acronyms, abbreviations and unitsdata.daff.gov.au/brs/data/warehouse/9aam/...1.00.pdf · daff...

401ABARESFishery status reports 2011

Acronyms and abbreviations

ABARE Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics

ABARES Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Science

AFMA Australian Fisheries Management Authority

AFZ Australian Fishing Zone

AWF Antarctic Waters Fishery

BSCZSF Bass Strait Central Zone Scallop Fishery

CCAMLR Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

CCSBT Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna

CI confidence interval

CPUE catch per unit effort

CSF Coral Sea Fishery

CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

CTS Commonwealth Trawl Sector (of the SESSF)

CV coefficient of variance

DAFF Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Australian Government)

DeepRAG Deepwater Resource Assessment Group

DEPM daily egg production method

ECDTS East Coast Deepwater Trawl Sector (of the SESSF)

EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone

EPBC Act Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

ERA ecological risk assessment

Acronyms, abbreviations and units

402 ABARESFishery status reports 2011

ESTF Eastern Skipjack Tuna Fishery

ETBF Eastern Tuna and Billfish Fishery

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

FM Act Fisheries Management Act 1991

GABTS Great Australian Bight Trawl Sector (of the SESSF)

GHaT Gillnet, Hook and Trap Sector (of the SESSF)

GVP gross value of production

HIMI Heard Island and McDonald Islands

HIMIF Heard Island and McDonald Islands Fishery

HS harvest strategy

HSF harvest strategy framework

HSP Commonwealth Fisheries Harvest Strategy Policy 2007

IOTC Indian Ocean Tuna Commission

ISMP Integrated Scientific Monitoring Program

ITQ individual transferable quota

IUU illegal, unregulated and unreported (fishing)

JASDGDLF Joint Authority Southern Demersal Gillnet and Demersal Longline Fishery

MEY maximum economic yield

MITF Macquarie Island Toothfish Fishery

MoU memorandum of understanding

MSE management strategy evaluation

MSY maximum sustainable yield

NER net economic returns

NIF Norfolk Island Fishery

NPF Northern Prawn Fishery

NWSTF North West Slope Trawl Fishery

PNG Papua New Guinea

PZJA Torres Strait Protected Zone Joint Authority

RAG resource assessment group

RBC recommended biological catch

RUSS Reducing Uncertainty in Stock Status (project)

SB spawning biomass



SBTF Southern Bluefin Tuna Fishery

ScallopMAC Bass Strait Central Zone Scallop Fishery Management Advisory Committee

ScallopRAG Bass Strait Central Zone Scallop Fishery Resource Assessment Group

ScHS Scalefish Hook Sector (of the SESSF)

SE standard error

SESSF Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery

SharkRAG Shark Resource Assessment Group

ShelfRAG Shelf Resource Assessment Group

SGSHS Shark Gillnet and Shark Hook sectors

SIOFA Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement

SlopeRAG Slope Resource Assessment Group

SPF Small Pelagic Fishery

SPRFMO South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation

SquidRAG Southern Squid Jig Fishery Resource Assessment Group

SSJF Southern Squid Jig Fishery

STF Skipjack Tuna Fisheries

STR South Tasman Rise

STRTF South Tasman Rise Trawl Fishery

SWPO south-western Pacific Ocean

TAC total allowable catch

TACC total allowable commercial catch

TEP threatened, endangered or protected (species)

TIB Traditional Inhabitant Boat (sector)

TSBDMF Torres Strait Bêche-de-mer Fishery

TSFF Torres Strait Finfish Fishery

TSPF Torres Strait Prawn Fishery

TSPZ Torres Strait Protected Zone

TSRA Torres Strait Regional Authority

TSRLF Torres Strait Reef Line Fishery

TSSMF Torres Strait Spanish Mackerel Fishery

TSTF Torres Strait Trochus Fishery

TSTRLF Torres Strait Tropical Rock Lobster Fishery



TTRAG Tropical Tuna Resource Assessment Group

TVH Transferable Vessel Holder

UN United Nations

UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

UNGA United Nations General Assembly

WCPFC Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission

WDTF Western Deepwater Trawl Fishery

WSTF Western Skipjack Fishery

WTBF Western Tuna and Billfish Fishery

Units´ minutes of latitude or longitude (for example, 34˚20´S)

˚E, ˚N, ˚S, ˚W degrees east, north, south, west of Greenwich

˚C degrees Celsius

cm centimetre

kg kilogram

km kilometre

km2 square kilometre

m metre

mm millimetre

nm nautical mile

t tonnes (metric ton, 1000 kg)

The following conventions have been used to express year ranges:

2010–11 financial year or season

2010 to 2011 calendar year



AAcoustic survey. Systematic method of gathering information on the abundance of a species in a water body with the help of echo sounders and sonar, which use ultrasonicsoundtodetectthefish.

Aerial survey. Methodofgatheringinformationonmovementsanddensityoffishnearthesurfacebyvisualobservationandphotographyfromlow-flyingaircraft.

Age–length (age–length key or curve). Relationship between age and length.

Age-structured assessment.Assessmentofthestatusofafishstockbasedontherelativeabundancesoffishofdifferentagesinthestock.

Aggregation.Groupoffishthatcometogether,oftentofeedorspawn.

Allocated management costs.Costsofmanagingafisherythataredirectlyrelatedtothatfishery.Includeoverheadssuchaslicensing,research,enforcementcostsandsurveillance. Allocated management costs have recoverable (industry-funded) and non-recoverable (Australian Government–funded) components.

Aquaculture. Commercial growing of marine or freshwater animals and aquatic plants.Oftencalled‘fishfarming’.

Archival tag (tagging).Implantedfishtagthatdetectsandrecords(‘archives’)environmental variables (e.g. water temperature) and location over time.

Area closure. Closureofagivenarea/fishingground,oftenforadefinedperiod.Usedasatoolinthemanagementofafishery.

Glossary


Area swept (swept area). Areaoftheseaflooroverwhichademersaltrawlnetisdragged during its operation, estimated by multiplying the width of the net mouth by the distance the net is dragged.

Artisanal fishing. Fishing for subsistence using traditional methods.

Australian Fishing Zone (AFZ). The area extending seaward of coastal waters (3 nautical miles from the territorial sea baseline) to the outer limits of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). In the case of external territories, such as Christmas Island, the AFZ extends from the territorial sea baseline to the outer limit of the EEZ. The AFZisdefinedintheFisheries Management Act 1991,whichalsospecifiesanumberof ‘excepted waters’, notably in Antarctica and the Torres Strait, that are excluded from the AFZ.

Autonomous adjustment. An ongoing structural adjustment process that occurs inallfisheries.Astechnologiesandpriceschange,thecharacteristicsofthefishingfleetrequiredtomaximisethenetvaluefromthefisherywillalsochangeand,asaresult,fisheryfleetbehaviourhasatendencytochangeinlinewithmarketsignals. The primary role for government in structural adjustment is to establish a management regime that removes any incentives that lead to over-capacity, and that facilitates autonomous adjustment in response to changing economic and biological conditions.

BB (biomass). Total weight of a stock or a component of a stock.

BLIM (biomass limit reference point). The point beyond which the risk to the stock is regarded as unacceptably high.

BMEY (biomass at maximum economic yield). Average biomass corresponding to maximum economic yield.

BMSY (biomass at maximum sustainable yield). Average biomass corresponding to maximum sustainable yield.

BTARG (target biomass). The desired biomass of the stock.

B0 (mean equilibrium unfished biomass).Averagebiomassleveliffishinghadnotoccurred.

Basket stock. Stock containing two or more species, managed as a single group withinafishery.

Beach price. Apricethatwouldbereceivedbyfishers/aquaculturefarmersperunitofwholeweightfishatthepointoflanding/farmgate.Itexcludesanymarginsforfreight, marketing and processing.

Benthic. Associated with the bottom of a water body.

Glossary


Glossary

Beverton–Holt. Mathematical function that describes the relationship between stock size and recruitment.

Biodiversity. Biological diversity; variety among living organisms, including genetic diversity, diversity within and between species, and diversity within ecosystems.

Biological reference point. Indicator providing a standard for comparison. Can be either a ‘target reference point’ or a minimum biologically acceptable limit (‘limit referencepoint’).Oftenbasedonbiomass,fishingmortalityrateorthemaintenanceof adequate recruitment to the stock.

Brood. Group of young produced by an animal at the same time.

Buyback.Purchaseoffishingentitlementsbythegovernmenttoincreasestructuraladjustmentinafishery.

Bycatch.Aspeciesthatis(a)incidentallytakeninafisheryandreturnedtothesea,or(b)incidentallyaffectedbyinteractingwithfishingequipmentinthefishery,butnot taken.

Bycatch reduction device (BRD). Adevicethatallowsfishandotheranimalstoescapeimmediatelyafterbeingtakeninorwithfishinggear(e.g.atrawlnet).

By-product.Aspeciestakenincidentallyinafisheryduringfishingforanotherspecies. The species is retained for sale as it has some commercial value.

CCarapace. The exoskeleton covering the upper surface of the body of a crustacean.

Carapace length (CL). In prawns, the distance from the posterior margin of the orbit to the mid-caudodorsal margin of the carapace; in lobster, the distance from the tip of the rostrum to the mid-caudodorsal margin of the carapace.

Catch-at-age data.Dataonthenumberoffishofeachagegroupinthecatch,usually derived from representative samples of the catch.

Catch-at-length data.Dataonthenumberoffishofeachlengthgroupinthecatch,usuallyobtainedbymeasuringthelengthsoffishinrepresentativesamples,butoccasionallyderivedfromindividualweightsoffish.

Catch-at-weight data.Dataonthenumberoffishofeachweightgroupinthecatch,usuallyobtainedbymeasuringtheindividualweightsoffishinrepresentativesamples.

Catch curve. Methodforestimatingaveragerecentfishingmortality,basedontheage structure of the catch, biology of the species, total catch weight and selectivity of thefishinggear.

Catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE). Thenumberorweightoffishcaughtbyaunitoffishingeffort.Oftenusedasameasureoffishabundance.


Catch rate. See Catch-per-unit-effort.

Catchability. Theextenttowhichastockissusceptibletofishing;quantitatively,theproportionofthestockremovedbyoneunitoffishingeffort.

Chondrichthyans. Fishes that have skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone. This group includes sharks and rays (elasmobranchs) and chimaeras (holocephalans).

Coastal waters. The waters extending seaward from the territorial sea baseline to a distance of 3 nautical miles. The states and the Northern Territory have jurisdiction over the coastal waters adjacent to them.

Codend. The closed end of a trawl net.

Cohort. Individuals of a stock born in the same spawning season.

Cohort analysis.Techniqueforestimatingthemagnitudeoffishingmortalityandthenumberoffishateachageinastockbytracingthehistoryofcohorts.

Conservation dependent species. The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 dictates that a native species is eligible to be included in the conservation dependent category at a particular time if, at that time, (a) the species isthefocusofaspecificconservationprogramthecessationofwhichwouldresultin the species becoming vulnerable, endangered or critically endangered; or (b) thefollowingsubparagraphsaresatisfied:(i)thespeciesisaspeciesoffish;(ii)thespecies is the focus of a plan of management that provides for management actions necessary to stop the decline of, and support the recovery of, the species so that its chances of long-term survival in nature are maximised; (iii) the plan of management is in force under a law of the Commonwealth or of a state or territory; and (iv) cessation of the plan of management would adversely affect the conservation status of the species.

Continental shelf. Thecontinentalshelfhasbeendefinedinanumberofways.It can mean the area of relatively shallow water that fringes a continent from the shoreline to the top of the continental slope. The top of the continental slope is often definedbythe200misobath.Continentalshelfisalsoadefinedmaritimezoneandcomprises the continental shelf where it extends beyond the limit of the Exclusive Economic Zone to the limit of the continental margin. This area is also sometimes referred to as ‘extended continental shelf’, and its limit is determined by the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf.

Continental slope. Region of the outer edge of a continent between the relatively shallow continental shelf and the abyssal depths; often characterised by a relatively steep slope.

Control rules. Agreedresponsesthatmanagementmustmakeunderpredefinedcircumstances regarding stock status. Also called ‘harvest control rules’ or ‘decision rules’.

Glossary


DDaily egg production method (DEPM). A method of estimating the spawning biomassofafishpopulationfromtheabundanceanddistributionofeggsand/orlarvae.

Danish-seining. A trawling method used by relatively small vessels in shallow waters (up to about 200 m). Lengths of weighted ropes of up to 2800 m are laid out ontheseafloorinadiamondpattern,withthevesselatoneendofthediamondandthe net at the other. As the vessel moves forward, the diamond becomes elongated, allowingthefishtobeherdedintothepathofthenet(c.f.Purseseining).

Delay difference model. Type of population model that incorporates age structure.

Demersal. Found on or near the benthic habitat (c.f. Pelagic).

Demersal trawling. Trawling with gear designed to work on or near the seabed. Suchgearisusedtotakedemersalspeciesoffishandprawns.

Depletion (stock depletion).Reductioninthebiomassofafishstock.

Developmental fishery.Afisherymanagedunderdevelopmentalfisherypermits.DevelopmentalfishinginvolvesfishinginanareaofAustralianjurisdictionasspecifiedinthepermit;activitiesinclude(a)assessingthecommercialviabilityofafishery,and(b)assessingthecommercialviabilityofkindsoffishingactivities,vesselsorequipmentspecifiedinthepermit.

Discarding. Any part of the catch that is returned to the sea, whether dead or alive.

Domestic fishery. Fishery within the Australian Fishing Zone operated by Australian-flaggedvessels.

Driftnet.Gillnetsuspendedbyfloatssothatitfishesthetopfewmetresofthewatercolumn. See also Gillnet.

Dropline. Fishing line with one or more hooks, held vertically in the water column with weights.

EEcologically sustainable development. Using, conserving and enhancing the community’s resources so that ecological processes are maintained and the total quality of life, now and in the future, is improved.

Economic efficiency. Afisheryiseconomicallyefficientwhenfishery-levelefficiencyandvessel-levelefficiencyareachieved,andmanagementcostsareaslow as they can be while still providing the necessary level of management. Fishery-levelandvessel-levelefficiencymeanthateffortisrestrictedtothepointwherethedifferencebetweenfishingrevenueandcostisgreatest,andfishersareapplyingthat level of effort at least cost.

Glossary


Economic profit (profitability). SeeProfit,economic.

Ecosystem. A complex of plant, animal and microorganism communities that, together with the non-living components, interact to maintain a functional unit.

Effort. Ameasureoftheresourcesusedtoharvestafishery’sstocks.Themeasureofeffortappropriateforafisherydependsonthemethodsusedandthemanagementarrangements. Common measures include the number of vessels, the number of hookssetandthenumberoffishingdaysornights.

Effort creep. Anincreaseintheefficiencyoffishingeffortthroughtime.Thisusuallycomesaboutthroughchangestofishinggearorhowfishingisundertaken.

Effort restriction.Restrictionofthepermittedamountoffishingeffort(e.g.totalnumberofhooks)inaparticularfishery;usedasamanagementtool.

Egg survey. Systematic gathering of information on the occurrence and abundance offisheggsandlarvaebycollectingtheminnetsandtraps.

Endangered species. Species in danger of extinction because of its low numbers or degraded habitat, or likely to become so unless the factors affecting its status improve. The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 dictates that a native species is eligible to be included in the endangered category at a particular time if, at that time, (a) it is not critically endangered, and (b) it is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future, as determined in accordance with the prescribed criteria.

Endemic species. Species that occurs naturally and exclusively in a given place.

Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). Australia’s national environment law. The legislation focuses on protecting matters of national importance, such as World Heritage sites, national heritage places, wetlands of international importance (Ramsar wetlands), nationally threatened species and ecological communities, migratory species, Commonwealth marine areas and nuclear actions.

Escapement. Thenumber,expressedasapercentage,offishthatsurvivethroughaparticularevent(e.g.predation,naturalmortality,fishingmortality),oftentospawn.

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The area that extends from the limit of the territorial sea, which is 12 nautical miles offshore from the territorial sea baseline, to a maximum of 200 nautical miles, measured from the territorial sea baseline. The EEZ is less than 200 nautical miles in extent where it coincides with the EEZ of anothercountry.Inthiscase,theboundariesbetweenthetwocountriesaredefinedby treaty. Australia has sovereign rights and responsibilities over the water column and the seabed, including the exploration and exploitation of natural resources.

Exploitation rate.Thefractionoftotalanimaldeathscausedbyfishing,usuallyexpressedasanannualvalue.Canalsobedefinedastheproportionofapopulationcaught during a year.

Glossary


FF (fishing mortality). Theinstantaneousrateoffishdeathsduetofishingadesignatedcomponentofthefishstock.Freferencepointsmaybeappliedtoentirestocks or segments of the stocks and should match the scale of management unit. Instantaneousfishingmortalityratesof0.1,0.2and0.5areequivalentto10percent,18percentand39percentofdeathsofastockduetofishing.See also Mortality, M (natural mortality).

FLIM (fishing mortality limit reference point). The point above which the removal rate from the stock is too high.

FMEY (fishing mortality at maximum economic yield).Thefishingmortalityratethat corresponds to maximum economic yield.

FMSY (fishing mortality maximum sustainable yield).Thefishingmortalityratethat achieves maximum sustainable yield.

FTARG (fishing mortality target).Thetargetfishingmortalityrate.

Farm-gate value. See Beach price.

Fecundity. Number of eggs an animal produces each reproductive cycle; the potential reproductive capacity of an organism or population.

Fish-aggregating device (FAD). Buoys or platforms used to attract and ‘hold’ pelagicfishestoenhancefishing.Canbeassimpleasafloatinglogorbambooraft,buttunafisherssettingpurse-seinenetsaroundtunaschoolsnowdeploysophisticated FADs that allow satellite tracking and interrogation of information, such as sea surface temperature.

Fish meal.Protein-richanimalfeedmadeoffishorfishwaste.

Fisheries Management Act 1991. One of two main pieces of legislation (along with the Fisheries Administration Act 1991) that details AFMA’s responsibilities and powers.

Fishery-independent survey. Systematic survey carried out by research vessels orcontractedcommercialfishingvesselstogatherinformationindependentlyofnormalcommercialfishingoperations.

Fishing capacity.Totalfishingeffortthatcanbeexpendedbyafleetoperatinginafishery.

Fishing down (fish-down). Fishing mortality above FMSY for a stock that is above a biomass target, with the intention of reducing the biomass to the target.

Fishing effort.Amountoffishingtakingplace,usuallydescribedintermsofgeartype and the frequency or period of operations (e.g. hooks, trawl hours, net length).

Fishing power.Effectivenessofavessel’sfishingeffortrelativetothatofothervessels or in other periods of time.

Glossary


Fishing season. Theperiodduringwhichafisherycanbeaccessedbyfishers.Sometimesreferredtoasafishingyear.

Fishing year. See Fishing season.

Flag state.Stateunderwhoselawsavesselisregisteredandwhoseflagitisentitledtofly.

Footrope.Formsthelowerlipofthenetopeningintrawlgear.Itsconfigurationdepends on the expected bottom morphology; a more robust footrope is required on roughfishingground.

Fork length (FL). Lengthofafishmeasuredasthedistancebetweenthetipofthesnout and the point of the fork or ‘V’ of the tail. Commonly used to record the length ofcommercialfishbecauseitislittleaffectedbydamagetothetailfin(c.f.Totallength).Forklengthismeasuredflat,frompointtopoint,notbystretchingatapealong the body surface, which would result in a longer measurement for full-bodied fishliketuna.See also Lower-jaw fork length.

Free diving. Diving without the assistance of breathing apparatus. Gear used may includeasnorkel,facemask,flippers,weightbeltandwetsuit.

Fully fished.Describesafishstockforwhichcurrentcatchesandfishingpressureare close to optimal.

GGear restriction. Restrictionontheamountand/ortypeoffishinggearthatcanbeusedbyfishersinaparticularfishery;usedasamanagementtool.

Generation time. Average time taken for an individual animal to replace itself in a population.

Ghost fishing. Captureoffishingearthathasbeenlost,usuallynetsortraps.

Gillnet.Typeofpassivefishinggearconsistingofpanelsofnetheldverticallyinthewater column, either in contact with the seabed or suspended from the sea surface, suchthatfishattemptingtoswimthroughthenetareentangled.Themeshsizeofthenetdeterminesthesizerangeoffishcaught,assmallerfishcanswimthroughthemeshesandlargerfisharenotenmeshed.See also Driftnet.

Gross value of production (GVP). A value obtained by multiplying the volume of catch (whole weight equivalent) by the average per unit beach price. In the case of a multispeciesfishery,thefishery’sGVPisthesumoftheGVPofeachspecies.

Grow-out pontoons (sea pen or cage). Pontoons supporting cages in which wild caughtfisharefatteneduntiltheyreachmarketablesize.

Growth model. Mathematical description or representation of the rate at which a species grows at different sizes or ages.

Glossary


Growth overfishing.Occurswhenfishareharvestedatanaveragesizethatissmaller than the size that would produce the maximum yield per recruit. This makesthetotalyieldlessthanitwouldbeifthefishwereallowedtogrowtoan appropriate size. The annual yield is therefore smaller than the maximum sustainable yield.

HHandline. Hand-heldlinesofvarioustypesusedtocatchfish.

Harvest strategy. Strategyoutlininghowthecatchinafisherywillbeadjustedfromyear to year depending on the size of the stock, the economic or social conditions of thefishery,conditionsofotherinterdependentstocksorspecies,anduncertaintyofbiologicalknowledge.Well-managedfisherieshaveanunambiguous(explicitand quantitative) harvest strategy that is robust to the unpredictable biological fluctuationstowhichthestockmaybesubject.

Headrope (headline). In a trawl, the length of rope or wire to which the top wings and cover netting are attached.

High grading. A type of discarding motivated by an output control system. Dependingonthecostsoffishingandpricedifferencesbetweenlargeandsmallfishofthesamespecies,fishersmayhaveanincentivetodiscardsmall,damagedorrelatively low-value catch so that it does not count against their quota. They then hopetofillthequotawithhighervaluefish.

High seas. Waters outside national jurisdictions (i.e. outside Exclusive Economic Zones).

Hookah. Underwater breathing apparatus consisting of an onboard air compressor and an air-supply tube attached to a diver’s mouthpiece or helmet.

IIndex number profit decomposition. An index number–based approach that enablesdecompositionofprofitintoitskeydrivers:productivity,thepricesofoutputsandinputs,andvesselcapital.Inthecaseofafishery,thecontributionoffishstockstoprofitcanalsobereadilycaptured.

Index of abundance. Relative measure of the abundance of a stock (e.g. catch per unit of effort).

Individual transferable effort (ITE). Shares of a total allowable effort that are allocated to individuals. They can be traded permanently or temporarily. Analogous toindividualtransferablequotasinafisherymanagedwithatotalunitallowablecatch.Usuallyissuedatthestartofafishingseason.

Individual transferable quota (ITQ). Management tool by which portions of the totalallowablecatchquotaareallocatedtofishers(individualsorcompanies).Thefishershavelong-termrightsoverthequotabutcantradequotawithothers.See also Quota.

Glossary


Input controls. Managementmeasuresthatplacerestraintsonwhofishes(licencelimitations),wheretheyfish(closedareas),whentheyfish(closedseasons)orhowtheyfish(gearrestrictions).

Inshore waters. Waters of the shallower part of the continental shelf, usually less than 3 nautical miles from the coast.

Isobath. Contour line linking points of the same depth.

Isotherm. Contour line linking points of the same temperature.

JJig. Vertical line with lures, which is moved up and down, or jigged, by hand or machine.

Joint authority. An Offshore Constitutional Settlement arrangement whereby a fisheryismanagedjointlybytheAustralianGovernmentandoneormorestatesorterritories under a single (Commonwealth, or state or territory) jurisdiction.

Joint venture. Collaborativefishingoperation,usuallyinvolvingtwocompaniesfrom different countries.

KKey commercial species. Aspeciesthatis,orhasbeen,specificallytargetedandis,orhasbeen,asignificantcomponentofafishery.

Key threatening process. The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999definesakeythreateningprocessasaprocessthatthreatensthe survival, abundance or evolutionary development of a native species or ecological community, requiring the formal development of a threat abatement plan. A threatening process is eligible to be treated as a key threatening process if (a) it could cause a native species or an ecological community to become eligible for listing in any category, other than conservation dependent, or (b) it could cause a listed threatened species or a listed threatened ecological community to become eligible to be listed in another category representing a higher degree of endangerment, or (c) it adversely affects two or more listed threatened species (other than conservation dependent species) or two or more listed threatened ecological communities.

LLatency. Fishing capacity that is authorised for use but not currently being used. Dependingonhowafisheryismanaged,latencymightappearineffort(e.g.unusedvesselstatutoryfishingrights[SFRs],gearSFRs,quotaSFRs,permitsornightsfishing)orinquota(e.g.wheretotalallowablecatches[TACs]arenotfullycaughtinaquota-managedfishery).Itisalow-costindicatoroffishers’viewsabouttheprofitabilityofafishery.Highlevelsoflatencycansuggestthatlowexpectedprofitsinthefisherydonotjustifyfishing.Itislikelythatfisheriesinwhichlatencyexistsareclosetotheopen-accessequilibrium.Apartfrombeinganindicatorofefficiency,

Glossary


ahighleveloflatencyinafisherymaybedetrimentaltothefishstockandtoanychancesthefisheryhasofbeingprofitableinthefuture.Forexample,asignificantincreaseinthemarketpriceofafishery’sproductislikelytoenticeinactiveeffortintothefishery.Ininput-controlledfisheries,ifenoughinactiveeffortistriggered,thefishstockcouldbejeopardisedand/orprofitsdissipatedassoonastheyariseifthefisheryisdriventoapointofopen-accessequilibrium.Inanoutput-controlledfishery,thisislessofaproblem,providedthatTACsaresetinaccordancewithappropriate targets.

Length-frequency distribution; modal size. The number of individuals in a catch or catch sample in each group of lengths (length intervals). The modal size is the length group into which most individuals fall. Some distributions may show several modes,reflectingfishofdifferentages.

Limited-entry fishery. Fisheryinwhichthefishingeffortiscontrolledbyrestricting the number of operators. Usually requires controlling the number andsizeofvessels,thetransferoffishingrightsandthereplacementofvessels (c.f.Open-accessfishery).

Line fishing. Fishingmethodsthatusefishinglines,includinghandlines,handreels,powered reels, pole-and-line, droplines, longlines, trotlines and troll lines.

Logbook.Officialrecordofcatch-and-effortdatacompletedbyfishers.Inmanyfisheries,alicenceconditionmakesthereturnoflogbooksmandatory.

Long-term potential yield. Estimate of the largest annual harvest that could be takensustainablyfromafishstock,allowingforvariableenvironmentalconditions.May be estimated in various ways, from taking an average of a time series of historical catches to using sophisticated mathematical models.

Longline. Fishing gear in which short lines (branchlines or droppers) carrying hooks are attached to a longer main line at regular intervals. Pelagic longlines are suspendedhorizontallyatapredetermineddepthwiththehelpofsurfacefloats.The main lines can be as long as 100 km and have several thousand hooks. Droppers on demersal longlines (set at the seabed with weights) are usually more closely spaced.

Lower-jaw fork length.Lengthofafishmeasuredasthedistancebetweenthetipof the lower jaw and the point of the fork or ‘V’ of the tail. Commonly used to record thelengthofcommercialfishwithbills(e.g.swordfish)becauseitislittleaffectedbydamagetothetailfin(c.f.Totallength)andbill.Forklengthismeasuredflat,frompoint to point, not by stretching a tape along the body surface, which would result in alongermeasurementforfull-bodiedfishliketuna.

MM (natural mortality). Deathsoffishfromallnaturalcausesexceptfishing.Usuallyexpressedasaninstantaneousrateorasapercentageoffishdyinginayear.See also F(fishingmortality),Mortality.

Mainline.Longlinefishinggearconsistsofamainlinekeptnearthesurfaceorataparticulardepthbymeansofregularlyspacedfloatsorweights.Branchlineswithbaited hooks are attached to the mainline at regular intervals.

Glossary


Management strategy evaluation (MSE). Procedure whereby management strategiesaretestedandcomparedusingsimulationsofstockandfisherydynamics.

Maximum economic yield (MEY). The sustainable catch level for a commercial fisherythatallowsneteconomicreturnstobemaximised.Formostpracticaldiscountratesandfishingcosts,MEYimpliesthattheequilibriumstockoffishislarger than that associated with maximum sustainable yield (MSY). In this sense, MEY is more environmentally conservative than MSY and should, in principle, help protectthefisheryfromunfavourableenvironmentalimpactsthatcoulddiminishthefishpopulation.

Maximum sustainable yield (MSY). The maximum average annual catch that can beremovedfromastockoveranindefiniteperiodunderprevailingenvironmentalconditions.MSYdefinedinthiswaymakesnoallowanceforenvironmentalvariability,andstudieshavedemonstratedthatfishingatthelevelofMSYisoftennot sustainable (c.f. Long-term potential yield).

Migration. Non-random movement of individuals of a stock from one place to another, often in groups.

Minimum size. Size below which a captured animal may not legally be retained. Usuallyspecifiedbyspecies.Maybevariedasamanagementtool.

Minor line.TermadoptedbyAFMAtorefertoseveralline-fishingmethods,includingtrollingorfishingusingarodandreel,handline,orpoleandline.

Mode; modal size. See Length-frequency distribution.

Model (population). Hypothesis of how a population functions; often uses mathematical descriptions of growth, recruitment and mortality.

Mortality. Deaths from all causes (usually expressed as a rate or as the proportion of the stock dying each year).

MULTIFAN–CL. A length-based, age-structured model for stock assessment of fisheries.

NNautical mile (nm). A unit of distance derived from the angular measurement of one minute of arc of latitude, but standardised by international agreement as 1852 metres.

Neritic. Designating, or of, the ecological zone (neritic zone) of the continental shelf extending from low tide to a depth of around 180 m.

Net economic returns (NER).Afishery’sNERoveraparticularperiodisequaltofishingrevenuelessfishingcosts.Fishingcostsincludetheusualaccountingcostsoffuel, labour, and repairs and maintenance, as well as various economic costs such as the opportunity cost of owner labour and capital (c.f. Opportunity cost). The concept ofNERisverycloselyrelatedtoeconomicefficiency,anecessaryconditionforNERtobe maximised.

Glossary


Non-detriment finding. Relating to a species listed in an appendix of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), a conclusion byascientificauthoritythattheexportofspecimensofthespecieswillnotimpactnegativelyonthesurvivalofthatspeciesinthewild.Thenon-detrimentfindingisrequiredbeforeanexportorimportpermitoracertificateforanintroductionfrom the sea may be granted for a specimen of an Appendix-I species, and before an exportpermitoracertificateforanintroductionfromtheseamaybegrantedforaspecimen of an Appendix-II species.

Non-target species. Speciesthatisunintentionallytakenbyafisheryornotroutinelyassessedforfisheriesmanagement.See also Bycatch, By-product.

Not overfished. SeeOverfished.

OOceanic. Open-ocean waters beyond the edge of the continental shelf.

Offshore Constitutional Settlement (OCS). The 1982 package of uniform national, state and territory laws that forms the basis for Australian governments at those levelstoenterintoagreementsforspecifiedfisheriestobemanagedbyaparticulargovernmentorgroupofgovernments.AfisherymightbemanagedbytheAustralianGovernment, one or more state or territory governments, or any combination of the two acting through a joint authority. Fisheries for which OCS arrangements are not in place may be managed under joint control or continue under current management arrangements.

Offshore waters. Usually oceanic waters, but can refer to outer continental shelf waters (c.f. Onshore waters).

Onshore waters. Waters near the coast.

Open-access fishery. Fishery in which there is no limit on the number of operators orvessels(c.f.Limited-entryfishery).Suchafisheryisliabletosufferthe‘tragedyofthecommons’,wherea‘racetofish’generallyleavesafishstockbelowitsmaximumsustainableyieldandunabletosupportaneconomicallysustainablefishery.Underopenaccess,afisheryoperateswithaharvestandeffortthatresultintotalrevenueequallingcosts,withnoeconomicprofitsbeinggenerated.Thefishingeffortemployed at this point exceeds the level that would achieve maximum economic yield. An open-access equilibrium is a point at which there is no limit on the number ofoperatorsorvesselsallowedtooperateinthefishery.

Operating model. Simulationofstockdynamics(andtheimpactoffishing)usedinmanagement strategy evaluation.

Opportunity cost. The compensation a resource forgoes by being employed in its present use and not in the next best alternative. For example, the opportunity cost incurredbytheskipperofafishingvesselistheamounttheywouldhavereceivedby applying their skill and knowledge in the next best alternative occupation. The opportunitycostofowningafishingvesselmightbetheinterestthatcouldbeearnedif the vessel was sold and the capital invested elsewhere. These costs are not usually reflectedinafirm’sfinancialaccountsbutareveryimportantcostsnonetheless.

Glossary


Otoliths. Bone-likestructuresformedintheinnerearoffish.Theringsorlayerscanbe counted to determine age.

Otter trawl. Demersal trawl operated by a single vessel in which the net is held open horizontally by angle-towed otter boards (large rectangular ‘boards’ of timber orsteel)andverticallybyacombinationoffloatsontheheadropeandweightson the ground line. Attached between the head and ground ropes and the towing warps, the otter boards are spread apart by the hydrodynamic forces acting on them when the net is towed.

Output controls. Management measures that place restraints on what is caught, including total allowable catch, quota, size limits and species.

Overfished.Afishstockwithabiomassbelowthebiomasslimitreferencepoint.‘Notoverfished’impliesthatthestockisnotbelowthethreshold,andisnowusedinplaceofthestatusclassificationsof‘fullyfished’or‘underfished’thatwereusedinearlier editions of Fishery status reports.

Overfishing, subject to.Astockthatisexperiencingtoomuchfishing,andtheremoval rate from the stock is unsustainable. Also:

• Fishing mortality (F) exceeds the limit reference point (FLIM). When stock levels are at or above BMSY, FMSY, will be the default level for FLIM.

• Fishing mortality in excess of FLIM will not be defined as overfishing if a formal ‘fish down’ or similar strategy is in place for a stock and the stock remains above the target level (BTARG).

• When the stock is less than BMSY but greater than BLIM, FLIM will decrease in proportion to the level of biomass relative to BMSY.

• At these stock levels, fishing mortality in excess of the target reference point (FTARG) but less than FLIM may also be defined as overfishing, depending on the harvest strategy in place and/or recent trends in biomass levels.

• Any fishing mortality will be defined as overfishing if the stock level is below BLIM, unless fishing mortality is below the level that will allow the stock to recover within a period of 10 years plus one mean generation time, or three times the mean generation time, whichever is less.

• Any directed (targeted) fishing of an overfished stock (stock level is below BLIM) will amount to overfishing.

PPair trawling. Trawling by two vessels steaming in parallel with the net towed between them. Very large nets can be held open and towed in this way. The net is generally hauled alternately aboard the two vessels for processing of the catch.

Parameter. Characteristic feature or measure of some aspect of a stock, usually expressed as a numerical value (e.g. see M (natural mortality)).

Parental biomass. Weight of the adult (reproductively mature) population of a species. See also SB (spawning biomass).

Pelagic. Inhabitingsurfacewatersratherthantheseafloor.Usuallyappliedtofree-swimming species such as tunas and sharks (c.f. Demersal).

Glossary


Pole-and-line fishing (poling). Fishingmethodinwhichfishersattractschoolsoffishtothevesselwithliveordeadbait,getthemintoafeedingfrenzywithmorebaitandwatersprayedontotheseasurfacetosimulatethebehaviourofsmallbaitfish,andthenusepoleswithshort,fixedlinesandluresto‘pole’thefishaboard.Alsocalled‘pole-and-live-baitfishing’.

Population structure. Composition of a population in terms of size, stock (genetic or regional), age class, sex, etc.

Potential yield. See Long-term potential yield.

Precautionary approach. Approach to resource management in which, where there are threats of serious irreversible environmental damage, a lack of full scientificcertaintyisnotusedasareasonforpostponingmeasurestopreventenvironmental degradation. In the application of the precautionary approach, uncertainties should be evaluated and taken into account in a risk-assessment approach, and decisions should be designed to minimise the risk of serious or irreversible damage to the environment.

Productivity (biological). An indication of the birth, growth and death rates of a stock. A highly productive stock is characterised by high birth, growth and mortality rates, and can sustain high harvesting rates.

Productivity (economic).Theabilityoffirmsoranindustrytoconvertinputs(labour, capital, fuel, etc.) into output. Economic productivity is often measured using productivity indexes, which show whether more or less output is being produced over time with a unit of input. The index is calculated by comparing changesintotaloutput(fish)tochangesintotalinputssuchasfuel,labourandcapital.

Profit, accounting. The difference between total revenue and explicit costs. Explicit costs include wages, fuel, repairs, maintenance and depreciation of physical capital (e.g. vessels). Where costs exceed total revenue, it is an accounting loss. Unlike economicprofit,accountingprofitdoesnotincludeopportunitycost.See alsoProfit,economic.

Profit, economic. The difference between total revenue and explicit and opportunity costs (See Opportunity cost). Explicit costs include wages, fuel, repairs, maintenanceanddepreciationofphysicalcapital(e.g.vessels).Economicprofitdiffersfromaccountingprofitinthatitincludesopportunitycost.See alsoProfit,accounting.

Protected species. As per the meaning used in the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.

Purse seining.Harvestingofsurface-schoolingpelagicfishbysurroundingtheschool with a net. A line that passes through rings on the bottom of the net can be tightenedtoclosethenetsothatthefishcannotescape(c.f.Danish-seining).

Glossary


QQuad gear. Fourfishingnetstowedsimultaneouslybyavessel,withtheopeningofeach net being controlled by otter boards.

Quota. Amountofcatchallocatedtoafisheryasawhole(totalallowablecatch)ortoanindividualfisherorcompany(individualtransferablequota).

Quota species. Species for which catch quotas have been allocated.

RReal terms/real prices. Real prices are historical or future prices adjusted to reflectchangesinthepurchasingpowerofmoney(mostcommonlymeasuredbythe consumer price index). Such prices may also be expressed as being in real terms. Commonly, a year is indicated alongside a real price. This indicates the reference year with which prices in other years are compared. Prices quoted in real terms allow for meaningful comparison over time.

Rebuilding plan. Management plan to rebuild a stock when a measure of its status (e.g. its biomass) is below the biomass limit reference point (i.e. the stock is assessedasoverfished).Stockrebuildingplansshouldincludeelementsthatdefinerebuilding targets, rebuilding time horizons and control rules related to the rate of progress.

Recovery plan. Management process to rebuild a stock when a measure of its status (e.g.itsbiomass)isoutsideadefinedlimit(i.e.thestockisassessedasoverfished).Recoveryplansshouldincludeelementsthatdefinestock-specificmanagementobjectives,harvestingstrategiesspecifiedbycontrolrulesandrecoveryperiods.

Recruit.Usually,afishthathasjustbecomesusceptibletothefishery.Sometimesused in relation to population components (e.g. a recruit to the spawning stock).

Recruitment overfishing.Excessivefishingeffortorcatchthatreducesrecruitmenttotheextentthatthestockbiomassfallsbelowthepredefinedlimitreferencepoint.

Reference point.Indicatoroftheleveloffishing(orstocksize);usedasabenchmark for assessment. See also Biological reference point.

Ricker curve/function. Mathematical function that describes the relationship between stock size and recruitment.

Risk analysis. Analysis that evaluates the possible outcomes of various harvesting strategies or management options.

SSashimi.Japanesedishofraw,slicedfish.

SB (spawning biomass). Thetotalweightofalladult(reproductivelymature)fishin a population. Also called ‘spawning stock biomass’.

Glossary


SBMSY. Spawning or ‘adult’ equilibrium biomass at maximum sustainable yield.

Seasonal closure. Closureofafishinggroundforadefinedperiod;usedasamanagement tool, often to protect a particular component of the stock.

Seines. Seinenetsareusuallylong,flatnetslikeafencethatareusedtoencircleaschooloffish,withthevesseldrivingaroundthefishinacircle.Purse-seineandDanish-seinenetsareusedinarangeoffisheries.

Settlement. Transition from a pelagic larval stage to a substrate-associated juvenile or adult existence.

Shelf break. Region where the continental shelf and continental slope meet—that is, where the seabed slopes steeply towards the ocean depths.

Shot (shot-by-shot).Pertainingtoeachseparatedeploymentofafishinggearbyafishingvessel.

Size at age.Lengthorweightoffishataparticularage.

Size at first maturity.Lengthorweightoffishwhentheyreachreproductivematurity.

Size frequency. See Length-frequency distribution.

Slope (mid-slope; upper slope). Continental slope—the more steeply dipping sea floorbeyondtheedgeofthecontinentalshelf.

Spawner per recruit (spawner-recruit). An index that gives the number of spawners of a particular age divided by the initial number of recruits.

Spawning potential ratio (SPR). The SPR is the average fecundity of a recruit over itslifetimewhenthestockisfished,dividedbytheaveragefecundityofarecruitoveritslifetimewhenthestockisunfished.

Species group. Groupofsimilarspeciesthatareoftendifficulttodifferentiatewithout detailed examination.

Standard length (SL). Thelengthofafishmeasuredfromthetipofthesnouttotheposterior end of the last vertebra or to the posterior end of the mid-lateral portion of the hypural plate.

Standardised data. Data that have been adjusted to be directly comparable to a unitthatisdefinedasthe‘standard’one.Forexample,catch-per-unit-effortdataareoftenusedasanindicatoroffishabundance.

Statutory fishing rights (SFRs).Rightstoparticipateinalimited-entryfishery.AnSFRcantakemanyforms,includingtherighttoaccessaparticularfisheryorareaofafishery,therighttotakeaparticularquantityofaparticulartypeoffish,ortherighttouseaparticulartypeorquantityoffishingequipment.

Glossary


Steepness (h). Conventionallydefinedastheproportionofunfishedrecruitment(R0) that would be expected to be produced if the spawning biomass were reduced to20percentofunfishedspawningbiomass(S0). Stocks with high steepness produce many more births than deaths on average when the spawning stock is reducedtolowlevelsbyfishing.Agreaternumberofindividualscanbesustainablytaken,byfishing,fromastockwithhighsteepnessthanfromacomparablestockwithlowersteepness.Thesteepnessofastockistypicallybothverydifficulttoestimateandhighlyinfluentialonstockassessmentmodeloutputssuchasmaximum sustainable yield and spawning stock biomass. It is therefore a major source of uncertainty in most comprehensive stock assessments.

Stock. Functionally discrete population that is largely distinct from other populations of the same species and can be regarded as a separate entity for management or assessment purposes.

Stock recruitment. See Recruit.

Stock–recruitment relationship. Relationship between the size of the parental biomass and the number of recruits it generates. Determination of this relationship isdifficult,andinvolvesstudyingthepopulation’ssize–agecomposition,growthandmortality rates.

Straddling stock. Migratory species that spend part of their life cycle in two or more jurisdictions, especially those that migrate between Exclusive Economic Zones and the high seas.

Subantarctic waters. Waters adjacent to, but not within, the Antarctic Circle (about 66˚33´S).

Subtropical waters. Waters adjacent to, but not within, the tropics; in the Australianregion,thewaterssouthoftheTropicofCapricorn(about23˚26´S).

Surface fishery. Fishing with pole and line, bait vessel, troll or purse seine to target surface-swimming species.

Surplus production. Inherentproductivityofafishstockthatcanbeharvestedsustainably. Based on the theory that, at large stock size, rates of reproduction and stock increase are slowed by self-regulating mechanisms, and that the stock increasesfasterafterremovalsasitattemptstorebuild.Intheory,fishingcanbe moderated to take advantage of the more productive rates of stock increase, provided it does not exceed the stock’s capacity to recover.

Surplus production model.Mathematicalrepresentationofthewayastockoffishrespondstotheremovalofindividuals(e.g.byfishing).

Sustainable yield. Catchthatcanberemovedoveranindefiniteperiodwithoutreducing the biomass of the stock. This could be either a constant yield from year to year,orayieldthatfluctuatesinresponsetochangesinabundance.

Glossary


TTagging.Markingorattachingatagtoananimalsothatitcanbeidentifiedwhenrecaptured;usedtostudyfishgrowth,movement,migration,stockstructureandsize. See also Archival tag.

Target fishing (targeting).Fishingselectivelyforparticularspeciesorsizesoffish.

Target species. See Key commercial species.

Taxonomic group.Anorganism’slocationinthebiologicalclassificationsystem;used to identify and group those with similar physical, chemical and/or structural composition.

Territorial sea baseline. The baseline from which all the zones (e.g. Exclusive Economic Zone) of Australia’s maritime jurisdiction are measured. The baseline is definedastheleveloflowestastronomicaltidealongthecoast.Straightbaselinesmay be drawn along deeply indented coastlines or to encompass islands fringing the coast. The baseline may also be drawn straight across the entrances to bays and estuaries, rather than following the coast inshore.

Threat abatement plan. Plan formalised under endangered species legislation to counter the effects of a listed key threatening process.

Threatened species. As per the meaning used in the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.

Tori line. Line with streamers, towed as a scaring device over the area behind a vessel where sinking baited hooks are within range of diving seabirds; attached to a tori pole (boom) at the vessel’s stern.

Total allowable catch (TAC).Forafishery,acatchlimitsetasanoutputcontrolonfishing(see also Output controls). Where resource-sharing arrangements are inplacebetweencommercialandrecreationalfishers,thetermtotalallowablecommercial catch (TACC) will apply. The term ‘global’ is applied to TACs that cover fishingmortalityfromallfleets,includingCommonwealth,stateandterritoryfleets.

Total allowable catch (TAC), actual. The actual TAC for a species is the agreed TAC with amendments applied, such as carryover or debits from the previous year.

Total allowable catch (TAC), agreed. The TAC for individual quota species as determined by the AFMA Commission.

Total allowable commercial catch (TACC). See Total allowable catch (TAC).

Total allowable effort (TAE). An upper limit on the amount of effort that can be appliedinthefishery.

Total length (TL). The length from the tip of the snout to the tip of the longer lobe ofthecaudalfin,usuallymeasuredwiththelobescompressedalongthemidline.Itis a straight-line measure, not measured over the curve of the body (c.f. Fork length).

Glossary


Trap fishing. Fishing by means of traps, often designed to catch a particular species (e.g. rock lobster pots).

Trawl fishing. Fishing method in which a large, bag-like net is drawn along behind a vesseltotargeteitherdemersalorpelagicfishspecies.Therearemanyvariations.

Trigger catch limit. When catches reach this limit, management actions are triggeredtoassesswhetherfishingshouldcontinueandatwhatlevel.

Trigger points. Pre-specifiedquantities(totalcatch,spawningbiomass,etc.)thatindicatetheneedforareviewoffisherymanagement.

Trolling. Fishing method in which lines with baits or lures are dragged by a vessel at2–10knots.UsedwidelytocatchfishsuchasSpanishmackerel,yellowtailkingfishandseveraltunaspecies.

Trotline. A dropline with hooks that are held away from the mainline by rigid spacers.

Turtle excluder device. Adevicefittedtoanet,and/ormodificationmadetoanet,that allows turtles to escape immediately after being captured in the net.

UUncertain.Statusofafishstockthatmightbeoverfishedornotoverfished,orsubjecttooverfishingornotsubjecttooverfishing,butforwhichthereisinadequateor inappropriate information to make a reliable assessment.

Underfished. Statusofafishstockthathaspotentialtosustaincatcheshigherthanthose currently taken. Not applied to stocks where catches have been limited to enable the stock to rebuild. See alsoOverfished.

VVessel-level efficiency. Vessel-levelefficiencyrequiresthatrevenuesbemaximisedand catching costs be minimised for a given quantity of catch. The choice of management regime will have a substantial bearing on whether vessel-level efficiencyisachieved,asitlargelydefinestheincentivestructurewithinwhichfishersoperate.

Vessel monitoring system (VMS). Electronic device that transmits the identity and location of a vessel.

Virgin biomass.Biomassofastockthathasnotbeenfished(alsocalledthe‘unfished’or‘unexploited’biomass).

Vulnerable species. Species that will become endangered within 25 years unless mitigating action is taken. See also Endangered species. The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 dictates that a native species is eligible to be included in the vulnerable category at a particular time if, at that time (a) it is not critically endangered or endangered, and (b) it is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future, as determined in accordance with the prescribed criteria.

Glossary


Appendix A

Fishery status reports Status of key Australian fish stocks reports

Biomass Fishing mortality Stock status

Not overfished + Not subject to overfishing

= Sustainable

Overfished + Not subject to overfishing

= Transitional–recovering a

Not overfished + Subject to overfishing = Transitional–depleting

Overfished + Subject to overfishing = Overfished b

Uncertain OR Uncertain = Undefined

a For a stock to be considered transitional–recovering in the national reports there must also be evidence that the biomass is recovering (i.e. increasing). b If the Commonwealth reports classify a stock as ‘overfished’ and ‘not subject to overfishing’ but there is no evidence that biomass is recovering it would be considered as ‘overfished’ in the national reports rather than ‘transitional–recovering’.

The relationship between the biological stock status classification systems of the Commonwealth Fishery status reports and the National Status of key Australian fish stocks reports 2012.


Index

Page locators in bold indicate glossary definitions.

Aabbreviations and acronyms, 401–4Achoerodus gouldii (blue groper), 391acoustic surveys, 405acronyms and abbreviations, 401–4Actinopyga echinites(deepwaterredfish),291,298Actinopyga mauritiana(surfredfish),2,58,291,298Actinopyga miliaris(hairyblackfish),298actual total allowable catch, 423aerial surveys, 405age–length (age–length key or curve), 405age-structured assessment, 405aggregation, 405agreed total allowable catch, 423Agreement for the Establishment of the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, 303Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the UNCLOS relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (UN Fish Stocks Agreement), 250, 303Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing, 303Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas, 303albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga), 6, 308–9, 314–15, 347–8albatrosses (Diomedeidae), 114, 364alfonsino (Beryx splendens), 65, 189, 191–2, 384, 385allocated management costs, 405Allocyttus niger (black oreodory), 166–8Allocyttus verrucosus (warty oreodory), 166–8angel shark (Squatina spp.), 196Antarctic ecosystem, 305Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella), 364Antarctictoothfish(Dissostichus mawsoni), 6, 374–8Antarctic Waters Fishery, 373–9

biological status, 6, 374, 377–8description, 374–6economic status, 378environmental status, 378

apsiline snapper (Lutjanidae: Apsilinae), 242aquaculture, 331, 336, 405Aquarium Sector of CSF, 22, 56, 58, 61aquarium species exports, 61archival tag (tagging), 405Arctocephalus gazella (Antarctic fur seal), 364Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus (Australian fur seals), 111–13, 228Arctocephalus fosteri (New Zealand fur seals), 111–13, 228

area closures, 405 see also spatial management approachesarea swept, 405artisanalfishing,405Australian blacktip (Carcharhinus tilstoni), 392, 395Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences, 56, 78, 84, 109, 144, 234, 283, 337

Reducing Uncertainty in Stock Status (RUSS) project, 5, 36, 56, 58, 59, 60, 62

Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 397Australian dollar, appreciation of, 29, 78Australian Fisheries Management Authority, 3, 30, 31, 32, 39, 56

and industry co-management trials, 105, 208reports of interactions with TEP species, 81, 88, 111, 113, 210, 228, 287

Australian Fisheries Management Authority managed fisheries

biologicalstatusoffishstocks,5–6economic status, 20–2number managed, 3stocks with changed status, 8see alsojointauthorityfisheries;and names of specific fisheries

Australian Fishing Zone, 406Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus), 111–13, 228AustralianGovernmentapproachtofisheriesmanagement, 1, 30, 32, 38 see also joint authority fisheriesAustralian–Indonesian projects, 397, 398Australian National University, 196Australian sardine (Sardinops sagax), 94–5Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinera), 31, 111–13, 227–8autonomous adjustment, 406

BBall’s Pyramid trawl exclusion areas, 189banana prawns, 28, 69, 70–3, 80barracouta (Thyrsites atun), 92, 233barramundi cod (Cromileptes altivelis), 257basket stock, 406Bass groper (Polyprion americanus), 65Bass Strait Central Zone Scallop Fishery, 43–53

biological status, 44, 48–9catch, 43, 45description, 44–7economic status, 20, 21, 44, 50–1environmental status, 52harvest strategy, 51main features and statistics, 47management arrangements, 51status, 44

beach prices, 29, 406bêche-de-mer see sea cucumbers

Index


benthic,defined,406benthic habitats, 210, 286Beryx splendens (alfonsino), 65, 189, 191–2, 384, 385Beverton–Holt mathematical function, 406bigeye ocean perch, 155–7bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), 7, 308–9, 315–17, 349–50Bightredfish(Centroberyx gerrardi), 21, 110, 182, 195–6, 199–200, 207–9billfishseeEasternTunaandBillfishFishery;WesternTunaandBillfishFisherybiodiversity, 406 see also Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999biological productivity, 419biological reference point, 407biological status assessment, 1–2, 33–40

classifications,34–5,36,418decision-making framework, 36legislative and policy objectives, 33population models, 415reference points and indicators, 34–5see also harvest strategies

biologicalstatusoffishstocks,3–19assessment processes see biological status assessmentbiomass levels and economic performance, 28 see also economic statusinjointlymanagedfisheries,6–7,391–2,395,397–8insolelyAFMA-managedfisheries,3–5Status of key Australian fish stocks reports, 32rebuildingplan,defined,420 stocks with changed status, 5, 8summary, 3trends, 4, 10–19see also biological status under specific fisheries

biomass, 1, 406limit reference point, 1, 406at maximum economic yield, 21, 406at maximum sustainable yield, 406

biomass status, 1, 36classifications,34and economic performance, 28reference points, 35stocks, 4, 5

bird-scaring devices, 113birds see seabirdsblack marlin (Makaira indica), 308black oreodory (Allocyttus niger), 166–8blackteatfish(Holothuria whitmaei), 58, 291, 293blackfishspecies(Actinopyga spp.), 298blacktip sharks, 392–3, 395blue endeavour prawn (Metapenaeus endeavouri), 76–7, 282–3blue-eye trevalla (Hyperoglyphe antarctica), 65, 127–8, 183, 189, 384blue grenadier (Macruronus novaezelandiae), 109, 123, 128–30, 180, 182–3, 195blue groper (Achoerodus gouldii), 391blue mackerel (Scomber australasicus), 95–6

blue marlin (Makaira nigricans), 308blue shark (Prionace glauca), 233blue warehou (Seriolella brama), 5, 108, 111, 130–2boarfish(Pentacerotidae spp.), 189, 242, 385broadnose sevengill shark (Notorynchus cepedianus), 215, 228bronze whaler shark (Carcharhinus brachyurus), 215, 228brood, 407brown tiger prawn (Penaeus esculentus), 69, 73–4, 280–1buyback, 407bycatch, 210, 407

benthic habitats, 210bycatch and discarding workplans, 30, 39in Heard Island and McDonald Islands Fishery, 358management, 39insquidfishing,233TACs, 106, 111, 123threatened, endangered and protected species, 31, 111–13inTorresStraitfisheries,258,286see also environmental status under specific fisheries

bycatch reduction devices (BRD), 287, 407byproduct species, 407

criteria for inclusion in FSR, 2finfish,84,92,189,215,258,367prawns, 69, 76, 84sharks, 215see also main features and statistics under specific fisheries

CCallorhinchus milii(elephantfish),215,217–18carapace, 407carapace length, 407Carcharhinus brachyurus (bronze whaler shark), 215, 228Carcharhinus limbatus (common blacktip), 392, 395Carcharhinus longimanus (oceanic whitetip sharks), 320Carcharhinus obscurus (dusky shark), 228, 391Carcharhinus plumbeus (sandbar shark), 391, 393–4Carcharhinus sorrah (spot-tail shark), 392, 395Carcharhinus tilstoni (Australian blacktip), 392, 395Carcharias taurus (grey nurse shark), 111, 114Carcharodon carcharias (white shark), 111, 114, 228, 320, 337Cascade Plateau, 158–65catch

definitions,407international, 22level of, 1see also harvest strategies

catchability, 407Centroberyx affinis(redfish),170–2Centroberyx gerrardi(Bightredfish),21,110,182, 195–6, 199–200, 207–9

Index


Centrophorus spp., 143–5 see also gulper sharksCephaloscyllium laticeps (spotted swellshark), 215Cetacean Mitigation Working Group, 31, 102cetaceans, 31, 102, 111, 228 see also dolphins; whalesChampsocephalus gunnari(mackerelicefish),358, 360–1, 363Cheilinus undulates (humphead maori wrasse), 62Chelonia mydas (green sea turtle), 287, 320Chinaaskeyconsumeroffisheriesproducts,29Chlamys (Mimachlamys) asperrima (doughboy scallop), 45chondrichthyans, 227–8, 337, 355, 408 see also elasmobranch speciesclassifications(biologicalstockstatus),34–5,36,418coastal waters, 408codend, 408cods, 65, 396cohort, 408cohort analysis, 408co-management, 105, 208 see alsofisheriesmanagementcommercial scallop (Pecten fumatus), 43–52Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, 6, 40, 304, 305, 357–8, 367, 370, 374CommissionfortheConservationofSouthernBluefinTuna, 40, 304, 335common blacktip (Carcharhinus limbatus), 392, 395Commonwealth Fisheries Harvest Strategy Policy, 1, 20, 28, 33–4, 36, 38, 304 see also harvest strategy under specific fisheriesCommonwealth Policy on Fisheries Bycatch, 39CommonwealthTrawlandScalefishHooksectors(ofSESSF), 117–87

biological status, 119–22, 127–79description, 123–6economic status, 20–1, 107, 109, 122, 123, 180–3, 225environmental status, 111–14fishingeffort,144harvest strategy performance, 107main features and statistics, 125–6management arrangements, 105, 123, 144, 181–2protected species interactions, 111–14relativefishingintensity,117–18seabird interactions and management 32, 114seal/sea lions bycatch, 32, 111–13squid catch, 232, 235, 236

connectivity between stocksscallops, 44, 51snappers (Australian/Indonesian stocks), 397

conservation commitmentsinternational, 303–4, 380–8national see Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

conservation dependent species, 408continental shelf, 408continental slope, 408control rules, 408 see also harvest strategy under specific fisheries

Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, 304ConventionfortheConservationofSouthernBluefinTuna, 303, 304Convention on the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and Central PacificOcean,303Convention on the Conservation and Management of theHighSeasFisheryResourcesoftheSouthPacificOcean, 304, 305, 380Coral Reef Fin Fish Fishery (Queensland), 257Coral Sea Fishery, 54–63, 189

Aquarium Sector, 22, 56, 58, 61biological status, 7, 55, 58–60description, 56–7economic status, 22, 55, 61–2environmental status, 62harvest strategy, 56Line and Trap Sector, 5, 22, 56, 59–60, 62main features and statistics, 57management arrangements, 62Sea Cucumber Sector, 22, 56, 58, 61Trawl and Trap Sector, 56, 59–60

coral trout (Plectropomus spp., Variola spp.), 257–64crimson snapper (Lutjanus erythropterus), 395, 397Cromileptes altivelis (barramundi cod), 257CSIRO, 39, 40, 143, 196currency exchange rates, 29, 30, 78curryfish(Stichopus hermanni), 297–8cuttlefish,210

Ddaily egg production method, 408damselfish(Pomacentridae), 65Danish-seining 32, 114, 409data seefisheriesdatadecompositionofprofit,413deepwater bugs (Ibacus spp.), 244deepwaterflathead(Neoplatycephalus conatus), 21, 110, 182, 195–6, 201–2, 207–9deepwaterredfish(Actinopyga echinites), 291, 298deepwater sharks, 133–4delay-difference model, 409demersal,defined,409Demersal Fishery (Northern Territory), 396, 398demersalfishingonthehighseas,380–7demersal trawling, 409 see also otter trawl; trawl fishingDepartment of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, 32, 62, 239, 264, 274, 357, 387depletion (stock depletion), 409Dermochelys coriacea (leatherback turtles), 320, 355developmentalfishery,409dhufish(Glaucosoma hebraicum), 391diesel prices see fuel pricesDiomedeidae (albatrosses), 114, 364discarding, 30, 409

Index


Dissostichus eleginoides(Patagoniantoothfish),6, 357–8, 362–3, 364, 367–70, 374Dissostichus mawsoni(Antarctictoothfish),6,374–8Disteira kingii (sea snake), 80, 81Dolphin Gillnet Closure, 113dolphins

bycatch, 32, 111fisherinteractionswith,31,102,113,228high risk/high priority in SPF, 102

domesticfishery,409dory see john dory; mirror dorydoughboy scallop (Chlamys (Mimachlamys) asperrima), 45driftnet, 409dropline, 409dusky shark (Carcharhinus obscurus), 228, 391

EEast Coast Deepwater Crustacean Trawl Fishery, 56EastCoastDeepwaterFinfishFishery,56East Coast Deepwater Trawl Sector (of SESSF), 188–93

biological status, 189, 191–2description, 189–90economic status, 20, 110, 189environmental status, 193relativefishingintensity,188

easterngemfish,5,108,111,138–41eastern school whiting (Sillago flindersi), 134–6Eastern Skipjack Fishery, 323–9EasternTunaandBillfishFishery,7,306–22

biological status, 307, 311–18description, 307–10economic status, 20, 22, 307, 318–20environmental status, 320export prices, 29main features and statistics, 309management arrangements, 308, 319relativefishingintensity,306seabird bycatch, 31

ecological risk assessment, 30, 39 see also ecosystem-basedapproachtofisheriesmanagement;see also environmental status under specific fisheriesecologicalsustainabilityoffisheries,39,409economicefficiency,409 see also economic status; profitabilityeconomic performance and indicators see economic statuseconomic productivity, 21, 28–9, 37, 181, 226, 419economicprofit(profitability),419economic status, 20–30

assessing economic status, 36–8economic performance and indicators, 38factorsinfluencingeconomicstatus,28–30fisheriesperformance,24–7gross value of production, 20–7key economic trends, 37latency, 37

management arrangements and, 37–8net economic returns, 20–7, 36–8performance against economic objective, 38performance and indicators, 24–7see also economic status under specific fisheries

ecosystem-basedapproachtofisheriesmanagement, 30, 38–9, 367, 370ecosystems, 409 see also Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999effort, 410effort creep, 410effort restriction, 410egg survey, 410elasmobranch species, 81 see also chondrichthyans; sharkselectronic monitoring of protected species interactions, 31elephantfish(Callorhinchus milii), 215, 217–18Emmelichthys nitidus (redbait), 99–100endangered species, 410 see also threatened, endangered and protected speciesendeavourdogfish(Centrophorus moluccensis), 143–5endeavour prawns, 69, 76–7endemic species, 410Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

BSCZSF accreditation, 52conservation dependent category, 408endangered category (native species), 410fisheriesmanagementand,39fisherinteractionswithprotectedspecies,31see alsospecificfisherieskey threatening processes, 414‘mattersofnationalsignificance’,39protected species, 419vulnerable species, 424WildlifeTradeOperationstatusfisheries,80,112, 227, 264, 394

environmental status, 30–2assessing status, 38–40ecological risk assessment, 30see also environmental status under specific fisheries

Epinephelus spp (cods), 65, 396escapement, 410eteline snapper (Lutjanidae: Etelinae), 60, 242, 246–7Etmopterus spp. (lanternsharks), 371Eudyptula minor (little penguin), 114Euphausia superba (krill), 305exchange rates (currency), 29, 30, 78Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), 410exploitation rate, 410exports

export-focusedfisheries,29live exports, 263–4, 267ornamentalfish,61permits for endangered species, 417tuna, 336–7value of, 29

Index


FFAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, 303farmgate value see beach pricesfecundity, 411Fenneropenaeus indicus (red-legged banana prawn), 69, 70–1Fenneropenaeus merguiensis (white banana prawn), 69, 72–3, 80FinfishTrawlFishery(NorthernTerritory),396fish-aggregatingdevices,411fish-down,411fishmeal,411fishstocksseebiologicalstatusoffishstocks;biomassfisheries

biological stock seebiologicalstatusoffishstockseconomic performance see economic statusenvironmental issues see ecological risk assessment; ecological sustainability; environmental statusgross value of production, 20–7imports and exports, 29see also names of specific fisheries

Fisheries Administration Act 1991, 411fisheriesdata

on interactions with TEP species, 31, 32limitations, 31, 32, 38, 62presentation of, 40

fisheriesmanagementAustralian Government’s approach, 1, 30, 32, 38bycatch issues, 39 see also bycatchco-management trials, 105, 208ecological sustainability, 39economic considerations see economic statusecosystem-based approach, 30, 38–9, 367, 370and EPBC Act, 39fisheriesresearchsee researchharvest strategies, 1, 20, 21, 28, 33–4 see also harvest strategy under specific fisheriesinput/output controls, 37–8international agreements, 303–4 see also Torres Straitfisheriesinternationalfisherymanagementarrangements, 302–5List of Exempt Native Specimens, 387management advisory committees, 105management arrangements and economic performance, 28–9, 37–8management strategy evaluation, 106, 271, 416Reducing Uncertainty in Stock Status (RUSS) project, 5, 36, 56, 58, 59, 60, 62straddling stock, 250structuraladjustment(fishingindustry),21,22, 28–9, 51, 79, 80, 110, 181, 226, 285, 318see alsobiologicalstatusoffishstocks

Fisheries Management Act 1991, 1, 20, 33, 411Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, 32, 210fishery-independentsurvey,411fishingcapacity,411

fishingdown,411fishingeffort,37,411Fishing Entity of Taiwan, 304fishingintensity,40fishingmortality,1,411, 418

limit reference point, 411at maximum economic yield, 411maximum sustainable yield, 411target, 411

fishingmortalitystatus,36number of stocks, 4, 5reference points, 35, 411stockclassifications,35

fishingpower,411fishingrights

market value, 37statutory, 421see alsotraditionalfisheries

fishingseason,412flagstate,412flatbackseaturtle(Natator depressus), 287flathead,123,136–8

deepwaterflathead,21,110,182,195–6,201–2,207–9tigerflathead,109,136–8,180,182–3

Food and Agriculture OrganizationCode of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, 303and Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, 305

footrope, 412foreignfishingvessels

licences and catch, 395squid jigging, 232, 235see alsoillegal,unregulatedandunreportedfishing

fork length, 412free diving, 412fuel prices, 29–30, 37, 192, 207–8fullyfished(statusclassification),36,412, 418fur seals, 31, 102, 111–13, 228, 364Furgaleus macki (whiskery shark), 215, 391

GGaleocerdo cuvier (tiger shark), 60, 392Galeorhinus galeus (school shark), 108, 110, 111, 215, 223–4, 227, 391, 392

economic importance, 21stock assessment and status, 5, 21

gamefishing,308see alsorecreationalfishinggear restriction, 412gemfish(Rexea solandri), 108, 111, 138–42, 195generation time, 412Genypterus blacodes (pink ling), 5, 21, 123–4, 168–70, 180, 182, 195ghostfishing,412gillnetfishing,215,225–8,383,390–4

bycatch management, 31dolphin bycatch, 32, 111seals/sea lions bycatch, 31, 112see also Shark Gillnet and Shark Hook sectors

Index


Gillnet Hook and Trap Management Advisory Committee, 105Gillnet, Hook and Trap Sector of SESSF

economic status, 20–1, 107, 110, 225–6harvest strategy performance, 107seabird interactions, 114see alsoCommonwealthTrawlandScalefishHooksectors; Shark Gillnet and Shark Hook Sector

gillnets, 31, 412Glaucosoma hebraicum(dhufish),391Globicephala macrorhynchus(short-finnedwhales),320goldband snappers (Pristipomoides spp.), 395, 396, 397–8goldensandfish(Holothuria lessoni), 297–8Gould’s squid (Nototodarus gouldi), 232–8governmentapproachtofisheriesmanagement,1,30, 32, 38Great Australian Bight Industry Association, 105Great Australian Bight Trawl Fishery, 105, 195Great Australian Bight Trawl Sector (of SESSF), 194–212

biological status, 195, 199–206byproduct species, 210description, 195–8economic status, 20, 21, 110, 195, 207–9environmental status, 210fishingeffort,144harvest strategy, 107, 196main features and statistics, 198management arrangements, 105, 208–9relativefishingintensity,194seabird management, 32squid catch, 232, 235

Great Australian Bight Trawl Sector Management Advisory Committee, 105green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), 287, 320greeneye spurdog (Squalus chloroculus), 143grey-headed albatross (Thalassarche chrysostoma), 114grey mackerel (Scomberomorus semifasciatus), 392–3grey nurse shark (Carcharias taurus), 111, 114grooved tiger prawn (Penaeus semisulcatus), 69, 74–5gross value of production, 20–7, 412

Bass Strait Central Zone Scallop Fishery, 50CommonwealthTrawlandScalefishHooksectors, 109, 110, 123, 180–1Coral Sea Fishery, 61EasternTunaandBillfishFishery,319Great Australian Bight Trawl Sector, 110, 196, 207North West Slope Trawl Fishery, 86, 87, 88Shark Gillnet and Shark Hook sectors, 110, 225Small Pelagic Fishery, 100, 101South Tasman Rise Trawl Fishery, 251SouthernandEasternScalefishandSharkFishery, 105, 109, 110SouthernBluefinTunaFishery,336Southern Squid Jig Fishery, 237TorresStraitFinfishFishery,262Torres Strait Tropical Rock Lobster Fishery, 271

Western Deepwater Trawl Fishery, 247WesternTunaandBillfishFishery,354see also economic status

groupers, 65grow-out pontoons, 412growth model, 412growthoverfishing,413Guidelines for the ecologically sustainable management of fisheries, 39, 239, 274Gulf of Carpentaria Developmental Fin Fish Trawl Fishery, 397gulper sharks, 5, 108, 111, 143–5gummy shark (Mustelus antarcticus), 110, 215, 219–20, 225, 227, 391

Hhabitats,impactoffishingon,52,210,286,287,381, 386–7 see also threatened, endangered and protected speciesHaemulidae (sweetlip), 398hairyblackfish(Actinopyga miliaris), 298Haliporoides sibogae (royal red prawn), 174–6hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna spp.), 391, 392handlines, 413hapuku (Polyprion oxygeneios), 60, 65Harrisson’sdogfish(Centrophorus harrissoni), 143–5 see also gulper sharksharvest strategies, 1, 20, 21, 28, 33–4, 36, 38, 413 see also harvest strategy under specific fisheriesheadline, 413headrope, 413Heard Island and McDonald Islands Fishery, 304, 356–65

biological status, 357, 360–3description, 357–9economic status, 357, 363environmental status, 364main features and statistics, 359management arrangements, 363

Helicolenus barathi, H. percoides (ocean perch), 155–7high grading, 413high-seas, 413high-seasfisheriesfornon–highlymigratoryspecies, 380–8

catch-and-effort statistics, 384–5descriptionofthefisheries,382–3environment, 386–7management arrangements, 381stock status, 385–6

Holothuria spp.(sandfish),7,58,61,291,293,295, 296–8, 300Holothuria fuscogilva(whiteteatfish),61,296,300Holothuria lessoni(goldensandfish),297–8Holothuria whitmaei(blackteatfish),58,293hookah gear, 272, 291, 296, 300, 413

Index


Hoplostethus atlanticus (orange roughy)Australia-NZ MoU on cooperative management, 250, 253byproduct species, 189catch (tonnes), 251catch value, 124, 180, 183Commonwealth Trawl Sector, 124conservation dependent, 111, 193, 196deep-seafishingfor,382–3fishinggroundclosure,5,7,193,196Great Australian Bight Trawl Sector, 205–6Norfolk Island Fishery, 65sector-level gross value of production, 21SouthPacificRegionalFisheriesManagementOrganisation area, 384, 386South Tasman Rise Trawl Fishery, 250–3SouthernandEasternScalefishandSharkFishery, 109, 158–62Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement area, 385stock assessment and status, 5, 7, 21, 158–62, 183, 245, 250–3, 386stock rebuilding, 109Western Deepwater Trawl Fishery, 242, 245

humphead maori wrasse (Cheilinus undulates), 62Hydrophis pacificus (sea snake), 80, 81Hyperoglyphe antarctica (blue-eye trevalla), 65, 127–8, 183, 189, 384

IIbacus spp. (deepwater bugs), 244illegal,unregulatedandunreportedfishing

Antarctic waters, 6Heard Island and McDonald Islands, 357Indonesianfishers,394northern Australian waters, 394Papua New Guinea waters, 291, 295shark catches, 394Torres Strait, 295

importspermits for endangered species, 417value of, 29

indexnumberprofitdecomposition,413index of abundance, 413Indian Ocean tuna stocks, 6, 326–7Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, 40, 304, 305, 326individual transferable effort, 413individual transferable quotas, 22, 38, 80, 105, 181–2, 208, 272, 337, 363, 413Indonesian–Australian projects, 397, 398Indonesianfishers

catch and data uncertainties, 398illegalfishingactivity,394,397,398traditional, 394

Indonesian waters, 397, 398industry and AFMA collaboration, 105industry codes of practice, 32, 112, 145, 303

input controls, 37–8, 414inshore ocean perch, 155–7inshore waters, 414IntegratedScientificMonitoringProgram,111–12,114international agreements, 232, 250, 255, 303–4, 390 see alsojointauthorityfisheriesinternational catch, 22internationalfisherymanagementarrangements, 302–5, 380–8international markets, 29 see also exportsisobath, 414isotherm, 414Isurus oxyrinchus(shortfinmakoshark),111,114,228, 320, 355Isurus paucus(longfinmako),320

Jjack mackerel (Trachurus declivis), 97–8jackass morwong (Nemadactylus macropterus), 5, 146–8, 196Japan, 304, 331Japanese vessels, 232, 235jigging, 232, 233, 238, 414 see also Southern Squid Jig Fisheryjohn dory (Zeus faber), 148–50, 182jointauthorityfisheries,3,389–400

biologicalstatusoffishstocks,6–7,391–2,395, 397–8economic status, 22jointauthority,defined,414stocks with changed status, 8TorresStraitfisheries,254–5,258

joint ventures, 414

KKangaroo Island

Dolphin Gillnet Closure, 113sea lion colonies, 112

Katsuwonus pelamis (skipjack tuna), 6, 65, 92, 324–8key commercial species, 2, 414key threatening process, 414Korea/Korean vessels, 232, 304krill (Euphausia superba), 305

Llabrids (Labridae), 65Lakes Entrance Fishermen’s Cooperative, 105Lamna nasus (porbeagle shark), 111, 114, 320, 371latency, 37, 100, 101, 414–15leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea), 320, 355legislativeandpolicyobjectivesoffisheriesstatusdetermination, 33length–frequency distribution (of a catch), 415Lethrinidae (sea bream), 65, 242

Index


Lethrinus miniatus (redthroat emperor), 65, 384limit reference point (biomass), 1, 406limited-entryfisheries,415Line and Trap Sector of CSF, 5, 22, 56, 59–60, 62linefishing,415List of Exempt Native Specimens, 387little penguin (Eudyptula minor), 114live exports, 263–4, 267lobster, 22, 29, 59lobsterfisheries,266–75logbooks, 415long-term potential yield, 415longfinmako(Isurus paucus), 320longlinefishing

EasternTunaandBillfishFishery,308MacquarieIslandToothfishFishery,367,370–1seabird bycatch, 31, 113West Coast Demersal Gillnet and Demersal Longline Managed Fishery, 390–4Western Australian Joint Authority Southern Demersal Gillnet and Demersal Longline Fishery, 390–4

longlines,defined,415longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol), 308, 350–1Lord Howe Rise trawl exclusion areas, 189lower-jaw fork length, 415Lutjanus bohar (red bass), 257Lutjanus erythropterus (crimson snapper), 395, 397Lutjanus malabaricus (saddle tail snapper), 395, 397Lutjanus sebae (red emperor), 396, 398

Mmackerelicefish(Champsocephalus gunnari), 358, 360–1, 363MacquarieIslandToothfishFishery,304,366–72

biological status, 367, 369–70description, 367–8economic status, 22, 367, 370environmental status, 371management arrangements, 370seabird bycatch, 31, 367

Macruronus novaezelandiae (blue grenadier), 109, 123, 128–30, 180, 182–3, 195mainline, 415Makaira indica (black marlin), 308Makaira nigricans (blue marlin), 308management strategy evaluation, 106, 271, 416 see also fisheriesmanagementmappingfisheriesdata,40marine bioregional planning program, 32marine mammals, 31, 32, 102, 111, 227–8marine reserves, 32, 253marine turtles see turtlesmarketvalueoffishingrights,37maximum economic yield, 21, 416maximum sustainable yield, 416meanequilibriumunfishedbiomass,406

memorandum of understanding on orange roughy resource 250 see also international agreementsMetanephrops spp. (scampi), 69Metapenaeus endeavouri (blue endeavour prawn), 69, 76–7, 282–3Metapenaeus ensis (red endeavour prawn), 77mid-slope, 421midwater trawling, 92, 102migration, 416minimum size, 416minor line, 416mirror dory (Zenopsis nebulosa), 151–3modal size (length–frequency distribution of a catch), 415model (population), 416Mora moro (ribaldo), 172–4mortality, 415, 416morwong species, 5, 146–8, 196, 384MULTIFAN–CL, 416Mustelus antarcticus (gummy shark), 110, 215, 219–20, 225, 227, 391

NNatator depressus(flatbackseaturtle),287National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas, 32natural mortality, 415Nautical mile, 416Nelusetta ayraud (ocean jacket), 153–5, 196, 203–4Nemadactylus macropterus (jackass morwong), 5, 146–8, 196Nemadactylus spp, 384Nemadactylus valenciennesi (queen snapper), 215, 391Neocyttus rhomboidalis (spikey oreodory), 166–8, 250, 384Neophoca cinera (Australian sea lion), 31, 111–13, 227–8Neoplatycephalus conatus(deepwaterflathead),21, 110, 182, 195–6, 201–2, 207–9Neoplatycephalus richardsoni(tigerflathead),109, 136–8, 180, 182–3Nerita atramentosa (periwinkles), 65neritic zone, 416net economic returns, 20–7, 36–8, 416 see also economic status under specific fisheriesNew Zealand,

MoU with, 250, 253SouthernBluefinTunaTAC,304vessels, 7, 189

New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus fosteri), 111–13, 228non-detrimentfinding,417non-target species, 1, 417Norfolk Island Fishery, 64–6Norfolk Island Inshore Recreational and Charter Fishery, 65

Index


NorfolkIslandOffshoreDemersalFinfishFishery,65North Eastern Demersal Line Fishery, 56North West Slope Trawl Fishery, 83–9

biological status, 84, 86–7description, 84–5economic status, 22, 84, 87–8environmental status, 88harvest strategy, 84main features and statistics, 84management arrangements, 87relativefishingintensity,83

Northern Australian Fisheries Committee, 395NorthernFinfishFishery,390,395–8

illegalfishing,397Northern Territory, 395, 396Queensland, 395, 397recreationalfishing,397status of stocks, 397–8

Northern Prawn Fishery, 67–82biological status, 68, 70–7description, 69–70economic status, 20–1, 28, 68, 78–80environmental status, 80–1fuel prices, 21, 29harvest strategy, 70, 79–80main features and statistics, 69management arrangements, 79–80, 285prawn prices, 29, 284relativefishingintensity,67turtle bycatch, 31

Northern Prawn Fishery Industry Pty Ltd data summary, 81Northern Prawn Fishery Management Advisory Committee, 80Northern Prawn Resource Advisory Group, 80Northern Shark Fishery, 390, 392–5Northern Territory Fisheries Joint Authority, 390, 396Northern Territory Offshore Net and Line Fishery, 392notoverfished/notsubjecttooverfishing(assessments)

all stocks, 4jointly managed stocks, 6solely AFMA-managed stocks, 5trends, 10–19see also biological status under specific fisheries

notoverfished/notsubjecttooverfishingclassifications, 419

notoverfished(biomassstatus),34notsubjecttooverfishing(fishingmortality),35

notoverfished(statusclassification),418Notorynchus cepedianus (broadnose sevengill shark), 215, 228Nototodarus gouldi (Gould’s squid), 232–8

Oocean blue-eye (Schedophilus labyrinthica), 384, 385ocean jacket (Nelusetta ayraud), 153–5, 196, 203–4ocean perch (Helicolenus barathi, H. percoides), 155–7oceanic waters, 417oceanic whitetip sharks (Carcharhinus longimanus), 320octopods, 210offal management, 32, 113Offshore Constitutional Settlement arrangements, 105, 414, 417offshore ocean perch, 155–7offshore waters, 417on-board cameras, 112on-board observer programs, 31–2, 81, 86, 112–13onshore waters, 417open-accessfishery,417operating model, 417opportunity cost, 417orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus)

Australia-NZ MoU on cooperative management, 250, 253byproduct species, 189catch (tonnes), 251catch value, 124, 180, 183Commonwealth Trawl Sector, 124conservation dependent, 111, 193, 196deep-seafishing,382–3fishinggroundclosure,5,7,193,196Great Australian Bight Trawl Sector, 205–6Norfolk Island Fishery, 65sector-level gross value of production, 21SouthPacificRegionalFisheriesManagementOrganisation area, 384, 386South Tasman Rise Trawl Fishery, 250–3SouthernandEasternScalefishandSharkFishery, 109, 158–62Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement area, 385SSEF (Cascade Plateau), 158–60stock assessment and status, 5, 7, 21, 158–62, 183, 245, 250–3stock rebuilding, 109Western Deepwater Trawl Fishery, 242, 245

Orectolobidae (wobbegong sharks), 391oreodories, 162–8, 250, 384oreos (Oreosomatidae), 242ornamentalfishexports,61Otariidae see fur sealsotoliths, 418otter trawl, 69, 418output controls, 37–8, 418overfished/subjecttooverfishing(assessments)

all stocks, 4jointly managed stocks, 6, 9solely AFMA-managed stocks, 5, 9trends, 10–19see also biological status under specific fisheries

overfished/subjecttooverfishing(classifications),1, 418

overfished(biomassstatus),34subjecttooverfishing(fishingmortality),35

Index


PPages Islands sea lion colonies, 112Pagrus auratus (pink snapper), 65, 215, 391pair trawling, 209, 418Panulirus ornatus (tropical rock lobster), 59, 266–75Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea nationals, 267, 277treaty with, 255, 390

parameters, 418parental biomass, 418 see also spawning biomassParistiopterus gallipavo(yellow-spottedboarfish),196Patagoniantoothfish(Dissostichus eleginoides), 6, 357–8, 362–3, 364, 367–70, 374–8Pecten fumatus (commercial scallop), 43–52pelagic,defined,418pelagiclonglinefisheriesseelonglinefishingPelecanoididae (petrels), 114, 364Penaeus esculentus (brown tiger prawn), 69, 73–4, 280–1Penaeus semisulcatus (grooved tiger prawn), 69, 74–5Pentacerotidae(boarfish),242,385periwinkles (Nerita atramentosa), 65Peruvian jack mackerel see jack mackerelspetrels (Pelecanoididae), 114, 364pink ling (Genypterus blacodes), 5, 21, 123–4, 168–70, 180, 182, 195pink snapper (Pagrus auratus), 65, 215, 391pinnipeds see sea lions; sealspipefish(syngnathids),81,88,111,114,287Plectropomus spp. (coral trout), 257–64pole-and-linefishing,419poling, 419Polyprion americanus (Bass groper), 65Polyprion oxygeneios (hapuku), 60, 65pomacentrids (Pomacentridae), 65population model, 416population structure, 419porbeagle shark (Lamna nasus), 111, 114, 320, 371potential yield see long-term potential yieldprawnfisheriessee Northern Prawn Fishery; Torres Strait Prawn Fisheryprawns, 69–77, 84

prices, 29, 78, 284precautionary approach, 419pricklyredfish(Thelenota ananas), 294, 300Prionace glauca (blue shark), 233Pristiophorus cirratus and P. nudipinnis (sawsharks), 215, 221–2Pristipomoides multidens (gold-band snapper), 395, 396, 397–8Procellariidae (shearwaters), 114production see economic status; gross value of production; surplus productionproductivity (biological), 419productivity (economic), 21, 28–9, 37, 181, 226, 419profit,defined,419profitdecomposition,413profitability,21,36,419

and fuel prices, 29–30of Shark Gillnet and Shark Hook sectors, 227

protected species, 419 see also threatened, endangered and protected speciesPseudocaranx spp., 65Pseudocaranx georgianus (silver trevally), 92, 176–8Pseudocyttus maculatus (smooth oreodory), 162–5, 250, 384purse seining, 92, 97, 331, 337, 419

Commonwealth SPF Purse Seine Code of Practice, 102ecological risk assessments, 102

Qquad gear, 420queen snapper (Nemadactylus valenciennesi), 215, 391Queensland Fisheries Joint Authority, 390, 397Queensland Government, 255, 390Queensland grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus), 65Queensland Gulf of Carpentaria Inshore Fin Fish Fishery, 393Queensland Marine Aquarium Fish Fishery, 61quota species, 420quotas, 105, 420

individual transferable, 22, 38, 80, 105, 181–2, 208, 272, 337, 363, 413leasing arrangements, 262, 263traditionalfisheries,272

Rreal terms/real prices, 420rebuilding plan, 420recovery plans, 30, 420recreationalfishing,65,308,337,397recruit, 420recruitmentoverfishing,420red bass (Lutjanus bohar), 257red emperor (Lutjanus sebae), 396, 398red endeavour prawn (Metapenaeus ensis), 77red-legged banana prawn (Fenneropenaeus indicus), 69, 70–1red snappers, 396, 397–8redbait (Emmelichthys nitidus), 99–100redfish(Centroberyx affinis), 170–2redfish(deepwaterredfish)seedeepwaterredfish(Actinopyga echinites)redfish(pricklyredfish)seepricklyredfish(Thelenota ananas)redfish(surfredfish)seesurfredfish(Actinopyga mauritiana)redthroat emperor (Lethrinus miniatus), 65, 384Reducing Uncertainty in Stock Status (RUSS) project, 5, 36, 56, 58, 59, 60, 62reef ocean perch, 155–7reference points, 34–5, 420regionalfisheriesmanagementorganisations,303, 304–5relativefishingintensity,40

Index


research see Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences; Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research; CSIRO; Fisheries Research and Development Corporation; Integrated ScientificMonitoringProgram;ReducingUncertaintyinStock Status (RUSS) projectresource management, precautionary approach to, 419 see alsofisheriesmanagementRexea solandri(gemfish),108,111,138–42,195ribaldo (Mora moro), 172–4Ricker curve/function, 420risk analysis, 420 see also ecological risk assessmentroyal red prawn (Haliporoides sibogae), 174–6ruby snapper (Etelis carbunculus), 60, 242, 246–7

Ssaddle tail snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus), 395, 397sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus), 391, 393–4sandfish(Holothuria spp.), 7, 58, 291, 293, 295, 297–8, 300Sardinops sagax (Australian sardine), 94–5sashimi, 420sawfish,81sawsharks (Pristiophorus cirratus and P. nudipinnis), 215, 221–2ScalefishHookSectorsee Commonwealth Trawl and ScalefishHooksectorsofSESSF,scallop dredge habitat impacts, 52scallopfisheriessee Bass Strait Central Zone Scallop Fisheryscallops, 43–52scampi (Metanephrops spp.), 69, 84, 86–7Schedophilus labyrinthica (ocean blue-eye), 384, 385school shark (Galeorhinus galeus), 108, 110, 111, 215, 223–4, 227, 391, 392

economic importance, 21stock assessment and status, 5, 21

ScientificMonitoringProgram,111–12Scomber australasicus (blue mackerel), 95–6Scomberomorus commerson (Spanish mackerel), 257, 260, 262, 263, 397Scomberomorus semifasciatus (grey mackerel), 392–3sea bream (Lethrinidae), 242Sea Cucumber Sector of CSF, 22, 56, 58, 61sea cucumbers, 5, 6, 58, 291, 297–8sea lions, 31, 111–13, 227–8sea pen or cage, 412sea snakes, 80, 81, 88, 286, 287sea turtles see turtlesseabirds

bird-scaring devices, 113bycatch, 31, 32, 111, 113fisherinteractionswith,32,111,113,227,228,364, 367warp strike, 113

seahorses, 81, 88, 111, 114, 287seal exclusion devices, 31, 32, 102, 111, 112

sealsfisherinteractionswith,31,32,102,111–13andjigfishing,239see also fur seals; and specific species

seasonal closure, 421Securing our Fishing Future package, 21, 29, 51, 79, 80, 110, 181, 226, 285, 318seines, 421 see also purse seiningSepioteuthis australis (southern calamari), 238Seriola lalandi(yellowtailkingfish),65,384Seriolella brama (blue warehou), 5, 108, 111, 130–2Seriolella punctata (silver warehou), 109, 123, 178–9, 182–3Serranidae (cods), 65settlement, 421sharkfisheriessee Northern Shark Fishery; Shark Gillnet and Shark Hook sectors; Southern and Eastern ScalefishandSharkFishery;WesternAustraliaJointAuthority Northern Shark Fishery; Western Australia North Coast Shark FisheryShark Gillnet and Shark Hook sectors (of SESSF), 213–30

biological status, 214, 217–24description, 215–16economic status, 110, 214, 225–7environmental status, 227–8main features and statistics, 216management arrangements, 226–7protected species interactions, 31, 32, 111–13relativefishingintensity,213

sharksbycatch, 320, 337, 355, 371, 394byproduct species, 215catch limit, 320, 354gulper shark depletion, 143–5illegal catch, 394trawlfishingand,143see also Carcharhinus spp.; deepwater sharks; gulper sharks; gummy shark; school shark; Sphyrna spp.; tiger shark

shearwaters (Procellariidae), 114shelf break, 421short-finnedwhales(Globicephala macrorhynchus), 320shortfinmakoshark(Isurus oxyrinchus), 111, 114, 228, 320, 355shot (shot-by-shot), 421Sillago flindersi (eastern school whiting), 134–6silver trevally (Pseudocaranx georgianus), 92, 176–8silver warehou (Seriolella punctata), 109, 123, 178–9, 182–3size at age, 421sizeatfirstmaturity,421size–frequency see length–frequency distributionSkipjackTunafisheries,323–9skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), 6, 65, 92, 324–8slope, 421

Index


Small Pelagic Fishery, 90–103biological status, 91, 94–100Commonwealth SPF Purse Seine Code of Practice, 102description, 92–3economic status, 22, 91, 100–1environmental status, 101–2harvest strategy, 92, 101main features and statistics, 93management arrangements, 100, 101, 105marine mammal interactions, 31, 102

Small Pelagic Fishery Management Advisory Committee, 105smooth hammerhead shark (Sphyrna zygaena), 228smooth oreodory (Pseudocyttus maculatus), 162–5, 250, 384snappers, 65, 242, 246–7, 391, 395, 396, 397Somniosus antarcticus (southern sleeper shark), 371South East Management Advisory Committee, 105, 238South East Non-trawl Fishery, 105South East Trawl Fishery, 105South East Trawl Fishing Industry Association, 112, 113South East Trawl Management Advisory Committee, 105SouthPacificRegionalFisheriesManagementOrganisation, 40, 189, 305, 380, 381, 382–3South Tasman Rise Commonwealth Marine Reserve, 253South Tasman Rise Trawl Fishery, 7, 249–53SouthernandEasternScalefishandSharkFishery, 104–16

biological status, 108–9changes in status of stock, 5description, 105economic status, 20, 105, 109–10environmental status, 111–14harvest strategy performance, 106–7management arrangements, 105seabird bycatch, 32seal bycatch, 31sectors, 105–6squid catch, 232see also Commonwealth Trawl Sector; East Coast Deepwater Trawl Sector; Gillnet, Hook and Trap Sector of SESSF; Great Australian Bight Trawl Sector

SouthernBluefinTunaFishery,20,330–8biological status, 331, 335–6description, 331–4economic status, 20, 22, 331, 336–7environmental status, 337export prices, 29main features and statistics, 334management arrangements, 337

southernbluefintuna(Thunnus maccoyii), 6, 22, 304, 308, 335–6southern calamari (Sepioteuthis australis), 238southerndogfish(Centrophorus zeehaani), 143–5 see also gulper sharks

Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement, 304, 305, 380, 381, 383southern lanternshark (Etmopterus granulosus), 371Southern Shark Non-trawl Fishery, 105southern sleeper shark (Somniosus antarcticus), 371Southern Squid Jig Fishery, 231–40

biological status, 232, 234–6bycatch species, 233catch, 231, 234–5description, 232–3economic status, 22, 28, 232, 237–8environmental status, 239harvest strategy, 233, 238main features and statistics, 233management arrangements, 238relativefishingintensity,231

Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson), 257, 260, 262, 263, 397spatial management approaches, 110, 112, 113, 206, 226, 227, 228, 278, 287 see also management arrangements under specific fisheriesspawner per recruit, 421spawning biomass, 420–1spawning potential ratio, 421species group, 421Sphyrna spp. (hammerhead sharks), 228, 391, 392spikey oreodory (Neocyttus rhomboidalis), 166–8, 250, 384spot-tail shark (Carcharhinus sorrah), 392, 395spotted swellshark (Cephaloscyllium laticeps), 215Squalus chloroculus (greeneye spurdog), 143Squatina spp. (angel shark), 196squidfishery,231–40Squid Management Advisory Committee, 105standard length, 421standardised data, 421stategovernment–managedfisheries,232,390see also jointauthorityfisheriesStatus of key Australian fish stocks reports, 32, 425statutoryfishingrights,421steepness, 422stereo-video technology, 337Stichopus hermanni(curryfish),297–8stock biological status see biological status assessment; biologicalstatusoffishstocksstock depletion, 409stock recruitment, 419, 420stock–recruitment relationship, 422stocks

biological status seebiologicalstatusoffishstocksconnectivity see connectivity between stockscriteria for inclusion in FSR, 1economic status see economic statusenvironmental status see environmental statusnumber assessed, 2, 3reclassification(singlestocktomultiplestocks),2stock,defined,422see alsofisheriesmanagement;names of individual stocks

Index


straddling stock, 250, 422striped marlin (Tetrapturus audax), 311, 344–5structuraladjustment(fishingindustry),21,22,28–9, 51, 79, 80, 110, 181, 226, 285, 318, 407subantarctic waters, 422 see also Heard Island and McDonald Islands Fisherysubsistencefishing,258,291see also traditional fisheriessubtropical waters, 422surfredfish(Actinopyga mauritiana), 2, 58, 291, 298surfacefishery,422surplus production, 422sustainable yield, 422sweetlip, 398swept area, 405swordfish(Xiphias gladius), 308–9, 312–14, 346–7syngnathids, 81, 88, 111, 114, 287

Ttagging, 423Taiwan/Taiwanese vessels, 232, 304target biomass, 406targetfishing(targeting),38,423target species see key commercial speciesTasman Sea bigeye tuna stocks, 7TasmanianScalefishFishery,232Tasmanian Scallop Fishery, 44taxonomic group, 423Tectus pyramis see trochusterritorial sea baseline, 423Tetrapturus audax (striped marlin), 311, 344–5Thalassarche chrysostoma (grey-headed albatross), 114Thelenota ananas(pricklyredfish),294,300threat abatement plans, 30, 31, 111, 113, 414, 423threatened, endangered and protected species

Commonwealth SPF Purse Seine Code of Practice, 102Commonwealth Trawl Sector (of the SESSF), 32cumulativeimpactsoffisheriesactivities,32EasternTunaandBillfishFishery,320electronic monitoring, 31endangeredspecies,defined,410fisherinteractionswith,30–2,40,81,88,102,111, 113, 114, 193, 210, 227–9, 287, 320, 364, 391Great Australian Bight Trawl Sector, 32Heard Island and McDonald Islands, 364impact of prawn trawling, 286, 287legislative protection, 410andlonglinefisheries,31,367MacquarieIslandToothfishFishery,367,371Northern Prawn Fishery, 31protectedspecies,defined,419Shark Gillnet and Shark Hook sectors, 31, 32, 227–8Small Pelagic Fishery, 31, 102

SouthernandEasternScalefishandSharkFishery, 32, 111threatenedspecies,defined,423threateningprocess,defined,414

Thunnus alalunga (albacore tuna), 6, 308–9, 314–15, 347–8Thunnus albacares(yellowfintuna),65,308–9,317–18, 352–3Thunnus maccoyii(southernbluefintuna),6,22,304, 308, 335–6Thunnus obesus (bigeye tuna), 7, 308–9, 315–17, 349–50Thunnus tonggol (longtail tuna), 308, 350–1Thyrsites atun (barracouta), 92, 233tigerflathead(Neoplatycephalus richardsoni), 109, 136–8, 180, 182–3tiger prawns, 21, 69, 70, 73–5, 80, 280–1, 284tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier), 60, 392Timor Reef Fishery, 396, 398toothfishseeAntarctictoothfish;Patagoniantoothfishtori lines, 423TorresStraitBêche-de-merandTrochusfisheries, 289–301

biological status, 2, 6, 7, 290, 293–9description, 291–3economic status, 290, 300environmental status, 300–1main features and statistics, 292management arrangements, 300

TorresStraitFinfishFishery,256–65biological status, 257, 260–2description, 257–9economic status, 257, 262–4environmental status, 264main features and statistics, 259management arrangements, 257, 258, 263

TorresStraitfisheries(overview),20,254–5,390Torres Strait Prawn Fishery, 255, 276–88

biological status, 277, 280–3description, 277–8economic status, 23, 29, 255, 277, 283–6environmental status, 286–7fuel costs, 29main features and statistics, 279management arrangements, 278, 285prawn prices, 29, 284relativefishingintensity,276

Torres Strait Protected Zone, 254, 255, 267Torres Strait Protected Zone Joint Authority, 255, 258, 277, 300Torres Strait Reef Line Fishery, 257–64Torres Strait Regional Authority, 255, 257, 390Torres Strait Spanish Mackerel Fishery, 257–64Torres Strait Treaty, 255, 390

Index


Index

Torres Strait Tropical Rock Lobster Fishery, 255, 266–75

biological status, 267, 269–70description, 267–8economic status, 22, 255, 267, 270–3environmental status, 274lobster prices, 29, 271management arrangements, 272–3management strategy evaluation, 271

total allowable catch, 2, 38, 423actual, 423agreed, 423bycatch, 106multiyear, 129, 137, 138, 149, 178, 182, 196

total allowable commercial catch, 423total allowable effort, 423total length, 423Trachurus declivis (jack mackerel), 97–8Trachurus novaezelandiae (yellowtail scad), 92traditionalfisheries,254–5,258,267,271–4,291,300, 394Traditional Inhabitants sector (Torres Strait), 255, 258, 262, 263–4, 267, 271–3, 291–3Transferable Vessel Holder licences (Torres Strait), 255, 257, 258, 267, 271–3, 277trapfishing,424Trawl and Trap Sector of CSF, 56, 59–60trawlfishing,424

in Coral Sea Fishery, 60deep-sea, 381, 382–3demersal trawling, 409gulper sharks and, 143impact on habitats, 210, 286, 287midwater trawling, 92, 102otter trawl, 69, 418pair trawling, 209, 418seabird interactions with trawl vessels, 32

trevally (Pseudocaranx spp.), 65trigger catch limit, 38, 424trigger points, 424trochus (Trochus niloticus, Tectus pyramis), 291, 299, 300trolling, 424tropical rock lobster (Panulirus ornatus), 59, 266–75trotlinefishing,424trumpeter see redthroat emperortuna, see Thunnus spp.65tunafisheries

bycatch, 31economic status, 20, 22export prices, 29recreationalfishing,308stocks, 6, 7see also specific fisheries: EasternTunaandBillfishFishery;SkipjackTunafisheries;SouthernBluefinTunaFishery;WesternTunaandBillfishFishery

turtle excluder devices, 31, 287, 424, 424turtles, 286, 287

bycatch, 31, 81, 320

Uunavoidable catch see bycatchuncertain(classification),424

biomass status, 34fishingmortality,35

uncertain status (assessments)all stocks, 5jointly managed stocks, 6solely AFMA-managed stocks, 5trends, 10–19see also biological status under specific fisheries

underfished(statusclassification),36,418, 424‘unexploited’or‘unfished’biomass,424United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 250, 303, 380United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement, 250, 303United Nations General Assembly Resolutions on Sustainable Fisheries, 303units, 404unregulatedandunreportedfishingsee illegal, unregulatedandunreportedfishingupper slope, 421upper-slopedogfishsee gulper sharks

Vvalue of production see gross value of productionVariola spp. (coral trout), 257, 258, 260, 262, 263vertical droplines see droplinevessel buyback, 21, 29, 79 see also structural adjustment(fishingindustry)vessel-levelefficiency,424vessel monitoring system, 424virgin biomass, 424vulnerable species, 424

Wwarehou see blue warehou; silver warehouwarp strike, 113warty oreodory (Allocyttus verrucosus), 166–8weather conditions, 238, 370West Coast Demersal Gillnet and Demersal Longline Managed Fishery, 390, 391WesternandCentralPacificFisheriesCommission,40, 304, 308westernandcentralPacificOceantunastocks,7,327–8Western Australia Department of Fisheries, 390, 395Western Australia Fisheries Joint Authority, 390Western Australia Joint Authority Northern Shark Fishery, 393–4Western Australia North Coast Shark Fishery, 393–4Western Australian Joint Authority Southern Demersal Gillnet and Demersal Longline Fishery, 390–1


Western Deepwater Trawl Fishery, 241–8biological status, 242, 244–7description, 242–3economic status, 22, 242, 247–8environmental status, 88, 248harvest strategy, 84, 242, 247main features and statistics, 243management arrangements, 247relativefishingintensity,241

westerngemfish,5,141–2,195Western Skipjack Fishery, 323–9Western Trawl Fisheries see North West Slope Trawl Fishery; Western Deepwater Trawl FisheryWesternTunaandBillfishFishery,339–55

biological status, 340, 344–53description, 341–3economic status, 340, 354environmental status, 355main features and statistics, 343management arrangements, 354relativefishingintensity,339seabird bycatch, 31

wet-boats, 32, 112whales, 102 see also cetaceanswhiskery shark (Furgaleus macki), 215, 391white banana prawn (Fenneropenaeus merguiensis), 69, 72–3, 80white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), 111, 114, 228, 320, 337whiteteatfish(Holothuria fuscogilva), 61, 296, 300whiting see eastern school whitingwildlife bycatch see bycatchwildlife protection see Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999; threatened, endangered and protected speciesWildlife Trade Operation status, 80, 112, 227, 264, 394wobbegong sharks (Orectolobidae), 391

XXiphias gladius(swordfish),308–9,312–14,346–7

Yyear ranges, expression of (conventions), 404yellow-spottedboarfish(Paristiopterus gallipavo), 196yellowfintuna(Thunnus albacares), 65, 308–9, 317–18, 352–3yellowtailkingfish(Seriola lalandi), 65, 384yellowtail scad (Trachurus novaezelandiae), 92

ZZenopsis nebulosa (mirror dory), 151–3Zeus faber (john dory), 148–50, 182

Index

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