acquiring it app

8/2/2019 Acquiring IT App

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Rufino Reyes IIIAna Mia CavieroEdnalie Coronado

Jade Melody Serran

Acquiring IT Applicationsand Infrastructure


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Reporting Assignments

Rufi -Strategies for Acquiring IT App

Mia - SDLC

Eds SDLC Alt. + Software Selection

Chad - BPR

MSIS 5623 Chapter 14 2


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Strategies for Acquiring ITApplications

Buying the applications Lease the applications

Developing the applications in-house


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Acquiring IT ApplicationsOption 1 - BuyAdvantages of the Buy Option

Many different types of off-the-shelf software are available.Much time can be saved by buying rather than building.

The company can know what it is getting before it invests in thesoftware.

The company is not the first and only user.The vendor updates the software frequently

The price is usually much lower for a buy option.


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Acquiring IT ApplicationsOption 1 - BuyDisadvantages of the Buy OptionSoftware may not exactly meet the companys needs

Software may be difficult or impossible to modify, or it mayrequire huge business process changes to implement

The company will not have control over softwareimprovements and new versions.

Purchased software can be difficult to integrate withexisting systems

Vendors may drop a product or go out of business.

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Acquiring IT ApplicationsOption 2- Lease Leasing can be done in one of two ways.

The first way is to lease the application from an outsourcerand install it on the companys premises. The vendor can

help with the installation and frequently will offer to alsocontract for the operation and maintenance of the system.Many conventional applications are leased this way.

The second way, using an application system provider

(ASP)


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Acquiring IT ApplicationsOption 2- Lease ASP-Application Service Provider, is an

agent or vendor who assembles the

software needed by enterprises andpackages them usually with outsourceddevelopment, operations, maintenance,

and other services.



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Acquiring IT ApplicationsOption 2- Lease The main difference between an ASP and

an outsourcer is that an ASP will manage

application servers in a centrallycontrolled location, rather than on acustomers site



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Acquiring IT ApplicationsOption 3 Development In-House IN-HOUSE DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES. There are two

major approaches to in-house development: building fromscratch or building from components.

Build from scratch. This option should be considered onlyfor specialized applications for which components are notavailable. It is an expensive and slow process, but it will

provide the best fit.


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cqu r ng pp ca onsOption 3 Development In-House

Build from components. Companies with experienced IT staffcan use standard components (e.g., a secure Web server),some software languages (e.g., Java, Visual Basic), and third-

party subroutines to create and maintain applications on theirown.

From a software standpoint, using components offers thegreatest flexibility and can be the least expensive option inthe long run. However, it can also result in a number of false

starts and wasted experimentations. For this reason, eventhose companies with experienced staff are frequently betteroff modifying and customizing one of the packaged solutionsas part of thebuyoption.

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Systems Development LifeCycleProvides a comprehensive formal framework for designing and developingsystems for the effective and efficient processing of information. There is nouniversal, standardized version of the SDLC however a typical eight stagemodel is shown below.

SDLC:SDLC: Formal and disciplined approach to systems development

Note that the stages overlap: One stagemay start before the previous stage ends.

This is in contrast to the traditionalwaterfall method, in which the work flowsthrough all the tasks in one stage beforegoing on to the next stage. Also note thatthe processes can go backward more thanone stage.


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SDLC - Stages1. Stage 1: Project initiation.Projects often start when a

manager has a problem or sees an opportunity.

2. Stage 2: Systems Analysis And Feasibility Studies

consists of two phases of analysis: systems analysisand feasibility studies. Systems analysis is the phase that develops a thorough

understanding of the existing organization, its operation,and the situation that is causing a problem. Systems

analysis methods include: observation review of documents interviews performance measurement.


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SDLC Stages Continued Feasibility studies calculate the probability of success of the proposed

solution and include:

Technology.

Economics.

Organizational factors Legal, ethical, and other constraints.

3. Stage 3: Logical Analysis And Design emphasizes the design of systemfrom the users point of view. It identifies information requirementsandspecifies operations such as input, output, processing and storage. To

represent logical processes and data relationships modeling tools such asdata flow diagramsand entity-relationship diagramscan be used. Thelogical design is followed by a physical design.


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SDLC Stages Continued4. Stage 4: Development or Acquisition the actual development or

acquisition of the system.

IS personnel use the specifications to purchase the hardwareand software required for the system.

Programmers write code for parts of the system.

Technical writers develop documentation and training materials.

IS personnel test the system

Users test prior to the actual implementation.

5. Stage 5: Implementation is an important stage; the system can failhere even if it has all the specified functionality. Users need training

Forms need to be ordered

Help desk needs to be created


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SDLC Stages Continued

5. Stage 5: Implementation - continued

Also requires a conversionfrom a previous system. Conversion approachesinclude:

Parallel conversion: The old and new systems operate concurrently for a testperiod, and then the old system is discontinued.

Direct cutover: The old system is turned off, and the new system is turned on. Pilot conversion: The new system is implemented in a subset of locations (for

example, some of the branches in a large banking chain) and is extended toremaining locations over time.

Phased conversion: Large systems often are built from distinct modules. If themodules were originally designed to be relatively independent, it may be possibleto replace the modules one at a time.

6. Stage 6: Operation. Post production environment.


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SDLC Stages Continued7. Stage 7: Post-Audit Evaluationreviews the stages and processes to

determine best practice methods.

8. Stage 8: Maintenance. Every system needs two regular types of

maintenance: Fixing of bugs

Regular system updating


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Alternatives to SDLC

methodologies

Some alternatives:

Prototyping

Joint application design (JAD)

Rapid application development (RAD) Object-oriented development (OO)

The traditional SDLC approach works best on projects in which users have aclear idea about their requirements. Projects that require major changes inexisting processes, through reengineering or development of new processesor those that build upon inter-organizational and international systemsusing Web technologies indicate a need for alternatives or supplements toconventional SDLC methodologies.


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Alternatives - continued

Prototyping (evolutionary development):Instead of spending a lotof time producing very detailed specifications, the developers find outonly generally what the users want. The developers do not developthe complete system all at once. Instead they quicklycreate aprototype, which either contains portions of the system of most

interest to the users, or is a small-scale working model of the entiresystem. After reviewing the prototype with the users, the developersrefine and extend it. This process is continued until the finalspecifications.

Joint application design (JAD) is a group-based method forcollecting user requirements and creating system designs. It is usedwithin the systems analysis and design stages of the SDLC. Unlike the

traditional SDLC, where the analysts interview individual users of thenew information system to understand their needs JAD has a meetingin which all users meet simultaneously with analysts. During themeeting, all users jointly define and agree upon systems requirements.


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Alternatives - continued

Rapid application development (RAD) is a softwaredevelopment methodology that uses minimal planning in favor ofrapid prototyping. The "planning" of software developed usingRAD is interleaved with writing the software itself.

The lack of extensive pre-planning generally allows software tobe written much faster, and makes it easier to changerequirements.

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programmingparadigm using "objects" data structures consisting of datafields and methods together with their interactions to designapplications and computer programs.

Programming techniques may include features such as data

abstraction, encapsulation, messaging, modularity,polymorphism, and inheritance.MSIS 5623 Chapter 14 19


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Software Vendor Selection

A Six Step Selection Method

1. Identify Potential Vendors

2. Determine the Evaluation Criteria RFP-Request For Proposal List of users

1. Evaluate Vendors and Packages

2. Choose the Vendor and Package

3. Negotiate A Contract

4. Establish A Service Level Agreement-(SLA)


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Software Selection


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us ness rocess e es gn(BPR)

Drivers of Process Redesign Fitting commercial software Participating in private or public e-marketplaces

Improving customer service

Enabling direct online marketing

Reducing cost and improving productivity

Automating old processes

Transformation to e-business

Environmental pressures from customers, competition and market changesmay require more comprehensive responses then typicalorganizational responses. These extensive changes in operations, processesor structure are called business process redesign.


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Business Process Redesign(BPR) continuedBusiness process redesign was preceded by business process reengineering,a methodology in which an organization fundamentallyand radicallyredesigned its business processes to achieve dramatic improvement. Today,BPR can focus on anything from the redesign of an individual process, toredesign of a group of processes, to redesign of the entire enterprise.

A new method for restructuring, Business process management (BPM),

combines workflow systems and redesign methods. This emergingmethodology covers three process categories:people-to-people, systems-to-systems, and systems-to-people interactions. It is a blending of workflow,process management, and applications integration.

BPRBPR

BPMBPM


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Business Process Redesign(BPR) Information Technologys Role

Redesign of business processes often means a needto change some or all of the organizationalinformation systems. This process is referred to as

retooling

The traditional process of looking at problems first and then seekingtechnology solutions for them may need to be reversed. A new approach isfirst to recognize powerful redesign solutions that restructuring and BPR makepossible, and then to seek the processes that can be helped by such solutions.Thus the role of IT in redesigning business processes can be very critical.


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Business Process Redesign(BPR) Development Software

Special BPR and process redesign software enables the capture of the keyelements of a business process in a visual representation made up of

interconnected objects on a time line. The elements include: Activities Sequencing Resources Times Rules

BPR software also has what-if capabilities in that it enables processsimulation and performance comparison of alternative process designs.

BPR software may incorporate some aspects of project management interms of allocating resources and costs to work activities and their timesequencing.

A large variety of IT tools can be used to support redesign and BPR. Some aregeneric, while others are specifically designed for redesign and BPR.

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