activate: how human milk and breast/chestfeeding activates...

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Activate:HowHumanMilkandBreast/ChestfeedingActivatesOurGenesThroughEpigeneticsByLaurelWilson,IBCLC,RLC,BSc,CLE,CCCE,CLDwww.facebook.com/motherjourneylaurelwilsonwww.instagram.com/motherjourneylaurelwilsonwww.motherjourney.comSubscribetoresearchnewsletterbytextingBreastmilkto66866Recentresearchonepigenetics,literallymeaningabovethegene,hasledmedicalprofessionalstoqueryabouthowtheenvironmentimpactsthedevelopingbabybothinuteroandthroughoutitslifetime.Thegenomeisthegeneticinformationinheritedfromone'sparents,buttheepigenomeiswhatdeciphersthegenomeforeachcellthroughoutthebody.Thisdecipheringprocessisimpactedbyanindividual’sinternalandexternalenvironment.Theexternalenvironmentcanincludenutrition,chemicals,toxins,etc.Theinternalenvironmentwouldincludeneuropeptides(emotionalmolecules)andstresshormones.TheenvironmentchangestheproteinsinthebodythathelptheepigenometranslateDNA.Thisfindinghasincreasedawarenessoftheimportanceofnutritionontheepigenome.Studiesnowarefindingthatthechangesintheepigenomecaninfluencenotonlythatindividualbutcanbepassedalongtofutureprogeny,sometimesmultiplegenerationsout.Thefirstnutritionforahumanoutsidethewombishumanmilk,andthusitsepigeneticimpactisparticularlyexpansive.Newresearchhasexpandedthefieldofepigeneticstoincludehumanmilkandhowitpotentiallychangestheepigenometoaffectthelifelonghealthofababy.LearningOutcomes:• Definethetermsepigenomeandgenome.• Listonewaythathumanmilkcanhaveapositiveimpactonthe

epigenomeoftheinfant.• Whatarethethreemainareasofinfluenceontheinfantduringthe

criticalthousanddays.

NOTES



TopTakeaways:The7Generations

¡ Everymothercontainsherdaughterinherselfandeverydaughterhermother.Everywomanextendsbackwardsintohermotherandforwardintoherdaughter.~CarlJung

¡ 14generationsinanimalstudiesThreegenerationsofexposureatonce “Threegenerationsatonceareexposedtothesameenvironmentalconditions(diet,toxins,hormones,etc.).Inordertoprovideaconvincingcaseforepigeneticinheritance,anepigeneticchangemustbeobservedinthe4thgeneration.”https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/inheritance/Only1-2%ofdiseasecomesdirectlyfromgeneticorigin.Ourgenesdonotdirectourlivesbecauseourgenescannotturnthemselvesoffandon.Onlytheenvironmentcandothat!WhatisEpigenetics?• Literallymeansabovethegene.• Howourenvironmentinfluencesgeneticexpression.• Genome=DNAplusEpigenome=Phenotype

FlipSwitch• Environmentalandchemicalexposures• Nutrition• Emotions,thoughts,beliefs• Stress

HumanMilk’sEpigeneticInfluence• Lactoferrin–ImmuneProtection• Prostaglandin–ObesityDisorders• LCPUFAn-3andCholesterol–Non-AlcoholicFattyLiverDisease

andHighBloodCholesterol• Oligosaccharides–NEC,ImmuneDisorders,Obesity

HumanMilkandMicrobiome• ArtificialmilkfedinfantshavecompletelydifferentpH.ChangespH

(fromanacidicbaseof5.1-5.4tomorealkalineof5.9-7.3whichallowsputrefactivebacteria)

• Changethefermentationprocessandmethylgroupsavailabletobody

• MicrobiomeDifferences

Canani,2011

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EpigeneticInfluences:• Methylationinfluencedbymaternalnutritionandexposure• ThriftyPhenotype(Hales,1992)• Infantbirthweight,gestationalageatbirth,andneurobehavioral

measures.(Marsit,2016)• PossiblethatplacentamRNAchangessetupdiseaseriskforlater

inlifeTheCriticalThousandDays

Mischka,2013 Humanmilkincreasesbifidobacterial,increasefolatewhichpromotesmethylationwhichdecreasesgenetranscription InfantformulaincreasesfirmicutewhichincreasesbutyratewhichpromoteshistoneacetylationwhichincreasesgenetranscriptionButyrateisashortchainfattyacid,contributingtofataccumulationhyper-acetylationMaybeonemechanismforobesityriskCafeteriaDietsDuringLactation

• CD-Highfat,highsugar,lowprotein• Duringlactationinrats(Pomar,2017)

o Lowerbodyweight,lowerleanmass,highfataccumulationo Hyperleptinemiao Thinoutside-fat-insidebodytype

CafeteriaDietsDuringLactation• CD-Highfat,highsugar,lowprotein(Speight,2017)

§ Reducedanxiety§ Locomotorincreased§ Altersmethylationtags

Kumar,2106Fattyacidprofilesandmicrobiotainhumanmilkdifferbasedontheregiontheparentlivesinandthetypeofbirththeyhad(vaginalvs.cesarean)Kosakaetal.

¡ HighlevelsofmiRNAinbreastmilkinfirstsixmonthsoflactation¡ Approximately1.3×107copies/liter/dayofmiR-181a¡ Onlyothertimehumanstransfergeneticinfooutsideof

reproduction

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Humanmilkfeedingallowsfortransferofgeneticmaterialbetweenhumans.• miRNAssurviveharshconditions

Prolongedroomtemp.AcidicconditionsRnasedigestionBoiling!!!!Pasteurization• Influenceisstrongestbeforeageof2

• Inadequacyofimmunesystemtorejectgeneticmaterial• Increasedplasticity• Increasedvulnerabilityofepigenomeduring

developmentalperiodMoore,2017Holdingyourbabycreatesepigeneticchange At4.5YearsLowContact=LessMatureCellsTheBehaviorofBreast/Chestfeeding• Poornurturing=Methylationoftheestrogenreceptor(ER)alpha

gene=futurepoormaternalbehavior.(Champagne)• Estrogengeneisimplicatedinoxytocin-keytoattachment,

maternalbehaviorandMOODstability!!!!Lactationchangespostpartumbrain,morethan700genesmaternalexpressedS.C.Gammieetal,2016Weinstock,2014PotentialBrainChangesinBabiesDuetoPrenatalStress• PrenatalStress

• ImpairsHPAAxis• DecreaseSocialInteraction• Anxiety• LearningImpairments

• PostpartumFostering• RepairHPAAxis• DecreaseAnxiety• NoChangeLearningDeficit• NoChangeinSocialization

EpigeneticInheritance¡ Humanresearch-influencebeyondthreegenerations–

HongerWinterwinter1944-spring1945¡ 30%nutrition¡ Earlypregnancyorlatepregnancy¡ Specificepigenetictagsfordiabetes

WhatisWeathering?“..earlyhealthdeteriorationasaconsequenceofthecumulativeimpactofrepeatedexperiencewithsocialoreconomicadversityandpoliticalmarginalization.”Geronimus,2006

NOTES



Marginalization,oppression,racism=earlyhealthdeterioration• Racism

• ChronicStress• DailyMicroaggressions• Poverty• LackofHCAccess• FoodInsecurity• PersonalTrauma

• WeatheringImpactingFeeding• Earlyreturntowork• Increasedformulafeeding• Safetyforbreastfeedinginpublic• LackofDonorMilkinNICUinHospital

Ultimatelyhumanmilkisimportant¡ ShareMilkSystems¡ ImprovingdonationstoDonorMilksites¡ Improvingaccesstohumanmilkforthoseinneed.¡ Wetnursing???¡

Questions,handouts,resources:¡ [email protected]¡ motherjourney.com¡ Facebook,Instagram

¡ @motherjourneylaurelwilsonQuestions?info@motherjourney.comFacebook.com/motherjourneylaurelwilsonTwitter.com/linfiniteeBibliography:Foraconstantlyupdatedversion,seewww.motherjourney.com

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