academic argument - ibts€¦ · constructing •emphasises why it really matters what has been...
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ACADEMIC ARGUMENT
TOIVO PILLI
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„INEXPERIENCED WRITERS SOMETIMES THINK STRUGGLING WITH AN ESSAY IS A SIGN THAT SOMETHING IS WRONG, THAT THEY HAVE A
DEFECTIVE INTELLIGENCE, THAT OTHER PEOPLE PLAY ON LAPTOP KEYBOARDS AS IF THEY’RE CONCERT
PIANISTS. BUT IF YOU FIND WRITING HARD, ALL I CAN SAY IS: WELCOME TO THE CLUB!“ (JIM CULLEN)
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ARGUMENT BEGINS WITH GOOD QUESTIONS
• OPEN ENDED – ANSWERABLE IN MORE THAN ONE WAY
• INVITES CONSIDERATION OF BROADER ISSUES
• IS ANSWERABLE – THE PROBLEM NOT TOO TRIVIAL OR
VAGUE OR NARROW
QUESTIONING GOES ALL THROUGH YOUR WRITING, THE
RESEARCH QUESTION SHOWS THE WAY
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ANALYSIS AND ARGUMENT
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ANALYSIS IS MAKING SENSE OF DATA AND TEXTS
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„FACTS ARE BEING USED; DESCRIPTION IS BEING FILTERED; OPINIONS ARE BEING DEFINED AND
JUSTIFIED.“
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ACADEMIC ARGUMENT? – NO!
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FOR DISCUSSION: WHAT WE ACTUALLY DO WHEN WE CONSTRUCT AN ACADEMIC ARGUMENT?
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„AN ACADEMIC ARGUMENT IS AN EVIDENCE-BASED DEFENSE OF A NON-OBVIOUS POSITION ON
A COMPLEX ISSUE.“
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QUESTION + THESIS + MOTIVE = ARGUMENT
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TOOLS FOR BUILDING AN ARGUMENT
• EVALUATION OF EVIDENCE / SOURCES
• COMPARSION
• CONTEXTUALISATION
• CAUSATION
• SHOWING CONTINUITY AND CHANGE OVER TIME
• INTERPRETATION
• PERIODISATION
• ...
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STRUCTURE OF AN ARGUMENT
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STRUCTURE OF AN ARGUMENT
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INTRODUCTION
• INTROCUCES THE ARGUMENT IN A CONCISE WAY – PROBLEM
(QUESTION), THESIS, AND MOTIVE (SIGNIFICANCE)
• ATTRACTS READER’S ATTENTION
• EXPLAINS METHOD – HOW YOU APPROACH YOUR MATERIAL AND
BUILD YOUR ARGUMENT
• SOMETIMES EXPLAINS KEY WORDS OR TERMINOLOGY
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BODY OF ARGUMENT
• ELABORATES AND SUPPORTS YOUR ARGUMENT
• PAY ATTENTION TO PARAGRAPHS – TOPIC SENTENCES, EVIDENCE, TRANSITIONS
• KEEP IN MIND: EVIDENCE AND COUNTER-EVIDENCE, COUNTER-ARGUMENTS
• DEVELOP EXPOSITION – YOUR OWN EXPLANATIONS AND ANALYSIS AND LINKS THAT
CONNECT VARIOUS EVIDENCE AND IDEAS
• LOOK AT WIDER CONTEXT – PARAGRAPH, CHAPTER IS NEVER ALONE
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CONCLUSION
• SUMMARISES THE MAIN CONCLUSIONS, BUT IS NOT A SHORTENED VERSION OF THE ARTICLE
OR CHAPTER
• SUGGESTS WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE ARGUMENT THAT THE AUTHOR HAS BEEN
CONSTRUCTING
• EMPHASISES WHY IT REALLY MATTERS WHAT HAS BEEN WRITTEN
„CONCLUSION IS THE HOME OF THE MOTIVE OF AN ARTICLE OR CHAPTER“
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POLISH, REVISE, RE-WRITE – IMPROVE YOUR ARGUMENT