Acronyms

2D Two-dimensional3D Three-dimensional9HPT Nine-hole peg testACA Anterior cerebral arteryACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormoneaCL Anticardiolipin antibodyACR American College of RheumatologyADC Apparent diffusion coefficientADEM Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitisAHEM Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitisAICA Anterior inferior cerebellar arteryAIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndromeANA Antinuclear antibodyANCA Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodyARDS Adult respiratory distress syndromeASVD Atherosclerotic vascular diseaseBA Basilar arteryBBB Blood-brain barrierBCG Bacille Calmette-GuérinBSE Bovine spongiform encephalopathyCADASIL Cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and

leukoencephalopathyCD Cluster of differentiation (cell surface molecule present on leukocytes)CGA Giant cell (temporal) arteritisCho CholineCSI Clinically isolated syndrome (in the context of multiple sclerosis)CISS Constructive interference in steady stateCJD Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseaseCMV CytomegalovirusCNS Central nervous systemcPACNS childhood PACNSCr Total creatine (creatine phosphocreatine)CRP C-reactive proteinCSF Cerebrospinal fluidCT Computed tomography or computed tomogramCTA Computed tomographic angiographyDD Differential diagnosisDLB Dementia with Lewy bodiesDNA Deoxyribonucleic acidds Double strandedDSA Digital subtraction angiographyDTI Diffusion tensor imaging

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DWI Diffusion-weighted MR imagingEBV Epstein Barr virusEDSS Expanded Disability Status ScaleEEG Electroencephalography or ElectroencephalogramELlSA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayENT Ear-nose-throatEP Evoked potentialsEPI Echo-planar imagingESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rateFA Fractionized anisotropyFOG FluorodeoxyglucoseFLAIR Fluid-attenuated inversion recoveryFSE Fast spin echoFTAabs test Absorption fluorescent treponema antibody testFTY720 FingolimodeGA Glatiramer acetateGCA Giant cell (temporal) arteritisGd-DTPA Gadolinium diethylenetriaminopentaacetic acidGlx Glutamate/glutamine quotientGRE Gradient echoHE Hematoxylin-eosinHLA Human Leukocyte AntigenHIV Human immunodeficiency virusHSV Herpes simplex virusHU Hounsfield unitICA Internal carotid arteryIg ImmunoglobulinIL InterleukinILR Interleukin ReceptorINF InterferonIR Inversion recoveryi.v. IntravenousIVIG Intravenous immunoglobulin GLA Lupus anticoagulantLac LactateLCM Lymphocytic choriomeningitisLip LipidsLYH Lymphocytic hypophysitisM Methionine (in the context of sCJD subtypes)MBP Myelin basic proteinMCA Middle cerebral arteryMD Mean diffusityMi MyoinositolMIP Maximum intensity projectionMPR Multiplanar reconstructionMPRAGE Magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient echoMR Magnetic resonanceMRA Magnetic resonance angiographyMRI Magnetic resonance imagingMRS Magnetic resonance spectroscopy or spectrogramMS Multiple sclerosisMSFC Multiple sclerosis functional compositeMT Magnetization transfer

176 Acronyms

MTR Magnetization transfer ratioMTT Mean transit timeNAA N-acetyl aspartateNAWM Normal-appearing white matterNMO Neuromyelitis opticaPACNS Primary angiitis of the CNSPAME Primary amoebic meningoencephalitisPAN Panarteritis nodosa or polyarteritis nodosaPCA Posterior cerebral arteryPcom Posterior communicating arteryPCR Polymerase chain reactionPD Proton densityPDGF Platelet-derived growth factorPDL Progressive diffuse leukoencephalopathyPE Plasma exchangePerfMRI Perfusion MRIPET Positron emission tomographyPML Progressive multifocal leukencephalopathyppm Parts per millionPPMS Primary progressive multiple sclerosisPR Progressive-relapsing (in the context of multiple sclerosis)PRES Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndromePrP Prion proteinPSWCs Periodic sharp and slow wave complexesPVL Periventricular leukomalaciaRNA Ribonucleic acidROI Region of interestrMTT Relative middle transit time of the contrast mediumrrCBF Relative regional cerebral blood flowrrCBV Relative regional cerebral blood volumeSAH Subarachnoid hemorrhage MPRRRMS Relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosisSAH Subarachnoid hemorrhageSAS Subarachnoid spaceSc ScrapiesCJD Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseaseSDH Subdural hematomaSLE Systemic lupus erythematosusSNR Signal-to-noise ratioSPECT Single photon emission computed tomographySPMS Secondary progressive multiple sclerosisSSPE Subacute sclerosing panencephalitisSTEAM Stimulated echo acquisition methodSuc SuccinateSWI Susceptibility-weighted imageT TeslaTB TuberculosisTBM Tuberculous meningitisTBME Tick-borne meningoencephalitisThl T-helper 1 cellsTh2 T-helper 2 cellsTHS Tolosa-Hunt syndromeTIA Transient ischemic attacks

Acronyms 177

tNAA Total NAAtNAA Total N-acetyl aspartateTOF Time of flightTPHA test Treponema pallidum hemaglutination testTTP Time to peakUSPIO Ultrasmall paramagnetic particles of iron oxideV Valine (in the context of sCJD subtypes)VA Vertebral arteryvCJD Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseaseVIBE Volumetric interpolated breath-hold examinationVZV Varicella zoster virusWBC White blood cell

178 Acronyms

Index

AAbscess, 44, 51, 130, 156, 157, 171Actinomyces species, 68Actinomycoma, 73Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), 11, 13, 14, 16, 50,

157, 159, 166, 167, 169ADC, 50, 52, 63, 66, 88, 91, 105, 159, 166–169, 171, 172Adrenoleukodystrophy, 16Adult respiratory distress syndrome, 130Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, 153AIDS, 47, 63, 65, 66, 83, 98, 99, 172Akinetic mutism, 90Alpers syndrome, 95Alzheimer’s disease, 94Amino acids, 171Angiocentric lymphomas, 148Arachnoid mater, 128Arboviruses, 86Aspergillosis, 102–105Aspergillus, 98, 135Aspergillus flavus, 135Aspergillus fumigatus, 102, 135Aspergillus fumiginatus, 99Atherosclerosis, 33Axonal damage, 170

BBacterial abscess, 167Bacterial endocarditis, 47Bacterial infections, 167, 170, 171Bacterial meningitis, 31, 32, 129, 130Bacteroides, 43, 47Baló’s disease, 16Behçet’s disease, 22, 28, 30Black holes, 9, 13, 166, 167, 169Blood brain barrier, 44, 128Blood products, 170Borrelia burgdorferi, 31, 33, 68, 69Borreliosis, 69Bourneville–Pringle syndrome, 153Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), 90Brain atrophy, 86Brucella species, 68Brucellosis, 70

CCADASIL, 12, 36, 37Calcifications, 150, 151, 170Candida albicans, 99, 106, 135Capsule, 44Carbon monoxide, 86Carcinomatous meningitis, 129, 131Caseating granuloma, 64Cavernous sinus thrombosis, 162Centrum semiovale, 84Cerebellar infarct, 48Cerebral hypoxia, 94Cerebral venous thrombosis, 70Cerebritis, 44, 50, 156, 158, 171Chapel hill nomenclature, 23Chemical-shift imaging, 167Chickenpox, 82, 154Choline, 168Choriomeningitis, 163Chorioretinitis, 151Churg–Strauss syndrome, 20CISS, 172Citrobacter, 43Clinically isolated syndrome, 4Coccidiodes, 98, 99, 160Coccidioides immitis, 108, 160Collagen, 47Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV), 150–152, 163Congenital heart disease, 47Congenital HIV, 152, 163Congenital infections, 150Congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM), 151Congenital lymphocytic, 163Congenital rubella infection, 150, 163Congenital syphilis, 151, 163Congenital toxoplasmosis, 150, 163Congenital rubella, 86Connective tissue diseases, 21Corticomedullary junction, 52, 66Coxsackie virus, 150Cranial nerve involvement, 170Cranial nerve palsy, 86, 132Cranial nerves, 60Creatine, 168Cree encephalitis, 153

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Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), 89Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis, 136Cryptococcocal leptomeningitis, 101Cryptococcomas, 100Cryptococcus, 98Cryptococcus neoformans, 65, 99, 135Cyanides, 86Cysticercosis, 66, 161Cytomegalovirus encephalitis, 81Cytotoxic edema, 165, 167

DDawson encephalitis, 155Demyelinization, 169Devic syndrome, 14Diabetic uraemia, 94Diagnostic criteria of the American College of Rheumatology, 21Dissemination in space, 10, 11Dissemination in time, 10, 12, 13Drug abuse, 47Drug-induced vasculitis, 31, 34DTI, 165, 169, 172Dura mater, 128

EEcho time, 168Efalizumab, 84EHEC, 38Empyema, 130, 162Encephalopathies, 86Enterobacteriaceae, 43Enterococcus, 130Ependymitis, 63, 151Epidural empyema, 133Epstein-Barr-Virus Encephalitis, 82Escherichia coli, 65, 130

FFA, 166, 168, 169, 171, 172Face on the giand panda sign, 95Falx cerebri, 129Fluorochrome tissue stain, 61Francisella tularensis, 68Fungal abscess, 166, 167Fungal infections, 170, 172Fungal meningitis, 129, 131, 135Fusobacterium, 68, 74

GGelatinous pseudocysts, 100German measles, 86Giant cell (temporal) arteritis, 20, 25Glioblastoma multiforme, 51Glioma, 87, 171Glutamate, 168Gnats, 86Granulomas, 145Granulomatosis, 129Granulomatous diseases, 129, 144, 170Granulomatous encephalitis, 70

Gray matter, 166Guillain–Barré syndrome, 82Gummae, 57

HH-1 MR spectroscopy, 102Haemolytic uraemic syndrome, 86Haemophilus influenzae, 43, 65, 130Headache, 142Hemolytic uremic syndrome, 37Hemophilus influenza meningitis, 161Hepatorenal syndrome, 70Herpes group, 86Herpes simplex virus encephalitis, 80, 151, 153Herpes zoster, 65, 82Heubner arteriitis, 57Histiocytosis, 148Histoplasma capsulatum, 98, 99, 109Histoplasmomas, 109HIV, 60, 83, 99, 150, 157, 171HSV type I, 81, 151, 154, 163HSV type II, 81, 151Hydrocephalus, 60, 63, 130, 133, 151, 162Hydrogen sulphide, 86Hyperprolactinemia, 142Hypoglycaemia, 86

IIdiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases, 13Immunotherapy, 7Infarction, 57, 63, 88, 130, 162International society of headache, 141Intracranial hypotension, 128Intraventricular granulomas, 101IRIS, 84Ixodes rizinus, 86

JJapanese B encephalitis, 87JC virus, 8, 79

LLactate, 168, 171Large-sized vessels, 23Legionella pneumophila, 68, 70Legionellosis, 70Leigh’s disease, 86, 94Leptospira species, 68Leptospirosis, 70Lewy body, 94Limbic system, 79Lipid peaks, 171Lipid resonances, 168Listeria monocytogenes, 65, 68, 130Listeriosis, 68Lues, 65Luetic vasculitis, 56Lupus, 166Lupus-associated vasculitis, 170Lupus erythematosis, 50

180 Index

Lyme disease, 57, 65, 69Lymphocytic choriomeningitis, 87Lymphocytic hypophysitis, 142–144Lymphoma, 87, 129, 142, 148

MMacrophages, 171Magnetization transfer, 9, 83Mantoux test, 61Marburg’s disease, 15Mastoiditis, 161McDonald criteria, 10MD, 166, 169, 171Measle encephalitis, 85Measles, 155Measle virus, 86Medium-sized vessels, 21, 23Meningeal tuberculosis, 62, 65Meninges, 170Meningioma, 129, 142, 143Meningitis, 159, 161, 172Meningococcal disease, 73Metastases, 13, 52, 66, 87, 129, 142, 171Metastasis, 148Methanol, 86Monoclonal antibodies, 84, 85Mosquitoes, 86Moyamoya disease, 35, 57MPRAGE, 170MRA, 170MRS, 171MTR, 66, 166, 169, 171, 172MTT, 166Mucor, 98, 99Multiple sclerosis, 3, 35, 84, 166–168Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 32, 60, 100Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 68, 159Myelitis, 17, 160Myoinositol, 168

NN-acetylaspartate, 168Natalizumab, 84Neisseria meningitidis, 68, 73, 130Neonatal HSV II infection, 163Neoplasms, 17Neuroborreliosis, 12, 69, 148Neurocysticercosis, 152, 153, 166, 172Neurolues, 56, 58, 171Neuromyelitis optica, 10, 14, 15Neuropediatric viral infections, 153Neuropsychiatric lupus, 167Neurosarcoidosis, 65, 129, 137, 144–147Neurotuberculosis, 60, 171Nissl Alzheimer arteriitis, 57Nocardia, 43, 72Nocardia species, 68, 72Nocardiosis, 72, 158, 160Non-caseating tuberculoma, 64

OOptic atrophy, 60Optic neuritis, 4

PPachymeninges, 129Pallidum, 31Panarteritis nodosa, 25, 26Papilledema, 60Paranasal sinusitis, 161Parasitic infections, 170, 172Parenchymal tuberculosis, 64, 65Parts per million, 167Parvovirus B19, 150PerfMRI, 165, 166, 168–170Periodic sharp wave complexes, 90Pia mater, 128Pituitary adenomas, 142Pituitary gland, 143Pituitary gland abscess, 70Pituitary infundibulum, 148Pituitary stalk, 147PML-IRIS, 84, 85Pneumococcal meningitis, 131, 133Pneumococcus, 43Poliomyelitis, 158Polyarteritis nodosa, 21Polymicogyria, 150, 151Polymyalgia rheumatica, 20Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), 38, 95Primary angiitis of the central nervous system, 21, 24, 25Primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS), 4, 5, 9, 10, 169Progressive diffuse leukoencephalopathy, 84Progressive multifocal leukencephalopathy (PML), 83, 167, 171Progressive multifocal leukoencephalitis, 154Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, 35, 79Proteus, 43Proton MR spectroscopy, 166Pseudomonas, 43Pseudo-TORCH syndrome, 153Pulmonary renal syndrome, 70Pulseless disease, 26Pulvinar sign, 92Pyogenic abscesses, 172

RRabies encephalitis, 86, 88Radiation vasculopathy, 37Rasmussen encephalitis, 154, 155, 163Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), 4, 5, 7, 8, 169Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, 33Reye syndrome, 82, 157, 163Rhizopus oryzae, 108Rituximab, 84rrCBF, 166, 168rrCBV, 166, 168, 171, 172Rubella virus, 86

SSalmonella typhii, 68Sarcoid, 142Sarcoidosis, 129, 144Schilder’s disease, 16Scleroderma, 28, 29Scolex, 172Scrapie, 90Sella, 143Septic emboli, 47

Index 181

Serratia, 43Shingles, 82, 154Sinus thrombosis, 49Sinusitis, 159Sjögren syndrome, 28, 30Small-sized vessel vasculitis, 21SNR, 166, 170Soap-bubble, 100, 101SPECT, 169, 170, 172Spinal cord, 169Spinal cord imaging, 10Spinal lesions, 11Spirochetal vasculitis, 31, 33SPMS, 4, 5, 7–9, 169Spongiform encephalopathies, 88, 89, 167, 170, 172Sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (sCJD), 90–93, 95, 172Spring-summer meningoencephalitis, 86SSPE, 86, 163, 166, 167Staphylococcus, 43, 47STEAM, 166Streptococci, 43, 48Streptococcus pneumoniae, 130Streptococcus, 65, 130Stroke syndrome, 72Stroke, 21, 131, 162Subacute measle encephalitis, 85Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, 85, 149, 155, 156Subarachnoid hemorrhage, 131Subdural hygroma, 132, 162Succinate, 171Syphilis, 150Syphilitic granulomas, 65Syphilitic meningitis, 136Systemic lupus erythematosus, 28, 29

TTakayasu arteritis, 21, 23, 26, 57Tentorium cerebelli, 129Tick-borne encephalitis, 158, 163Tick-borne meningoencephalitis, 86Ticks, 86Todd’s paresis, 60Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, 141, 142TORCH infections, 150, 152Toxic encephalopathies, 86Toxoplasma gondii, 150Toxoplasmosis, 66, 167Treponema pallidum, 55, 136Tropheryma whipplei, 68, 71

TTP, 166Tuberculoma, 57, 64, 161, 162, 166Tuberculous abscess, 65, 167, 171, 172Tuberculous encephalopathy, 64Tuberculous meningitis, 60, 62, 63, 131, 132, 134, 161, 164Tuberculum sellae, 144Tuberous sclerosis, 152, 153Tularemia, 73Tumor, 52, 66, 171Typhoid fever, 73

UU-fibers, 10, 83, 84USPIO, 46

VValley fever, 160Variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD), 90, 94, 95Varicella zoster, 28, 31Varicella zoster encephalitis, 154, 163Varicella-zoster-virus encephalitis, 82Vascular dementia, 94Vasculitis, 169, 170Vasogenous edema, 165Venous infarction, 50Venous thrombosis, 162Ventriculitis, 48, 132, 160, 162Viral encephalitis, 166, 170, 171Viral meningitis, 129, 134, 135, 173Viral vasculitis, 28, 31Virchow-robin spaces, 137Visual field restrictions, 142

WWaterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome, 130Wegener’s granulomatosis, 20, 21, 27, 129Weil’s disease, 70Wernicke encephalopathy, 94Whipple’s disease, 71White matter, 166Wilson’s disease, 86, 94

ZZiehl-Neelsen stain, 61Zygomycosis, 108

182 Index