acids vs. bases: chemical counterparts. acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (h...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts
![Page 2: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H+) present.
Hydrogen ions (H+) are also called protons.
Properties of Acids:1)Taste Sour2)Dissolves Substances3)Reacts with metals to form hydrogen gas (H2)
![Page 3: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Base– a substance with a high amount of hydroxide ions (OH-) present.
Properties of Bases:1)Tastes bitter.2)Feels filmy or slimy.3)Corrosive.
Corrosive – able to break down or dissolve certain substances.
![Page 4: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Examples of Common Acids and Bases:
Lemon Juice (Acid) Lye (Base)
Ammonia (Base) Vinegar (Acid)
![Page 5: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• There are two different theories describing the chemical characteristics of acids and bases:
1) Arrhenius Model – both give up ions. Svante Arrhenius (1859-1927)
Acids: a substance that gives a hydrogen ion (H+)
\` Bases: a substance that gives
up a hydroxide ion (OH-)
![Page 6: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
2) Bronsted – Lowry Model – acid and base work together chemically.
Acids: Acids give up (donate) a hydrogen ion (H+).
*same as Arrhenius definition*
Bases: Bases take in (accept) hydrogen ion (H+).
Johannes Bronsted
Thomas Lowry
![Page 7: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry definitions of acids and bases emphasize different aspects of acids and bases:
Arrhenius Bronsted - Lowry
Acid Gives off protons (H+)
Gives (donates) protons (H+)
Base Gives off hydroxide ions
(OH-)
Accepts
protons (H+)
Emphasis Ion given by the substance.
How acids and bases work together.
![Page 8: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Substances are described based on the ratio of hydrogen ions (H+) to hydroxide ions (OH-).
Acidic – Substance that acts like an acid.*Substance with a higher amount of
hydrogen ion (H+) than hydroxide ion (OH-).
Basic - Substance that acts like a base.*Substance with a higher amount of
hydroxide ion (OH-) than hydrogen ion (H+).
![Page 9: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• Substances are described based on the ratio of hydrogen ions (H+) to hydroxide ions (OH-).
Neutral – Doesn’t act like acid or base.*Same amount of hydrogen ion (H+) and
hydroxide ion (OH-)
*Distilled water is neutral as it has an equal ratio of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-).
![Page 10: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Strong Acids Formula
Hydrochloric HCl
Hydrobromic HBr
Hydroiodic HI
Perchloric HClO3
Nitric HNO3
Sulfuric H2SO4
Sulfuric Acid – this is what makes you “cry” when you cut into an onion
![Page 12: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Strong Bases Formula
Sodium Hydroxide NaOH
***Ammonia*** NH3
Baking Soda NaHCO3 or
NaCO2(OH)
Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2
*Baking soda is used in labs to clean up acid spills*
![Page 13: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• According to Arrhenius, ammonia (NH3) can’t be a base, but based on the Bronsted-Lowry
definition, it is a base.
Arrhenius Bronsted-Lowry Bases give OH- Bases accept H+
δ-H+
![Page 14: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
pH scale – A scale used to determine how strong of an acid or base a substance is.
- A scale that goes from 0-14 (14 is the highest)
![Page 15: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Acids Neutral BasespH = 0-7 pH = 7 pH = 7-14
The lower pH = the stronger the acid The higher pH = the stronger the base
![Page 16: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• Litmus paper – paper that will change color base the properties of the solution.
Acids – Turns Litmus paper red
Bases – Turns Litmus paper blue
***Litmus paper will onlyshow whether a substance is an acidor a base.***
![Page 17: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• pH paper – paper that changes color based on the pH of the substance.
***pH paper shows the specific strength of the acid or base***
AcidsRed – Yellow (Light)
BasesYellow – Purple (Dark)
![Page 18: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• Indicator – a substance that has a specific color for an acidic and basic substance.
Examples of an Indicators:
![Page 19: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• Hydrangea – a flower that changes color based on the pH of the soil that the flowers grow in.
![Page 20: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• Universal Indicator – a liquid that changes the color of the substance based on pH.
![Page 21: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Neutralizing (Back to the Basics)Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases:Acids: Substances that give Hydrogen (H+)Base: Substances that accept Hydrogen (H+)
What happens when you add a base to an acid?
Answer: They become neutral and do not have the properties of either an acid or a base.
*An acid and a base mixture acts more like water*
![Page 22: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Neutralizing: Acid + BaseThe idea of neutralization is used in labs all the time:
*If hydrochloric acid spills, the first thing to do is to pour baking soda (base) on the spill to make the hydrochloric acid not act like an acid anymore.
![Page 23: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Neutral: In between an Acid and a Base
In between an Acid and Base is considered a neutral substance.
The most common neutral substance is Water.
Water is also considered amphoteric.
Amphoteric – something that can be a base and an acid.
Ex. Water (H2O) H-O-H H+ O-H-
![Page 24: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
pH, pOH, [H+], [OH-]
![Page 25: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Titration (Solving for Concentration)
![Page 26: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
TitrationTitration: the process of mixing an acid and base to a
specific point to determine the concentration of the unknown acid or base.
![Page 27: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Titration (Continued…)
Material needed for a Titration:Burette with Burette Clamp:Valve:
Allows for a very controlled, accurate, addition of the acid to base: Allows for support of the
burette clamp:
![Page 28: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Equivalence Point: Balanced
• Equivalence Point: The point where the amount (moles) of acid equals the amount (moles) of base:
Moles Acid = Moles Base
![Page 29: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Titration (Continued…)
Process for Titration:1) Start with unknown acid or base:
2) Add (2-3 drops) indicator: *Bromothymol Blue*
3) Add enough known acid or baseto change indicator:
![Page 30: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Formula for determining the results of a titration:
• The formula for determining the molarity of an unknown acid or base:
MAVA = MBVB
A = AcidB = Base
![Page 31: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
• Neutral – a substance with the same amount of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions.
• Neutralization – chemical reaction when an acid and base mix to form a salt and water
• Acid – donates hydrogen ions (protons)
• Base – donated hydroxide ions / accepts protons
![Page 33: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• Acids and bases are so attracted to each other, that they have their own chemical reaction:
Neutralization Reaction: where an acid and a base react to form a salt and water.
Salt – an ionic bond with a metaland non-metal other than oxygen.
![Page 34: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• Neutralization reactions are extremely reactive!
*Usually neutralization reactions are exothermic, or they release heat.
52.8˚C is about 127˚F
![Page 35: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
• We can predict the outcome of a neutralization reaction based on the chemical properties of an acid and a base.
Acid – Gives off protons (H+)
Base – Gives off hydroxide (OH-)
![Page 36: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
1) The protons will bond with the hydroxide ions to form water.
2) The cation (+) from the base will bond with the anion (-) from the acid to form the salt.
![Page 37: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Determine the products for the following neutralization reactions:
HCl + NaOH +
H+ OH- H2O
H2O
Cl-Na+ NaCl
NaCl
![Page 38: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Determine the products for the following neutralization reactions:
HF + LiOH +
H+ OH- H2O
H2O
F-Li+ LiF
LiF
![Page 39: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Determine the products for the following neutralization reactions:
H2S + Ca(OH)2 +
2H+ 2OH- 2H2O
2H2O
S-2Ca+2 CaS
CaS
![Page 40: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
• Determine the products of the following neutralization reactions:
1) HF + NaOH +
2) HBr + KOH +
3) H3N + Al(OH)3 +
4) HNO3 + NH4OH +
H2O
H2O
3H2O
H2O
NaF
KBr
AlN
NH4NO3
![Page 41: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
- According to Bronsted-Lowry, acids gives off hydrogen ions (protons) and bases accept them.
*This means that a neutralization reaction is basically an exchange of a proton between the acid and the base*
Question: What’s keeping the base from give the hydrogen ion back to the acid?
![Page 42: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Think of a conjugate base and acid as the result of the substance changing its mind:
Conjugate Acid – an base that has received a hydrogen ion (proton) and now wants to give the protons away.
Conjugate Base – an acid that has donated a hydrogen ion (proton) and how want to take the proton back.
![Page 43: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
When we clean a closet, we think of what we can put in the closet.
With the closet full, we wish we could have the empty, clean closet again.
![Page 44: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
An acid will always form a conjugate base.- an acid that gives a hydrogen will take on back.
A base will always form a conjugate acid.- a base that has a hydrogen will give it away.
![Page 45: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
- Determine the acid, base, conjugate acid (CA), and conjugate base (CB) in the following reaction.
HCl + OH- H2O + Cl-
HBr + NH3 Br- + NH4+
Acid Base Conjugate Base
Conjugate Acid
Acid Base Conjugate Base
Conjugate Acid
![Page 47: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Determine the acid, base, conjugate acid (CA), conjugate base (CB) for the following reactions:
1) HF + OH- H2O + F-
2) H3PO4 + NH3 NH4+ + H2PO4
-
3) H2PO4- + NH3 HPO4
-2 + NH4+
4) H2S + OH- H2O + HS-
Acid Base CA CB
Acid Base CA CB
Acid Base CACB
Acid Base CA CB
![Page 48: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
- The strength of the acid or base can effect the properties of the substance.
![Page 49: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
pH = 0 - 4 *Completely Dissociates
Dissociates – splits into ion form (HCl H+ + Cl-)
Can conduct electricity well.
**More strength equals more movement of protons (+)
Examples: Lemon Juice, nitric acid, Sulfuric Acid.
![Page 50: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
pH = 4 – 6.99
Does not completely dissociate.
Weak acids are not strong enough to donate all their protons.
Does not conduct electricity well.
**Less strength equals less movement of protons (+)
Examples: Vinegar, Hydrogen Peroxide, Vitamin C.
![Page 51: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
pH = 11 - 14 *Completely Dissociates
Dissociates – splits into ion form (NaOH Na+ + OH-)
Can conduct electricity well.
**More strength equals more movement of hydroxide ions (OH-)
Examples: Lye, Drain Cleaner, Ammonia.
![Page 52: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
pH = 7.01 – 11
Does not completely dissociate.
Weak bases are not strong enough to donate all their hydroxide ions.
Does not conduct electricity well.
**Less strength equals less movement of hydroxide ions.(OH-)
Examples: Baking Soda, Seawater, Toothpaste.
![Page 53: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
So how do we measure the strength of an acid or base in terms of dissociation?
KA = Acid dissociation constant.
***KA illustrates the ability for an acid to dissociate and release hydrogen ions (H+).***
In basic terms, KA measure the ratio of products
(protons) base on the amount of reactants.
![Page 54: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
KA = [ Products] [Reactants]
• Strong Acids have a KA higher than one. • Weak Acids have a KA lower than one. • Acids with a high KA can dissociate completely
which means a higher movement of protons which means a higher conductivity of electricity.
![Page 55: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Lemons have a very strong Kaand because it is such a strong acid, it canprovide an electrical charge through thelemon.
***The battery is giving off .902 volts of electricity which is very similar to a battery that gives of about 1.5 volts of electrical charge.
![Page 56: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
KB = dissociation constant for bases
***KB illustrates the ability for an base to dissociate and release hydroxide ions (OH-).***
KB = [ Products] [Reactants] Strong bases have a KB higher than one. Weak bases have a KB lower than one.
![Page 57: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Nitric Acid (HNO3) Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)
![Page 58: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Mono – “one” or “singular”
Protic – proton or hydrogen ion (H+)
Monoprotic Acid - an acid consisting of one proton.
Examples: Hydrochloric Acid Hydrofluoric Acid
(HCl) (HF)
![Page 59: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Poly – “more than one” or “many”
Protic – proton or hydrogen ion (H+)
Polyprotic Acid - an acid consisting of two or more protons.
Examples: Carbonic Acid Sulfuric Acid (H2CO3) (H2SO4)
![Page 60: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Monoprotic Acids Polyprotic Acids
- Only have one proton - Has more than one protons
- Tend to be weaker - Tend to be stronger
Examples: HCl, HI, HF Example: H2S, H2CO3, H3PO4
- Has only 1 pK point. - Has more than one pK point.
pK point – a point where the pH of the substance will increase rapidly.
![Page 61: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
What is a pK point?
A pK point is where the substance hits it equivalence point and has a drastic change in pH.
*This will happen for each proton in the acid.*
![Page 62: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
How can we tell the difference between a monoprotic and polyprotic acid?
Polyprotic Acid
![Page 63: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Determine if the following acids are monoprotic or polyprotic:
1) Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
2) Sulfurous Acid (H2SO3)
3) Perchloric Acid (HClO4)
4) Cyanic Acid (HCNO)
5) Oxalic Acid (H2C2O4)
Monoprotic Acid
Polyprotic Acid
Monoprotic Acid
Monoprotic Acid
Polyprotic Acid
![Page 64: Acids vs. Bases: Chemical Counterparts. Acid – a substance with a high amount of hydrogen ions (H + ) present. Hydrogen ions (H + ) are also called protons](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56649e395503460f94b2a386/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Is the titration curve below, a monoprotic or polyprotic acid? Explain how you know.
Answer:This is a polyprotic acid. The reason why is it has two equivalence points or two jumps in the graph.