abstract: 207 the status of root-knot nematode … · 2017-01-24 · abstract: 207 e.3 the status...
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ABSTRACT: 207
E.3
THE STATUS OF ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE RESEARCH IN SOUTH
AFRICA
H. FOURIE H1, MC DONALD
1 A H, DE WAELE D
1,2 & DE BEER A
3
1North-West University, Unit of Environmental Sciences and Management,
Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa. 2Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience
Engineering, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 13, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium. 3Agricultural Research Council – Grain Crops Institute (ARC – GCI),
Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa E-mail: [email protected]
Root-knot nematodes are a constraint to soybean production in South Africa. Parasitism of the
crop by these sessile, endoparasitic nematodes result in substantial yield losses. Results of a
nematode survey that was conducted at 17 localities in local soybean-producing areas during
the mid 1900s indicated that twelve plant-parasitic nematode genera and 15 species were
associated with the crop. Root knot nematodes (RKN) were the most common genus found,
with Meloidogyne incognita race 2 and M. javanica being the predominant species. The
availability of local soybean cultivars resistant to these RKN species is crucial since no
synthetic or biologically-derived nematicides have been registered to date locally for use on the
crop. Host plant resistance to RKN is thus currently one of the few cost-effective and
environmentally-friendly management strategies for reducing yield losses. Subsequent
screening of local and foreign soybean genotypes resulted in several cultivars being identified
with resistance to the respective RKN species. However, local cultivar LS5995 exhibited a
superior level of resistance to M. incognita race 2. LS5995 also consistently expressed
resistance under microplot and field conditions since it maintained low population densities of
the latter species and race. Furthermore, data on quantitative relationships between soybean
crop performance and initial population densities of M. incognita race 2 showed that LS5995
has a damage threshold level that is 10 times higher than that of a susceptible standard. According to pre- and post-infection and histological studies resistance in cultivar LS5995
manifested in necrosis as well as inhibited development and reproduction of M. incognita race
2 and was identified as post-infection antibiosis resistance. Two molecular markers were
subsequently linked to M. incognita race 2-resistance in cultivar LS5995 and are still used in a
marker-assisted breeding programme (MAS). Following crosses of LS5996 and Prima2000,
seven S7 lines were selected for their acceptable agronomical traits as well as the presence of
molecular markers linked to M. incognita race 2-resistance. Of these lines, one exhibits
superior agronomical and M. incognita race 2-resistance traits and will be included in the
National Cultivar Trials during 2013/2014. However, inclusion of genetically-modified,
Round-Up Ready (RR) soybean cultivars with resistance to RKN are needed since more than
85% of the local market are dominated by RR cultivars.
Th
e s
tatu
s o
f n
em
ato
de r
esearc
h o
n s
oyb
ean
in S
ou
th A
fric
a
Dri
ekie
Fo
uri
e, A
lex M
c D
on
ald
, D
irk D
e W
aele
&
An
neli
e d
e B
eer
Un
it o
f E
nvir
on
men
tal
Scie
nces a
nd
Man
ag
em
en
t, N
ort
h-W
est
Un
ivers
ity,
Po
tch
efs
tro
om
,
Lab
ora
tory
of
Tro
pic
al
Cro
p I
mp
rovem
en
t, F
acu
lty o
f A
gri
cu
ltu
ral
an
d A
pp
lied
Bio
log
ical
Scie
nces,
Cath
olic U
niv
ers
ity o
f L
eu
ven
, K
aste
elp
ark
A
ren
berg
13
, 3
00
1 L
eu
ve
n,
Be
lgiu
m,
Ag
ric
ult
ura
l R
es
earc
h C
ou
nc
il,
Gra
in C
rop
s I
ns
titu
te,
Pri
va
te B
ag
X1
25
1,
Po
tch
efs
tro
om
, 2520, S
ou
th A
fric
a
1
1
1,2
3
1
dri
ekie
.fo
uri
e@
nw
u.a
c.z
a
3
2
Tim
elin
e o
f nem
ato
log
y r
ese
arc
h
on s
oyb
ean
in S
A:
Ne
mato
des a
ssocia
ted w
ith s
oybea
n
20
01
SA
PP
NS
(A
RC
-PP
RI)
Ongoin
g
Van d
er
Lin
de
et
al.
19
59
M
elo
idogyne
are
naria
19
68
C
oetz
ee
M
. hapla
, M
. in
cogin
ta, M
. ja
vanic
a 20
12
1
8 g
en
era
48
spp.
F
ourie
et
al.
3 g
enera
& 1
2
spp.
= n
ew
record
s
Kle
ynhans e
t al.
19
96
8 g
enera
& 1
1 s
pp.
Keetc
h a
nd B
uckle
y 1
98
4
4 g
enera
& 6
spp.
Pre
do
min
an
t n
em
ato
des in
so
yb
ean
pro
du
cti
on
are
as
: O
ffic
ial su
rvey
Fo
uri
e, H
., M
c D
onald
, A
.H. &
Loots
, G
.C.
2001. P
lant-
para
sitic
nem
ato
des in
fie
ld c
rops in S
outh
A
fric
a. 6. S
oyb
ean.
Nem
ato
logy,
3:4
47-4
54.
Ne
ma
tod
e
ge
nu
s/s
pe
cie
s
Fre
qu
en
cy o
f
oc
cu
rre
nc
e
(%)
Melo
ido
gyn
e s
pp
. 9
1
Pra
tyle
nc
hu
s z
ea
e
87
He
lic
oty
len
ch
us
dih
yste
ra
78
Sc
ute
llo
ne
ma
bra
ch
yu
rus
71
P. b
rac
hy
uru
s
33
matu
re
fem
ale
2 n
d s
tag
e
juven
ile
eg
g 3 / 4
th
sta
ge
juven
ile
So
yb
ea
n c
yst
nem
ato
de,
H. g
lyc
ines
no
t fo
un
d i
n S
A
Ec
on
om
ica
lly
im
po
rta
nt
Me
loid
og
yn
e
sp
ecie
s in
fecti
ng
so
yb
ean
in
SA
Sp
ec
ies
id
en
tifi
ca
tio
n u
sin
g
SC
AR
-PC
R
Yie
ld
los
se
s
(%)
M. in
co
gn
ita
an
d M
. ja
va
nic
a
Mix
ture
of
the
tw
o s
pe
cie
s
12
– 1
00
%
(ex
pe
rim
en
ts
an
d c
ult
iva
r
tria
l)
M Greytown
Mj control
Mi control
Mi control
M Potchefstroom
M Rustenburg
M Greytown
M Rustenburg
1,000 bp marker
1,000 bp marker
1,2
00 b
p
670 b
p
M Potchefstroom
M.
javan
ica p
rim
ers
M.
inco
gn
ita p
rim
ers
Mi control
Sym
pto
ms:
Ro
ot-
kn
ot
nem
ato
de in
fecti
on
RK
N
infe
cte
d
Un
infe
cte
d
28
Ja
nu
ary
20
13
Dia
gn
os
tic
an
aly
sis
: N
WU
16
3 3
34
eg
gs &
J2
/50
g r
oo
ts
(P. van
Nie
kerk
)
Yie
ld lo
ss
es:
tota
l d
es
tru
cti
on
Sm
it,
M.A
. &
De B
eer,
G.P
. (1
998).
Report
of
the n
ational soybean c
ultiv
ar
tria
ls 1
998/9
9.
Agri
cultura
l R
esearc
h C
ouncil
- O
il and P
rote
in S
eed
Centr
e,
Gra
in C
rops I
nstitu
te, A
gri
cultura
l
Researc
h C
ouncil,
Potc
hefs
troom
. p
. 52.
Au
dit
of
nem
ato
de p
rob
lem
s in
maiz
e:
Dia
gn
os
tic
an
aly
se
s
Bekker,
E. V
ente
r &
H. F
ourie.
2007. N
em
ato
de d
iagnostic s
erv
ice a
t th
e A
RC
-Gra
in C
rops Institu
te.
18
th N
SS
A S
ymposiu
m,
Board
walk
Centr
e, P
ort
Eliz
abeth
, S
outh
Afr
ica.
Bekker,
S., M
c D
onald
, A
.H., F
ourie, H
. &
Engelb
recht, E
. 2011. P
rospective e
xte
nded b
enefits
of pla
nt-
nem
ato
de d
iagnostic a
nd a
dvis
ory
serv
ices s
hould
clo
ser
coopera
tion b
etw
een labora
tories b
e a
ttain
able
. 20th
NS
SA
Sym
posiu
m, S
pie
r E
sta
te, S
telle
nbosch, S
outh
Afr
ica.(
We
ss
els
bro
n:
Fre
e S
tate
H
ert
zo
gville
: F
ree
Sta
te
2011
3
4 0
00
RK
N/5
0g
ro
ots
M
aiz
e
Th
e r
oo
t-kn
ot
nem
ato
de s
itu
ati
on
in
so
yb
ea
n lo
ca
lly
= c
om
plic
ate
d
A
t p
res
en
t o
nly
on
e c
on
ven
tio
nal so
yb
ean
gen
oty
pe –
s
om
e le
vel o
f R
to
SA
po
pu
lati
on
s o
f M
. in
co
gn
ita
A
ll R
R c
v’s
availab
le =
hig
hly
su
scep
tib
le t
o R
KN
In
cre
as
ed
exp
an
sio
n o
f so
yb
ean
pla
nti
ng
s in
to t
rad
itio
nal
ma
ize
pro
du
cti
on
are
as
N
o n
em
ati
cid
e r
eg
iste
red
on
so
yb
ean
lo
call
y
C
rop
ro
tati
on
: c
om
pli
ca
ted
- w
ide
ho
st
ran
ge
of
RK
N
P
rod
uc
ers
no
t alw
ays a
ware
of
RK
N p
rob
lem
s
*
Identifica
tion o
f re
sis
tance in c
ultiv
ars
&
bre
ed
ing
lin
es
Van B
iljon
2
00
4
Va
n d
en
Be
rg &
Mc D
on
ald
1991
M.
java
nic
a a
nd M
. in
co
gn
ita
race
4
19
99
F
ourie e
t al.
M
. in
cogin
ta r
aces 1
,2 &
4 a
nd M
. ja
vanic
a
M.
incogin
ta r
aces
2 &
4 a
nd
M.
javanic
a
Fourie e
t al. 2
00
6
M.
incogin
ta r
ace 2
Seve
ral cv’s
identified –
various levels
of re
sis
tance t
o
loca
l M
elo
ido
gyn
e s
pp.
Only
Egre
t still
com
merc
ially
availa
ble
Vente
r &
Fourie
O
ngoin
g
M.
incogin
ta r
ace 2
an
d
M.
javanic
a
Mbaty
oti &
Fourie
Fo
uri
e, H
., M
c D
onald
, A
.H. &
Loots
, G
.C. 1
999. H
ost suitabili
ty o
f S
outh
Afr
ican c
om
merc
ial s
oyb
ean c
ultiv
ars
to
tw
o r
oot-
knot nem
ato
de s
pecie
s. A
fric
an P
lant P
rote
ction
(5)
2: 119 –
124.
Fo
uri
e, H
., M
c D
onald
, A
.H. &
De W
aele
, D
. 2006. H
ost suitabili
ty o
f S
outh
Afr
ican a
nd fore
ign s
oyb
ean
cultiv
ars
to M
elo
idogyne
incognita r
ace 2
. S
A P
lant
and S
oil,
23 (
2):
132-1
37.
Pa
ram
ete
rs u
sed to identify
resis
tan
t g
en
oty
pe
s
Gall-
ratin
g in
dic
es
Eg
g-m
ass in
dic
es &
eg
g a
nd
J2 /
ro
ot
syste
m (
Pf)
Rf valu
es (
Pf/P
i)
RR
valu
es (
Pf of
R c
v / P
f of S
cv)
x 1
00
eg
g-m
ass
F (
31
, 1
48
) =
28
,03
, P
=0
.00
00
Ve
rtic
al b
ars
; 0
.95
co
nfid
en
ce
inte
rva
ls
Tu
ke
y
Rating 30 DAI
Sonop
LS 6444 R
PAN 1454 R
LS 6146 R
LS 6248 R
PAN 1583 R
Highveld Top
Knap
PHB 95 Y 20
PHB 95 Y 40
A 5409 RG
PHB 95 B 53
PAN 1664 R
PAN 1666 R
LS 6164 R
Dundee
Marula
LS 6161 R
LS 6150 R
PAN 737 R
Egret
Heron
Ibis 2000
LS 5995
GCI 1
GCI 2
GCI 3
GCI 4
GCI 5
GCI 6
GCI 7
Cu
ltiv
ar
Ve
rifica
tio
n o
f re
sis
tan
ce
M
icro
plo
t a
nd
fie
ld e
xp
eri
me
nts
H. F
ourie, A
.H.
Mc D
onald
and D
. D
e W
aele
. In
viv
o h
ost and y
ield
responses o
f M
elo
idogyne incognita
-resis
tant and s
usceptible
soyb
ean g
enoty
pes.
Inte
rnational J
ourn
al of P
est M
anagem
ent (a
ccepte
d in J
anuary
2013).
100
km
Ori
en
tati
on
: T
em
pera
ture
Ori
en
tati
on
: R
ain
fall
y =
8.0
7269+(-
8.0
7269-3
.79272*x
)/(1
+0.8
31008*x
+0.0
00226253̂
x)
R =
0.9
12
4
6
8
10
12
y =
13.6
604+(-13.6
604-0
.388573*x
)/(1
+0.5
57923*x
+5.2
2036E-0
5̂x)
R =
0.9
92 2
Prim
a2000
LS5995
14 0
Pf in roots
[ln(x+1)]
Pi
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
Pi
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
0
20
40
60
y =
69.0
322+(-
68.5
928)/
(1+0.0
124208*x
)
y =
13.4
89-1
3.0
193/(
1+0.0
00248728*x
)
R =
0.9
92
R =
0.9
92
Prim
a2000
LS5995
80
% Yield loss
Fo
uri
e, H
., M
c D
onald
, A
.H.. &
De W
aele
, D
. 2010. R
ela
tionship
s b
etw
een initia
l popula
tion d
ensitie
s o
f M
elo
idogyne incognita
race 2
and n
em
ato
de p
opula
tion d
evelo
pm
ent in
term
s o
f variable
soyb
ean r
esis
tance.
Journ
al of N
em
ato
logy 4
2(1
): 5
5-6
1.
Dem
on
str
ate
d t
he
mo
neta
ry b
en
efi
t
wh
en
us
ing
a
resis
tan
t cu
ltiv
ar
=
dam
ag
e t
hre
sh
old
lev
el 10
x h
igh
er
than
tha
t o
f s
us
ce
pti
ble
cv
Mic
rop
lot
(sem
i-n
atu
ral)
Fie
ld (
Na
tura
l)
So
yb
ean
gen
oty
pe
M
atu
rity
Gro
up
(M
G)
(days t
o h
arv
est
matu
rity
)
Fir
st
gro
win
g
seaso
n
Seco
nd
gro
win
g
seaso
n
D82-3
298
(R
es
ista
nt)
V
II (1
50
) √
√
LS
5995
(R
es
ista
nt
sta
nd
ard
– F
ou
rie
et
al.
2006)
VI (1
37
) √
√
PA
N660
(R
es
ista
nt)
V
I (1
35
) √
√
Po
ttie
s (
Re
sis
tan
t)
VII
(1
43
) √
√
TX
S 9
8/1
0/5
3 (
Re
sis
tan
t)
VI (1
35
) √
√
Eg
ret
(Re
sis
tan
t)
VII
(1
47
) -
√
Pri
ma
(S
us
ce
pti
ble
sta
nd
ard
– F
ou
rie
et
al.
1999)
V (
13
5)
√
-
Pri
ma
2000 (
Su
sc
ep
tib
le s
tan
da
rd –
Fo
uri
e e
t al.
2006
) V
(1
36
) -
√
L
ocali
ties
p
H
(H2O
)
%
san
d
%
silt
%
cla
y
%
org
an
ic
matt
er
R
ain
fall
(m
m)
Ir
rig
ati
on
(m
m)
F
irst
seaso
n:
Potc
hefs
tro
om
(m
icro
plo
t)
6.2
5
86.6
2.5
10.9
0.2
634
238
Gre
yto
wn (
field
)*
4.2
0
42.1
30.2
24.5
3.2
606.4
0
Jan K
em
pdorp
(field
)
5.8
6
98.2
2.1
6.6
0.6
620
600
S
eco
nd
seaso
n:
Potc
hefs
tro
om
(m
icro
plo
t)
6.5
5
93.6
1.9
3.9
0.6
585.3
225
Potc
hefs
tro
om
(field
) 6.2
8
93
2
4.5
0.5
634
375
G
reyto
wn (
field
)*
4.4
4
19.7
36.6
42.7
1.0
526.8
0
Ruste
nburg
(fie
ld)
6.5
1
64.9
11.1
23.2
0.8
592.0
180
Fie
ld s
ites
Ge
no
typ
es
P
otc
he
fstr
oo
m
Ru
ste
nb
urg
G
reyto
wn
Eg
gs
&
J2
/50
g
roo
ts
RR
va
lue
s3
(pe
r ro
ot
sys
tem
)
J2
/20
0
ml s
oil
Eg
gs
&
J2
/50
g
roo
ts
RR
va
lue
s3
(pe
r ro
ot
sys
tem
)
J2
/20
0
ml s
oil
Eg
gs
&
J2
/50
g
roo
ts
RR
va
lue
s3
(pe
r ro
ot
sys
tem
)
J2
/20
0
ml s
oil
LS
59
95
6
.6 a
(98
1)
0.1
0
a
(0)
0.4
a
(2)
0.0
8
0.5
a
(4)
1.3
a
(31
)
0.1
0
.9 a
(21
)
PA
N6
60
8
.4 a
(5 6
84
)
0.7
2
.1 a
(49
)
0.6
a
(4)
0.1
0
a
(0)
3.7
a
(16
4 )
0.1
1
.4 a
(16
)
Po
ttie
s
10
.1 b
(28
13
9)
3
0 a
(0)
1.8
a
(14
)
0.5
0
a
(0)
4.8
a
(3 4
49
)
0.2
0
.9 a
(28
)
Pri
ma
/Pri
ma
20
00
2
13
.4 c
(86
8
77
0)
10
0
8.6
b
(5 8
62
)
6.9
b
(2 5
78
)
10
0
5.2
c
(28
0)
11
.9 b
(17
6
57
8)
10
0
9.5
b
(15
95
7)
D82
-32
98
1
7.5
a
(2 2
00
)
0.3
0
a
(0)
0 a
(0)
0
0 a
(0)
3.5
a
(24
9 )
0.6
1
.9 a
(91
)
TX
S9
8/1
0/9
3
8 a
(3 7
48
)
0.4
0
a
(0)
2.9
a
(44
3)
17
0
.7 a
(14
)
2.9
a
(44
3)
0.8
2
.3 a
(13
5)
Eg
ret
7.9
a
(6 2
34
)
0.7
0
.9 a
(35
)
0.3
a
(1)
0.0
3
1.5
b
(13
1)
1 a
26
0.8
1
.8 a
(12
3)
Ge
no
typ
e x
Tre
atm
en
t:
F-r
ati
o
P v
alu
e
25
.62
≤0.05
- -
5.7
8
≤0.05
8.4
2
≤0.05
- -
4.5
2
≤0.05
17
.58
≤0.05
- -
0.5
8
≥0.05
Melo
ido
gyn
e s
pp
. p
op
ula
tio
n l
evels
Ge
no
typ
e
Gre
yto
wn
Po
tch
efs
tro
om
Ru
ste
nb
urg
LS
59
95
1
13
7
1
P
AN
660
1
0
-3
-10
P
ottie
s
-5
13
-1
3
P
rim
a / P
rim
a200
02
-20
-5
2
-8
D
82
-32
98
-1
0
-7
-14
T
XS
98
/10/5
3
7
-15
-1
E
gre
t -3
-2
1
-7
Yie
ld lo
ss (
%)
Pe
ne
tra
tio
n,
deve
lop
men
t
an
d r
ep
rod
ucti
on
of
M.
inc
og
nit
a o
n s
us
ce
pti
ble
an
d r
esis
tan
t s
oyb
ean
gen
oty
pes
Days
aft
er
ino
cu
lati
on
24
68
10
12
14
16
18
20
02468
0
HS
D(P
< 0
.05)
(418)
Pri
ma2000
LS
5995
(115)
(161)
(625)
(188)
(108)
(31) (0
)
(32)
(0)
VE
RM
IFO
RM
Mi 2
2468
HS
D(P
< 0
.05)
Pri
ma2000
LS
5995
(0)
(1 1
03)
(143)
(1 6
71)
(264)
(1 9
22)
(337)
(0)
SW
OL
LE
N M
i 2
2468
10
(418)
(115)
(625)
(161)
(1 2
92)
(252)
(1 6
71)
(295)
(1 9
22)
(370)
Pri
ma2000
LS
5995
HS
D(P
< 0
.05)
TO
TA
L M
i 2
H. F
ourie, A
.H.
Mc D
onald
, D
. D
e W
aele
and A
. Jord
aan. C
om
para
tive c
ellu
lar
responses in r
esis
tant and s
usceptible
soyb
ean c
ultiv
ars
infe
cte
d w
ith M
elo
idogyne incongita
. N
em
ato
logy (
accepte
d in J
anuary
2013).
P
en
etr
ati
on
:
S
uscep
tib
le c
ult
ivar
Res
ista
nt
cu
ltiv
ar
Sexu
all
y u
nd
iffe
ren
tiate
d
ind
ivid
uals
at
10 d
ays a
fter
ino
cu
lati
on
D
evelo
pm
en
t:
02468
Days a
fter
ino
cu
lati
on
48
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
Pri
ma2000
HS
D(P
< 0
.05)
LS
5995
(0)
(0)
(0)
(38)
(307)
(911)
(155)
Days a
fter
ino
cu
lati
on
48
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
Eggs per root system
Pri
ma2000
LS
D(P
< 0
.05)
LS
5995
(0)
(0)
(0)
(381)
(25 4
67)
(138 0
42)
(790)
0369
12
15
Eggs per egg mass
Re
pro
du
cti
on
:
Cellu
lar
resp
on
ses o
f re
sis
tan
t an
d
su
sc
ep
tib
le s
oyb
ean
cu
ltiv
ars
in
fecte
d w
ith
M. in
co
gn
ita
Hy
N
100µ
m
GC
GC
GC
GC
NC
G
C
100µm
GC
N
NC
1.1
2µm
CW
DG
C
GC
GC
CW
M
CW
M
CW
I CW
CW
V
0.1
1µm
Cy
GC
GC
CW
CW
I
CW
I
CW
I C
W
IC
R
esis
tan
t
cv
10 D
ays
aft
er
ino
cu
lati
on
S
uscep
tib
le
cv
Iden
tifi
ca
tio
n a
nd
ve
rifi
ca
tio
n o
f g
en
eti
c m
ark
ers
as
so
cia
ted
wit
h M
. in
co
gn
ita
re
sis
tan
ce
in
so
yb
ea
n
Fo
uri
e, H
., M
ienie
, C
.M.S
., M
c D
onald
, A
.H. &
De W
aele
, D
. 2008.
Identification o
f genetic m
ark
ers
associa
ted w
ith M
elo
idogyne incognita
race 2
resis
tance In s
oyb
ean (
Gly
cin
e m
ax L
. M
err
). N
em
ato
logy,
10:6
51
-661.
Mie
nie
, C
.M.S
., F
ou
rie,
H., S
mit, M
.A., V
an S
taden, J &
Both
a, F
.C. 2
002.
Identification o
f A
FLP
mark
ers
in s
oyb
ean lin
ked to r
esis
tance
to M
elo
idogyne
javanic
a a
nd c
onvers
ion
to s
equence
chara
cte
rized a
mplif
ied
regio
ns (
SC
AR
S).
Pla
nt G
row
th R
egula
tion,
37:1
57-1
66.
M. in
co
gn
ita
%
Va
ria
tio
n
in g
all
ind
ex
% V
ari
ati
on
in f
inal
po
pu
lati
on
levels
M. ja
van
ica
% V
ari
ati
on
in g
all
in
de
x
Satt
201 -
LG
-M
- 80
E-A
CC
/M-C
TC
2,
SO
JA
6
41
Satt
590 -
LG
-M
62.4
E
-AA
C/M
-CA
T1,
SO
JA
7
42
Satt
358 -
LG
-O
31.7
B
oth
on
LG
-F
2001/9
498 (
PR
F)
Cu
ltiv
ar
LG
-M
LG
-O
RF
-valu
e
Ho
st
su
itab
ilit
y1
Satt
201
Satt
590
Satt
358
1
. L
S5
99
5
+
+
+
0.0
1
R
2. P
AN
66
0
+
- +
0
.2
R
3. P
ott
ies
+
-
+
0.2
R
4. P
I 9
63
54
- -
+
0.2
R
5. E
gre
t H
-
+
0.0
8
R
6. L
S 5
99
-
+
- 0
.08
R
7. F
orr
es
t +
-
+
1.3
S
8. A
54
09
RG
-
+
- 5
.5
S
9. A
G 5
60
1
+
- -
5.1
S
10
. A
G 5
60
3
+
- -
2.9
S
11
. A
G 6
10
1
+
- -
1.8
S
12
. A
ms
tel
+
- -
3.1
S
13
. C
RN
55
50
-
+
- 4
.6
S
14
. M
aru
ti
- -
+
3.2
S
15
. K
na
p
+
- -
27
.6
S
16
. L
S 5
55
+
-
- 11
.3
S
17
. P
AN
56
4
+
- -
2.1
S
18
. P
AN
62
6
+
- -
12
.3
S
19
. S
NK
50
0
+
- -
2.4
S
20
. S
tork
-
- +
1
.6
S
21
. D
um
ela
-
- -
27
.7
S
22
. H
igh
ve
ld T
op
H
-
- 9
.4
S
23
. L
S 6
66
-
- -
0.6
R
24
. L
S 6
77
-
- -
5.2
R
25
. L
S 6
78
-
- -
2.8
S
26
. M
aru
la
- -
- 6
.3
S
27
. P
AN
80
9
- -
- 2
.8
S
28
. P
rim
a 2
00
0
- -
- 3
3.6
S
29
. S
CS
1
- -
- 6
.6
S
30
. D
un
de
e
- -
- N
ot
ava
ila
ble
2
S
31
. Ib
is
- -
- N
ot
ava
ila
ble
2
S
Ge
no
typ
e
Ran
kin
g
ord
er
Yie
ld
(t/h
a)
Mo
istu
re
co
nte
nt
Satt
201
Satt
590
Satt
487
Satt
358
LS
55
5 (
ch
eck)
1
3.6
8
10
.7
+
- -
-
LS
59
95
x S
NK
50
0 1
2
3
.54
1
0.7
+
+
+
+
LS
59
95
x P
rim
a2
00
0 1
3
3
.43
11
.5
+
+
+
+
LS
677 (
check)
4
3.1
3
11.7
-
- -
-
LS
67
8 (
ch
eck)
5
3.1
3
11
.8
- -
- -
LS
59
95
x P
rim
a2
00
0 2
6
3
.09
1
2.8
+
+
+
+
LS
59
95
x P
rim
a2
00
0 3
7
3
.01
1
0.9
+
+
-
+
LS
59
95
x P
rim
a2
00
0 4
8
3
.00
11
.3
+
+
+
+
LS
59
95
x P
rim
a2
00
0 5
9
2
.92
11
.5
+
+
+
+
LS
59
95
x S
NK
50
0 2
10
2
.90
1
2.1
+
+
+
+
LS
59
95
x P
rim
a2
00
0 6
11
2
.84
11
.5
+
+
+
+
LS
59
95
x S
NK
50
0 3
12
2
.84
11
.6
+
+
+
+
LS
59
95
x S
NK
50
0 4
13
2
.83
11
.8
+
+
+
+
LS
59
95
x S
NK
50
0 5
14
2
.77
11
.5
+
+
+
+
LS
59
95
x S
NK
50
0 6
15
2
.73
1
0.5
+
-
+
-
LS
59
95
x P
rim
a2
00
0 7
16
2
.71
11
.1
+
+
- -
LS
59
95
x S
NK
50
0 7
17
2
.69
11
.7
+
+
+
+
LS
5995 x
SN
K500 8
18
2.6
8
12.1
+
+
+
-
LS
59
95
x S
NK
50
0 9
19
2
.67
1
2.4
+
-
+
+
Evalu
ati
on
of
nem
ati
cid
es
fo
r u
se
on
so
yb
ea
n
in
So
uth
Afr
ica
: M
. ja
va
nic
a
C
om
me
nce
d d
uri
ng
th
e l
ate
1990’s
(F
ou
rie a
nd
Mc D
on
ald
,
2001)
Nem
ati
cid
es e
valu
ate
d i
nclu
ded
ED
B®,
ald
icarb
an
d
ch
lorp
irif
os
as w
ell a
s t
wo
bio
log
ical p
rod
ucts
co
nta
inin
g
Pae
ce
lom
yce
s l
ila
cin
us a
nd
Bac
illu
s s
pp
.
Tre
atm
en
ts f
um
igate
d w
ith
ED
B® c
on
sis
ten
tly r
esu
lted
in
th
e
low
es
t M
. ja
van
ica p
op
ula
tio
n levels
an
d h
igh
est
yie
lds,
foll
ow
ed
by t
he a
ldic
arb
an
d t
erb
ufo
s t
reatm
en
ts
Th
e b
ion
em
ati
cid
e t
reatm
en
ts d
id, h
ow
ever,
no
t alw
ays
dif
fer
sig
nif
ican
tly f
rom
th
e u
ntr
eate
d c
on
tro
l o
r o
ther
tre
atm
en
ts i
n t
erm
s o
f th
eir
eff
ica
cy
Evalu
ati
on
of
nem
ati
cid
es
fo
r u
se
on
so
yb
ea
n
in
So
uth
Afr
ica
: M
. in
co
gn
ita
C
on
ducte
d u
nder
field
conditio
ns w
here
hig
h infe
sta
tion levels
of
M. in
co
gn
ita
were
pre
sen
t (F
ou
rie a
nd
Mc D
ona
ld,
200
7)
14
ne
ma
ticid
e t
reatm
en
ts w
ere
inclu
ded a
nd r
epre
sente
d v
arious
do
sag
es o
f ald
icarb
, abam
ectin,
cadusafo
s,
oxagra
n,
oxam
yl and
terb
ufo
s.
Sig
nific
an
t d
iffe
rences in e
ffic
acy o
f nem
aticid
es e
xis
ted f
or
the
nu
mbe
r o
f egg a
nd J
2 c
ounts
50 g
/roots
at all
localit
ies.
On
ly o
xa
myl S
L, te
rbufo
s G
R a
nd a
bam
ectin/s
eed t
reatm
ents
resulte
d in a
sig
nific
ant
reduction o
f M
. in
cognita
num
bers
in 5
0 g
roots
an
d g
enera
lly s
how
ed a
hig
her
incom
e/h
a c
om
pare
d t
o the
untr
eate
d c
ontr
ol.
R
ele
as
e o
f R
KN
-re
sis
tan
t c
ult
iva
r(s
) b
y A
RC
-GC
I
Q
uic
ke
r, e
ffe
cti
ve
me
tho
ds
of
ide
nti
fyin
g R
KN
resis
tan
t cu
ltiv
ars
C
on
tin
uo
us
au
dit
of
ne
ma
tod
e a
ss
em
bla
ge
s in
so
yb
ea
n-p
rod
uc
tio
n a
rea
s (
co
nv
en
tio
na
l v
s.
gen
eti
cally-m
od
ifie
d p
lan
tin
gs)
A
ud
it o
f “s
oil
he
alt
h” in
te
rms
of
ne
ma
tod
es
In
terd
isc
ipli
na
ry a
nd
-in
sti
tuti
on
al c
olla
bo
rati
on
(lo
ca
lly a
nd
ab
road
) to
make s
oyb
ea
n p
rod
ucti
on
su
sta
ina
ble
in
th
e p
res
en
ce
of
ne
ma
tod
es
Fu
ture
pro
sp
ec
ts
Ma
rke
tin
g
NS
SA
wil
l h
os
t 6
ICN
in
Ca
pe T
ow
n in
May
20
14
IAP
PS
– p
am
ph
lets
at
recep
tio
n
N
RF,
OP
DT
an
d A
RC
-GC
I
E
ve
ryo
ne
att
en
din
g
N
WU
AC
KN
OW
LE
DG
EM
EN
TS