accelerator r&d towards a new generation of accelerators · hadron acc. project hadron acc....

R.W. Aßmann Leading Scientist DESY

CERN, 12.3.2015

Accelerator R&D Towards a New Generation of

Accelerators

Ralph Aßmann | ATS Seminar | 12.3.2015 |

Content

1.  Why are we working on new accelerators?

2.  What is our organization and funding?

3.  Where will we put up our experiments in Hamburg?

4.  Which scientific projects are we pursuing?

5.  EuPRAXIA – A European Vision


Content






RF accelerators started small…

>  1924: (*19 February 1883 in Finja, Sweden, † 5 February 1960 in Danderyd, Sweden), Prof. at the technical university Stockholm, publishes in 1924 idea how to realize multiple acceleration of an ion with a given high voltage: Utot >> UHV

90 Years of RF Accelerators


First Demonstration: Wideröe’s PhD in 1927 in Aachen

27 pages


First Demonstration: Wideröe’s PhD in 1927 in Aachen

27 pages

First refused at university

Karlsruhe as not feasible!

Wideröe had to go to

Aachen.


80 Years (and many inventions) later: LHC as Masterpiece of Accelerator Science

First beam 10.9. 2008

Higgs Sem. 4.7. 2012


Particle Accelerators as Drivers of Excellence

Today about 30,000 particle accelerators are operated worldwide for usage in science, health and industry. Important applications include :

•  Discovery of new elementary particles and fundamental forces.

•  Generation of short flashes of light for research on bacteria, viruses, photosynthesis, fast processes, …

•  Destruction of tumor cells in patients

•  Inspection of materials

Accelerators supported many discoveries and inventions which were often rewarded with nobel prizes.

Accelerators help saving lifes.

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Dozens of nobel prizes attributed to work including acce-lerator-generated results, two nobel prizes in accelerator science.


•  What comes next?

•  Where will accelerators be in 10 years?

•  Where will accelerators be in 80 years?

•  What will be the new ideas and technologies that make future accelerators possible?

But questions arise…


Livingston and Future Accelerators (here e+/e- and p)

Hadron acc. project

Hadron acc. proposal Lepton acc. project Lepton acc. proposal



HiLumi

FCC Conceptual Design started

Hadron acc. project


CPPC



HiLumi

ILC Technical Design exists Waiting funding decision


Hadron acc. project


CEPC

CPPC



ESS

E-XFEL

LHeC ERL SuperKEKb

FAIR

HiLumi

ILC Technical Design exists Waiting funding decision


Hadron acc. project


SwissFEL

CEPC

CPPC



ESS

E-XFEL

LHeC ERL SuperKEKb

FAIR

HiLumi

ILC


Hadron acc. project


SwissFEL

Let’s say 5 billion € are going into these con-struction projects A lot of excellent R&D, prototyping, optimization as part of these projects. 10% = 500 M€

/ CEPC

CPPC


Future Accelerator Projects

>  Several pre-conditions for a successful accelerator project:

and believable performance estimates.

>  Required in addition: .   Large projects (1 – 2 B€): Several projects funded over the last decades.

  Very large projects (5– 10 B€): Many projects proposed (NLC, TESLA, ILC, VLHC, VLEPP) over last 22 years. None approved since stop of the SSC project.

>  Important criterion: Costs scale with size higher accelerating gradients or “cheap” technology required to limit cost.

for particle physics with full cost optimization.

>  Many of us believe: .

>  Plan A and plan B…



ESS

E-XFEL

LHeC ERL SuperKEKb

FAIR

HiLumi

ILC


Hadron acc. project


SwissFEL

/ CEPC

CPPC



ILC


ESS

E-XFEL

LHeC ERL SuperKEKb

FAIR

LHC HiLumi

Hadron acc. project


SwissFEL

/ CEPC

CPPC



ILC


ESS

E-XFEL

LHeC ERL SuperKEKb

FAIR

LHC HiLumi

Hadron acc. project


SwissFEL

Advanced accelerators reaching the regime of ongoing construction projects. Acceleration length (new versus conventional):

/ CEPC

CPPC


Article in the actual SPIEGEL (largest weekly magazine in Germany)


Big is beautiful! And small is beautiful as well!


Content






Accelerator R&D as Research with its Own Funding

(SLAC, LBNL, BNL, UCLA, …). Limited budget and fierce competition.

>  Several studies in Asia, e.g. , …

>  Studies in , funded by the individual states. Overall funding significantly higher than in US but highly distributed.

>  EuCARD2 spawning off a in 2012 at CERN. Still growing and extending in Europe

and beyond.

as a “research topic”, for the first time at the same organizational level as, for example, particle physics or photon science.


EU Funded Network on

Novel Accelerators 1st European

Advanced Accelerator Concepts Workshop EAAC2013

Helmholtz Association: Mission & Facts 1.  We contribute to solving grand challenges which face society, science and

industry by performing top-rate research in strategic programmes in the fields of Aeronautics, Space and Transport, Earth and Environment, Energy, Health, Key Technologies as well as the Structure of Matter.

2.  We research systems of great complexity with our large-scale facilities and scientific infrastructure, cooperating closely with national and international partners.

3.  We contribute to shaping our future by combining research and technology development with perspectives for innovative applications and provisions for tomorrow's world.

Some facts: The Helmholtz Association is Germany's largest scientific research organisation.

A total of 36,000 staff work in its 18 scientific-technical and biological-medical research centres.

The Association's annual budget amounts to more than €3.8 billion.

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Particle Accelerators in Helmholtz The centers in the Helmholtz association design, build and operate the large and modern particle accelerators in Germany.

Tens of thousands of users rely in their work on the outstanding and internationally leading quality of the generated particle beams, the emitted light and radiation.

The Helmholtz centers pursue strategic accelerator research and development (ARD).

Superconducting RF accelerator technology is a prime example of the success and the importance of such strategic investments for German science.

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HELMHOLTZ (Germany) – Research Field Matter new programme structure as of 1.1.2015

Matter and the Universe

Fundamental Particles and Forces

Cosmic Matter in the Laboratory

Matter and Radiation from the Universe

In-House Research on the Structure, Dynamics and

Function of Matter at Large Scale Faciltities

Facility Topic: Research on Matter with

Brilliant Light Sources

Facility Topic: Neutrons for Research on Condensed Matter

Facility Topic: Physics and Materials

Science with Ion Beams

Accelerator Research and Development

Detector Technologies and Systems

From Matter to Materials and Life

Matter and Technologies

Facility Topic: Research at Highest

Electromagnetic Fields

PAGE 26 Review of the Research Field Matter

LK II „performance category II“ = user operation of large

scale facilities

Helmut Dosch

Four Research Sub-Topics:

1.  SRF Science and Technology

2.  Concepts & Technology for Hadron Acc.

3.  ps-fs Electron and Photon Beams

4.  Novel Acceleration Concepts

Helmholtz ARD is: 6 Helmholtz centers 4 research themes (ST) ≈ 32 M€ / year (full cost) ≈ 160 FTE / year plus ≈ 6 M€ /year 3rd party (universities + EU grants)

HELMHOLTZ ARD (coordinator: R. Brinkmann)

Helmholtz Senate Commission Oct. 2014:

Based on the ARD review in March 2014, the following two priorities were identified in the ARD program:

•  The development of CW RF ... for FLASH and the European XFEL shall be pursued with priority in ARD.

•  The development of the laser plasma acceleration shall be pursued with priority.

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Content






SINBAD “Short Innovative Bunches & Accelerators at DESY”

FLASHForward


LAOLA Collaboration Hamburg

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Laser: Ti:Sa 200 TW, 25 fs pulse length, 5 Hz repetition rate

  Initially: Laser-driven wakefields in REGAE. LUX exp. towards FEL   Later: Move to SINBAD facility.

Beams:

: 5 MeV, fC, 7 fs bunch length, 50 Hz

: 1.25 GeV, 20 – 500 pC, 20 - 200 fs bunch length, 10 Hz. Beam-driven plasma wakefields. Beam-driven plasma wakefields with shaped beams and innovative injection methods. Helmholtz VI with UK collaboration.

: 25 MeV, 100 pC, 20 ps bunch length, 10 Hz. Beam modulation experiment in a plasma cell, preparation to CERN experiment AWAKE

: dedicated R&D, multi purpose, 150 MeV, 0.01 – 3 pC, down to < 1 fs bunch length, pulse rate 10 – 1000 Hz

Home of AXSIS ERC Synergy Grant

Home of ATHENAe

A. Maier

F. Grüner

J. Osterhoff

F. Stephan

U. Dorda B. Marchetti J. Grebenyuk

Similarly strong teams in other

Helmholtz centers!


SINBAD: Long-Term Home for Accelerator R&D at DESY

Science labs

Status: SINBAD command stand almost complete Cleaning out of old DORIS under way

PL: U. Dorda


Content




5.  EuPRAXIA – A European Project?


Experiments in SINBAD


SINBAD Beam Infrastructure ARES Phase 1

PI: B. Mar- chetti

2.1 – 4 fs


SINBAD Beam Infrastructure ARES Phase 2

for linearizer and transverse deflecting structure


200 atto-s 620 atto-s


200 atto-s 620 atto-s

Beams with important science applications

already atto-second science!

Perfect beam for injection into novel

acceleration schemes with very small RF

bucket lengths (10’s of μm).

To be complemented by ultra-precise timing

and synchronization DESY at the leading

edge there already!


Ultra-Precise Timing and Synchronization

Femtosecond Precision in Laser-to-RF Phase Detection

(from H. Schlarb, T. Lamb, E. Janas et al. Report on DESY Highlights 2013).

Ralph Aßmann | ATS Seminar | 12.3.2015 | www.cfel.de www.rle.edu

MSU


Transverse Electrical Field of Lasers

E0 =√

2 · I0

c ε0ε0 = Dielectric constantc = Light velocity

P = 100 TWr0 = 10 μmI0 = 6.4 · 1019 W/cm2

>  This is what we need!

>  Can we use the strong transverse electrical fields to accelerate our beam?

E0 = 22 TV/m

X-rays are produced from accelerated electrons

10 cm 10 GeV1 km

Traditional RF accelerator Magnetic undulator

Terahertz cylindrical waveguide

100 μm

20 cm10 MeV

Inverse Compton scattering

X-rays

X-rays

about 1 GV/m

44

THz driven Compton Source

Accelerating THz - pulses

e - compression THz - pulses

Focusing coil

Accelerating THz - pulses

THz - gun

FEA Element

Attosecond X-ray diffraction

Attosecond diffraction and spectroscopy of Biomolecules

Attosecond X-ray pulses

Undisturbed Electronic Structure

New detector development

Nanocrystal jet

Damage-free Structure

X-ray emission spectroscopy

45

Ultrafast X-ray diffraction from a stream of nanocrystals at room temperature Reaction triggered by optical laser pulses

Short pulses outrun radiation damage

46

Oxygen evolution in Photosystem II

  changed life on earth as we know it

47

Our Collaborators in AXSIS

48

Structural Biochemistry Discovery of the structure of most complex membrane proteins, photosystems I and II Science 337, 362 (2012), Nature 411, 909 (2001), Nature 409, 739 (2001). Director (2010 - present) Center for Membrane Proteins in Infectious Diseases, ASU

Ultrafast Optics

Coherent Diffractive Imaging

Attosecond precision photonics and ultrabroadband lasers Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 263904 (2012). Nature Phot. 6, 97 (2012) and 5, 477 (2011). Fellow of the Optical Society of America and Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers.

Fs-serial X-ray nanocrystallography and diffraction before destruction Science 339, 227 (2012), Nature Phot. 6, 35 (2012), Nature 470, 73 (2011). 2012 - "10 breakthroughs of the year 2012” - Science Magazine

Synergy Grant (14 M€) from the European Research Council (ERC) awarded for this proposal. Project started on 1.8.2014. Only accelerator-related ERC synergy grant. Only ERC synergy grant in the Helmholtz association.


Laser Plasma-Acceleration (Internal Injection)



- + -


Relaxed Tolerances and Towards Staging (External Injection)

>  Stability in plasma accelerators still insufficient. At the same time no fundamental limit on stability is know.

>    A known e-beam is injected

.

  Hybrid: DESY „Best in Class“ accelerator + laser + plasma.

  Reduced complexity!

  Allows placing several accelerating plasma structures behind each other (“Staging”).

>  Not shown so far!


Photo Laser-Plasma Accelerator

500 mm

0.25 mm

100

mm

Metal (copper) S band Linac strukture

Micro-waves for producing e.m. fields

2013

0.05

mm

56

56 Office of Science

4.25 GeV beams have been obtained from 9 cm plasma channel powered by 310 TW laser pulses (15 J)

Ang

le (

mra

d)

Electron beam spectrum

1 2 3 4 5Beam energy [GeV]

simulation*

Exp. Sim.

Energy 4.25 GeV 4.5 GeV

ΔE/E 5% 3.2%

Charge ~20 pC 23 pC

Divergence 0.3 mrad 0.6 mrad

• - - 

• 


Slide by V. Malka


The Choice of the Driver for Plasma Wakefields

> The plasma wakefields can be excited by several means:

  Short high power many places, soon DESY

  Short SLAC, BNL, Frascati and soon DESY

  Short (and long) AWAKE experiment at CERN

> Each method has its advantages and disadvantages.

> All must be explored to propose optimal solution for a given project (can also be combination of different technologies).

High-Efficiency Acceleration of an Electron Bunch in a Plasma Wakefield Accelerator

•  Electric field in plasma wake is loaded by presence of trailing bunch •  Allows efficient energy extraction from the plasma wake

Energetically Dispersed Beam After Plasma (Data)

Decelerated Drive Bunch

x (mm)

y (m

m)

0 5 -5

15

0

20

5

10

25

Initial Energy

Accelerated Trailing Bunch

This result is important for High Energy Physics applications that require very efficient high-gradient acceleration

No Trailing Bunch

Trailing Bunch

Previous Experiments

Our Experiment Drive Bunch

Simulations

E, G

V/m

z

0z, m

2 4 6 8 10

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

(a)

• • • 

z

E

z


Accelerator Builder’s Challenge (simplified to typical values)

> Match into and out of plasma with (about 1 mm beta function).

  See ATF2 results: 40 nm for beam size. See SuperKEKB: < 1mm beta in circular coll.

> Control between the wakefield driver (laser or beam) and the accelerated electron bunch at .

> Use to minimize energy spread.

> Achieve from injected electron bunch to wakefield (energy stability and spread).

> Control the to compensate energy spread.

> Develop and demonstrate .


Accelerator Builder’s Challenge – Feasible?

>  Idea: Beam Loading to Flatten Wakefield

>  Author: – CLIC Note No. 3,

CERN/PS/85-65 (AA) (1985).

>  Shape the electron beam to get optimized fields in the plasma, e.g. minimize energy spread.

>  Study: Tom Katsouleas.

Katsouleas, T., et al. Beam Loading in Plasma Accelerators. Particle Accelerators, 1987, Vol. 22, pp. 81-99 (1987)


Wait one moment… Compact and Cost-Effective?

>  Consider laser-driven plasma: Presently one can buy lasers from industry for a low double digit million € cost.

>  The most compact 1 PW laser is installed in HZDR, Dresden, Germany (part of ARD):

(can be visited)

>  The laser size drives the size of such an accelerator facility. With such a 1 PW laser electrons of (see LBNL result).

>  The 1 PW laser should be sufficient for a . Total footprint: about 200-300 m2 (incl. all infrastructure).

>  Now do this conventionally and compare size and cost! (e.g. )

>  Need to bring up quality and repetition rate.

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ATHENA:

Development of ultra-compact* accelerators and radiation facilities for

science and medicine *and highly cost-efficient

ATHENA shall allow the Helmholtz centers to keep and expand their world-wide leading competence in designing and building cutting-edge accelerators with a multitude of applications in science, technology, medicine and industry.

ATHENA = Acc. Technology HElmholtz iNfrAstructure

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Connected Centers and Representatives

Assessment from POF3 Evaluation (3/2014): In particular, it is possible to move from proof-of-principle acceleration experiments to the development of new accelerator designs exploiting the plasma acceleration concept. The concept of a Distributed accelerator Test Facility (DTF) for ARD is welcomed. The Panel takes note of the concept of the “Distributed accelerator Test Facility” as a means to create new synergy among the stakeholders, and of optimal use of their resources and expertise. A full proposal should be developed in the short term.

Boundary conditions

Application deadline: June 2015 Volume Helmholtz Strategic Invest: 30 M€ (plus 36.4 M€ own invest + 13.9 M€ third party + 13.0 M€ personnel) Project duration: 2018 – 2021, then > 10 years operation

(Coordinating PI)

Details on included facilities see presentations on the Helmholtz ARD web site or contact PI’s!

ANKA Synchrotron Light Source at KITFLUTE, a Linac-Based THz Source at KIT

FLUTE: ARD-Forschung am KIT Ultrakurze Elektronenpulse (1 fs bis 300 fs)Grosser Bereich an Ladungen (1 pC bis 3 nC)Kohärente Strahlung für Materialwissenschaften und biologische Anwendungen Entwicklung/Tests von Kurzpuls-Strahldiagnose und InstrumentierungKooperation KIT, PSI, DESY

FLUTEANKA Synchrotron Light Source at KITFLUTE, a Linac-Based THz Source at KIT

FLUTE: ARD-Forschung am KIT Ultrakurze Elektronenpulse (1 fs bis 300 fs)Grosser Bereich an Ladungen (1 pC bis 3 nC)Kohärente Strahlung für Materialwissenschaften und biologische Anwendungen Entwicklung/Tests von Kurzpuls-Strahldiagnose und InstrumentierungKooperation KIT, PSI, DESY

FLUTE

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Coordinating PI

Universities and External Partners

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*In the following the partner universities and external partners are not explicitly indicated on each WP, except UHH. Contributions will be discussed in more detail in the upcoming review talks.

Potential of New Accelerator Technology •  Reduced size (and cost) particle accelerators. More science for the

same budget!

•  Due to short acceleration wavelength: Ultra-short pulses of particles ultra-fast science applications

(also pump-probe exp. = exciting and measuring fast processes)

•  Strong transverse magnetic fields ultra-strong wiggling/undulating point-like photon emission better than conventional resolution.

•  Possibility of phase space manipulation with beams and lasers ultra-small emittance beams (“nano emittance”)

•  Compact footprint additional accelerator applications comple-menting “big science”: compact hospital light source for imaging, compact FEL in universities, compact proton/ion therapy for cancer, compact radiation source for cargo inspection (ions and e-), compact plasma LC, …

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ATHENA: 2018 – 2021, proposal to be submitted, 6 centers + 1 institute + universities + international collaborators, using infrastructures together, 2 future technologies for the Helmholtz strategy, high relevance for applications in many centers.

New Accelerators towards Users

ATHENA-h

•  First medical user area

•  High repetition rate laser (higher dose)

•  High stability laser front end (reliability)

•  Heavy ion applications

•  Polarized protons

•  Neutrons

ATHENA-e

•  Quality e- beam from plasma to delivery point

•  First science user area

•  Conventional and novel accelerator technology

•  Plasma FEL

•  Medical imaging

•  Injection into storage ring

•  Towards staging LC

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SEITE 71 COMPONENTS & APPLICATIONS Development

Accelerator Technology HElmholtz iNfrAstructure

ATHENA Vision (if approved in 2016)

•  Timescale of ATHENA is into the 2030’s:   Construction: 2018 – 2021

  Operation: 2022 – 2032+

•  ATHENA provides infrastructure to optimize usability of beams from novel accelerators during its operational phase.

•  ATHENA will involve pilot users in dedicated areas:

  have users learn about new beams

  expose the novel accelerator technologies to constructive criticism from users

•  ATHENA is not a user facility but the step before.

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Content






EuPRAXIA – Connected Labs and Institutes

16 beneficiaries from 5 EU member states

plus 18 associated partners


Schematic Layout EuPRAXIA Research Infrastructure

Present Laser Plasma Acce-lerators Up to 4.25 GeV electron beams

Beam Diagnostics



Research Infrastructure



PLASMA ACCELERATOR Research

Infrastructure



PLASMA ACCELERATOR HEP USER AREA Research

Infrastructure



PLASMA ACCELERATOR HEP USER AREA

FEL / RADIATION SOURCE USER AREA

Research Infrastructure


Future of EuPRAXIA, our European Vision

> Request: . Rated very high: (12 required to pass).

> Insufficient budget for EU design studies available put on the with little hope to get funded this time.

> Difficult to advance coherently in Europe without any funding for common design project!

> Focus will naturally move to national projects, where funding is available and milestones need to be reached.

> Looking for ways to get some funding to bridge the 2 years until the next call for EU design studies.

> Will decide at the next EuroNNAc2 meeting in September 2015.


Conclusion

> New acceleration techniques have .

E.g. 10 GeV electrons within a 200 m2 laser-based facility.

> Important to prepare long-term applications for particle physics colliders.

for a European vision. On hold…

> DESY pursuing multiple ways for . SINBAD, ERC, AXSIS, …

> Helmholtz ARD program. for strategic investment into plasma acceleration from 6 centers.


Wideröe 1992 at age 90

After all,

.

are not subject to any such considerations. The

.

The with regard to accelerating particles by electromagnetic means (i.e. within the scope of the Maxwell equations which have been known since the 19th century), , …

…there are yet to be made. They could allow us to advance to

.


Thank you for your attention…


SEITE 87

Principle Plasma Acceleration Ions & Protons

•  generating of pre-plasma

•  electron heating •  hot electrons

penetrate target foil •  exit on backside

•  generation of electric field on backside

•  field strength: some MV/µm

•  field ionization of a thin layer

•  acceleration of the ionized atoms

•  free expansion of ions and electrons

Target Normal Sheath Acceleration (TNSA) method


5 PW laser and LWFA

area

High stability LWFA

Comb beam high efficiency

LWFA for FEL

LWFA for science (FEL, …)

10 – 200 PW laser, also for LWFA (finally

100 GeV?)

FEL R&D for LWFA ICAN for high

efficiency Proton-

driven PWFA


LWFA FEL

e- driven PWFA

PWFA modulation

Ion plasma acc. and transport

plasma wakefield imaging

Two 1 PW laser, ion/p plasma acc., radiation therapy

R&D

LWFA, polarized particles

LWFA, medical imaging, training

LWFA low density, external inj.

atto-s radiation sources

LWFA for radiation sources

FEL, industrial applications,

PWFA

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