 , 3 1 0 , 6 9 4

A

7 / 1 9 1 9

Edwardes

1 , 8 3 0 , 1 3 1 A

1 1 / 1 9 3 1 P l u m s t e a d

1 , 9 1 3 , 2 8 3

A 6 / 1 9 3 3

McCormick

t

a 1 .

2 , 0 8 3 , 5 7 5

A

6 / 1 9 3 7

Novak

2 , 6 8 3 , 0 8 8 A

7 / 1 9 5 4

R e y n o l d s

2 , 8 8 0 , 7 2 6

A 4 / 1 9 5 9

S t i e g

3 , 0 5 7 , 0 3 7

A 1 0 / 1 9 6 2

C a r n e y

e t a 1 .

3 , 1 0 5 , 4 9 1

A

1 0 / 1 9 6 3

Harwood

3,658,064 A

4/1972 Poci l u yk o

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 0 4 / 3 6 0

3 , 6 5 8 , 6 1 3 A 4 / 1 9 7 2

S t e i g e r

3 , 6 6 1 , 1 5 4

A

5 / 1 9 7 2

T o r r

3 , 6 7 0 , 7 3 1

A

6 / 1 9 7 2

Harm on

3 , 7 3 9 , 7 8 2

A

6 / 1 9 7 3 B e r n a r d i n

3 , 8 0 9 , 6 0 4

A

5 / 1 9 7 4

E s t e s

3 , 8 9 7 , 7 8 2

A

8 / 1 9 7 5

Tunc

4,081,316 A 3 / 1 9 7 8 Aberg t a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 162/4

4 , 0 9 6 , 2 8 9 A 6 / 1 9 7 8 N i s c h W i t Z e t

a 1 .

4 , 1 0 3 , 0 6 2 A 7 / 1 9 7 8 Aberson t

a 1 .

4 , 1 0 4 , 2 1 4

A

8 / 1 9 7 8

M e i e r h o e f e r

4 , 1 0 5 , 0 3 3 A 8 / 1 9 7 8 C h a t t e r j e e e t

a 1 .

4 , 1 6 5 , 7 4 3 A

8 / 1 9 7 9

D e n n i n g

4 , 2 4 2 , 2 4 2

A

1 2 / 1 9 8 0

A l l e n

4 , 3 4 0 , 5 5 6

A

7 / 1 9 8 2 C i e n c e w i c k i

4 , 4 4 4 , 8 3 0

A

4 / 1 9 8 4 E r i c k s o n

4 , 6 8 9 , 1 1 8

A

8 / 1 9 8 7

Makouiet 1 1 .

4 , 7 6 7 , 8 4 8

A

8 / 1 9 8 8

Makouiet 1 1 .

4 , 8 8 8 , 0 9 3 A 1 2 / 1 9 8 9 Dean

t

: 1 1 .

4 , 8 9 8 , 6 4 2 A 2 / 1 9 9 0 Moore

t a 1 .

4 , 9 1 1 , 7 0 0

A

3 / 1 9 9 0

Makouiet

1 1 .

4 , 9 1 9 , 6 8 1

A 4 / 1 9 9 0 T y l e r

e t

a 1 .

( C o n t i n u e d )

Primary Examiner

*

a c q u e l i n e

F .

S t e p h e n s

( 7 4 ) A t t o r ne y , A g e n t , or Fi rm *

ramer Levin

N a f t a l i s &

F r a n k e l

LL P

( 5 7 )

ABSTRACT

An

i m p r o v e d a b s o r b e n c y m a t e r i a l f o r a b s o r b e n c y a p p l i c a

t i o n s c o m p r i s e d

o f a c e l l u l o s i c ? b r o u s m a t e r i a l W h e r e i n s a i d

c e l l u l o s i c ?brous m a t e r i a l such a s

p u l p

i s a

c o l d

a l k a l i

s o l u

t i o n t r e a t e d m a t e r i a l a t a

t r e a t m e n t

t e m p e r a t u r e of e s s t h a n

a b o u t 5 0 0 C . ; a p r o c e s s f o r i m p r o v i n g

a b s o r b e n c y

and o t h e r

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s a i d

p u l p .

2

C l a i m s ,

2 Drawing S h e e t s

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US 7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1

P a g e

2

U S . PATENTDOCUMENTS

5 , 0 1 9 , 0 6 3 A 5 / 1 9 9 1 Marsan

t

a 1 .

5 , 0 7 1 , 6 8 1

A 1 2 / 1 9 9 1 Manning t a 1 .

5 , 0 9 1 , 2 4 0

A

2 / 1 9 9 2 K a j a n d e r

e t a 1 .

5 , 1 4 7 , 3 4 3 A 9 / 1 9 9 2 K e l l e n b e r g e r

5 , 4 1 3 , 7 4 7 A

5 , 4 7 8 , 3 3 5 A

5 , 7 6 6 , 1 5 9 A

6 , 0 6 3 , 9 8 2 A

*

c i t e d b y

examiner

5 / 1 9 9 5

1 2 / 1 9 9 5

6 / 1 9 9 8

5 / 2 0 0 0

Akers

et a 1 .

C o l b e i t

MaItin

et a 1 .

MaItin

et a 1 .

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US.

atent A p r . 5 ,

2 0 1 1 S h e e t

1 0 1 2 US 7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1

2

_

~ _u t 3

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US.

atent A p r . 5 ,

2 0 1 1 S h e e t

2 0 1 2 US 7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1

2 2 6 .

2 . 8 52.

3 ;

2 2 3 .

2 3 5 .

5 . 2 52 : 2 5

5 2

5

2 8 ae u z s g

2 m

2 5 %

s

2 2 3

: 8 : 3

2 G2 2 3 2 82 2 8

5 2 2 3

2 :

2 8;2. 5

. 5 8 %8 : :

_ =1 823

2 . :

2 :

5

2 5

;

2 5

=

5 :

8 2. 2 8 3

g a t e :

;: 0 5 . 2 8a m z a g ?

2 52 8 % :: 5 8 : 5 28 m .

85 5 : 6

5 2

8

2 :

2 8 1 .

3 8 0 :

2 0 :

2 5

3 8 5

3 3

2 2 3 2 5 2

2 2 1 - 2 0 2a s ?: 2 52 : 2 3 :

2 : 2 2a :

6 0 3 - 8 2

8 3 2 5

t g x c o w

2 2

3 8 3

m ,

E

2 8 8 %m :

5 2 8

0 3 7 2

E 5 8 5 ?

8 8

5 2

2

8 5 3 5

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0 2

5 2 :

5 2 m g

2 0

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5 28

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2 5 2 2

E

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US

7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1

1

ABSORBENT PRODUCTS

AND

METHODS OF

PREPARATION THEREOF

T h i s

a p p l i c a t i o n

i s a c o n t i n u a t i o n o f U S . e r . No. 0 8 / 3 7 0 ,

5 7 1 , ? l e d J a n . 1 8 ,

1 9 9 5

n o W a b a n d o n e d , Which s a

c o n t i n u

a t i o n - i n - p a r t o f U . S .

S e r .

N o .

0 8 / 1 8 4 , 3 7 7 ,

? l e d J a n . 2 1 , 1 9 9 4

noW

bandoned.

T h i s

i n v e n t i o n

r e l a t e s t o p u l p s f o r a b s o r b e n t p r o d u c t s ,

more a r t i c u l a r l y t h i s i n v e n t i o n

r e l a t e s

to n o v e l u s e of

modi

? e d

p u l p s f o r a b s o r b e n t p r o d u c t s o f h o u se h o l d a n d h y g i e n i c

u s e s

such

a s d i a p e r s , i n c o n t i n e n c e

and

c a t a m e n i a l

d e v i c e s

a n d t h e

l i k e

a n d a method f o r p r e p a r i n g p u l p s o f o u t s t a n d i n g

a b s o r b e n c y

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

More a r t i c u l a r l y ,

t h i s i n v e n t i o n

r e l a t e s

to t h e n o v e l u s e

of

knoWn

t e c h n o l o g y 4 c o l d a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n i t o

p r o d u c e c e l

l u l o s i c p u l p s h a v i n g a l t e r e d

a n d

n o v e l

? b e r p r o p e r t i e s d e s i r

a b l e

f o r e n d - u s e a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r a b s o r b e n t a n d ? u f f p u l p

p r o d u c t s .

F u r t h e r ,

t h i s

i n v e n t i o n r e l a t e s t o

t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e

a l t e r e d and

n o v e l p u l p s

W i t h o u t a d d i t i o n o f c h e m i c a l a d d i

t i v e s

such a s s h e e t d e b o n d e r s . S t i l l f u r t h e r

t h i s

i n v e n t i o n

r e l a t e s t o

t h e

p r o d u c t i o n o f pu l p s h a v i n g n o v e l , d e s i r a b l e

p r o p e r t i e s

a c h i e v e d W i t h o u t c h e m i c a l

m o d i ? c a t i o n

t e p s

s u c h

a s

c r o s s l i n k i n g W i t h

c h e m i c a l

c r o s s l i n k i n g

a g e n t s .

Moreover, t h i s i n v e n t i o n

r e l a t e s t o a

n o v e l use of

a

pulp

p r o d u c t

c h a r a c t e r i z e d a n d

d e ? n e d b y i t s p r o p e r t i e s f o r s u i t

a b l e

e n d

u s e s

o f t h e s e p u l p s . A c c o r d i n g l y , n o v e l p u l p p r o d

u c t s

can

b e obtained at

reduced

c o s t f o r

t h e

r e s p e c t i v e ,

eco

n o m i c e f f e c t i v e n e s s

o f

t h e s e

p u l p s

When c o m p a r e d

t o

p u l p s

p r e p a r e d by t h e

p r i o r

a r t

a n d

s u i t a b l e f o r t h e

same

p u r p o s e .

BACKGROUNDFOR

THE

INVENTION

W i t h t h e i n c r e a s i n g p r o m i n e n c e o f d i s p o s a b l e

i t e m s , s u c h

a s d i a p e r s ,

p a p e r t o W e l s

and h e l i k e , a n d i n v i e W

o f

h e W i d e l y

p r e v a l e n t

u s e o f a b s o r b e n t

t i s s u e s o f v a r i o u s

k i n d s , i t h a s

b e c o m e i m p o r t a n t t o o b t a i n p u l p s

o f

h i g h

a b s o r b e n c y a n d

e s p e c i a l l y

p u l p s

t h a t

d i s p l a y

h i g h a b s o r b e n c y

u p o n

m u l t i p l e

r e - W e t t i n g .

T y p i c a l l y

p u l p s t h a t

a r e

u s e d f o r h y g i e n i c a b s o r p t i o n p u r

p o s e s s u c h

a s baby

d i a p e r s and

t h e

l i k e

a r e c o n s t r u c t e d

W i t h

a n o u t s i d e

“ a c q u i s i t i o n ”

a y e r ,

W h i c h s a l a y e r

o f u l p o f

good

b u l k i n g p r o p e r t i e s

a n d

g o o d

a b s o r b e n c y d u e t o

r e l a t i v e

? b e r

s t i f f n e s s . A

u l k y

m a t e r i a l W i l l

c o n t a i n

a h i g h p e r c e n t a g e o f

void

s p a c e s o r

p o r e s .

For an a b s o r b e n t p r o d u c t , t h e s e p o r e s

a r e u s e d t o a c q u i r e , t r a n s p o r t and s t o r e ? u i d . L o n g e r , s t i f f e r

? b e r s

make b u l k i e r a i r

l a i d Webs W i t h

more

p o r e

volume.

F l u i d s

a r e more

e a s i l y

a c q u i r e d and

t r a n s p o r t e d

i f p o r e

v o l

ume

o r

b u l k

i s h i g h . The “ a c q u i s i t i o n ” l a y e r i s

p o s i t i o n e d

betWeen t h e b a b y ’ s s k i n a n d t h e

a b s o r b e n t

c o r e

o f

t h e d i a p e r .

An a c q u i s i t i o n ” l a y e r

o f

p r o p e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d p r o p e r

t i e s a l l o W s

t h e

l i q u i d t o

p a s s q u i c k l y i n t o t h e a b s o r b e n t c o r e

upon

e p e a t e d

W e t t i n g s a n d a t t h e same t i m e t h i s l a y e r t r a n s

m i t s

t h e

l i q u i d i n t o

t h e p r i n c i p a l

a b s o r b e n t c o r e

t h a t

h o l d s

t h e

l i q u i d . I n

a

s i m i l a r

manner, an i n c o n t i n e n t

o r

catamenial

d e v i c e may e c o n s t r u c t e d . F u r t h e r , Wound

r e s s i n g

m a t e r i a l

may

e

construed i n a

l i k e manner. These

d e v i c e s ar e absor

b e n c y p r o d u c t s W h i c h r e q u i r e p u l p s h a v i n g i n t e n s i v e a b s o r

b e n c y p r o p e r t i e s .

S t i l l f u r t h e r ,

a b s o r b e n t m u l t i p l y p a p e r s s u c h

a s h o u s e h o l d

t o W e l s

may e c o n s t r u c t e d

o f m u l t i p l e

l a y e r s

o r p l i e s i n c l u d

i n g

a

c o r e

l a y e r a n d

t h u s t h e s e

l i e s

may

e t a i l o r e d

a c c o r d i n g

to

t h e

u s e

t o

Which h e s e

goods a r e b e i n g s u b j e c t e d o r

f o r

t h e

p u r p o s e

t h e s e a r e

employed.

P r o d u c t s

s u c h

a s d i a p e r s When used

i t h

an u t s i d e “ a c q u i

s i t i o n ” l a y e r and an i n t e r i o r p r i n c i p a l

a b s o r b e n t c o r e ,

a r e

p r e s e n t l y d e s i r a b l y c o n s t r u c t e d

W i t h

t h e “ a c q u i s i t i o n ” l a y e r

20

25

30

35

4 0

45

50

55

60

6 5

2

made

from

c r o s s l i n k e d

p u l p s s u c h a s

a r e

i l l u s t r a t e d b y t h e

f o l l o W i n g E u r o p e a n P a t e n t a p p l i c a t i o n s 0 4 2 7 , 3 1 6 A2 a n d 0

427,317A2 a l l b y H e r r o n t a l . a n d U . S . P a t . N o .

5 , 1 3 7 , 5 3 7

b y

Herron

e t a l . a s s i g n e d t o

P r o c t o r &

Gamble

C o . F u r t h e r ,

C a n a d i a n

P a t e n t

a p p l i c a t i o n

2 , 0 3 5 , 4 0 2 , by Kokko

b a s e d o n

US.

r i o r i t y

a p p l i c a t i o n

S e r .

N o .

0 7 / 4 7 3 , 4 0 4

a n d a s s i g n e d o

J a m e s

R i v e r C o r p .

l i k e W i s e

d i s c l o s e s

s u c h

p u l p s .

C r o s s - l i n k e d p u l p s

a r e

t y p i c a l l y

p r e p a r e d

u s i n g

f o r m a l d e

h y d e - b a s e d c o m p o u n d s . M o r e

r e c e n t l y ,

p o l y c a r b o x y l i c

a c i d s , p a r t i c u l a r l y c i t r i c a c i d ,

h a v e

b e e n shoWn o b e e f f e c t i v e

c r o s s - l i n k i n g

a g e n t s . C r o s s - l i n k e d ? b e r s d i s p l a y e x c e l l e n t

W e t s t i f f n e s s . The r o s s - l i n k s

p h y s i c a l l y

e s t r i c t

t h e

u p t a k e o f

W a t e r

i n t o t h e ? b e r W a l l . By

d o i n g

s o , t h e ? b e r r e t a i n s ,

b e t t e r

t h a n c o n v e n t i o n ? b e r , t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

s t i f f n e s s

o f r y ? b e r s .

A

eb

o f

c r o s s - l i n k e d

? b e r s ,

t h e r e f o r e , r e t a i n s i t s b u l k

a n d

p o r e volume When W e t , Which e n h a n c e s ? u i d

a c q u i s i t i o n ,

e s p e c i a l l y W i t h r e p e a t e d W e t t i n g s o r n s u l t s . H o W e v e r ,

c h e m i

c a l l y

c r o s s - l i n k e d ? b e r s a r e

c o n s i d e r a b l y more e x p e n s i v e

t h a n

? b e r s

Which

may b e

employed W i t h o u t a n y

c r o s s - l i n k

i n g .

M o r e o v e r ,

p u l p s

e m p l o y e d i n p r i o r

a r t p r o c e s s e s f o r

c r o s s - l i n k i n g p u r p o s e s a r e

g e n e r a l l y

n o t a v a i l a b l e i n s h e e t e d

f o r m ( r o l l s

o r

b a l e s o f

s h e e t s ) .

A l t h o u g h p u l p s h a v e b e e n

b l e a c h e d

u n d e r

v a r i o u s a l k a l i n e

c o n d i t i o n s , b l e a c h i n g s c h e d u l e s a n d b l e a c h i n g

t r e a t m e n t

a r e

b y noW

t h o s e

t y p i c a l l y e m p l o y e d b y p r i o r

a r t .

A c c o r d i n g l y , a

Wide v a r i e t y o f s u c h s c h e d u l e s a r e p r a c t i c e d i f o r

t h e most

p a r t

employing a t l e a s t

one o r

more

a l k a l i n e

s t e p s a t f a i r l y

h i g h

t e m p e r a t u r e s .

I n s u c h

s e q u e n c e s i t h a s a l s o

b e e n

knoWn

t o employ a u s t i c s o l u t i o n s

a t

l o W e r

t e m p e r a t u r e

and

h e n

t h e

same

s o l u t i o n i s used

o

b r i n g up t h e

t e m p e r a t u r e

to

o r g r e a t e r

t h a n a b o i l i n g p o i n t o f t h e

s o l u t i o n

a s shoWn i n Canadian

P a t e n t 5 7 8 , 5 7 3 e n t i t l e d

“ P u r i ? c a t i o n

o f

Wood

P u l p ”

g r a n t e d

J u n . 3 0 , 1 9 5 9 . I n

h i s

p a t e n t

t h e

p u l p s s o p r o d u c e d a r e u s e d f o r

d i s s o l v i n g p u l p s , i . e . , m a k i n g c e l l u l o s e a c e t a t e

a n d

o t h e r

c h e m i c a l d e r i v a t i v e s o f

c e l l u l o s e . No

d e s c r i p t i o n

h a s

b e e n

f o u n d c o n c e r n i n g

t h e

i m p r o v e m e n t s

i n

a b s o r b e n c y ,

r e W e t t i n g

p r o p e r t i e s , s t i f f n e s s o f

? b e r s , e t c .

a s

d e s c r i b e d h e r e i n f o r t h e

p u l p s

a s

used

f o r

t h e

d e v i c e s o r p r o d u c t s

a s

i l l u s t r a t e d

h e r e i n .

M o r e o v e r ,

t h e

d i s t i n c t i o n b e t W e e n

d i s s o l v i n g p u l p s a n d

? u f f

p u l p s h o u l d a l s o

b e n o t e d .

B R I E F

DESCRIPTION

OFTHE

DRAWINGS

With r e f e r e n c e t o

t h e

DraWing h e r e i n :

F I G . 1 i s a p l a n

v i e W

o f a t y p i c a l

b a b y

d i a p e r ;

F I G . 2 i s a c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l vieW

o f

h e

d i a p e r

shoWn n F I G .

1 , a l o n g

l i n e s

2 - 2 t h e r e o f ; a n d

F I G .

3

i s

a

s c h e m a t i c

s e l f - e x p l a n a t o r y

p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e

o v e r a l l

p r o c e s s / p r o d u c t i m p r o v e m e n t s .

B R I E F

DESCRIPTION

OFTHEINVENTION

I t h a s n o W been found t h a t c o l d a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n

(CAE) o f

p u l p s s u c h

a s

p r e f e r a b l y o b t a i n e d

f r o m

c o n i f e r o u s

a n d

d e c i d u o u s t r e e s r e s u l t i n ? b e r s t h a t h a v e a d v a n t ag e o u s l y and

u n e x p e c t e d l y

i m p r o v e d

a b s o r p t i o n

p r o p e r t i e s .

P u l p s

f r o m

o t h e r

s o u r c e

m a t e r i a l s may a l s o b e s u i t a b l e ( e . g . , b a g a s s e ,

s t r a W , e t c . ) . By

h e

term

c o l d ” i t

i s meant

a

c a u s t i c

t r e a t m e n t

n o t t o exceed

6 0 0 C .

b u t d e s i r a b l y at a

t e m p e r a t u r e

l e s s

t h a n

5 0 °

C . b u t

p r e f e r a b l y

at a

t e m p e r a t u r e

betWeen

1 5 °

C .

t o

4 0 °

C .

By

t h e t e r m “ c a u s t i c ”

i t i s

meant sodium h y d r o x i d e s o l u

t i o n s neWly

m ade

up o r a s a s o l u t i o n by-product i n a

pulp

o r

p a p e r m i l l o p e r a t i o n e . g . ,

hemi

c a u s t i c W h i t e l i q u o r , o x i d i Z e d

W h i t e l i q u o r

a n d

t h e

l i k e .

F u r t h e r ,

ammonium

y d r o x i d e ,

a n d

p o t a s s i u m h y d r o x i d e

a n d

t h e l i k e may b e e m p l o y e d . H o W

e v e r ,

from

a

c o s t s t a n d p o i n t ,

t h e p r e f e r a b l e

c a u s t i c

m a t e r i a l

i s

s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e .

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7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1

3

The

o l d

c a u s t i c

e x t r a c t i o n s

t y p i c a l l y

a t

a c a u s t i c

s t r e n g t h

i n a

r a n g e

from

a b o u t

3

o 25%, p r e f e r a b l y

from

a b o u t 6

t o

1 8 ,

p u l p c o n s i s t e n c y f r o m a b o u t

2

o 25% u t

d e s i r a b l y

from

2 o

10%

u t p r e f e r a b l y

f r o m

3

o

8%. P u l p s f o r h i g h

r a t e , f a s t a b s o r b i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s a r e p r e f e r a b l y t r e a t e d

W i t h

c o l d c a u s t i c

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

from 1 3 % o 18%. A ide a r i e t y

of

p u l p s

a r e

s u i t a b l e

such

a s

o b t a i n e d

by

mechanical

o r

c h e m i - m e c h a n i c a l , s u l ? t e ,

k r a f t ,

p u l p i n g r e j e c t

m a t e r i a l s ,

o r g a n i c s o l v e nt

p u l p s , e t c .

B o t h s o f t W o o d

a n d

hardWood s p e

c i e s a r e u s e f u l . S o f t w o o d p u l p s a r e

p r e f e r r e d .

Am ong p u l p s

t h o s e t h a t

h a v e

n o t been s e v e r e l y b l e a c h e d a r e u s e f u l , f o r

e x a m p l e p u l p s W i t h h i g h K u m b e r s ( i . e . , “ p o t a s s i u m

p e r

m a n g a n a t e ” n u m b e r ; a

h i g h K

r k a p p a

number

s i g n i ? e s a

r e l a t i v e l y

h i g h

e s i d u a l

l i g n i n

c o n t e n t )

f o r

t h e

p u l p .

T h e m o r e

h e a v i l y b l e a c h e d p u l p W i l l b e i m p r o v e d e s s a n d l s o r e q u i r e s

a Weaker a l k a l i t r e a t m e n t . I f t h e p u l p s

a r e

t r e a t e d i n t h e

manner a s

i t

W i l l be

f u r t h e r

d i s c l o s e d i n t h e s p e c i ? c a t i o n

h e r e i n , t h e n t h e r e s u l t i n g ? b e r s a r e s u c h t h a t

t h e s e

h a v e

good

b u l k i n g ,

( i . e . , “ s t i f f n e s s ” p r o p e r t i e s ) a n d

t h u s

h a v e much

i m p r o v e d a b s o r p t i o n a n d

r e W e t t i n g

p r o p e r t i e s

m a k i n g t h e s e

p u l p s

a t t r a c t i v e f o r

a number

of

s e s .

These

u l p s a r e

n o t

o n l y

c h a r a c t e r i z e d f o r

t h e i r

i m p r o v e d

p r o p e r t i e s ,

s u c h

a s

by

h e i r

a b i l i t y t o

a b s o r b

a n d

r e a b s o r b

W a t e r

more q u i c k l y

( t h a n t h e

s t a n d a r d u n t r e a t ed p u l p s ) When s u b j e c t e d t o m u l t i p l e r e W e t

t e s t s ,

b u t a l s o t h e s e

p u l p s a r e u s e f u l

f o r

a b s o r b e n t

d e v i c e s i n

t h e p r i n c i p a l

c o r e

f o r s u c h d e v i c e . I n f a c t ,

t h e

r e s u l t i n g

i m p r o v e m e n t s i n

t h e

a b s o r p t i o n p r o p e r t i e s a r e

s o

s i g n i ? c a n t

t h a t t h e p r o d u c t s on

an

e c o n o m i c a l b a s i s may e a d i l y compete

W i t h

t h e more e x p e n s i v e

p r i o r a r t

c r o s s - l i n k e d p r o d u c t s

d e s c r i b e d

i n t h e a b o v e - i d e n t i ? e d p a t e n t s .

As

m e n t i o n e d

a b o v e , t h e n e W l y d i s c o v e r e d

p u l p

p r e p a r a

t i o n

h a s

Wide a p p l i c a b i l i t y t o a l l t y p e s o f p u l p / ? b e r

s o u r c e

m a t e r i a l s a n d d i s p l a y s i m p r o v e d

p r o p e r t i e s

f o r e a c h

o f

t h e

p u l p s / ? b e r s

( F I G . 3 ) .

Upon a c o l d

c a u s t i c

t r e a t m e n t

o f

t h e

p u l p / ? b e r s , t h e s e

s h o W i m p r o v e d

p r o p e r t i e s . F o r

p u l p s p r e

p a r e d under

i f f e r e n t

p u l p i n g c o n d i t i o n s

o r p r o c e s s e s

s u c h a s

s u l ? t e ,

p r e - h y d r o l y Z e d

k r a f t

p r o c e s s ,

c o n v e n t i o n a l

k r a f t

p r o

c e s s , o r g a n i c s o l v e n t p r o c es s e s, o r BCTMP b l e a c h e d chemi

t h e r m a l m e c h a n i c a l p u l p ) ,

e t c . ,

t h e

p r o p e r t i e s

a r e

i n v a r i a b l y

i m p r o v e d . T h e i m p r o v e d p r o p e r t i e s h a v e b e e n o b s e r v e d f o r

a l l p u l p a n d

? b e r

t y p e s i n v e s t i g a t e d . T h e d i f f e r e n c e s , hoW

e v e r , e x i s t b e t W e e n p u l p s o b t a i n e d f r o m

v a r i o u s

W ood p e c i e s

s t a r t i n g

m a t e r i a l s .

S u r p r i s i n g l y ,

t h e i m p r o v e d p r o p e r t i e s

a r e

o b t a i n e d r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e W ood s p e c i e s W h i c h

h a v e

b e e n

e m p l o y e d ,

f o r e x a m p l e ,

W e s te r n h e m l o c k , D o u g l a s ? r , S i t k a

s p r u c e , S o u t h e r n p i n e ,

C a r i b b e a n

p i n e a n d t h e

l i k e . O t h e r

c o m m e r c i a l s o f t Wo o d s p e c i e s ( e . g . , ? r s

a n d s p r u c e s )

a n d

h a r d W o o d s p e c i e s ( e . g . , e u c a l y p t u s , p o p l a r ,

b e e c h ,

a s p e n ,

e t c . ) y i e l d

a d v a n t a g e o u s

p r o p e r t i e s

a s

W e l l .

I n

an a d v a n t a g e o u s

embodiment,

i t seems t h a t

t h e b e s t

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r t h e

o b t a i n e d

p u l p h a v e b e e n

o b s e r v e d

f o r

p u l p s t h a t a r e u n b l e a c h e d o r

o n l y

s l i g h t l y b l e a c h e d .

Never

t h e l e s s , good e s u l t s

h a v e

a l s o

b e e n

o b s e r v e d W i t h b l e a c h e d

o r

more h i g h l y bleached

p u l p s .

As a

c o r o l l a r y ,

t h e

mor e

h i g h l y b l e a c h e d

i s

t h e

p u l p ,

t h e l o W e r i s t h e c a u s t i c

s t r e n g t h

t h a t i s r e q u i r e d t o o b t a i n t h e

d e s i r a b l e

e f f e c t s . H o W e v e r , t h e

d e s i r a b l e

absorbency

e f f e c t s a r e someWhat l e s s When com

p a r e d

on a d i r e c t b a s i s

W i t h

c o l d

c a u s t i c

e x t r a c t e d p u l p s

d e r i v e d f r o m h i g h K

umber

n b l e a c h e d

p u l p s i . e . t h e

p r o d

u c t s

d e r i v e d

f r o m h i g h

K

umber p u l p s

a r e

n o t i c e a b l y b e t

t e r ) .

With e f e r e n c e t o a n e m b o d i m e n t , a n d t h e d r a W i n g h e r e i n ,

a t y p i c a l c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a d i a p e r i s shoWn i n FIGS. 1 and 2

t h e r e i n .

I n F I G .

1 t h e p l a n

v i e W

o f t h e

d i a p e r

3 i n

i t s

open

p o s i t i o n shoWs

t h e

t a b s

4

Which

a r e a

p a r t

of hook o r l o o p

component shoWn a s

5

a s i t s complementary e l e m e n t .

20

25

30

35

4 0

50

55

60

6 5

4

I n F I G . 2 Which shoWs i n c r o s s

s e c t i o n

a l o n g l i n e s

2 - 2

o f

F I G .

1

t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n f e a t u r e s

o f

i a p e r 3 and i t h r e f e r e n c e

t h e r e t o from

t o p

t o

bottom e a c h element

i n

t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n

2 - 2 i s d e s c r i b e d

a s

f o l l o W s :

I t e m

1 1

i s a

t h e r m a l l y - b o n d e d p o l y p r o p y l e n e

c o v e r s h e e t , t

i s t y p i c a l l y

c a r d e d

o r s p u n . Item 12

i s

an a i r l a i d

c e l l u l o s e

a c q u i s i t i o n l a y e r .

E l e m e n t s 1 3 a r e

t i s s u e

Webs o f

a t y p i c a l

b a s i s W e i g h t

o f

a b o u t 1 6

g / m 2 ;

t h e a b s o r b e n t

c o r e

i s

i d e n t i ? e d

a s

1 4

and s

o f

a ? u f f and SAP s u p e r a b s o r b e n t pol ymer and

p u l p m i x t u r e o f

a

b a s i s

W e i g h t

o f , 5 0 0 - 7 0 0

g / m 2 ) . The W a t e r

b a r r i e r ,

Which

s

a p o l y e t h y l e n e s h e e t h a s

been

shoWn

a s

1 6 .

While

t h e

above i l l u s t r a t i o n h a s

been

f o r a d i a p e r ,

o t h e r

d e v i c e s

have been

c o n s t r u c t e d

i n

a

s i m i l a r

manner.

F u r t h e r ,

f o r

a s i m i l a r a b s o r b e n t

p a p e r p r o d u c t s ,

t h e p u l p s

a s

modi?ed

h e r e i n s h o W

s u b s t a n t i a l

i m p r o v e m e n t

i n p r o d u c t p e r f o r m a n c e

o n an

economical

b a s i s .

T h u s , p r o d u c t s such

a s

c a t a m e n i a l

and

i n c o n t i n e n c e d e v i c e s a r e

i m p r o v e d .

O t h e r c a n d i d a t e

a p p l i c a t i o n s

f o r

W h i c h t h e p r e se n t l y d i s c l o s e d p u l p s a r e s u i t

a b l e

a r e p a p e r t o W e l s , s a n i t a r y t i s s u e p a p e r s , i n d u s t r i a l

W i p e s ,

e t c . F o r t h e a b o v e a p p l i c a t i o n s, t h e

modi?ed p u l p s

may

b e

100% o f

t h e i m p r o v e d p u l p s

a s

c o n s t i t u e n t p u l p s

i n t h e p r o d

u c t o r

may

e u s e d i n t h e p r o d u c t i n l e s s e r

q u a n t i t i e s , i . e . , u s e d

i n

v a r i o u s a d m i x t u r e s W i t h o t h e r

p u l p ,

from

a b o u t

100%

o

a b o u t 25%.

T e s t P r o c e d u r e s

Whenever

t h e s e

t e s t s h a v e b e e n d e s c r i b e d , t h e i n d u s t r y

employed s t a n d a r d

t e s t

p r o c e d u r e

f o r

t h e

t e s t

h a s

b e e n

u s e d .

I f

a n y c h a n g e s i n

t h e

p r o c e d u r e h a v e b e e n mad t h e c h a n g e s

h a v e

b e e n d e s c r i b e d s p e c i ? c a l l y .

F o r p u r p o s e s o f

e v a l u a t i n g t h e p u l p s o b t a i n e d

a n d

d e s c r i b e d

by

t h e

p r e s e n t

d i s c l o s u r e

a s

W e l l

a s

t h e

i n v e n t i o n

h e r e i n , s e v e r a l t e s t s Were used t o c h a r a c t er i z e t h e d e s i r a b l e

? b r o u s

e n d - u s e

p e r f o r m a n c e i m p r o v e m e n t s

r e s u l t i n g

f r o m

t h e

use of o l d a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n and t o d e s c r i b e some

of

h e

a n a l y t i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e p u l p p r o d u c t s . A l s o , s o m e o f t h e

t e r m i n o l o g y

u s e d

i n

d i s c u s s i n g

t h e

p r o d u c t s

i n

t h e

e x a m p l e s

h a s been d e ? n e d .

A

ummary

of

h e s e

t e s t s and d e ? n i t i o n s f o l l o W s .

P u l p A n a l y t i c a l

P r o p e r t i e s

The

K u m b e r

o r Kappa

t e s t i s c a r r i e d o u t

a c c o r d i n g

t o

T A P P I Standard

Method No. T-214-SU71. This t e s t

i s

a

mea

s u r e o f r e s i d u a l l i g n i n c o n t e n t

i n

t h e p u l p . The e s t i n d i c a t e s

t h e

r e l a t i v e

d e g r e e

o f r e s i d u a l

l i g n i n

c o n t e n t i n

a p u l p

a s

a

c o n s e q u e n c e

o f

u l p i n g and h e e x t e n t

o r

s e v e r i t y

o f

u l p i n g .

P u l p b r i g h t n e s s

i s

a measure o f

p u l p W h i t e n e s s

W i t h 100%

b e i n g t h e maximum P u l p b r i g h t n e s s

d a t a

h e r e a r e g i v e n a s

ISO b r i g h t n e s s v a l u e s i n %. The ISO b r i g h t n e s s t e s t i s

d e s c r i b e d

i n T a p p i Method Number

T272

( H a n d s h e e t s ) a n d

T525 ( I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n ) and u s e s a s a

measuring device

a

D a t a c o l o r 2000 b r i g h t n e s s m e t e r .

P u l p

S h e e t

P r o p e r t i e s

D e b o n d e d u l p s

a r e

? b r o u s

e n d - u s e p u l p s

( f o r

e x a m p l e ,

? u f f

p u l p s ) t h t h a v e some c h e m i c a l a g e n t ( d e b o n d e r ) a d d e d

t o

i n h i b i t

i n t e r ? b e r b o n d i n g

( a d d i t i o n o f d e b o n d e r r e s u l t s

i n a

s o f t p u l p s h e e t ) . The c h e m i c a l

a g e n t s ,

d e b o n d e r s ,

a r e

c o m

m e r c i a l p r o d u c t s a d d e d t o ? u f f p u l p s d u r i n g s h e e t

f o r m i n g

Which

make

t h e

p u l p

s h e e t

s o f t e r and

e a s i e r t o

? u f f .

Debond

e r s a r e c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o

f a b r i c

s o f t e n e r s c h e m i c a l l y , and a c t

i n t h e same f a s h i o n . The f o r c e

W i t h Which u l p

? b e r s bond

s

m e a s u r e d i n d i r e c t l y

b y m e a s u r i n g t h e f o r c e

( o r e n e r g y )

expended

t o debond

o r

? u f f a g i v e n p u l p

s h e e t .

The b a s i s Weight of a

p u l p

s h e e t a s d e s c r i b e d h e r e i n Was

d e t e r m i n e d on some o f t h e

p r o d u c t s p r e s e n t e d

i n t h e

examples u s i n g

a

method

based

on TAPPI T 2 2 0 . A

h e e t

o f

p u l p , c ommon ly 30 c m > < 3 0 cm r o f

a n o t h e r c o n v e n i e n t

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US

7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1

5

d i m e n s i o n , Was Weighed

and

t h e n

d r i e d

to d e t e r m i n e t h e

s o l i d s

c o n t e n t (%)

OD.)

The a r e a o f t h e s h e e t Was t h e n

d e t e r m i n e d

a n d t h e

r a t i o

o f

0D. o v e n

d r i e d ) W e i g h t

t o

a

de?ned a r e a Was r e p o r t e d

a s

t h e

b a s i s W e i g h t .

The

c a l i p e r and

s h e e t d e n s i t y Were determined

o n

some of

t h e

p r o d u c t s

p r e s e n t e d i n t h e e x a m p l e s u s i n g a

m e t h o d

b a s e d

o n TAPPI T220. Sheet

c a l l i p e r

Was

determined

on

est

s p e c i

mens from t h e b a s i s Weight t e s t

u s i n g

a motor d r i v e n

m i c r o m e t e r t h a t met

TAPPI

T411

c o n d i t i o n s . S h e e t d e n s i t y

Was

c a l c u l a t e d

a s

t h e

r a t i o of a s i s W e i g h t to

c a l i p e r .

Mullen

s t r e n g t h and b u r s t i n d e x e s Were determined o n

some o f t h e p r o d u c t s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e

e x a m p l e s

u s i n g a

method

based

on

TAPPI T807.

A

TMI

Monitor B u r s t 1000

Was used t o

measure

t h e h y d r o s t a t i c p r e s s u r e r e q u i r e d t o

r u p t u r e

( b u r s t i n g

s t r e n g t h ) t h e p u l p s h e e t When t h e p r e s s u r e

Was increased a t

a c o n t r o l l e d constant

r a t e through

a

rubber

diaphragm t o

a

c i r c u l a r a r e a 3 0 . 5 mm

i a m e t e r .

Mullen

s t r e n g t h i s

r e c o r d e d

a s kPa ( k i l o P a s c a l s ) a t

r u p t u r e , W h i l e

b u r s t i n d e x

i s

t h e r a t i o

o f u r s t i n g

s t r e n g t h t o b a s i s W e i g h t .

A

am as Lab

hammermi ll Model

H-01-C

Was

used

t o

d e ? b e r i Z e

some

o f

t h e p r o d u c t s p r e s e n t e d

i n

t h e

e x a m p l e s .

S t r i p s o f u l p

s h e e t s

5

cm

ide Were

f e d i n t o t h e

h a m m e r m i l l ,

u s i n g

900

r p m

motor

s p e e d ,

5 0%

f e e d e r

s p e e d ,

and

an

8

mm

s c r e e n .

I n some c a s e s , t h e energy r e q u i r e d t o

de?beriZe

t h e

p u l p s h e e t Was e c o r d e d ,

a n d r e p o r t e d a s

W r / k g o f u f f , t h e

energy of d e ? b e r i Z a t i o n .

F l u f f

Was c o l l e c t e d

i n

a c o l l e c t i o n

vacuum a g f o r f u r t h e r

t e s t i n g .

An M/K

ormation e s t e r Was used

o measure t h e forma

t i o n o f p u l p

s h e e t s f o r

some o f t h e

s a m p l e s

p r e s e n t e d

i n

t h e

e x a m p l e s . The o r m a t i o n s a n e x p r e s s i o n o f

s h e e t u n i f o r m i t y .

The M/K o r m a t i o n

T e s t e r

c o n s i s t s o f

a

r o t a t i n g g l a s s drum

c o n t a i n i n g a

t r a v e l i n g

l i g h t

s o u r c e .

A u l p s h e e t i s W r a p p e d

a r o u n d

t h e

o u t e r

s u r f a c e

o f

h e

d r u m . The i g h t from n s i d e

t h e

drum s h i n e s t h r o u g h t h e s h e e t

and

t r i k e s a d e t e c t o r o u t s i d e

t h e d r u m . D u r i n g t h e t e s t , t h e

drum

o t a t e s W h i l e t h e i n t e r n a l

l i g h t

s o u r c e

and h e

e x t e r n a l

d e t e c t o r move

o g e t h e r

doWn h e

a x i a l l e n g t h o f t h e d r u m . I n t h i s

W a y ,

t h e amount o f l i g h t

Which

a s s e s

t h r o u g h

t h e s h e e t

i s

measured

t

s e v e r a l

d i f f e r

e n t

l o c a t i o n s .

The v a r i a t i o n i n

t h e

amount

o f l i g h t

Which

p a s s e s t h r o u g h

t h e s h e e t from p o i n t t o p o i n t on t h e s h e e t i s

used a s a

measure

of h e

f o r m a t i o n ( u n i f o r m i t y

of

o r m a t i o n )

o f t h e s h e e t .

W e i g h t e d

a v e r a g e ? b e r

l e n g t h (WADL) a n d

? b e r

c o a r s e

n e s s Were a l s o measured o r some of h e p r o d u c t s p r e s e n t e d i n

t h e e x a m p l e s u s i n g a K a j a a n i F S - 2 0 0 F i b e r A n a l y Z e r .

F i b e r P r o p e r t y

P e r f o r m a n c e

T e s t s

SCAN e s t i n g o f

? u f f p u l p

p r o p e r t i e s Was c a r r i e d o u t on

some o f h e p r o d u c t s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e

e x a m p l e s .

T h i s t e s t u s e s

SCAN/PFI m e t h o d o l o g y (SCAN-C 3 3 : 8 0 ) a n d t e s t e q u i p

ment

t o form a

uniform ?uff

s a m p l e ,

and t o measure

i t s

r e s i l i e n c y , ? u i d r e t e n t i o n a n d r a t e o f a b s o r p t i o n . The ? u f f

s a m p l e s a r e c o n d i t i o n e d f o r a t l e a s t 2 h o u r s

under

s t a n d a r d

c o n d i t i o n s

( 2 3 1 1 0 C . a n d 50%:2%

e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y )

p r i o r

o

t e s t i n g

a n d

a r e

k e p t

i n

t h e

c o n d i t i o n i n g

a t m o s p h e r e t h r o u g h

out t h e t e s t .

A y l i n d r i c a l

? u f f

s a m p l e ( 3

0 0 1 0 . 0 5

g

a n d

c m i a m e t e r )

i s p r e p a r e d u s i n g s p e c i a l e q u i p m e n t . T h e

h e i g h t

o f

h e c y l i n

d e r

u n d e r

a 260

g / 1 . 3 kPa

l o a d

i s

measured

and

r e p o r t e d

a s

r e s i l i e n c y . The s a m p l e

i s

p l a c e d i n c o n t a c t W i t h a W a t e r b a t h .

The

t i m e

r e q u i r e d

f o r

t h e

W a t e r

t o m i g r a t e v e r t i c a l l y u p t h e

c y l i n d e r t o t h e t o p i s r e p o r t e d

a s a b s o r p t i o n t i m e .

The ? u i d

r e t e n t i o n

o r

a b s o r p t i o n c a p a c i t y p e r gram o f s a m p l e

i s

c a l c u

l a t e d b y W e i g h i n g

t h e

s a t u r a t e d ? u f f

s a m p l e .

A u f f sa m p l e c a n a l s o

be s u b j e c t e d

to s i m u l a t e d

h e a t

a g i n g a r t i ? c i a l l y

( 1 0 5 0

C . f o r t W o

h o u r s )

a n d t e s t e d b y t h i s

method o d e t e r m i n e e f f e c t s o f

a g i n g

on ? u f f

a b s o r b e n t

p r o p

e r t i e s .

20

25

30

35

4 0

45

50

55

60

6 5

6

Dry c l a s s i ? c a t i o n

of ?uff

u l p Was

c a r r i e d o u t

on some of

t h e

p r o d u c t s

p r e s e n t e d

i n

t h e e x a m p l e s . T h i s

t e s t

i s a

measure

o f ? u f f q u a l i t y

and t h e

d e ? b e r i Z a t i o n

p r o c e s s .

A o h n s o n

M a n u f a c t u r i n g F l u f f

F i b e r i Z a t i o n

M e a s u r i n g I n s t r u m e n t ,

Model 9 0 1 0 , Was used o s e p a r a t e t h e ? u f f n t o t h r e e f r a c t i o n s

b a s e d

on

a r t i c l e s i Z e . D u r i n g t h e t e s t , ? u f f s p n e u m a t i c a l l y

a g i t a t e d to s e p a r a t e t h e ? b e r s from e a c h

o t h e r a n d f r o m t h e

unde?bered

p u l p s h e e t .

A

acuum draWs t h e

i n i t i a l

?nes

and

t h e n t h e l o n g ? b e r s t h r o u g h a r o t a t i n g s i e v e s c r e e n ( 1 6 m e s h ,

1 . 1 8

mm p e n i n g , U . S . A . s t d . s e r i e s ) . The i n i t i a l ? n e s a l s o

p a s s

t h r o u g h a

second

s c r e e n ,

and

a c c u m u l a t e

i n

a d u s t b a g .

The

l o n g

? b e r s ( a c c e p t s )

a c c u m u l a t e

on a

s e c o n d

s c r e e n ( 4 5

m e s h , 0 . 3 6

mm p e n i n g , U . S . A . s t d . s e r i e s ) .

Pad i n t e g r i t y

t e s t i n g

Was c a r r i e d o u t on

some

of h e

prod

u c t s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e e x a m p l e s .

Pad

n t e g r i t y i s a measure o f

t h e

s t r e n g t h

o f h e ? b e r

n e t W o r k i n

? u f f e d

p u l p s ,

a n d

i n d i c a t e s

hoW W e l l t h e

? u f f

W i l l

m a i n t a i n

pad n t e g r i t y i n a d r y f o r m e d

a b s o r b e n t p r o d u c t . The method i s based

on

PFI method o f

1 9 8 1 ,

“ M e a s u r e m e n t o f N e t W o r k

S t r e n g t h

i n D r y , F l u f f ed

P u l p s ” . D u r i n g

t h e

t e s t ,

a c y l i n d r i c a l t e s t

p a d

o f 1 . 0 1 0 0 5

gram and 50

mm

i a m e t e r

i s

p r e p a r e d i n a pad f o r m e r . The

t e s t

pad s p l a c e d i n a

b u r s t

c h a m b e r , Which s t h e n i n s t a l l e d i n

a

s t r e s s - s t r a i n

a p p a r a t u s .

A

u r s t - b o d y

i s

v e r t i c a l l y

f o r c e d

t h r o u g h t h e t e s t

p a d .

The f o r c e r e q u i r e d t o r u p t u r e t h e

? b e r

n e t W o r k i n

t h e t e s t p a d

i s r e p o r t e d as p a d

i n t e g r i t y .

The p o t e n t i a l of a ?brous

p u l p

f o r

u s e

a s an a c q u i s i t i o n

l a y e r c a n b e d e s c r i b e d , among o t h e r

t e s t s ,

by

a

m u l t i p l e

“ i n s u l t ” o r r e W e t t i n g t e s t . The

M u l t i p l e

I n s u l t i A b s o r p t i o n

T e s t i n g p r o c e d u r e Was c a r r i e d

o u t

a s f o l l o W s .

P u l p s

f o r c o m

p a r i s o n p u r p o s e s a r e

? b e r i Z e d , t h e n

a i r ? l t e r e d

i n t o

p a d s W i t h

a b a s i s W e i g h t

o f a b o u t

200

/ m 2 . The a d s

a r e

p r e s s e d a t

200

p s i g f o r a p e r i o d o f tWo

m i n u t e s

t h e n trimmed a b o u t 7

c m > < 1 6

cm. The trimmed

and densi?ed pads

a r e p l a c e d o n t o p

of

a

s t a n d a r d

a b s o r b e n t

c o r e , s u c h a s

a d i s p o s a b l e

d i a p e r , and

c o v e r e d

b y a

s i n g l e l a y e r

o f

c o n v e n t i o n a l p o l y p r o p y l e n e c o v

e r s t o c k .

F l u i d i s i n t r o d u c e d t o t h e a b s o r b e n t p r o d u c t

t h r o u g h

a c y l i n d e r p e r m a n e n t l y mounted o a W e i g h t e d

p l a t e

Which

a p p l i e s a f o r c e

o f

. 1

p s i g

t o

t h e a b s o r b e n t p r o d u c t .

A

a m

s

u s e d

t o c o n t r o l ? u i d

? o W o

t h e a b s o r b e n t

p r o d u c t . A

i m e r

i s

s t a r t e d When h e

dam

s

removed

and

u i d

b e g i n s t o move

n t o

t h e a b s o r b e n t p r o d u c t .

The

t i m e r s t o p s When l l t h e ? u i d h a s

b e e n

a b s o r b e d

a n d

t h e e l a p s e d

t i m e r e c o r d e d . N i n e t y s e c o n d s

a f t e r

t h e ? u i d

i s c o m p l e t e l y a b s o r b e d

a s t a c k o f ?ve p r e

Weighed b l o t t e r

p a p e r s i s p l a c e d on t o p a n d t h e n

a 1 . 0

p s i g

l o a d i s a p p l i e d

t o t h e

a b s o r b e n t p r o d u c t

f o r a

p e r i o d o f

tWo

m i n u t e s .

The amount

o f ? u i d

W e t t e d

back i n t o

t h e b l o t t e r

p a p e r i s

r e c o r d e d . The

p r o c e d u r e i s r e p e a t e d tWo t i m e s f o r a

t o t a l

o f

t h r e e W e t t i n g s o r “ i n s u l t s ” .

The

u l t i p l e “ i n s u l t ” t e s t

c h a r a c t e r i Z e s

t h e r e a d i n e s s

With Which

? b e r s a b s o r b

a s W e l l

as

reabsorbs a ?uid.

DETAILED

DESCRIPTION

OFTHEINVENTION

AND EMBODIMENTS THEREOF

As

mentioned

a b o v e ,

i t h a s

n o W

been found t h a t v a r i o u s

p u l p s

o f d i v e r s e Wood s p e c i e s p r e p a r e d b y d i v e r s e

p u l p i n g

a n d b l e a c h i n g p r o c e s s e s p r o v i d e i m p r o v e m e n t s

i n

t h e s e p u l p s

b y d i s p l a y i n g i m p r o v e d ? b e r a n d p u l p

s h e e t

p r o p e r t i e s ,

eg

a b s o r b e n c y r e s u l t s s u c h

a s f o r

a n a c q u i s i t i o n l a y e r i n b a b y

d i a p e r s , e t c . upon

o l d

a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n (CAE)

o r

c o l d

c a u s t i c

e x t r a c t i o n

(CCE) o f

t h e s e p u l p s i n t h e p r o p e r manner i n t h e

p r o p e r s e q u e n c e When r e p a r i n g t h e s e p u l p s ,

. e . ,

When r e a t

i n g t h e

p u l p s .

R e l a t i v e l y h i g h s t r e n g t h s

o f

s o d i u m

h y d r o x i d e

s o l u t i o n a r e u s e d d e a l l y ,

13%-18%

NaOH y

W e i g h t f o r

h i g h

a b s o r b e n c y ,

f a s t

I n t e n s i v e a b s o r b e n c y a p p l i c a t i o n s a n d

5%

o

15% f o r g e n e r a l a b s o r b e n c y

a p p l i c a t i o n ,

p r e f e r a b l y 6 % t o

10%

f o r

t h a t p u r p o s e . By “ c o l d

c a u s t i c

e x t r a c t i o n ” (CCE) s

8/10/2019 absorbent products and method of preparation thereof.pdf

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US

7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1

7

meant t h e t r e a t m e n t

o f u l p a t

a t e m p e r a t u r e

l e s s t h a n

6 0 °

C . ,

p r e f e r a b l y l e s s

t h a n

a b o u t 3 5 0 C . ,

W i t h t h e a b o v e s o d i u m

h y d r o x i d e

s o l u t i o n s .

The r o c e s s c o e x t e n s i v e W i t h

t h e p r e p a

r a t i o n

o f

t h e

n o v e l p u l p s i s

b e i n g c l a i m e d a s

a n

improvement

f o r

t h e

r e g i m e o f

t h e n o v e l p r o p e r t i e s h e r e t o f o r e

u n r e c o g

n i Z e d i n t h e a r t . The

improvement

t h u s a l s o r e s i d e s i n a

m e t h o d f o r i m p r o v i n g eg t h e a b s o r b e n c y o f t h e p u l p ,

i n c r e a s i n g t h e s t i f f n e s s

o f

? b e r s a n d o t h e r p r o p e r t i es f u r t h e r

d e s c r i b e d

h e r e i n n o t h e r e t o f o r e

kn oWn

o r r e c o g n i Z e d .

Moreover,

i t

h a s

been

found a s an embodiment t h a t t h e

a p p r o p r i a t e

“ a c q u i s i t i o n l a y e r ”

a b s o r b e n c y

p e r f o r m a n c e c a n

b e

e s t a b l i s h e d a f t e r a d e q u a t e b l e a c h i n g o f h i g h K umber

u n b l e a c h e d p u l p

h a s

b e e n c a r r i e d

o u t t o o b t a i n a e s t h e t i c a l l y

a c c e p t a b l e

b r i g h t n e s s

v a l u e s

f o r t h e p u l p s W i t h s l i g h t l y l o W e r

c o l d c a u s t i c

t r e a t m e n t (e g 15%

NaOH

e r s u s 1 8 %

NaOH

o r

u n b l e a c h e d

p u l p s ) . At

t h e

l o W e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f c o l d

c a u s t i c

s o l u t i o n

p u l p s a r e o b t a i n e d Which a r e n e a r l y a s good s p u l p s

o b t a i n e d f r o m CCE f t h e h i g h K umber u n b l e a c h e d p u l p s

t h e m s e l v e s .

A c c o r d i n g l y ,

i t

h a s

b e e n f o u n d

t h a t

a

s p e c i ? c

d e s i r a b l e

p u l p p r o d u c t r e g i m e e x i s t s

b a s e d o n t h e p r o c e s s

e m p l o y e d

and

h e

s e l e c t i o n o f a r i o u s

p r o d u c t

o r ?ber r i t e r i a a s W i l l

be

f u r t h e r

d e s c r i b e d

h e r e i n .

F o r

e x a m p l e ,

t h e

a b s o r b e n c y

r e l a

t i o n s h i p s make h e p u l p s

i n

t h e c h a r a c t e r i z e d p u l p p r o d u c t

r e g i m e

e s p e c i a l l y

u s e f u l b e c a u s e t h e

p u l p s

a n d t h e i r u s e c a n

noW b e r e a d i l y d e l i n e a t e d from t h e r e g i m e o f

u n a t t r a c t i v e

u s e s and p u l p s n o t p o s s e s s i n g

t h e

a t t r a c t i v e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

M o r e o v e r , t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s W i t h i n t h i s n o v e l r e g i m e o f o t h e r

d e s i r a b l e p r o p e r t i e s

has

been

e s t a b l i s h e d s o a s to

d e l i n e a t e

W i t h g r e a t p r e c i s i o n

t h e

c l a i m e d r e g i m e o f

t h e

n o v e l p r o p e r

t i e s

and t h e t e c h n i q u e

a n d

p r o c e s s c o e x t e n s i v e

t h e r e W i t h .

S t i l l f u r t h e r , W h i l e c o l d c a u s t i c

t r e a t m e n t

h a s b e e n knoWn

f o r

h i g h

q u a l i t y d i s s o l v i n g p u l p s a s d i s c u s s e d

a b o v e ,

eg

o

make a l p h a c e l l u l o s e a n d some n d u s t r i a l

p r o d u c t

p u l p s , s u c h

t r e a t m e n t

a s

c o r r e l a t e d

t o

t h e

?ber and

p u l p

s h e e t

p r o p e r t y

v a r i a b l e s l i s t e d a b o v e i s n o v e l

W i t h

r e s p e c t to

p u l p s

u s e f u l

s u c h a s f o r a b s o r b e n t p u l p s

eg

o r a n

a c q u i s i t i o n

l a y e r f o r

p r o d u c t s

i n t e r

a l i a

d i a p e r s ,

i n c o n t i n e n t

a n d

c a t a m e n i a l

d e v i c e s , e t c . i n c l u d i n g a b s o r b e n t c o r e m a t e r i a l s

f o r

t h e s e .

Added a n d

f u r t h e r

b e n e ? t s W i l l a p p e a r

from t h e

f o l l o W i n g

e x a m p l e s

a n d

t h e i l l u s t r a t i v e e m b o d i m e n t s .

The

e x a m p l e s

a r e

merely f o r t h e p u r p o s e of l l u s t r a t i o n

and

a r e

n o t i n t e n d e d

t o

l i m i t t h e

s c o p e

o f t h e i n v e n t i o n .

EXAMPLE

I m p r o v e d

P u l p S h e e t D e ? b e r i Z a t i o n :

D e b o n d e r s

v s .

C o l d

A l k a l i

E x t r a c t i o n , K r a f t S o u t h e r n

P i n e P u l p

C e l l u l o s i c

p u l p

i s commonly

m a n u f a c t u r e d f o r ? u f f

a n d

o t h e r

? b r o u s

e n d - u s e i n

d r i e d , s h e e t e d f o r m . The u l p

manu

f a c t u r e r

o p e r a t e s t h e p u l p machine t o

form

t h e s h e e t

from

an

a q u e o u s s u s p e n s i o n o f

? b e r s ; t h e s h e e t

o n c e

formed s d r i e d

to

remove

a b o u t

90%

o f

t h e m o i s t u r e .

L a r g e r o l l s o f d r i e d ,

s h e e t e d

p u l p

a r e p r o d u c e d o f f h e d r y e n d o f h e

p u l p m a c h i n e .

These a r e t y p i c a l l y c u t i n t o s m a l l e r

s i Z e

r o l l s

a n d / o r

b a l e s o f

s h e e t s

f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n

t o

e n d - u s e c u s t o m er s .

I t i s a n a d v a n t a g e t h a t

t h e d r i e d , s h e e t e d

p u l p d e ? b e r e a s i l y

a n d u n i f o r m l y

W i t h o u t

damage

t o

t h e i n d i v i d u a l ? b e r s f o r

t h o s e p u l p g r a d e s b e i n g u s e d n v a r i o u s

? b r o u s

e n d - u s e

a p p l i

c a t i o n s . F o r

e x a m p l e ,

a

? u f f

p u l p

W i l l

b e c o n v e r t e d

by

t h e

e n d - u s e r

from t h e d r i e d ,

s h e e t e d

p u l p t o a pad o f “ ? u f f e d ”

? b e r s b y m e c h a n i c a l a c t i o n , h e r e i n a f t e r s o m e t i m e s

r e f e r r e d

to a s “ d r y s h r e d d i n g ” , Hammermill

o r

o t h e r a t t r i t i o n m i l l .

C h e m i c a l a g e n t s , d e b o n d e r s , a r e s o m e t i m e s a d d e d

t o t h e

p u l p

d u r i n g s h e e t

f o r m a t i o n

t o i n h i b i t i n t e r ? b e r b o n d i n g , Which

r e s u l t s i n

s o f t e r ,

more

e a s i l y d e ? b e r e d

s h e e t s .

20

25

30

35

4 0

45

50

55

60

6 5

EXAMPLE ,

TABLE - 1

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A-li B - l i

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION

P r o c e s s i n g N o n - d e b o n d e d Debonded

S t a n d a r d S t a n d a r d

P r o c e s s P r o c e s s

W o o d S p e c i e s S o u t h e r n p i n e — >

b l e n d

Pulping

P r o c e s s

K r a f t

—>

S h e e t Debonder Used 7 ) No Y e s

COLDALKALI EXTRACTION Not Used Not Used

PULPANALYTICALPROPERTIES

ISO B r i g h t n e s s , 8 8 . 5

8 9 . 4

SHEETPHYSICS

B a s i s W t . ( g / r n 2 ) 6 4 0 6 3 4

C a l i p e r (mm) 1 . 3 6 1 . 3 6

D e n s i t y ( g / c r n 3 ) 0 . 4 7 0 . 4 7

M u l l e n

( k P a ) 1 1 1 3 417

B u r s t

I n d e x ( k P a

- m2/ ) 1 . 7 4

0 . 6 6

KAMAS FLUFF CHARACTERISTICS

R e s i l i e n c y

( c m ) 4 . 1 3 . 7

F l u i d

R e t e n t i o n ( g g )

1 3 . 4 1 1 . 4

A b s o r p t i o n

T i m e ( s )

C o n t r o l

3 . 5 7 . 9

H e a t - A g e d 4 . 4 8 . 9

D r y C l a s s i ? c a t i o n ( W t . )

A c c e p t s 8 4 . 4 9 1 . 0

Knots 1 3

3 6 .

8

F i n e s 2 . 4 2 . 2

P a d

I n t e g r i t y ( N ) 7 . 2 7 . 0

EXAMPLE ,

TABLE I - 1

SAMPLE DESIGNATION

A - l i i

B - l i i

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION

P r o c e s s i n g S t a n d a r d

C o l d A l k a l i

P r o c e s s E x t r a c t i o n

( N o n - d e b o n d -

P r o c e s s

e d )

Wood

p e c i e s

Southern

—>

p i n e b l e n d

Pulping P r o c e s s K r a f t —>

S h e e t Debonder Used 7 ) No No

COLDALKALI EXTRACTION Not Used Used

A l k a l i

Used NaOH

S o l u t i o n

S t r e n g t h ,

7 . 5

Temperature,

°

C .

35

T i m e , H:M 1 0

C o n s i s t e n c y ,

3

PULPANALYTICAL

PROPERTIES

ISO B r i g h t n e s s , 8 8 . 6 8 9 . 6

SHEETPHYSICS

B a s i s WL g r n 2 ) 6 4 4 6 6 6

C a l i p e r (mm) 1 . 1 2 1 . 1 7

D e n s i t y

( g / c r n 3 )

0 . 5 7 0 . 5 7

M u l l e n ( k P a )

1 4 9 4

8 2 9

B u r s t Index ( k P a - mZ/g)

2 . 3 2 1 . 2 5

KAMAS

FLUFF CHARACTERISTICS

R e s i l i e n c y ( c m ) 4 . 1 3 . 6

F l u i d R e t e n t i o n

( g g )

1 2 . 9 1 3 . 2

A b s o r p t i o n

T i m e

( s )

C o n t r o l

3 . 3 2 . 9

H e a t - A g e d 4 . 9 4 . 6

8/10/2019 absorbent products and method of preparation thereof.pdf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absorbent-products-and-method-of-preparation-thereofpdf 9/23

US

7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1

9

EXAMPLE , TABLE I - 1 - c o n t i n u e d

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A - l i i B - l i i

D r y

C l a s s i ? c a t i o n ( w t . )

A c c e p t s

8 1 . 2

9 1 . 4

Knots 1 5 . 9

6 . 0

F i n e s

2 . 9 2 . 7

P a d I n t e g r i t y

( N ) 7 . 2 7 . 4

EXAMPLE ,

TABLE i i - 1

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A - 1 i i i

B - l i i i C - l i i i

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION

P r o c e s s i n g

N o n - d e b o n d - Debonded C o l d A l k a l i

e d S t a n d a r d S t a n d a r d E x t r a c t i o n

P r o c e s s

P r o c e s s P r o c e s s

Wood

pecies

Southern

— > — >

p i n e b l e n d

Pulping Process Kraft — > — >

S h e e t

Debonder

Used 7 ) No Yes No

COLDALKALI

EXTRACT-

Not Used Not Used Used

ION

A l k a l i Used NaOH

S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h , 8 . 5

Temperature,

° C. 35

T i m e , H:M 0 : 1 0

C o n s i s t e n c y , 3

PULPANALYTICAL

PROPERTIES

ISO B r i g h t n e s s , 8 6 . 6 8 8 . 4 8 8 . 9

SHEETPHYSICS

B a s i s W t . ( g / m 2 ) 6 4 2 6 39 6 5 2

C a l i p e r

(mm) 1 . 3 6 1 . 3 0 1 . 3 3

D e n s t t y

( g c m 3 )

0 . 4 8 0 . 4 9 0 . 4 9

Mullen ( k P a ) 1 1 2 6 7 1 6 7 7 0

B u r s t

I n d e x

( k P a . m 2 / g ) 1 . 7 5

1 . 1 2

1 . 1 8

KAMAS FLUFF

CHARACTERISTICS

R e s i l i e n c y ( c m )

4 . 1 3 . 9 3 . 6

F l u i d R e t e n t i o n

( g / g )

1 3 . 5

1 2 . 4

1 2 . 5

A b s o r p t i o n

T i m e

( s )

C o n t r o l

3 . 3

7 . 1

2 . 5

Heat-Aged

4 . 3 7 . 7 3 . 0

D r y C l a s s i ? c a t i o n ( w t . )

A c c e p t s 8 4 . 2

8 7 . 4 9 4 . 6

Knots

1 3 . 1 1 0 . 3 3 . 6

F i n e s 2 . 7

2 . 3 1 . 8

T a b l e

I - 1

o f Example c o m p a r e s some o f c o n v e n t i o n a l l y

p r e p a r e d s h e e t p r o p e r t y a n d ? u f f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f “ n o n

d e b o n d e d ”

b l e a c h e d

k r a f t

S o u t h e r n

p i n e p u l p

( S a m p l e

A - l i )

t o

d e b o n d e d

( w i t h c h e m i c a l d e b o n d e r a d d e d )

b l e a c h e d k r a f t

S o u t h e r n p i n e

p u l p ( S a m p l e B - l i ) .

T h e

p u l p s h e e t

p r o d u c t s

were produced on a commercial

p u l p

machine. The s h e e t

p r o p e r t i e s ( o r s h e e t

p h y s i c s ) a s w e l l

as

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f

t h e

? u f f e d

?ber were t e s t e d a s produced by a s m a l l s c a l e

ham

m e r m i l l . The

d a t a g i v e n

a r e a v e r a g e s

of e v e r a l t e s t s on p u l p

from s e v e r a l

p r o d u c t i o n r u n s .

A

e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e t e r m s

and

t e s t s

h a s

b e e n

g i v e n a b o v e .

I n

c o m p a r i s o n t o

t h e

s t a n d a r d

p r o c e s s n o n - d e b o n d e d ,

s h e e t e d p u l p , t h e s t a n d a r d p r o c e s s d e b o n d e d s h e e t e d

p u l p i s

s o f t e r ( w e a k e r )

i n d i c a t e d

b y t h e s u b s t a n t i a l l y l o w e r p u l p

s h e e t Mullen s t r e n g t h

a s

w e l l

a s by

t h e

l o w e r

b u r s t i n d e x .

Note t h a t t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e

? u f f

from t h e debonded

p u l p

a r e

p o o r e r

a s i n d i c a t e d by t h e l o w e r r e s i l i e n c y , l o w e r

? u i d e t e n t i o n , a n d i n c r e a s e d

( s l o w e r )

a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s com

p a r e d o t h o s e o f h e s t a n d a r d p u l p ? u f f . The r y c l a s s i ? c a t i o n

d a t a o f t h e ? u f f e d

? b e r s f r o m

t h e d e b o n d e d p u l p

d o i n d i c a t e ,

20

25

30

35

4 0

45

50

55

60

6 5

1 0

however,

t h a t b e t t e r

o r

m o re uniform

de?beriZation w as

a c h i e v e d

h i g h e r a c c e p t s , l o w e r

n o t s ) .

T h e

? u f f

a d

n t e g r i t y

was

e q u i v a l e n t f or b o t h

t y p e s o f

p u l p .

I n T a b l e 1 - 1 o f E x a m p l e

,

p u l p

p r o d u c e d

b y t h e p r o c e s s o f

t h i s i n v e n t i o n , c o l d a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n

( S a m p l e

B - l i i ) i s

com

p a r e d t o s t a n d ar d p r o c e s s p u l p ( S a m p l e A - l i i .

B o t h t y p e s

o f

p u l p w e r e p u l p e d b y t h e k r a f t p r o c e s s f r o m a S o u t h e r n

p i n e

c h i p f u r n i sh a n d w e r e

b l e a c h e d

t o s i m i l a r b r i g h t n e s s u s i n g

s t a n d a r d

c h e m i c a l s / c o n d i t i o n s

o f h l o r i n e , c h l o r i n e

d i o x i d e ,

s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e a n d s o d i u m

h y p o c h l o r i t e .

T h e d a t a

g i v e n

a r e

mean d a t a f o r s e v e r a l s a m p l e s

t e s t e d

d u r i n g

s t a n d a r d

p r o d u c t i o n

a n d

r i a l p r o d u c t i o n

p e r i o d s .

T h e c o n d i t i o n s

u s e d

d u r i n g t h e c o l d

a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n

a v e r a g e d a b o u t

7.5% NaOH

s o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h , at

a b o u t 3 5 ° C .

f o r

a b o u t

1 0

minutes

at a

p u l p c o n s i s t e n c y o f

a b o u t

3 .

N o t e t h a t t h e c o l d a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s e d p u l p s h e e t

was

s o f t e r

( a b o u t

4 5 %

l o w e r i n Mullen

s t r e n g t h

a n d

i n b u r s t

i n d e x )

c o m p a r e d o t h e s t a n d ar d p r o c e s s

p u l p

s h e e t . A l s o , t h e

d r y c l a s s i ? c a t i o n d a t a o f t h e

? u f f p r o d u c e d upon s m a l l s c a l e

? u f ? n g s h o w e d

i m p r o v e m e n t s i n

t h e

g r e a t e r

p e r c e n t a c c e p t s

a n d

i n

t h e p e r c e n t l o w e r

“ k n o t s ” which

i n d i c a t e s i m p r o v e d

d e ? b e r a b i l i t y

r e l a t i v e

t o t h e s t a n d a r d p r o c e s s p u l p s h e e t . I n

t h e s e

r e s p e c t s ,

t h e

e f f e c t

o f

t h e c o l d

a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n

p r o c e s s

on t h e

p u l p

and

? u f f

p r o p e r t i e s r e l a t i v e

t o t h e

s t a n d a r d , non

debonded

pulp

were s i m i l a r t o t h e e f f e c t s

of

t h e

use

of a

c h e m i c a l p u l p s h e e t

d e b o n d e r

r e l a t i v e t o s t a n d a r d p r o c e s s

p u l p

( T a b l e I - 1 , E x a m p l e

1 )

a n d ,

i n f a c t ,

t h e

n o v e l p u l p s

s h o w e d i m p r o v e d a b s o r p t i o n p r o p e r t i e s . H o w e v e r , t h e c o l d

a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s d i d n o t r e s u l t

i n any

n e g a t i v e c o n s e

quences on

?uff

absorption times a s

does

t h e use

of

a deb

o n d e r . The ? u i d r e t e n t i o n

o f

t h e

? u f f

from t h e c o l d

a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s e d

p u l p

was e q u i v a l e n t t o

t h a t o f

t h e s t a n

d a r d p u l p

( T a b l e 1 1 - 1 , S a m p l e s A - l i i a n d

B - l i i ) .

Note t h a t t h e

p e r c e n t a g e

improvement

was

g r e a t e r

i n t h e

w e i g h t p e r c e n t

a c c e p t s ( a n d

i n l o w e r k n o t

c o n t e n t )

i n t h e ? u f f

f r o m t h e

c o l d

a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n

p r o c e s s

p u l p compared to t h e

? u f f f r o m

s t a n d a r d

p u l p ( T a b l e I - 1 ) t h a n t h e c o m p a r a b l e

improvement

a s s o c i a t e d

with

t h e

use of

a s h e e t

debonder

( T a b l e

I - 1 ) .

The d r y c l a s s i ? c a t i on a c c e p t s w e r e 12% g r e a t e r

and t h e

k n o t s

6 2% r e d u c e d f o r t h e c o l d a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n

p r o c e s s p u l p

r e l a t i v e

t o i t s c o n t r o l s t a n d a r d p r o c e s s p u l p ,

w h e r e a s a c c e p t s

f o r

t h e d e b o n d e d p u l p w e r e i n c r e a s e d b y

o n l y

8 i t h k n o t c o n t e n t

r e d u c e d o n l y

4 9 % r e l a t i v e t o

i t s

s t a n d a r d p r o c e s s

c o n t r o l

p u l p . A l s o ,

t h e s e

r e l a t i v e

i m p r o v e

ments were a c h i e v e d by

t h e

c o l d

a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s e d

p u l p from a

s h e e t

t h a t

was

a c t u a l l y somewhat a r d e r t h a n t h e

d e b o n d e d

p u l p s h e e t ( 8 2 9

M u l l e n

s t r e n g t h / 1 . 2 5 b u r s t i n d e x

v s .

4 1 7

Mullen s t r e n g t h / 0 . 6 6

b u r s t i n d e x ) .

The

d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 1 1 1 - 1 , o f

Example c o m p a r e

m i l l p r o d u c t i o n

o f

b o t h

debonded and

non-debonded s t a n

d a r d p u l p s w i t h r i a l p r o d u c t i o n o f o l d l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n p u l p .

A l l p u l p t y p e s

( S a m p l e s

A - l i i i , B - l i i i , a n d C - l i i i )

w e r e

p r o

d u c e d f r o m a S o u t h e r n p i n e

c h i p

b l e n d f u m i s h

by t h e

k r a f t

p u l p i n g p r o c e s s . A l l p u l p t y p e s w e r e b l e a c h e d

w i t h

c h l o r i n e

d i o x i d e , s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e , oxygen a n d /

r

h y d r o g e n p e r o x

i d e t o

t h e b r i g h t n e s s

l e v e l i n d i c a t e d . The o l d

l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n

c o n d i t i o n s a c h i e v e d a v e r a g e d a b o u t 8.5% NaOH

o l u t i o n

s t r e n g t h ,

a t a b o u t 3 5 °

C .

f o r a b o u t 1 0 m i n u t e s

a p p l i e d t o a

p u l p

s l u r r y a t

3 %

c o n s i s t e n c y . A b o u t 0 . 2

H2O2 (O.D.i

o v e n d r i e d i p u l p

b a s i s )

had e e n a d d e d d u r i n g t h e c o l d l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n .

Note t h a t t h e debonded

p u l p a n d

t h e

c o l d a l k a l i

e x t r a c t e d

p u l p s h e e t were p r o d u c e d a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e

same Mullen

s t r e n g t h a n d b u r s t i n d e x , w i t h

b o t h

o f

h e s e

i n d i c a t o r s o f s h e e t

h a r d n e s s

b e i n g s u b s t a n t i a l l y r e d u c e d o r

e i t h e r

t y p e o f

r e a t e d

p u l p , debonded o r

c o l d

a l k a l i

e x t r a c t e d r e l a t i v e

t o

t h e s t a n

d a r d p r o c e s s c o n t r o l . A g a i n , t h e ? u f f p r o p e r t i e s f o r t h e c o l d

8/10/2019 absorbent products and method of preparation thereof.pdf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absorbent-products-and-method-of-preparation-thereofpdf 10/23

US

7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1

1 1

a l k a l i e x t r a c t e d p u l p showed

some

S i m i l a r i t i e s t o t h e deb

o n d e d s t a n d a r d p r o c e s s p u l p : r e s i l i e n c y a n d

? u i d

r e t e n t i o n

Were

i r e c t i o n a l l y l o W e r f o r b o t h

r e l a t i v e t o

t h e s t a n d a r d

p u l p

? u f f .

B u t

t h e

a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s

f o r

? u f f

from t h e

c o l d a l k a l i

e x t r a c t e d p u l p Were

b e t t e r

( f a s t e r ) t h a n

f o r ? u f f

from t h e

d e b o n d e d p u l p o r t h e

s t a n d a r d

p r o c e s s

p u l p .

F l u f f d r y c l a s s i

? c a t i o n W e i g h t

p e r c e n t a g e a c c e p t s

a n d p e r c e n t a g e k n o t s

W e r e

b e t t e r f o r ? u f f f r o m t h e t r i a l

c o l d

a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n p u l p .

T h u s , t h e

u s e o f

c o l d

a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n r e s u l t e d i n

advan

t a g e s n o t

f o u n d

W i t h t h e s t a n d a r d p r o c e s s

p u l p

a n d / o r

n o t

e x p e c t e d f r o m

knoWn

t e c h n o l o g y o f

a p p l y i n g

s h e e t d e b o n d

e r s t o s t a n d a r d p r o c e s s

pulp a s

a means of

“ s o f t e n i n g ”

t h e

p u l p s h e e t .

EXAMPLE

C o l d A l k a l i E x t r a c t i o n

f o r F i b e r P r o p e r t y

I m p r o v e m e n t , P r e h y d r ol y Z e d K r a f t S o u t h e r n

P i n e

P u l p

The d a t a

p r e s e n t e d

i n T a b l e s I - 2

a n d

I I - 2

o f

Example

2

I l l u s t r a t e t h e

p u l p

s h e e t a n d ? b e r p r o p e r t y i m p r o v e m e n t s

Which

o c c u r r e d

When

c o l d

a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n

Was

a p p l i e d

t o

p u l p s c o o k e d f r o m a S o u t h e r n p i n e f u r n i s h b y a p r e h y d r o

l y Z e d

k r a f t p r o c e s s .

The p r e h y d r o l y Z e d

k r a f t

p r o c e s s i s

a

t W o - s t ag e p u l p i n g p r o c e s s , i n Which

t h e

raW

m a t e r i a l f u r n i s h

i s t r e a t e d ? r s t u n d e r a

m i l d l y

a c i d i c c o n d i t i o n (pH

o f

a b o u t

3 - 4 ) , f o l l o W e d

by

n a l k a l i n e s t a g e W h i c h s b a s i c a l l y t h e

r a f t

c o o k i l l u s t r a t e d

i n

Example

1 .

EXAMPLE ,

TABLE

- 2

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A-2i B - 2 i

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION

P r o c e s s i n g

Non-debonded C o l d A l k a l i

S t a n d a r d

E x t r a c t i o n

P r o c e s s

P r o c e s s

Wood p e c i e s Southern

—>

p i n e

b l e n d

P u l p i n g

P r o c e s s

P r e h y d r o - — >

l y Z e d k r a f t

S h e e t

Debonded Used

7 )

N o N o

COLDALKALI

EXTRACTION

Not

Used

Used

A l k a l i Used NaOH

S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h , 1 5

Temperature,

°

C. 25

T i m e ,

H:M

0 : 1 0

C o n s i s t e n c y , 3

PULPANALYTICALPROPERTIES

ISO B r i g h t n e s s , 8 9 . 4 8 6 . 7

SHEETPHYSICS

B a s i s

W t .

( g / r n 2 )

6 5 2 8 1 8

C a l i p e r (mm) 1 . 3 2 1 . 2 8

D e n s i t y ( g / c m 3 ) 0 . 5 0 0 . 6 4

M u l l e n

( k P a )

1 1 5 4 7 1 6

B u r s t I n d e x ( k P a . m 2 / g ) 1 . 7 7 0 . 8 8

KAMAS FLUFF CHARACTERISTICS

R e s i l i e n c y

( c m )

3 . 8 4 . 0

F l u i d

R e t e n t i o n ( g / g ) 1 3 . 2 1 3 . 1

A b s o r p t i o n

T i m e ( s )

C o n t r o l

3 . 4 3 . 4

H e a t - A g e d

4 . 2

6 . 1

D r y

C l a s s i ? c a t i o n ( W t . )

A c c e p t s 9 5 . 0 9 7 . 3

Knots 1 . 5

0 . 7

F i n e s

3 . 2 2 . 0

P a d I n t e g r i t y

( N )

6 . 8 7 . 3

20

25

30

35

4 0

45

50

55

60

6 5

1

2

EXAMPLE , TABLE - 2 - c o n t i n u e d

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A-2i B - 2 i

MULTIPLEINSULT

ABSORPTIONTEST

A b s o r p t i o n

t i m e s ,

s e c o n d s

1 s t i n s u l t

4 . 3

3 . 1

2nd

i n s u l t 3 0 . 6

2 3 . 1

3 r d

i n s u l t

4 5 . 1

3 1 . 1

EXAMPLE

, TABLE 1 - 2

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A - 2 i i B - 2 i i

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION

P r o c e s s i n g

Non-debonded C o l d

A l k a l i

S t a n d a r d E x t r a c t i o n

P r o c e s s P r o c e s s

Wood p e c i e s Southern —>

p i n e b l e n d

P u l p i n g

P r o c e s s

P r e h y d r o - — >

l y Z e d k r a f t

S h e e t Debonded Used 7 )

No No

COLDALKALI EXTRACTION Not Used Used

A l k a l i

Used NaOH

S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h , 1 0

Temperature,

° C . 25

T i m e , H:M

0 : 1 0

C o n s i s t e n c y , 3

PULPANALYTICALPROPERTIES

ISO

B r i g h t n e s s ,

9 0 . 5 8 7 . 2

SHEETPHYSICS

B a s i s W t .

( g / r n 2 )

8 4 7 8 9 7

C a l i p e r ( m i n )

1 . 0 5

1 . 1 6

D e n s i t y ( g / c m 3 ) 0 . 8 1 0 . 7 7

M u l l e n

( k P a )

1 0 9 0 6 7 1

B u r s t I n d e x

( k P a

- m Z / g ) 1 . 2 9 0 . 7 5

K a l n a s

E n e r g y ( W t / k g )

1 1 6 8 3

KAMAS FLUFF CHARACTERISTICS

R e s i l i e n c y

( c m ) 3 . 8 3 . 7

F l u i d R e t e n t i o n ( g g )

1 4 . 1

1 3 . 9

A b s o r p t i o n

T i m e

( s )

C o n t r o l

4 . 2 3 . 8

Heat-Aged

5

6 5 . 1

D r y C l a s s i ? c a t i o n ( W t . )

A c c e p t s 9 5 . 3

9 5 . 4

Knots 1 . 1 1 . 4

F i n e s

3 . 6 3 . 2

P a d I n t e g r i t y

( N ) 8 . 1 6 . 1

Sample

- 2 i i n T a b l e I - 2 i s

a

p r e h y d r o l y Z e d

k r a f t

S o u t h e r n

p i n e

p u l p b l e a c h e d W i t h

t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l

b l e a c h i n g a g e n t s o f

c h l o r i n e , c h l o r i n e

d i o x i d e , h y p o c h l o r i t e a n d / o r h y d r o g e n p e r

o x i d e

a n d / o r oxygen

and sodium

h y d r o x i d e

t o t h e ISO

B r i g h t n e s s l e v e l

i n d i c a t e d . Sample

B - 2 i

i n

T a b l e

I - 2

i s

a

s i m i l a r l y p r e h y d r o l y Z e d k r a f t p u l p , s i m i l a r l y b l e a c h e d

t o

t h e

b r i g h t n e s s i n d i c a t e d p r i o r

t o

c o l d

a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n .

The

B - 2 i s a m p l e ’ s p r o c e ss i n g i n c l u d e d

t h e

c o l d

a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s

u n d e r

t h e c o n d i t i o n s l i s t e d

( a v e r a g e

con

d i t i o n s u s e d ) . B o t h t h e A - 2 i a n d B - 2 i s a m p l e s W e r e p r o d u c e d

i n a m i l l s c a l e f a c i l i t y d u r i n g p r o d u c t i o n a n d t r i a l r u n s ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y .

As

f o r

t h e b l e a c h e d S o u t h er n p i n e k r a f t p u l p d i s c u s s ed i n

Example , t h e u s e

o f

o l d a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n r e s u l t e d i n a s o f t e r

p u l p s h e e t ( i . e . , o f l o W e r

M u l l e n

s t r e n g t h

a n d

l o W e r b u r s t

i n d e x ) . N o t e h a t t h e h i g h e r a s i s W e i g h t

a n d

d e n s i t y a t W h i c h

t h e

B - 2 i s a m p l e p u l p Was

p r o d u c e d

s h o u l d

h a v e had a n e g a

t i v e

i m p a c t

on

t h e s e s h e e t

p r o p e r t i e s .

I n

a d d i t i o n ,

t h e r e s i l

i e n c y a n d ? u i d r e t e n t i o n o f t h e c o l d a l k a l i e x t r a c t e d S a m p l e

B - 2 i

Were

e q u i v a l e n t

t o

t h o s e o f

Sample - 2 i a n d

t h e d r y ? u f f

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US

7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1

1 3

c l a s s i ? c a t i o n

r e s u l t s showed some

i m p r o v e m e n t

f o r Sample

B - 2 i .

Kamas ? u f f a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s

Were s i m i l a r

( s l i g h t l y

l o n g e r f o r S a m p l e B - 2 i u p o n

e a t - a g i n g ) ,

b u t t h e s p e c i a l i z e d

m u l t i p l e

i n s u l t

a b s o r p t i o n e s t s ( d e s c r i b e d

a b o v e )

s h o W e d

h a t

c o l d a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n i m p r o v e d t h e a b s o r p t i o n p r o p e r t i e s o f

t h e r e s u l t i n g

? b e r .

The

d a t a p r e s e n t e d

i n

T a b l e

I I - 2

a l s o

compare

b l e a c h e d

p r e h y d r o l y Z e d

k r a f t

S o u t h e r n p i n e p u l p s

( p u l p i n g c o n d i t i o n s

Were m o re

s e v e r e t h a n t h o s e used o r

t h e

samples

I n T a b l e I - 2

o f h i s

e x a m p l e ) .

S a m p l e

A - 2 i i W a s

p r o d u c e d W i t h o u t , S a m p l e B - 2 i i W i t h

c o l d a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n . Both t y p e s Were

a l s o produced

i n

a

m i l l - s c a l e f a c i l i t y a n d

u s e d

c ommon l e a c h i n g t e c h n i q u es t o

r e a c h

t h e

b r i g h t n e s s l e v e l s i n d i c a t e d .

The s o d i u m

h y d r o x i d e

s o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h u s e d Was

l o W e r t h a n

t h a t

u s e d f o r

t h e

s a m p l e s d e s c r i b e d i n

T a b l e

I - 2

o f t h i s

e x a m p l e , 10% s . 15%.

C o m p a r i s o n o f

s h e e t

p r o p e r t y d a t a a g a i n

s h o W s

t h e s h e e t

s o f t e n i n g

e f f e c t s r e s u l t i n g from

t h e

u s e o f c o l d

a l k a l i

e x t r a c

t i o n : l o W e r Mullen s t r e n g t h , l o W e r b u r s t i n d e x . A l s o , a

Kamas

e n e r g y p a r a m e t e r ( s e e d e s c r i p t i o n a b o v e ) Was r e c o r d e d

t o

d e s c r i b e t h e r e l a t i v e e a s e

o f d e ? b e r i n g

t h e p u l p s h e e t d u r i n g

t h e ? u f ? n g o p e r a t i o n i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y . T h e c o l d a l k a l i

e x t r a c t e d

p u l p Was

? u f f e d

more

e a s i l y ( W i t h l e s s

e n e r g y

i n p u t ) . F l u f f a b s o r p t i o n s

W e r e

s l i g h t l y f a s t e r f o r

t h e c o l d

c a u s t i c

e x t r a c t e d S a m p l e

B - 2 i i .

Dry c l a s s i ? c a t i o n

o f

t h e

? u f f e d ? b e r s Were

e q u i v a l e n t f o r

both samples

a s

Were e s i l

i e n c y a n d ? u i d r e t e n t i o n . H o W e v e r , ? u f f p a d i n t e g r i t y ( s e e

d e s c r i p t i o n a b o v e ) Was p o o r e r f o r

t h e

c o l d c a u s t i c e x t r a c t e d

Sample B

t h i s Was n o t

t h e

c a s e W i t h

Sample B - 2 i i compared

t o Sample

- 2 i

i n T a b l e I - 2 o f h i s e x a m p l e ) .

EXAMPLE

Cold l k a l i E x t r a c t i o n P r o c e s s : V a r i a b l e S o l u t i o n

S t r e n g t h

F rom

t h e

d a t a g i v e n i n T a b l e s I - 3 t h r o u g h

V I - 3 o f

t h i s

e x a m p l e ,

i t

i s

a p p a r e n t

t h a t

no one

s e t

of

o l d

a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n

p r o c e s s c o n d i t i o n s W i l l

r e s u l t

i n e x a c t l y t h e

same conse

q u e n c e s on e v e r y

t y p e

o f

p u l p . Ra W

m a t e r i a l / f u m i s h u s e d ,

p u l p i n g p r o c e s s

u s e d ,

a n d

t h e p o s i t i o n

o f

c o l d

a l k a l i e x t r a c

t i o n W i t h i n a b l e a c h i n g sequence have consequences on What

may b e

t h e optimum

c o n d i t i o n s f o r e a c h t y p e o f s a m p l e .

S e c o n d l y , I t a p p e a r s

t h a t

c o l d

a l k a l i

e x tr a c t i o n c o n d i t i o n s can

be

s e l e c t e d

t o enhance

some

o f

t h e

? b e r

p r o p e r t i e s

o f

t h e

r e s u l t i n g

p u l p b u t

a t

t h e

e x p e n s e

o f

o t h e r s .

Not a l l ? b r o u s

e n d - u s e s

r e q u i r e

i m p r o v e m e n t s i n

t h e

s a m e p r o p e r t i e s , t h u s

t h i s

a p p a r e n t v e r s a t i l i t y o f c o l d

a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n

c o n d i t i o n s

m i g h t

b e

u s e d

to

t a i l o r p u l p

? b e r s f o r

v a r i o u s

? b r o u s

e n d - u s e

p r o d u c t s a n d /

r

c u s t o m e r s . These p o i n t s W i l l b e d i s c u s s e d i n

t h i s

a n d

s u b s e q u e n t e x a m p l e s .

EXAMPLE

,

TABLE

- 3

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A - 3 i B - 3 i

C - 3 i

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION

P r o c e s s i n g

Non-debonded

Cold l k a l i — >

S t a n d a r d

E x t r a c t i o n

p r o c e s s

P r o c e s s

Wood

pecies

Southern

— > — >

p i n e b I e n d

P ulping

Process

Kraft

— > — >

K umber,mL 18 — > — >

COLD ALKALI EXTRACT-

Not Used Used

—>

ION

A l k a l i

Used ( C o n t r o l )

NaOH NaOH

S o l u t i o n

S t r e n g t h ,

7 1 2

5

20

25

30

35

4 0

45

50

55

60

1 4

EXAMPLE , TABLE - 3 - c o n t i n u e d

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A - 3 i B - 3 i C - 3 i

Temperature, ° C . 35 35

T i m e , H:M

0 : 1 5 0 : 1 5

C o n s i s t e n c y , 3 3

PULPANALYTICAL

PROPERTIES

ISO B r i g h t n e s s , 8 3 . 3 9 2 . 2 9 1 . 4

SHEETPHYSICS

B a s i s

W t .

( g / m 2 )

7 2 5 7 3 7 6 9 1

C a l i p e r

(mm) 1 . 7 5

2 . 1 4 2 . 4 1

D e n s i t y ( g / c m 3 ) 0 . 4 1 0 . 3 5 0 . 2 9

M u l l e n ( k P a ) 1 1 7 9 5 2 7 7 0

B u r s t I n d e x ( k P a . m 2 / g ) 1 . 6 3 0 . 7 2 0 . 1 0

KAMAS FLUFF

CHARACTERISTICS

R e s i l i e n c y ( c m ) 3 . 8 3 . 9 3 . 7

F l u i d

R e t e n t i o n

( g g )

1 3 . 3 1 2 . 2 1 4 . 6

A b s o r p t i o n

T i m e ( s )

C o n t r o l

3 . 7 2 . 9

a 9

Heat-Aged

4 . 3 3 . 6 4 . 1

D r y

C l a s s i ? c a t i o n

( W t .

)

A c c e p t s 9 7 . 5 9 8 . 5

8 9 . 0

Knots 1 . 2 0 . 1 8 . 6

F i n e s

1 . 3

1 . 4 2 . 4

P a d

I n t e g r i t y

( N )

6 . 7 6 . 4 5 . 3

EXAMPLE

, TABLE

I - 3

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A - 3 i i

B - 3 i i C - 3 i i D - 3 i i

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION

Processing N on - d e b on d e d Co l d

Alkali

—> —>

S t a n d a r d E x t r a c t i o n

P r o c e s s P r o c e s s

Wood

p e c ies South e rn — > — > — >

p i n e

b l e n d

Pul p in g

Process Kraft

— > — > — >

K umber, ml 1 8 — > — > — >

COLD

ALKALI

EXTRACTION

Alkali

Used None W a t e r )

NaOH —> —>

S o l u t i o n

S t r e n g t h ,

0 3 7 1 4

Temperature,

C.

35

—> —> —>

Time, H:M

0: 1 0 — > — > — >

Consistency, 3 — > — > — >

PULPANALYTICAL

PROPERTIES

ISO B r i g h t n e s s , 8 7 . 9 9 0 . 3

9 2 . 1 9 2 . 0

SHEETPHYSICS

B a s i s W t .

( g / r n 2 ) 7 1 1 6 7 7 6 7 6 6 9 1

C a l i p e r

(mm) 1 . 8 7 2 . 0 3

2 . 0 6 2 . 7 9

D e n s i t y ( g / c m 3 )

0 . 3 8 0 . 3 4

0 . 3 3 0 . 2 6

Mullen

( k P a )

1 1 8 9 1 0 0 5

5 0 1 8 3

B u r s t

I n d e x

( k P a . m 2 / g ) 1 . 6 7 1 . 4 8 0 . 7 5 0 . 1 2

Kalnas Energy (Wh/kg) 1 0 9 . 5 99 9 2 . 7 i

KAMAS FLUFF

CHARACTERISTICS

R e s i l i e n c y

( c m )

3 . 8

3 . 5 3 . 3 3 . 3

F l u i d

R e t e n t i o n

( g g )

1 1 . 8

1 1 . 3

1 1 . 2 1 3 . 2

A b s o r p t i o n

T i m e

( s )

C o n t r o l

4 . 1 2 . 8 2 . 6 4 . 0

D r y

C l a s s i ? c a t i o n ( W t . )

A c c e p t s 9 4 . 6 9 4 . 3 9 4 . 0 7 5 . 9

Knots

2 . 0 2 . 7 3 . 2 2 1 . 1

F i n e s

3 . 4

3 . 0 2 . 8

3 . 1

P a d I n t e g r i t y ( N ) 7 . 4 6 . 4 5 . 7 4 . 2

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EXAMPLE

, TABLE

1 1 - 3

1 5

US

7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1

SAMPLE DESIGNATION A - 3 i i i

B - 3 i i i C - 3 i i i

D - 3 i i i

E - 3 i i i

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION

Processing Cold

l k a l i

—> —> —> —>

E x t r a c t i o n

P r o c e s s

Wood pecies

Southern

—> —> —> —>

p i n e b l e n d

Pul p in g Proc ess Prehyd rol yZed — > — > — > — >

k r a f t

K

umber,

mL

1 8 — > — > — > — >

COW LKALI

EXTRACTION

AlkaIi Used Sodium

—> —> —> —>

h y d r o x i d e

( N a O H )

S o l u t i o n

S t r e n g t h , 7 . 0

1 1 . 0 1 3 . 1 1 5 . 1 1 8 . 2

Temperature,

C

35°

C. —> —> —> —>

Time,

H:M

0:15

—> —> —> —>

Consistency, 3 —> —> —> —>

PULPANALYTICAL

PROPERTIES

ISO B n g h t n e s s , 8 8 . 0 8 8 . 3

8 5 . 3 8 5 . 3 8 5 . 7

MULTIPLE

INSULT

ABSORPTION TESTS

A b s o r p t i o n T i m e s , s e c o n d s

1 s t i n s u l t

7 . 6

6 . 6 6 . 8 6 . 2 6 . 5

2nd

i n s u l t

3 7 . 6

2 6 . 2 2 5 . 1

2 1 . 8

2 2 . 4

3 r d i n s u l t 5 6 . 6 4 4 . 9 3 6 . 5 3 5 . 0 3 3 . 0

EXAMPLE

, TABLE

V - 3

SAMPLE

DESIG

NATION A - 3 i v B - 3 i v C - 3 i v D - 3 i v

E - 3 i v

F - 3 i v

SAMPLE

DESCRIPT

ION

Processing

Unbleached Unbleached

—> —> —> —>

P u l p P u l p

B e f o r e

Cold

A f t e r

Cold

A l k a l i A l k a l i

E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n

Wood

Species Southern

—> —> —> —> —>

p i n e b l e n d

Pulping Kraft

—> —> —> —> —>

P r o c e s s

K umber, mL 8 .2 —> —> —> —> —>

COLD Not Used Used

ALKALI

EXTRACTION

A l k a l i Used ( C o n t r o l ) NaOH

S o l u t i o n 6 9

1 2 1 5 1 8

S t r e n g t h ,

Temperature, 30° C. —> —> —> —>

° C.

Time,

H:M 0:15 —> —> —> —>

Consistency,

3 . 0

—> —> —> —>

MULTIPLE

INSULT

ABSORPTION

TEST

A b s o r p t i o n

t i m e s , s e c o n d s

1 s t i n s u l t 8 . 9 8 . 2 6 . 7 7 . 5 7 . 4 8 . 3

2nd

i n s u l t 4 3 . 8 4 3 . 7 3 0 . 7

3 2 . 8 2 9 . 6

3 1 . 7

3 r d i n s u l t 6 4 . 5 6 8 . 5 5 1 . 2 4 8 . 3 5 0 . 0 4 6 . 3

20

25

30

35

4 0

45

50

55

60

6 5

1 6

EXAMPLE

, TABLE - 3

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION

A - 3v

B -3 v

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION

P r o c e s s i n g S t a n d a r d P r o c e s s C o l d

A l k a l i

( N o n - d e b o n d e d ) E x t r a c t i o n

Wood

p e c i e s

Southern

—>

p i n e b l e n d

K umber, mL

1 2 . 4

—>

COLDALKALI

EXTRACTION Not

Used Used

A l k a l i Used ( C o n t r o l ) NaOH

S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h

6

Temperature,

°

C . 28

T i m e , H:M

0 : 1 5

C o n s i s t e n c y . 3

PULPANALYTICALPROPERTIES

ISO

B r i g h t n e s s ,

8 4 . 8 8 4 . 8

SHEETPHYSICS

B a s i s

Wt

g / m 2 )

6 4 4 5 9 9

C a l i p e r (mm)

1 . 3 3

1 . 4 0

D e n s i t y ( g / c m 3 )

0 . 5 3 0 . 4 4

M u l l e n

( k P a )

1 6 5

6

8 3 4

B u r s t

I n d e x

( k P . m 2 /

)

2 . 6 3 1 . 4 4

Kamas E n e r g y ( W t / k g ) 6 9 . 5

4 7 . 9

KAMAS FLUFF

CHARACTERISTICS

R e s i l i e n c y ( c m )

4 . 1

3 . 7

F l u i d

R e t e n t i o n ( g g )

1 2 . 0 1 1 . 8

A b s o r p t i o n

T i m e ( s )

C o n t r o l

3 . 2 2 . 9

H e a t - A g e d 4 . 8

4 . 5

D r y C l a s s i ? c a t i o n ( W t )

A c c e p t s

8 6 . 6 8 8 . 7

Knots

1

1 . 8

9 . 3

F i n e s 1 . 6 1 . 9

P a d I n t e g r i t y

( N )

7 . 1 7 . 0

EXAMPLE

,

TABLE - 3

SAMPLE DESIGNATION A-3vi B - 3 v i

C - 3 v i

D-3vi E - 3 v i

SAMPLE

DESCRIPTION

Processing Standard Co l d — > — >

P r o c e s s A l k a l i

( n o n - E x t r a c t i o n

d e b o n d e d ) P r o c e s s

Wood pecies Southern —> —> —> —>

hardWood

b l e n d

Pulping P r oc e ss Kr af t

—> —> —> —>

K

umber,

mL 11. 0 — > — > — > — >

COLD

ALKALI

EXTRACTION

Alkali Used None Sodium — > — >

( c o n t r o l )

h y d r o x i d e

Solution S t r e n g t h , i 9

12

1 5

18

Temperature,

C.

30°

C. —> —> —> —>

Time,

H:M

0:15

—> —> —> —>

Consistency, 3

—> —> —> —>

PULPANALYTICAL

PROPERTIES

ISO B r i g h t n e s s , 3 1 . 5 4 3 . 2

3 8 . 6

3 7 . 6 3 7 . 8

KAMAS FLUFF

CHARACTERISTICS

R e s i l i e n c y ( c m )

3 . 4

2 . 9 2 . 9 3 . 0 2 . 7

F l u i d R e t e n t i o n ( g g ) 1 2 . 5 1 2 . 2

1

1 3 . 2 1 2 . 6

A d s o r p t i o n

T i m e

( s )

C o n t r o l 6 . 2

4 . 5

4 . 0

4 . 3

3 . 8

Heat-Aged 1 2 . 9 8 . 1 . 9 . 3 7 . 1 6 . 5

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US

7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1

EXAMPLE

, TABLE

- 3 - c o n t i n u e d

SAMPLE DESIGNATION A-3vi B - 3 v i C - 3 v i D-3vi E - 3 v i

D r y

C l a s s i ? c a t i o n

( W I

)

A c c e p t s 9 3 . 2 9 3 . 7 9 1 . 6 9 1 . 5

9 0 . 4

Knots

0 . 7 0 . 6 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 5

F i n e s

6 . 1 5 . 7 7 . 6 7 . 8 9 . 1

Pad

I n t e g r i t y ( N ) 3 . 6 4 . 4 4 . 1 4 . 3 4 . 1

MULTIPLE

INSULT

ABSORPTION TEST

A b s o r p t i o n t i m e s , s e c o n d s

1 s t i n s u l t 1 3 . 3 1 1 . 9 1 1 . 4

1 1 . 7

1 0 . 7

2nd i n s u l t 5 5 . 3 4 8 . 1

4 8 . 8 4 5 . 8

4 5 . 9

3 r d

i n s u l t 9 8 . 5 6 4 . 2 6 7 . 3 7 3 . 6 7 4 . 3

EXAMPLE , TABLE 1 - 3

SAMPLE DESIGNATION

A-3vi

B - 3 v i C - 3 v i D-3vi

E - 3 v i

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION

Processing Standard Co l d — > — >

P r o c e s s A l k a l i

( n o n E x t r a c t i o n

d e b o n d e d ) P r o c e s s

Wood pecies

Southern

—> —> —> —>

hardwood

b l e n d

Pulping Process

Kr af t

—> —> —> —>

K umber,mL 11.0 — > — > — > — >

GOLD ALKALI

EXTRACTION

Alkali

Used

None

Sodium

— > — > — >

( c o n t r o l ) h y d r o x i d e

Solution S t r e n g t h , i 9 12 1 5

18

Temperature,

C

300

C. —> —> —> —>

Time, H:M 0:15 —> —> —> —>

Consistency, 3

—> —> —> —>

PULPANALYTICAL

PROPERTIES

ISO B r i g h t n e s s , 3 1 . 5 4 3 . 2 3 8 . 6 3 7 . 6

3 7 . 8

KAMAS

FLUFF

CHARACTERISTICS

R e s i l i e n c y ( c m )

3 . 4

2 . 9 2 . 9 3 . 0 2 . 7

F l u i d R e t e n t i o n

( g / g ) 1 2 . 5

1 2 . 2 1 3 . 0 1 3 . 2 1 2 . 6

A d s o r p t i o n

T i m e

( s )

C o n t r o l 6 . 2

4 . 5

4 . 0

4 . 3 3 . 8

Heat-Aged 1 2 . 9 8 . 1 9 . 3 7 . 1 6 . 5

D r y

C l a s s i ? c a t i o n ( w t .

)

A c c e p t s

9 3 . 2

9 3 . 7

9 1 . 6 9 1 . 5 9 0 . 4

Knots

0 . 7 0 . 6 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 5

F i n e s

6 . 1

5 . 7 7 . 6 7 . 8

9 . 1

Pad

I n t e g r i t y ( N ) 3 . 6 4 . 4 4 . 1 4 . 3 4 . 1

MULTIPLE

INSULT

ABSORPTION TEST

A b s o r p t i o n t i m e s , s e c o n d s

1 s t i n s u l t

1 3 . 3

1 1 . 9 1 1 . 4

1 1 . 7

1 0 . 7

2nd i n s u l t 5 5 . 3 4 8 . 1 4 6 . 8 4 5 . 8 4 5 . 9

3 r d i n s u l t 9 8 . 5 6 4 . 2 6 7 . 3 7 3 . 6 7 4 . 3

The a t a g i v e n n T a b l e - 3 o f h i s

e x a m p l e

c o v e r l a b o r a t o r y

e x p e r i m e n t s o n b l e a c h e d S o u t h e r n p i n e k r a f t p u l p . A l l

S a m p l e s

A - 3 i

t h r o u g h

C - 3 i w e r e

b l e a c h e d

t o t h e b r i g h t n e s s

i n d i c a t e d

w i t h

t h e

c o m m o n

l e a c h i n g

c h e m i c a l s o f

c h l o r i n e

d i o x i d e , h y d r o g e n

p e r o x i d e

a n d s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e . T h e c o l d

a l k a l i e x t r a c t e d Sample

3 - 3 i a n d

C - 3 i

were a d d i t i o n a l l y

b l e a c h e d w i t h c h l o r i n e d i o x i d e

s u b s e q u e n t

t o c o l d a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n ( t h i s c o n t r i b u t e d t o

t h e h i g h e r

b r i g h t n e s s l e v e l s

o f

S a m p l e s

B - 3 i

a n d

- 3 i ) .

T h e

N a O H

s o l u t i o n

s t r e n g t h u s e d i n

20

25

30

35

4 0

45

50

55

60

6 5

1 8

t h e

c o l d a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n

o f

Sample

B - 3 i was

r e l a t i v e l y

l o w

(7%

c o m p a r e d t o t h a t u s e d

f o r

S a m p l e C - 3 i , 1 2 ) . T h e s e

s a m p l e s

were s h e e t e d ( n o n - d i r e c t i o n a l s h e et on a l a b o r a t o r y

s h e e t

mold)

and r i e d u n d e r t h e same s t a n d a r d c o n d i t i o n s i n

t h e l a b o r a t o r y ( b u t d r i e d w i t h o u t

r e s t r a i n t

u n l i k e a commer

c i a l p u l p m a c h i n e )

so t h a t t h e

c h a n g e s

i n

p u l p

s h e e t a n d

? b e r / ? u f f

p r o p e r t i e s

measured r e ? e c t t h e c o l d a l k a l i e x t r a c

t i o n

p r o c e s s

a l o n e . Thus

f o r Sample B - 3 i , c o l d a l k a l i

e x t r a c

t i o n

r e s u l t e d

i n ? b e r s which

formed s h e e t

which was ?uffed

I n t o

? b e r s w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g

p r o p e r t i e s

r e l a t i v e

t o

S a m p l e

A - 3 i

( n o n - c o l d c a u s t i c

e x t r a c t i o n ) :

s i m i l a r

b a s i s

w e i g h t ,

h i g h e r c a l i p e r , l o w e r d e n s i t y , l o w e r M u l l e n s t r e n g t h a n d

l o w e r u r s t i n d e x ;

e q u i v a l e n t

? u f f e s i l i e n c y

b u t

r e d u c e d ? u i d

r e t e n t i o n ,

f a s t e r a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s

a n d

s o m e w h a t

i m p r o v e d

d r y ? u f f

l a s s i ? c a t i o n p r o ? l e s . F o r

S a m p l e C - 3 i ( c o l d c a u s t i c

e x t r a c t e d

a t

12% NaOH o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h ) r e l a t i v e t o Sample

A - 3 i ( n o n - c o l d c a u s t i c e x t r a c t e d ) t h e c o m p a r i s o n / c o n t r a s t

was a s f o l l o w s : s l i g h t l y r e d u c e d b a s i s w e i g h t, h i g h e r a l i p e r ,

l o w e r

d e n s i t y , much

l o w e r M u l l e n s t r e n g t h a n d b u r s t i n d e x

( v e r y

w e a k

s h e e t ) ; e q u i v a l e n t ? u f f

r e s i l i e n c y , h i g h e r ? u f f

r e t e n t i o n ,

s i m i l a r

Kamas ? u f f a b s o r p t i o n

t i m e s , a n d

p o o r e r

d r y ? u i d c l a s s i ? c a t i o n

p r o ? l e . T h u s ,

i f a n

e n d - u s e r e q u i r e d a

? b e r o f

h i g h e s t

? u i d

r e t e n t i o n ,

a

h i g h e r

c a u s t i c s o l u t i o n

s t r e n g t h c o u l d b e

s e l e c t e d ;

t o

maximize

a c c e p t ? b e r upon

? u f ? n g ,

a

l o w e r c a u s t i c s t r e n g t h would e p r e f e r a b l e .

I n

T a b l e

I I - 3

o f

t h i s Example

3 , d a t a

a r e

p r e s e n t e d

a s

a d d i t i o n a l

d a t a on b l e a c h e d S o u t h e r n p i n e k r a f t

p u l p ,

p r o

duced i n

t h e

l a b o r a t o r y o v e r

a wider

r a n g e

of c o l d a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n s o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h s . A l l s a m p l e s A - 3 i i t h r o u g h D - 3 i i

w e r e

b l e a c h e d w i t h

t h e commonbleaching g e n t s o f

h l o r i n e ,

c h l o r i n e d i o x i d e , h y d r o g e n p e r o x i d e

a n d

o x y g e n ( p r i o r t o

c o l d a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n ) t o

t h e

ISO

r i g h t n e s s

l e v e l s

i n d i c a t e d .

Even t 3

NaOH

o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h , t h e p u l p s h e e t c a n b e

s o m e w h a t

s o f t e n e d

w i t h o u t a n y l r g e n e g a t i v e c o n s e q u e n c e s

on

? u f f p r o d u c t s . However, c o l d c a u s t i c e x t r a c t i o n a t 1 4 %

NaOH

o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h

a p p e a r

t o r e s u l t i n a p u l p s h e e t t h a t

was ? u f f e d w i t h a p p a r e n t

n e g a t i v e

c o n s e q u e n c e s on r y c l a s

s i ? c a t i o n

a n d

r e s i l i e n c y

w i t h

n o

a d v a n t a g e

i n

a b s o r p t i o n

t i m e

b u t

w i t h a

s l i g h t l y

h i g h e r ? u i d r e t e n t i o n .

R e s u l t s

from a s i m i l a r

s e r i e s

o f

b l e a c h e d p r e h y d r o l y Z e d

k r a f t S o u t h e r n p i n e

p u l p s

c o l d c a u s t i c e x t r a c t e d o v e r a r a n g e

o f from 7 to 1 8 % NaOH o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h

a r e

p r e s e n t e d i n

T a b l e

1 1 1 - 3 .

A l l s a m p l e s

A - 3 i i i

t h r o u g h

E - 3 i i i were

b l e a c h e d

w i t h c h l o r i n e , c h l o r i n e

d i o x i d e ,

s o d i u m h y p o c h l o r i t e a n d

s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e

p r i o r

t o c o l d

c a u s t i c e x t r a c t i o n .

The mul

t i p l e i n s u l t a b s o r p t i o n

t e s t

r e s u l t s

i n d i c a t e

t h a t l i t t l e b e n e ? t

w o u l d

b e

g a i n e d b y u s i n g

N a O H

o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h

i n t h e

c o l d

c a u s t i c

e x t r a c t i o n ( u n d e r t h e t em p e r a t u r e ,

t i m e a n d

c o n s i s

t e n c y s h o w n ) g r e a t e r t h a n a b o u t

13% o r

t h i s t y p e o f u l p , a n d

t h a t

a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s

i m p r o v e ( d e c r e a s e ) p r o g r e s s i v e l y w h e n

u s i n g a 7 o

1 3 %

c a u s t i c s o l u t i o n .

S i m i l a r l y ,

d a t a a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e I V - 3 o f t h i s e x a m p l e

w h i c h i l l u s t r a t e a

l e v e l l i n g

o f f

o f

i m p r o v e m e n t

o f

a b s o r p t i o n

t i m e s

w i t h

i n c r e a s i n g

c o l d l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n s o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h s

( 6 - 1 8 ) .

S a m p l e s

B - 3 i v

t h r o u g h

F - 3 i v

w e r e

a l l

c o l d

a l k a l i

e x t r a c t e d

f r o m

t h e s t a r t i n g m a t e r i a l S a m p l e

A - 1

v . No l e a c h

i n g

c h e m i c a l s

were s e d on n y o f h e S a m p l e s

A - 3 i v

t h r o u g h

3 i v . Sample - 3 i v was a

S o u t h e r n

p i n e p u l p cooked t o v e r y ,

v e r y low K um ber i a a

s i n g l e

s t a g e c o n v e n t i o n a l k r a f t cook

i n

t h e l a b o r a t o r y . M u l t i p l e i n s u l t a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s o f t h e

? u f f

?bers

were

improved with t h e use of

a

9

NaOH

o l u t i o n

s t r e n g t h w i t h no f u r t h e r

b e n e ? t

b e i n g s e e n above t h e

9

s t r e n g t h . Thus a

s i m i l a r t r e n d

t o w a r d a l e v e l l i n g o f f

o f a b s o r p

t i o n t i m e s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g s o l u t i o n s t r en g t h

s e e n

f r o m

a p p l i

c a t i o n of

o l d

a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n was observed

f o r t h i s

low

K

Number u n b l e a c h e d k r a f t S o u t h e r n

p i n e p u l p

a s had b e e n

o b s e r v e d f o r t h e

b l e a c h e d p r e h y d r o l y Z e d k r a f t p u l p

s a m p l e

8/10/2019 absorbent products and method of preparation thereof.pdf

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US

7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1

1 9

s e r i e s g i v e n i n T a b l e

I I I - 3

o f h i s e x a m p l e . B u t t h e

l e v e l

o f t h e

a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s a t W h i c h e a c h t y p e

o f

u l p a b s o r b e d

a n d

t h e

s o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h a t W h i c h t h e a b s o r p t i o n

t i m e

i m p r o v e d

o c c u r r e d d i f f e r e n t l y W i t h

t h e t y p e

o f p u l p e x t r a c t e d .

F o r a v e r y loW

K

um ber l e a c h e d k r a f t p u l p , c o l d a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n a t r e l a t i v e l y l o W NaOH o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h h a s many

a d v a n t a g e s

o t h e r

t h a n

f a s t e r

a b s o r p t i o n

t i m e s .

D a t a

a r e

g i v e n

i n T a b l e

V - 3 o f

t h i s e x a m p l e

Which

compare tWo

s a m p l e s

( A - 3 v W i t h o u t a n d B - 3 v W i t h ) o f p u l p p u l p e d t o 1 2 . 4

K

Num ber

and b l e a c h e d t o 84.8%

ISO

B r i g h t n e s s . The c o l d

c a u s t i c e x t r a c t i o n c o n d i t i o n s used f o r Sample B-3v Were a

r e l a t i v e l y l o W s o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h o f 6%,

a t

2 8 0 C .

f o r

1 5 min

u t e s a t a p u l p c o n s i s t e n c y o f 3%. T h i s c o l d

a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n

Was

u s e d

p r i o r t o b l e a c h i n g

t o t h e i n d i c a t e d b r i g h t n e s s . Both

t y p e s

o f u l p s a m p l e s ( d a t a

a v e r a g e s

g i v e n f o r A - 3 v a n d B - 3 v

W e r e b l e a c h e d u s i n g c h l o r i n e d i o x i d e , h y d r o g e n

p e r o x i d e

a n d

s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e .

One o f

t h e l a r g e s t d r a W b a c k s t o

p u l p i n g

t o loW

K

umber

by t h e

k r a f t

p r o c e s s

i s

t h e

n e g a t i v e c o n s e q u e n c e s on ? b e r

p r o p e r t i e s t h a t r e s u l t

f r o m

t h e e x t e n s i v e p u l p i n g . P l e a s e c om

p a r e

t h e

h i g h e r

s h e e t

M u l l e n

s t r e n g t h

a n d

b u r s t

i n d e x

o f

Sample - 3 v . T a b l e V - 3 t o t h o s e

o f t h e

s a m p l e s

i n

T a b l e s I - 3

and 1 - 3 o f h i s Example . W h en h e

p r o c e s s i n g

u s e d on t h e

l o W K umber n c l u d e d c o l d

a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n ( S a m p l e

B - 3 v ,

T a b l e

V - 3 ) , t h e s e d i s a d v a n t a g e s Were o v e r c o m e . I n a d d i t i o n ,

t h e

? u f f

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

o f ? b e r s

from t h e B-3v

s a m p l e l o W K

N u m b e r

u l p Were e q u i v a l e n t

t o

o r b e t t e r

t h a n

t h e

A-3v

loW K

Number p u l p s a m p l e ( T a b l e

V - 3 ,

s i m i l a r ? u i d r e t e n t i o n ,

someWhat f a s t e r Kamas ? u f f a b s o r p t i o n

t i m e s

a n d

someWhat

i m p r o v e d

d r y

? u f f l a s s i ? c a t i o n p r o ? l e ) .

I n T a b l e

V I - 3 o f h i s e x a m p l e , d a t a a r e

p r e s e n t e d

f o r

a

s e r i e s

o f u n b l e a c h e d

k r a f t

p u l p cooked from a S o u t h e a s t e r n U n i t e d

S t a t e s b l e n d o f h a r d W o o d s

( g u m s ,

o a k s , e t c . ) t o a l o W ( 1 1 . 0 )

K

umber. Cold c a u s t i c NaOH o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h

Was

v a r i e d

f r o m 9 t o 18% f o r S a m p l e s

B - 3 v i t h r o u g h

E - 3 v i ; S a m p l e

A - 3 v i Was t h e s t a r t i n g p u l p

p r i o r

to c o l d a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n .

No

b l e a c h i n g c h e m i c a l s Were used on t h e s e s a m p l e s . The

9

NaOH

o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h

a p p e a r s t o b e optimum o f t h e c o n d i

t i o n s s t u d i e d f o r t h i s

t y p e

o f p u l p i n t h e u n b l e a c h e d s t a t e :

Kamas

? u f f a n d m u l t i p l e i n s u l t a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s a r e b a s i c a l l y

c o n s t a n t a t

9 %

a n d h i g h e r s o l u t i o n

s t r e n g t h s .

Dry c l a s s i ? c a

t i o n p r o ? l e f o r t h e

? u f f d e t e r i o r a t e

a t s o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h s a t o r

above 12%. F o r t h i s t y p e o f

hardWood

p u l p , e v e n l o W e r

NaOH t r e n g t h

might p r o v e

t o

be

more

d e s i r a b l e .

Note t h a t

hardWood u l p s

d o

n o t

match

s o f t W o o d

p u l p s

i n

t h e s e

t y p e s

o f

? b r o u s p r o p e r t y

p e r f o r m a n c e t e s t s . H o W e v e r ,

c o l d a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n

can be used

t o improve

some of

t h e s e

? b e r / ? u f f

p r o p e r t i e s

to some

e x t e n t

f o r

b o t h

t y p e s

of

u m i s h e s .

EXAMPLE

S u l ? t e P u l p s : D e b o n d e r s ; C o l d A l k a l i

E x t r a c t i o n

Debonders

can

b e

used on

s u l ? t e

process pulps a s Well a s

on r a f t

p u l p s .

D a t a

a r e

p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e I - 4 , Example f o r

c o m m e r c i a l l y

a v a i l a b l e s u l ? t e p u l p s . T h e p u l p i n g p r o c e s s

u s e d

i s a c i d s u l ? t e ( a l s o knoWn s a c i d

b i s u l ? t e ) ;

b o t h p u l p s

a r e b l e a c h e d t o

t h e

b r i g h t n e s s i n d i c a t e d b y c o m m o n l e a c h

i n g a g e n t s s u c h a s c h l o r i n e , c h l o r i n e d i o x i d e ,

h y d r o g e n

p e r

o x i d e

a n d s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e .

D a t a

g i v e n a r e a v e r a g e d f r o m

s e v e r a l

t e s t s

o f e a c h

t y p e

o f r o d u c t i o n , n o n - d e b o n d e d

( A - 4 i )

a n d d e b o n d e d

( B - 4 i ) .

20

25

30

35

4 0

45

50

55

60

6 5

2 0

EXAMPLE

, TABLE - 4

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A-4i B - 4 i

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION

P r o c e s s i n g S t a n d a r d p r o c e s s S t a n d a r d

non-debonded

p r o c e s s

W o o d

S p e c i e s N o r t h w e s t U . S . debonded

s o f t w o o d b l e n d ,

p r e d o m i n a n t l y

D o u g l a s ? r

P u l p i n g P r o c e s s

S u l ? t o

S h e e t

Debonder

Used

7 )

No Y e s

COLDALKALI EXTRACTION Not Used Not Used

PULP

ANALYYICAL PROPERTIES

ISO B r i g h t n e s s , 9 1 . 8 9 1 . 2

SHEETPHYSICS

B a s i s WI g r n 2 )

6 9 8

6 8 4

C a l i p e r (mm) 1 . 2 5

1 . 3 4

D e n s i t y

( g / c r n 3 )

0 . 5 6 0 . 5 1

M u l l e n

( k P a ) 479

2 7 9

B u r s t I n d e x

( k p a . r n 2 / )

0 . 6 9 0 . 4 1

Kamas E n e r g y ( W t / k g ) 4 1 . 0 2 8 . 7

KAMAS

FLUFF CHARACTERISTICS

R e s i l i e n c y ( c m ) 3 . 7 3 . 6

F l u i d R e t e n t i o n

( g g )

1 3 . 2 1 2 . 1

A b s o r p t i o n

T i m e

( s )

C o n t r o l 1 1 . 8 6 . 3

H e a t - A g e d 4 3 . 6

6 . 0

D r y C l a s s i ? c a t i o n ( W I

)

A c c e p t s 7 7 . 9 8 7 . 5

Knots

1 6 . 0

7 . 1

F i n e s

6 . 1 5 . 4

P a d

I n t e g r i t y ( N )

6 . 3

6 . 4

EXAMPLE

, TABLE I - 4

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A - 4 i i

B - 4 i i C - 4 i i

D - 4 i i

SAMPLE

DESCRIPTION

P r o c e s s i n g S t a n d a r d S t a n d a r d

C o l d C o l d

P r o c e s s P r o c e s s A l k a l i A l k a l i

( n o n - ( n o n -

E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n

d e b o n d e d )

d e b o n d o d )

P r o c e s s P r o c e s s

Unbleached Bleached Unbleached Bleached

Wood pecies

S o u t h e r n — > — > — >

p i n e b l e n d

P ulping

Process Acid sul?te — > — > — >

K umber, rnL 34 2 8 34 2 8

COLDALKALI

Not

Used

Not

Used Used Used

EXTRACTION

A l k a l i

Used

NaOH NaOH

S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h , 1 5 1 5

Temperature, ° C .

30 30

T i m e ,

H:M

0 : 1 5 0 : 1 5

C o n s i s t e n c y , 3 3

PULP

ANALYTI

CAL

PROPERTIES

ISO

rightness,

i 8 6 i 8 6

MULTIPLE

N

SULTABSORPT

ION TEST

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7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1

EXAMPLE , TABLE I - 4 - c o n t i n u e d

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A - 4 i i B - 4 i i C - 4 i i

D - 4 i i

A b s o r p t i o n t i m e s ,

s e c o n d s

1 s t

i n s u l t 1 3 . 2 7 . 9 6 . 8

8 . 1

2nd

i n s u l t 3 6 . 3

3 7 . 2 2 0 . 9

2 7 . 3

3 r d

i n s u l t 4 5 . 1

6 3 . 5 3 0 . 1

3 8 . 6

EXAMPLE

, TABLE n - 4

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION

A - 4 i i i B - 4 i i i

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION

P r o c e s s i n g S t a n d a r d

C o l d A l k a l i

P r o c e s s i n g

E x t r a c t i o n

( n o n - d e b o n d e d ) P r o c e s s

Wo o d

S p e c i e s

C a r i b b e a n

p i n e — >

Pulping Process

S u l ? t e

—>

K umber 24 — >

COLD

ALKALIEXTRACTION

Not Used Used

A l k a l i

Used Not Used

NaOH

S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h , 1 5 . 4

Temperature,

° C. 30

T i m e , H:M 0 : 3 7

C o n s i s t e n c y ,

8

PULPANALYTICALPROPERTIES

ISO B r i g h t n e s s , 7 7 . 5

KAMAS FLUFF CHARACTERISTICS

R e s i l i e n c y ( c m ) 3 . 4 2 . 9

F l u i d

R e t e n t i o n ( g / g ) 1 2 . 1

1 3

0

A b s o r p t i o n

T i m e s ( s )

C o n t r o l 2 . 8 3 . 5

H e a t - A g e d 4 . 4 4 . 4

D r y

C l a s s i ? c a t i o n

( W t

)

A c c e p t s 9 2 . 4 8 0 . 4

Knots 1 . 6

1

1 . 3

F i n e s

6 . 0 8 . 3

MULTIPLE

INSULT

ABSORPTION

TESTS

A b s o r p t i o n T i m e s , s e c o n d s

1 s t i n s u l t 3 8 . 1 1 5 . 9

2nd

i n s u l t 8 8 . 2 4 5 . 0

3 r d i n s u l t 1 3 5 . 8

6 9 . 6

EXAMPLE

, TABLE

v - 4

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION

A-4iv

B - 4 i v

SAMPLE

DESCRIPTION

P r o c e s s i n g S t a n d a r d

C o l d A l k a l i

P r o c e s s E x t r a c t i o n

( n o n - d e b o n d e d )

Wo o d

S p e c i e s

D o u g l a s

? r — >

Pulping Process

S u l ? t e

—>

K umb e r, mL

26.6

—>

COLDALKALIEXTRACTION Not Used Used

A l k a l i

Used

NaOH

S o l u t i o n

S t r e n g t h ,

1 5 . 4

Temperature,

° C.

30

T i m e , H:M

1 : 0 0

C o n s i s t e n c y , 1 3

PULPANALYTICAL

PROPERTIES

ISO rightness,

i

83.4

20

25

30

35

4 0

45

50

55

60

6 5

22

EXAMPLE

, TABLE

V - 4 - c o n t i n u e d

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A-4iv

B - 4 i v

KAMAS

FLUFF CHARACTERISTICS

R e s i l i e n c y ( c m ) 3 . 5 2 . 5

F l u i d R e t e n t i o n

( g g )

1 4 . 1 1 3 . 0

A b s o r p t i o n T i m e ( s )

C o n t r o l 4 . 6

3 . 8

H e a t - A g e d 6 . 2 4 . 5

D r y C l a s s i ? c a t i o n ( W t )

A c c e p t s 8 7 . 8 6 5 . 4

Knots

6 . 6 2 6 . 6

F i n e s

5 . 6

8 . 0

MULTIPLEINSULT

ABSORPTIONTEST

A b s o r p t i o n

t i m e s ,

s e c o n d s

1 s t

i n s u l t

4 7 . 2 2 8 . 9

2nd

i n s u l t 1 0 3 . 3 5 9 . 9

3 r d i n s u l t 1 3 7 . 9 7 7 . 2

As

n

t h e

Example ,

T a b l e

I - 1 ,

Which

l l u s t r a t e d

t h e e f f e c t s

o f

d e b o n d e r s

on

b l e a c h e d

k r a f t

p u l p

s h e e t

p r o p e r t i e s ,

d e b

o n d e r s can

c t t o “ s o f t e n ” t h e

softwood

s u l ? t e s h e e t . Note h e

l o W e r

Mullen s t r e n g t h ,

b u r s t

i n d e x

a n d

Kamas

e n e r g y o f

Sample - 4 i compared o S a m p l e A - 4 i . T h e r e s

a l s o a s i m i l a r

t r e n d

t o W a r d l o W e r ? u i d

r e t e n t i o n

f o r t h e debonded p u l p

a s

Was

s e e n W i t h t h e k r a f t

p u l p .

The d r y ? u f f c l a s s i ? c a t i o n

p r o ? l e i s

improved

o W a r d

g r e a t e r

a c c e p t s , l o W e r

k n o t s

a s

Was

t h e c a s e W i t h t h e k r a f t p u l p .

H o w e v e r ,

s u l ? t e p u l p s

d i f f e r

f r o m

k r a f t p u l p s i n t h a t t h e

u s e o f

d e b o n d e r s

i m p r o v e

a b s o r p t i o n

t i m e s f o r s u l ? t e p u l p s

( r e l a t e d t o t h e

d i f f e r e n c e s i n W ood

d e r i v e d e x t r a c t i v e s i n a c i d s u l ? t e p u l p s ) . N o t e t h e l o n g ? u f f

a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s f o r t h e

n o n - d e b o n d e d s u l ? t e p u l p .

H o W e v e r , f o r s u l ? t e

p u l p s

t h e

u s e

o f

c o l d

a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n

c a n h a v e

a d d i t i o n a l

a d v a n t a g e s a n d c a n i m p r o v e p e r f o r m a nc e

i n t h e

m u l t i p l e

i n s u l t t e s t . D a t a

a r e

g i v e n

i n

T a b l e 1 1 - 4 o f h i s

e x a m p l e Which c o m p a r e m u l t i p l e i n s u l t t e s t s

f o r

u n b l e a c h e d

v s .

b l e a c h e d

s u l ? t e

S o u t h e r n

p i n e

p u l p s ,

p r o c e s s e d W i t h

a n d

W i t h o u t

c o l d

a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n . Samples

B - 4 i i and D - 4 i i

Were

b l e a c h e d W i t h

c o m m o n b l e a c h i n g a g e n t s

s u c h

a s

c h l o r i n e ,

c h l o r i n e

d i o x i d e , h y d r o g e n p e r o x i d e

a n d s o d i u m

h y d r o x i d e .

S a m p l e s A - 4 i i

a n d C - 4 i i r e p r e s e n t t W o

h i g h K Number

u n b l e a c h e d

S o u t h e r n

p i n e

s u l ? t e p u l p s .

S a m p l e

C - 4 i i Was

c o l d

a l k a l i e x t r a c t e d u s i n g t h e c o n d i t i o n s i n d i c a t e d i n T a b l e

1 1 - 4

f r o m S a m p l e - 4 i i ;

Sample

- 4 i i Was c o l d a l k a l i

e x t r a c t e d

f r o m S a m p l e

B - 4 i i .

These

d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t c o l d a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n can mini

m i Z e d i f f e r e n c e s

i n m u l t i p l e i n s u l t p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e

S o u t h e r n p i n e s u l ? t e p u l p s a p p a r e n t

f o r

u n b l e a c h e d v s .

b l e a c h e d

p u l p .

P l e a s e

c o m p a r e t h e

d e l t a

( A )

f o r ? r s t

a b s o r p

t i o n

t i m e s

f o r

( A - 4 i i t o

B - 4 i i )

o f 5 3 s e c o n d s ,

b u t

f o r

d e l t a

? r s t

a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s

f o r ( D - 4 i i

t o C - 4 i i ) o f . 3

s e c o n d s ;

d e l t a f o r

t h i r d a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s f o r ( B - 4 i i

t o

A - 4 i i ) o f

1 8 . 4 s e c o n d s ,

b u t

o n l y

a d e l t a

o f

8 . 5

s e c o n d s f o r

t h e t h i r d

a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s f o r

( D - 4 i i

t o C - 4 i i ) . T h u s c o l d a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n

r e d u c e d t h e m a g

n i t u d e s o f t h e

d i f f e r e n c e s

i n a b s o r p t i o n t i m e s

b e t W e e n

u n b l e a c h e d

and b l e a c h e d

p u l p s

a s

W e l l

a s

i m p r o v i n g t h e

a c t u a l l e v e l a t

Which

b o t h c o l d c a u s t i c

e x t r a c t e d

s a m p l e s C

a n d D p e r f o r m e d ( r e d u c e d a l l

a b s o r p t i o n

t i m e s , f u r t h e r d i s

c u s s i o n

o f

t h e s e

s a m p l e s i s

g i v e n

i n

E x a m p l e 5 ) .

D a t a a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e s I I I - 4 and I V - 4

o f

Example 4

f o r s u l ? t e

p u l p s W h i c h

d e m o n s t r a t e

t h e e f f e c t s o f u s i n g r e l a

t i v e l y h i g h s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e s o l u t i o n

s t r e n g t h s

f o r c o l d

a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n o v e r l o n g e r r e t e n t i o n

t i m e

and a t h i g h e r

c o n s i s t e n c y t h a n

W e r e

u s e d i n

t h e p r e v i o u s

e x a m p l e s a n d

t a b l e s . A l l

f o u r

p u l p

s a m p l e s ( A - 4 i i i

a n d B - 4 i i i , T a b l e I I I ,

A - 4 i v

and - 4 - i v ,

T a b l e I V )

Were

l e a c h e d

time

o m m o n

8/10/2019 absorbent products and method of preparation thereof.pdf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/absorbent-products-and-method-of-preparation-thereofpdf 16/23

US

7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1

2 3

p u l p b l e a c h i n g c h e m i c a l s o f h l o r i n e d i o x i d e , h y d r o g e n p e r

o x i d e and sodium y d r o x i d e .

Acid

s u l ? t e p u l p i n g Was s e d t o

cook a C a r i b b e a n

p i n e

c h i p f u m i s h t o 2 4 K umber ( T a b l e

I I I - 4 ) ; a c i d

s u l ? t e

p u l p i n g Was u s e d t o cook D o u g l a s

? r

to

a b o u t 2 7 K umber

T a b l e

I V - 4 ) .

W hen o l d l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n

Was

u s e d

( f o r t h e B s a m p l e s o f b o t h t h e s e

t a b l e s ,

i . e . ,

B - 4 i i i

a n d

B - 4 i v ) , i t

f o l l o W e d

a n

n i t i a l

b l e a c h i n g s t a g e t r e a t m e n t

o f

t h e u n b l e a c h e d p u l p W i t h c h l o r i n e

d i o x i d e .

B l e a c h i n g

Was

c o n t i n u e d f o l l o W i n g t h e c o l d

a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n

t o

t h e b r i g h t

n e s s l e v e l i n d i c a t e d u s i n g c h l o r i n e d i o x i d e ,

h y d r o g e n

p e r o x

i d e a n d s o d i u m

h y d r o x i d e .

F o r

t h e s u l ? t e

C a r i b b e a n p i n e

p u l p ,

t h e u s e o f c o l d a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n at 15.4% NaOH under t h e c o n d i t i o n s l i s t e d

r e s u l t e d i n

? b e r s

s h o W i n g s i g n i ? c a n t i m p r o v e m e n t

i n

t h e

m u l t i p l e

i n s u l t a b s o r p t i o n t e s t t i m e s ( a l l

t h r e e

i n s u l t t i m e s

Were reduced

a b o u t

50%). Kamas ?uff h a r a c t e r i s t i c s Were

s i m i l a r

f o r

t h e B - 4 i i i s a m p l e c o m p a r e d t o t h e A - 4 i i i s a m p l e

W i t h t h e e x c e p t m'

p o o r e r

d r y c l a s s i ? c a t i o n p r o ? l e

f o r

t h e

c o l d

c a u s t i c

e x t r a c t e d s a m p l e B - 4 i i i ) . T h i s may e d u e t o i n

o p t i m a l l y h i g h N a O H o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h o r t h i s t y p e o f u l p a s

Was o b s e r v e d f o r

some

t y p e s o f k r a f t

p u l p s d i s c u s s e d

under

Example

,

a n d / r

t h e

h i g h e r c o n s i s t e n c y a n d / r l o n g e r t i m e

a t

Which t h e

r e l a t i v e l y h i g h

c o n c e n t r a t i o n Was

u s e d c o u l d

b e

n o n - o p t i m u m .

F o r

t h e s u l ? t e D o u g l a s

? r

p u l p o f a b l e I V - 4 , t h e u s e o f

o l d

a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n

a l s o

m a r k e d l y i m p r o v e d t h e m u l t i p l e i n s u l t

a b s o r p t i o n

e s t t i m e s ;

Kamas ? u f f a b s o r p t i o n

t i m e s

Were a l s o

f a s t e r b u t

? u f f

r e s i l i e n c y

a n d ? u i d r e t e n t i o n a p p e a r e d to

b e

more g r e a t l y

a f f e c t e d

f o r C a r i b b e a n p i n e o f

T a b l e

I I I - 4 . The

? u f f

d r y

c l a s s i ? c a t i o n

p r o ? l e Was

a l s o p o o r e r W i t h

c o l d

l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n o f h i s

D o u g l a s ? r

s u l ? t e

p u l p . A g a i n ,

a s W i t h t h e

s u l ? t e C a r i b b e a n p i n e s a m p l e a n d W i t h t h e k r a f t

p u l p

e x a m p l e s

d i s c u s s e d n E x a m p l e ,

t h e s e

c o l d l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n

c o n d i t i o n s may b e n o n - o p t i m u m f o r

? b e r

p r o p e r t i e s o t h e r

t h a n a b s o r p t i o n

t i m e

i m p r o v e m e n t

f o r t h i s t y p e

o f

b l e a c h e d

s u l ? t e s o f t W o o d ? b e r .

EXAMPLE

K r a f t a n d

S u l ? t e S o u t h e r n

P i n e P u l p s

T h e

f o l l o W i n g

u n b l e a c h e d

k r a f t p u l p ( S a m p l e A - 5 i - T a b l e

I - 5 , Example 5 ) W i t h

a

K

u m b e r

of 30

Was o b t a i n e d

from

a

S o u t h e r n p i n e

c h i p f u r n i s h .

T h i s

p u l p W a s p r e p a r e d b y

a

r o u t i n e c o n v e n t i o n a l

k r a f t

p u l p i n g p r o c e ss u s i n g m e t h o d o l

ogy common o t h e

i n d u s t r y .

A u l ? t e process Was

used

o n a

S o u t h e r n p i n e c h i p

f u m i s h

t o

c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e b e h a v i o r o f

? b e r s p u l p e d f r o m

t h e

same

s p e c i e s v i a

d i f f e r e n t p u l p i n g

p r o c e s s e s .

T h i s p u l p Was r e p a r e d by a n

a c i d b i s u l ? t e

p r o c e s s

( s u l ? t e

p r o c e s s ) common

o

t h e i n d u s t r y .

T h i s

p u l p ( S a m p l e

A - 5 i - T a b l e I - 5 , Example 5 ) had a

K

umber o f

3 4 .

EXAMPLE

,

TABLE

- 5

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A - 5 i

B - 5 i C - 5 i

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION

P r o c e s s i n g

U n b l e a c h e d U n b l e a c h e d U n b l e a c h e d

P u l p

B e f o r e

P u l p A f t e r P u l p A f t e r

Cold

l k a l i

Cold l k a l i Cold

l k a l i

E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n

Wood

pecies

Southern — > — >

p i n e

b l e n d

Pulping Process

Kraft

— > — >

umber, rnL 30 i i

COW LKAUEXTRACT- Not

Used Used

Used

ION

A l k a l i Used

NaOH NaOH

20

25

30

35

4 0

45

50

55

6 5

EXAMPLE , TABLE - 5 - c o n t i n u e d

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A - 5 i B - 5 i C - 5 i

S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h , 1 5 1 8

Temperature, ° C . 30 30

T i m e , H:M

0 : 1 5 0 : 1 5

C o n s i s t e n c y , 3 . 0 3 . 0

PULPANALYTICAL

PROPERTIES

ISO Brightness,

MULTIPLEINSULT

ABSORPTIONTEST

A b s o r p t i o n

t i m e s ,

s e c o n d s

1 s t i n s u l t 9 . 5

5 . 6 5 . 3

2nd

i n s u l t

3 6 . 3 2 0 . 2 1 8 . 7

3 r d i n s u l t

5 6 . 9

3 2 . 4 2 6 . 7

EXAMPLE

,

TABLE

1 - 5

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A - 5 i i B - 5 i i C - 5 i i

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION

P r o c e s s i n g U n b l e a c h e d

P u l p

A f t e r P u l p A f t e r

P u l p B e f o r e C o l d

A l k a l i

C o l d

A l k a l i

Cold

l k a l i E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n

E x t r a c t i o n

Wood

pecies Southern — > — >

p i n e b l e n d

P ulping P r ocess Sul?te —> —>

umber, rnL 34 i i

COLDALKALI

EXTRACT-

Not Used Used Used

ION

A l k a l i

Used

NaOH NaOH

S o l u t i o n

S t r e n g t h , 1 5 1 8

Temperature, ° C . 30 30

T i m e ,

H:M

0 : 1 5

0 : 1 5

C o n s i s t e n c y ,

3 . 0 3 . 0

MULTIPLEINSULT

ABSORPTIONTEST

A b s o r p t i o n

t i m e s ,

s e c o n d s

1 s t I n s u l t 1 3 . 2 6 . 9 5 . 1

2nd I n s u l t

3 6 . 3 2 4 . 5 1 8 . 6

3 r d I n s u l t 4 5 . 1 3 2 . 3 2 3 . 2

EXAMPLE

, TABLE I I - 5

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A - 5 i i B - 5 i i C - 5 i i

SAMPLE

DESCRIPTION

P r o c e s s i n g B l e a c h e d B l e a c h e d B l e a c h e d

P u l p B e f o r e P u l p A f t e r P u l p A f t e r

Cold

l k a l i

Cold

l k a l i

Cold

l k a l i

E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n

Wood

pecies Southern — > — >

p i n e - b l e n d

P ulping

Process

Kraft — > — >

COW LKALI

EXTRACT-

Not Used Used Used

ION

A l k a l i

Used NaOH NaOH

S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h , 1 5 1 8

Temperature, ° C . 30 30

T i m e , H:M

0 : 1 5 0 : 1 5

C o n s i s t e n c y , 3 . 0 3 . 0

PULPANALYTICAL

PROPERTIES

ISO

rightness, 92 i i

8/10/2019 absorbent products and method of preparation thereof.pdf

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US

7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1

EXAMPLE ,

TABLE I I - S - c o n t i n u e d

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A - 5 i i B - 5 i i C - 5 i i

MULTIPLE

INSULT

ABSORPTION

TEST

A b s o r p t i o n

t i m e s ,

s e c o n d s

1 s t i n s u l t 8 . 9 5 . 5 6 . 4

2nd

i n s u l t 4 1 . 6 1 8 . 8 2 3 . 1

3 r d i n s u l t 6 9 . 1 3 3 . 4

3 7 . 3

D e s p i t e t h e d i f f e r e n t p u l p i n g

p r o c e s s e s , t h e S o u t h e r n

p i n e

c h i p f u m i s h y i e l d e d

? b e r s

h a v i n g e x c e l l e n t a b s o r p t i o n

e s u l t s

a f t e r c o l d

a l k a l i e x t r a c t i o n ( T a b l e s I - 5 a n d 1 1 - 5 o r

Example ,

t h e

a l k a l i

u s e d

b e i n g s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e ) . E a c h o f

t h e

unbleached

p u l p s was t r e a t e d with

a c o l d c a u s t i c s o l u t i o n of

15% a n d 18% NaOH w e i g h t

) .

The o l d c a u s t i c e x t r a c t i o n

was c a r r i e d o u t a s f o l l o w s .

P u l p s

o f

3

o n s i s t en c y [ O . D .

p u l p w e i g h t / t o t a l w e i g h t

( c a u s t i c

s o l u t i o n + O . D .

p u l p ) > < 1 0 0 ]

were

t r e a t e d

a t a b o u t 3 0 °

C .

f o r a b o u t

1 5

m i n u t e s

by

t i r r i n g

t h e s u s p e n s i o n . F o r e a c h d i f f e r e n t c a u s t i c

s o l u t i o n t r e a t ed

s a m p l e ,

t h e

a b s o r b e n c y was e t e r m i n e d a n d

c o m p a r e d

f o r

t h e

r e s p e c t i v e d r a f t

a n d

s u l ? t e

p u l p .

I t

i s

n o t e d t h a t e x t r a c t i o n

w i t h 1 8 % NaOH a v e

t h e b e s t

t e s t r e s u l t s f o r e a c h

o f t h e p u l p

s t o c k s .

F o r c o m p a r i s o n ,

t h e

u n b l e a c h e d k r a f t S o u t h e r n p i n e p u l p

was b l e a c h e d

t o

a n I SO b r i g h t n e s s o f 92% p r i o r t o a p p l y i n g

t h e c o l d

a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s ( S a m p l e - 5 i i i , T a b l e I I I - 5

Example

) .

T h i s p u l p was t h e same u l p u s e d

a s

t h e

s t a r t i n g

m a t e r i a l

f o r

b l e a c h i n g

i n E x a m p l e 5

( S a m p l e

A - 5 i

T a b l e

I - 5 ) .

However,

p r i o r t o c o l d c a u s t i c e x t r a c t i o n t was

l e a c h e d w i t h

t h e

c h e m i c a l s

o f h l o r i n e , c h l o r i n e

d i o x i d e , h y d r o g e n

p e r o x

i d e ,

oxygen

and sodium h y d r o x i d e . The r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d a r e

shown i n T a b l e

I I I - 5

when f o l l o w i n g t h e same c o l d c a u s t i c

e x t r a c t i o n

p r o c e d u r e a s o u t l i n e d

a b o v e .

F rom

t h e c o m p a r i s o n

o f

t h e d a t a i n

T a b l e s

I - 5 and

1 - 5 o f

t h i s e x a m p l e , i t

i s

e v i d e n t

t h a t

f o r t h e u n b l e a c h e d

p u l p

a n

i n c r e a s e

i n

c o n c e n t r a t i o n

of

h e

c o l d

c a u s t i c

s o l u t i o n

t o

1 8 %

Na OH m p r o v e d h e a b s o r p t i o n r o p e r t i e s ;

f o r

b l e a c h e d p u l p

( S a m p l e

A - 5 i i i , T a b l e

I I I - 5 ) t h e h i g h e r

c o n c e n t r a t i o n

( i . e . ,

18% NaOH

e d u c e d

t h e

a b s o r b e n c y

p r o p e r t i e s c o m p a r e d t o

e x t r a c t i o n

w i t h

15%

N a O H . However,

n o t e

t h a t

t h e a b s o r

b e n c y p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e

b l e a c h e d p u l p

c o l d c a u s t i c e x t r a c t e d

w i t h

15%

NaOH were

d i s t i n c t l y

b e t t e r t h a n

t h o s e

o f

t h e

b l e a c h e d

p u l p p r o c e s s e d w i t h o u t a n y

c o l d a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n .

EXAMPLE

P r e h y d r o l y Z e d K r a f t

B l e a c h e d

S o u t h e r n P i n e P u l p

I n a

manner i m i l a r

to t h a t u s e d

f o r Example

, t h e a b s o r p

t i o n

p r o p e r t i e s were

d e t e r m i n e d f o r

a

b l e a c h e d , p r e h y d r o

l y Z e d k r a f t p u l p

f r o m

S o u t h e r n

p i n e

w o o d .

T h i s p u l p was

p r e p a r e d b y

a r o u t i n e p r e h y d r o l y Z e d

k r a f t p u l p i n g

p r o c e s s

u s i n g

methodology c o m m o n o

t h e

i n d u s t r y and was l e a c h e d

u s i n g t h e

c h e m i c a l s

o f c h l o r i n e , c h l o r i n e d i o x i d e , s o d i u m

h y d r o x i d e ,

a n d

s o d i u m

h y p o c h l o r i t e

t o a n ISO

B r i g h t n e s s

o f

86%.

The

K um ber o f t h e

u n b l e a c h e d

p u l p was a b o u t 1 8

mL.

EXAMPLE , TABLE - 6

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A - 6 i A - 6 i

C - 6 i

SAMPLE

DESCRIPTION

P r o c e s s i n g

B l e a c h e d

B l e a c h e d B l e a c h e d

P u l p

B e f o r e

P u l p A f t e r P u l p A f t e r

20

25

30

35

4 0

45

50

55

60

6 5

2 6

EXAMPLE , TABLE - 6 - c o n t i n u e d

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION

A - 6 i A - 6 i

C - 6 i

Cold l k a l i Cold l k a l i Cold

l k a l i

E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n

Wood pecies Southern — > — >

p i n e

Pulping

Process

S tea m

pre- — > — >

h y d r o l y z e d

k r a f t

COW LKALI EXTRACT- Not Used

Used

Used

ION

A l k a l i Used

NaOH NaOH

S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h . 1 5 1 8

Temperature,

°

C .

30

30

T i m e , H:M 0 . 1 5

0 : 1 5

C o n s i s t e n c y ,

3 . 0 3 . 0

PULPANALYTICAL

PROPERTIES

ISO rightness, 86

i i

MULTIPLEINSULT

ABSORPTIONTEST

A b s o r p t i o n

t i m e s ,

s e c o n d s

1 s t i n s u l t 6 . 7 4 . 9

6 . 2

2nd

i n s u l t 4 8 . 6 1 9 . 6

2 5 . 5

3 r d i n s u l t

7 7 . 2

3 2 . 3 4 1 . 9

T h e a b s o r p t i o n

r e s u l t s

a f t e r c o l d a l k a l i e x t r a c t i n g t h i s p u l p

w i t h

15%

and

1 8 % NaOH r e shown

n

T a b l e

I - 6 , and

con ? rm

t h e e f f e c t c a u s e d by CCE r e a t m e n t on t h e a b s o r b e n c y

o f

t h e

p u l p .

A g a i n ,

t h i s p i n e

p u l p

s u b j e c t e d

t o

e x t r a c t i o n

a f t e r

b l e a c h i n g w i t h

15%

Na OH

S a m p l e

- 6 i ,

T a b l e

- 6 ,

E x a m p l e

6 )

g a v e b e t t e r r e s u l t s t h a n

t h a t e x t r a c t e d

w i t h 18 % NaOH.

I n

c o m p a r i s o n t o t h e

a b s o r p t i o n p r o p e r t y

d a t a g i v e n

i n

Example , T a b l e s I - 5 t o

I I I - 5 ,

t h e a b s o r p t i o n t e s t r e s u l t s

f o r

t h e

p r e h y d r o l y Z e d k r a f t S o u t h e r n

p i n e

? b e r show h a t

t h e s e

a r e w i t h i n a

good

r a n g e o f a b s o r b e n c y d e s p i t e h a v i n g b e e n

b l e a c h e d t o t h i s r e l a t i v e l y h i g h b r i g h t n e s s p r i o r

t o

c o l d a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n .

EXAMPLE

K r a f t

S o u t h e r n

P i n e

P u l p :

U n b l e a c h e d K umber

I n t e r a c t i o n

The

accompanying a b l e I - 7 ,

Example ,

i l l u s t r a t e s a

c o m

p a r a t i v e

s e r i e s

o f r a f t S o u t h e r n

p i n e

p u l p s

w h e r e u n b l e a c h e d

p u l p K umber was

v a r i e d ( r e l a t i v e

s e v e r i t y o f p u l p i n g

l o w

numbers i n d i c a t e a more d r a s t i c

p u l p i n g

s c h e d u l e with

l e s s

l i g n i n r e m a i n i n g i n t h e p u l p a f t e r p u l p i n g ) . I n o r d e r t o e s t a b

l i s h t h e d e s i r e d p u l p p r o p e r t y r e g i m e a n d p u l p i n g p r o c e d u r e s ,

t h e

b l e a c h i n g

of l l t h r e e unbleached s t o c k s

was

a r r i e d

o u t

t o

e q u i v a l e n t b r i g h t n e s s

( 9 2 S O ) . T h e b l e a c h i n g c h e m i c a l s o f

c h l o r i n e , c h l o r i n e d i o x i d e , h y d r o g e n p e r o x i d e ,

o x y g e n

a n d

sodium hydroxide were s e d . I t

i s

noted h a t a s unbleached K

Number

n c r e a s e d ,

r e s u l t i n g

a b s o r p t i o n p r o p e r t i e s a f t e r c o l d

c a u s t i c

e x t r a c t i o n i m p r o v e d

( l o w e r

a b s o r p t i o n

t i m e s

a r e b e t

t e r ) .

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US

7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1

EKAMPLE

, TABLE - 7

SAMPLE DESIGNATION A - 7 i B - 7 i C - 7 i D - 7 i E - 7 i F - 7 i

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION

P r o c e s s i n g B l e a c h e d B l e a c h e d B l e ac h e d B l e a c h e d B l e ac h e d B l e a c h e d

P u l p P u l p P u l p P u l p P u l p P u l p

B e f o r e Cold A f t e r Cold B e f o r e Cold A f t e r Cold B e f o r e Cold A f t e r Cold

A l k a l i A l k a l i A l k al i A l k a l i A l ka l i A l k al i

E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n

Wood pecies South e rn pine — > — > — > — > — >

Pulping Process

Kraft

—> —> —> —> —>

K umber,mL 19 i 22 i 30 i

COLDALKALI EXTRACTION

Not

Used Used Not Used Used Not Used Used

A l k a l i Used NaOH

NaOH NaOH

S o l u t i o n

S t r e n g t h ,

1 5 1 5 1 5

Temperature, °

C .

30 30 30

Time,H:M 0 : 1 5 0 : 1 5 0 : 1 5

C o n s i s t e n c y ,

3 . 0

3 . 0 3 . 0

PULP

ANALYTICAL

PROPERTIES

ISO

Brightness,

92

i

92

i

92

i

MULTIPLE

INSULT

ABSORPTION TEST

A b s o r p t i o n t i m e s , s e c o n d s

1 s t i n s u l t 8 . 6 6 . 7

i

5.9 8 . 9 5 . 5

2nd

i n s u l t

48.3 29.6

i

26.9 41.6 18.8

3 r d

i n s u l t

75.0 45.5 i 39 .8

69.1 3 3 .4

EXAMPLE EXAMPLE ,

TABLE - 8 - c o n t i n u e d

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A - 5 i

B - 5 i C — 5 i

S i t k a

S p r u c e S u l ? t e P u l p

30 MULTIPLE

INSULT

ABSORPTIONTEST

I n a

manner s i m i l a r t o t h a t

used

f o r

t h e

Southern pine chip

f .

h

t

n .

t .

1 l ? t 1

d

Th A b s o r p t i o n t i m e s , s e c o n d s

urms

spruce s a mg

ma'eria

Was

su

e

pu

e

.

~ e 1 s t

i n s u l t 700 122

m0

s u l ? t e process

used

Was a c i d s u l ? t e

( a l s o

knoWn

a s acid 2 n d i n s u l t 4 3 _ 7

223

2 4 . 1

b i s u l ? t e )

a s

i n E x a m p l e

5 .

The

unbleached pulp Was

s u b -

3 5

3 r d i 1 1 s 1 1 l t 6 4 - 3

3 3 - 6 3 3 - 2

j e c t e d t o c o l d c a u s t i c e x t r a c t i o n . D a t a

f o r t h e

c o l d c a u s t i c

e x t r a c t e d p u l p s

t r e a t e d

W i t h

15% and 1 8 %

NaOH

r e

shoWn

i n

T a b l e

I - 8 ,

Example

.

I t

i s

n o t e d

t h a t

W h i l e

n o t

a l l

s t a r t i n g

EXAMPLE

p u l p s

perform at t h e

same

l e v e l , n e v e r t h e l e s s t h e r e Was a

4 0

s i g n i ? c a n t

i m p r o v e m e n t

i n a b s o r b e n c y a f t e r

c o l d

c a u s t i c

s o l u t i o n

t r e a t m e n t

f o r

e a c h o f

t h e

p u l p s o b t a i n e d from

h i s

s p e c i e s .

B o t h s p r u c e p u l p S a m p l e s B - 8 i a n d C - 8 i p e r f o r m e d

s i m i l a r l y

( n o s i g n i ? c a n t

d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n 15% N a O H a n d

18%

NaOH

x t r a c t i o n s ) .

EXAMPLE ,

TABLE

- 8

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A - 5 i

B - 5 i C — 5 i

SAMPLE

DESCRIPTION

P r o c e s s i n g

U n b l e a c h e d U n b l e a c h e d U n b l e a c h e d

P u l p

B e f o r e

P u l p

A f t e r

P u l p

A f t e r

Cold l k a l i Cold l k a l i Cold l k a l i

E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n

Wood pecies

S i t k a

Spruce

—> —>

Pulping Process

Sul?te

— > — >

K.Number,mL 31

COLDALKALI

EXTRACT-

Not Used Used Used

ION

A l k a l i

Used NaOH NaOH

S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h , 1 5 1 8

Temperature, ° C. 30 30

Time,H:M 0 : 1 5 0 : 1 5

C o n s i s t e n c y , 3 . 0 3 . 0

PULP ANALYIlCAL

PROPERTIES

ISO

Brightness,

45

50

55

60

6 5

W e s t e r n Hemlock S u l ? t e P u l p

T h i s

e x a m p l e

i l l u s t r a t e s t h e a b s o r p t i o n r o p e r t i e s o b t a i n e d

f o r a p u l p made from a W e s t e r n hemlock c h i p f u r n i sh b y a

s u l ? t e

p u l p i n g

p r o c e s s ( a c i d

s u l ? t e ) .

C o l d c a u s t i c e x t r a c t i o n

o f h e b l e a c h e d h e m l o c k

p u l p

( I S O

B r i g h t n e s s : 8 8 )

a g a i n

i l l u s t r a t e s

t h e

improvement t h a t r e s u l t s on

c o l d

a l k a l i t r e a t

m e n t : g r e a t e r s p e e d o f ab s o r b e n c y o f

? b e r s

p r o d u c e d b y

c o l d

c a u s t i c

s o l u t i o n

e x t r a c t i o n . The d a t a a r e

g i v e n

i n

T a b l e

I - 9 ,

E x a m p l e 9 .

EXAMPLE , TABLE - 9

SAMPLE DESIGNATION A - 5 i

B - 5 i C — 5 i

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION

P r o c e s s i n g B l e a c h e d B l e a c h e d

B l e a c h e d

P u l p

B e f o r e

P u l p A f t e r P u l p

A l t e r

Cold

l k a l i

Cold

l k a l i

Cold

l k a l i

E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n

Wood

pecies

Western

— > — >

Hemlock

P ulping

Process Sul?te —> —>

K umber,mL

COLD

ALKALI EXTRACT- Not

Used Used Used

ION

A l k a l i

Used NaOH NaOH

S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h , 1 5 1 8

Temperature,

°

C .

30

30

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US

7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1

EXAMPLE ,

TABLE

- 9 - c o n t i n u e d

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A - S i B - S i C - 5 i

Time,H:M

0 : 1 5

0 : 1 5

C o n s i s t e n c y , 3 . 0 3 . 0

PULPANALYTICAL

PROPERTIES

ISO

rightness, 88 i i

MULTIPLE

INSULT

ABSORPTION TEST

A b s o r p t i o n t i m e s , s e c o n d s

1 s t i n s u l t 1 2 . 3

7 . 7

9 . 4

2nd i n s u l t 4 7 . 2 3 1 . 9 3 9 . 9

3 r d

i n s u l t 7 5 . 1

4 4 . 7

6 2 . 0

EXAMPLE O

BCTMP B l e a c h e d C h e m i - T h e r m a l

M e c h a n i c a l

P u l p ) a n d C o l d A l k a l i E x t r a c t i o n

I n t h i s

e x a m p l e ,

BCTMP a

b l e a c h e d c h e m i - t h e r m a l

m e c h a n i c a l

p u l p )

c o m m e r c i a l l y

a v a i l a b l e f r o m

Tembec C o .

Was a l s o

e x t r a c t e d

W i t h

15%

and 1 8 % N a O H .

The a b s o r p t i o n

t e s t

d a t a

( T a b l e

I - 1 0 , E x a m p l e 1 0 ) s h o W s u b s t a n t i a l i m p r o v e

ment

t t h e

h i g h e r c o l d c a u s t i c

s o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h .

The KNum

b e r

o f

t h i s BCTMP

u l p

Was 3 6

mL

ven h i g h e r c a u s t i c

s o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h s ( e . g . ,

a b o u t 20%) may

p r o v e t o

b e

b e n e ?

c i a l

t o a b s o r b e n t p r o p e r t y p e r f o r m a n c e

f o r

? b e r s p r o d u c e d

f r o m t h i s t y p e

o f

f u r n i s h v i a t h i s p u l p i n g p r o c e s s . The

Wood

f u r n i s h i s a North

American, e a s t e r n Canadian

s o f t W o o d .

D e s c r i p t i o n

o f c h e m i - t h e r m a l

m e c h a n i c a l

p u l p i n g

a n d

b l e a c h i n g

p r o c e s s e s can

be

found i n t e x t s on

p u l p i n g

and

b l e a c h i n g .

EXAMPLE

0 ,

TABLE

- 1 0

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A-10i

B - 1 0 i C - 1 0 i

SAMPLE

DESCRIPTION

P r o c e s s i n g B l e a c h e d

U n b l e a c h e d U n b l e a c h e d

P u l p B e f o r e P u l p A f t e r P u l p A f t e r

Cold

l k a l i

Cold

l k a l i Cold l k a l i

E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n

Wood pecies

Northern

— > — >

Softwood

P ulping

Process

Bleached

— > — >

Chemi

t h e r m a l

m e c h a n i c a l

K

umber,

mL

3 6

i i

COLDALKALIEXTRACT- Not

Used Used

Used

ION

A l k a l i Used

NaOH NaOH

S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h , 1 5 1 8

Temperature,

° C. 30

30

Time,H:M 0 : 1 5 0 : 1 5

C o n s i s t e n c y , 3 . 0 3 . 0

PULPANALYTICAL

PROPERTIES

ISO Brightness,

MULTIPLE

INSULT

ABSORPTION

TEST

A b s o r p t i o n

t i m e s ,

s e c o n d s

1 s t i n s u l t

9 . 7 8 . 8

4 . 0

2nd

i n s u l t 3 9 . 8

3 7 . 8 2 5 . 1

3 r d i n s u l t

6 1 . 2 5 9 . 8

3 5 . 4

20

25

30

35

4 0

45

50

55

60

6 5

30

EXAMPLE 1

Use

of Cold

l k a l i E x t r a c t i o n on S e m i - B l e a c h e d ,

L o W e r B r i g h t n e s s P u l p

The

s t r e n g t h

o f c a u s t i c

s o l u t i o n r e q u i r e d t o

a c h i e v e

o p t i

mum

b s o r p t i o n

p r o p e r t i e s

i s

r e l a t e d

t o

t h e

t y p e of

raW mate

r i a l

a n d

t o

p u l p i n g a n d b l e a c h i n g

s t e p s u s e d . I n

g e n e r a l ,

h o W e v e r , t h e

l e s s

b l e a c h e d

( l o W e r

b r i g h t n e s s ) t h e p u l p ,

t h e

h i g h e r t h e

c o n c e n t r a t i o n

o f NaOH s o l u t i o n r e q u i r e d

t o

a c h i e v e o p t i m u m p r o p e r t i e s . A l s o , t h e

a b s o r p t i o n

p r o p e r t i e s

a t t a i n e d a r e

b e t t e r

When

t h e

p u l p i s

l e s s

b l e a c h e d p r i o r

t o

a p p l i c a t i o n

of

a c o l d c a u s t i c t r e a t m e n t . T h i s i s

i l l u s t r a t e d

b e l o W

i n T a b l e I - 1 1 , E x a m p l e 1 1 , W h e r e

t W o

S o u t h e r n

p i n e

k r a f t

p u l p s

b l e a c h e d t o d i f f e r e n t

b r i g h t n e s s l e v e l s ( I S O

B r i g h t n e s s o f

5 1 a n d

8 8 ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y ) u n d e r w e n t

c o l d a l k a l i

e x t r a c t i o n

W i t h

1 5

and 1 8 % NaOH

o l u t i o n s . The

r e s u l t s

f o r

b o t h o f h e s e p u l p s shoW h a t 15%

NaOH

a v e

t h e b e s t

o v e r a l l

a b s o r p t i o n t i m e

r e s u l t s ( t h i r d i n s u l t t i m e i s

t h e m o s t

s i g n i ?

c a n t o n e )

W i t h

t h e p u l p

o f l o W e r

b r i g h t n e s s ( s e m i - b l e a c h e d

p u l p ) y i e l d i n g s u p e r i o r p r o p e r t i e s .

EXAMPLE 1 , TABLE

- 1 1

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A-11i B - 1 1 i C - 1 1 i D - 1 1 i

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION

Processing

Semi-

— >

Bleached

— >

B l e a c h e d

P u l p

( I S O

P u l p

( I S O B r i g h t n e s s =

B r i g h t n e s s

= 8 8 ) 1 7

A f t e r

5 1 %)

f t e r

C o l d

A l k a l i

Cold

l k a l i E x t r a c t i o n

E x t r a c t i o n

Wood pecies

South e rn

— > — > — >

p i n e b l e n d

Pul p in g

Process Kraft

— > — > — >

COLDALKALI

EXTRACT-

Used Used Used Used

ION

Al ka l i Used

NaOH —> —> —>

S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h , 1 5

1 8

1 5

1 8

T e m p e r a t u r e , 0

C . 30 30 30 30

T i m e , H:M 0 : 1 5 0 : 1 5 0 : 1 5 0 : 1 5

C o n s i s t e n c y , 3 . 0 3 . 0 3 . 0 3 . 0

MULTIPLEINSULT

ABSORPTIONTEST

A b s o r p t i o n t i m e s , s e c o n d s

1 s t i n s u l t 5 . 0 3 . 8 6 . 2

4 . 9

2nd i n s u l t 2 2 . 1 2 1 . 2 2 2 . 2 2 4 . 8

3 r d i n s u l t 2 5 . 1 3 6 . 7 3 3 . 9 3 8 . 6

( “ > P r e p a r e d

b y

b l e a c h i n g

S a m p l e A - 1 1 i

o f E x a m p l e 1 1 ( T a b l e

1 1 ) W i t h c h l o r i n e ,

c h l o r i n e

d i o x i d e , h y d r o g e n p e r o x i d e ,

o x y g e n

a n d

s o d i u m

h y d r o x i d e

t o

an ISO B r i g h t n e s s o f 5 1 .

r e p a r e d b y b l e a c h i n g S a m p l e A - 1 1 i o f E x a m p l e 1 1 ( T a b l e 1 1 ) W i t h

c h l o r i n e ,

c h l o r i n e

d i o x i d e , h y d r o g e n p e r o x i d e , o x y g e n a n d s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e

t o

an

ISO B r i g h t n e s s

o f 8 8 .

EXAMPLE

1 , TABLE I - 1

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION

A-

B- C-

D

1 1 i i 1 1 i i 1 1 i i 1 1 i i

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION

Processing

Semi-

— >

Semi-

— >

Bleached Bleached

P u l p

( I S O

P u l p

( I S O

Brightness = Brightness =

3 8 %)

f t e r

44 %)

f t e r

Cold

l k a l i

Cold

l k a l i

E x t r a c t i o n E x t r a c t i o n

Wood pecies

South e rn

— > — > — >

p i n e b l e n d

Pulping

P r oc e ss

—> —> —>

u l ? t e

K umber,mL i

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US

7 , 9 1 9 , 6 6 7 B1

3 1 3 2

EXAMPLE 1 ,

TABLE I - 1 - c o n t i n u e d

EXAMPLE

2 , TABLE

- 1 2 - c o n t i n u e d

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION

A-

B- C- D-

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A-12i B - 1 2 i C - 1 2 i

1 1 i i 1 1 i i 1 1 i i 1 1 i i

B l e a c h B l e a c h Bleach

COLD LKALI

EXTRACT-

Used Used Used Used

5

S t a g e s ) S t a g e s ) S t a g e s )

I O N W i t h

Cold

W i t h

Cold

W i t h

Cold

A l k a l i

Used

NaOH A l k a l i A l k a l i A l k a l i

S o l u t i o n

S t r e n g t h ,

1 5

1 8

1 5

1 8

E x t r a c t i o n

i n

E x t r a c t i o n

i n

E x t r a c t i o n

i n

Temperature,

° C.

3 0 —> —> —> Stage

1

Stage

3

Stage

5

Time,

H:M

0:15

— > — > — >

Wood

pecies

Souther n

— > — >

Consistency, 3.0 —> —> —> 10 pine

MULTIPLE INSULT

Pulping Process Prehydro-

—> —>

ABSORPTION ES T l y Z e d k r a f t

COLDALKALIEXTRACT-

Used

— > — >

A b s o r p t i o n t i m e s , s e c o n d s IO N

1 s t

i n s u l t

4 . 5

4 . 5

5 . 8

4.7 Alkali Used

NaOH —> —>

2nd

i n s u l t 2 4 . 5 1 8 . 8 2 4 . 1 20.2 1 5 S o l u t i o n

S t r e n g t h ,

1 5

—> —>

3 r d i n s u l t 36.4 30.2

41.1

31.2 Temperature, 0 c_ 3 0 _ > _>

(a) _ __ _ _ _ _ Time,H:M 0:15 —> —>

h y d l i r a e g e a l r e p d e r l z a g d l z g z z i l g i l g d i i r r l g p l l z d l i i ? i g E x a m p l e 5

( T a b l e

I I - 5 ) W 1 t h c h l o n n e d l o x l d e , c o n s i s t ? n c y ,

3 _ 0

_ ) _ )

PULPANALYTICAL

A l l o f

t h e

S a m p l e s

A - 1 1 i t h r o u g h D - 1 1 i

( T a b l e

I - 1 1 ,

P R O P E R T I E S

Example 1 1 ) Were p r e p a r e d by b l e a c h i n g

t h e

3 0 K Num ber

2 0

. . . ISO rightness, 84 8 7

484

S o u t h e r n

p 1 n e k r a f t p u l p d 1 s c u s s e d 1 n Example 5

(Sample MULTIPLE I N S U L T

A - 5 i , T a b l e I - 5 )

t o

t h e b r i g h t n e s s

l e v e l

i n d i c a t e d ,

a n d

t h e n ABSORPTION E S T

c o l d

caustic extracted u nder

the conditions

indicated.

N o t e

t h a t i n t h e

u n b l e a c h e d s t a t e , 1 8 %

NaOH e s u l t e d i n b e t t e r

A h s o r p n o n t l m e s ’ S e c o n d s

b t

r t d t h a t

these

abso t i o n

times

Were

2 5

1 s t I n s u l t

1 7 7

1 4 4 1 9 2

a sorp

1on

prope 1es an ~ 2nd i n s u l t 445 311 43.4

b e t t e r t h a n

t h o s e

a s s o c 1 a t e d W1th seml-bleached p u l p s 3 r d i n s u 1 t 6 7 _ 7 5 7 1 7 0 . 4

d e s c r i b e d i n T a b l e I - 1 1 ,

Example

1 1 .

W hen t h e 3 4

K

umber n b l e a c h e d S o u t h e r n

p i n e

s u l ? t e

p u l p

O f E x a m p l e 5 ’

T a b l e

1 1 - 5

( S a m p l e

A 5 1 1 ) W a s S e m i -

3 0

T h e

r e s u l t s

s h o w n

a b o v e

( T a b l e I I - 1 2 )

i n d i c a t e

t h a t

When

b l e a c h e d t o

I S O B r i g h t n e s s

l e v e l s o f 3 8 a n d

4 4 ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y , CCE

W e s

u s _ e d 1 h

t h e

h h d d l e

o f t h e

S e q u e h e e ( S t a g e 3 ) ,

t h e

p r i o r

t o

c o l d c a u s t i c

e x t r a c t i o n

W i t h 1 5 a n d 18% NaOH, 18% a h s o r p t l o h t l m e r e s u l t s W e r e

C l e a r l y

b e t t e r ( S a m p l e 1 3 - 1 2 1 )

NaOH as t i l l

r e q u i r e d

t o

g i v e Optimum a b s o r p t i o n

p r O P e r -

t h a n

When CCE Was

used

i n

t h e

1 s t o r 5 t h s t a g e s . I t Was

t i e s . The

e s u l t s

o f

h i s

Work

r e

s e e n i n T a b l e

1 1 - 1

1 ,

Example i n t e r e s t i n g t o

n o t e t h a t

ISO B r i g h t n e s s o f t h e f u l l y b l e a c h e d

1 1 . N o t e t h a t l e s s b l e a c h e d

p u l p

( I S O

B r i g h t n e s s : 3 8 ) s t i l l

3 5

p u l p

( S a m p l e B - 1 2 i ) Was a l s o i m p r o v e d r e l a t i v e

t o

t h e o t h e r

g i v e s t h e b e s t r e s u l t s

When

e x t r a c t e d W i t h 1 8 % NaOH two ( 1 e ,

8 7

v e r s u s 8 4 ) ,

( S a m p l e

B - 1 1 i i v e r s u s

S a m p l e D - 1 1 i i ) ; t h e

r e s u l t s ,

h o w e v e r ,

a r e

n o t

a s

good

s

t h o s e observed b y

1 8 %

NaOH x t r a c t i o n of EXAMPLE 3

t h e u n b l e a c h e d p u l p i t s e l f

W i t h 18%

NaOH

s e e

r e s u l t s

f o r

S a m p l e

C - 5 i i ,

T a b l e 1 1 - 5 , E x a m p l e 5 ) . 4 0

K r a f t

P u l i n

R e ' e c t M a t e r i a l

EXAMPLE 2 p g 1

P o s i t i o n

of

Cold

l k a l i E x t r a c t i o n i n a M u l t i s t a g e 1 h ah e f f o r t t o

look

a t

P u l p

t h a t

i s

even

“raWer”

o r l e s s

B l e a c h

S e q u e n c e 4 5 p u l p e d t h a n

What

o r m a l l y o c c u r s

i n

c o n v e n t i o n a l

f u l l

chemi

c a l p u l p i n g p r o c e s s e s , some k n o t s ” r e s u l t i n g from a conven

The e n e ? t s

o f

c o l d c a u s t i c

e x t r a c t i o n i n i m p r o v i n g a b s o r - t i o n a l k r a f t cook o f

S o u t h e r n p i n e c h i p f u m i s h

Were

c o l d

b e n c y o c c u r s r e g a r d l e s s o f h e r e t i s a p p l i e d n t h e b l e a c h i n g c a u s t i c e x t r a c t e d W i t h 18% NaOH. “ K n o t s ” e s s e n t i a l l y

r e p

s e q u e n c e

( e . g . ,

a t t h e

b e g i n n i n g ,

t h e m i d d l e ,

o r a t

t h e

v e r y

r e s e n t

p u l p i n g

r e j e c t

m a t e r i a l s

t h a t a r e

p o o r l y

c o o k e d

( r e l a

e h d ) ~

t h t h e Same m u l t i ' s t a g e h t e a e h i h g s e q u e n c e t o p r e p a r e 5 0 t i v e l y

l a r g e

i n s i z e u n l i k e

s h i v e s

a n d s e p a r a b l e f r o m t h e

e s u l t

h 1 g h

b r l g h t n e s s p u l p s

t h e r e

1 5

e v e n

s o m e

1 n d 1 c a t 1 o n t h a t When i n g p u l p e d

? b e r s V i a

e q u i p m e n t l o o s e l y t e r m e d

“ k n o t t e r y y t

t h e S a m e q u a h t l t y O f

e h e h h e a l s

a r e u s e d , t h e r e t h e y h e W a s n e c e s s a r y

t o

? r s t d e ? b e r

t h e s e

k n o t s i n a W a r i n g b l e n d e r

h h P r O V e d a h s e r p t l e h P r o p e r t l e s

b y a p p t y l h g

t h e s t a g e I n t h e a n d

t o ? a t

s c r e e n t h i s d e ? b e r e d

m a t e r i a l

t o

r e m o v e r e j e c t

H u d d l e O f t h e

S e q u e n c e ;

S u c h

a n

e x a m p l e

1 5 HOW

r e s e n t e d

I n

m a t e r i a l

s t i l l r e m a in i n g n o n - d e ? b e r e d

p r i o r

t o

c o l d

a l k a l i

Wh1ch t h e o n l y b l e a c h l n g v a r 1 a b l e , 1 n a 5 - s t a g e

s e q u e n c e

t o

5 5

e x t r a c t i o n W i t h

18% NaOH'

The ? b e r s had a V e r y

h i g h K

p r e p a r e

a f u l l y b l e a c h e d

p u l p

from t h e same

u n b l e a c h e d

Number

( > 5 0 )

s t o c k ,

Was

t h e p o s i t i o n of h e CCE

t a g e

i n t h e

s e q u e n c e ;

1 5 %

'

NaOH o l u t 1 o n s t r e n g t h Was

u s e d . EXAMPLE 3 , TABLE 13

EXAMPLE

2 , TABLE

- 1 2 6 0

SAMPL E DESIGNATION A - 1 3 i

SAMPLE

DESIGNATION A-12i B - 1 2 i C - 1 2 i

SAMPLE

DESCRIPTION

SAMPLE E S C R I PT I ON P r o c e s s i n g D e l i b e r i Z e d K n o t s

( R e j e c t s )

A f t e r

Cold

l k a l i

P r o c e s s i n g

F u l l y F u l l y F u l l y E x t r a c t i o n

B l e a c h e d B l e a c h e d B l e a c h e d 6 5

W ood

S p e c i e s S o u t h e r n p i n e b l e n d

P u l p

( 5

P u l p

( 5 P u l p ( 5

P u l p i n g

P r o c e s s K r a f t

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