active and passive voice - stxaviers.com€¦ · passive voice :shall be /will be + past participle...

ST. XAVIER’S SCHOOLS-CHANDIGARH,PANCHKULA,MOHALI, ZIRAKPUR

Class 9 English Worksheet-13

Active and passive voice

When the subject of a sentence does an action we say that the sentence is in the active voice.

When the subject is not the doer of an action but something is done to it, the sentence is said to be in passive voice.

Use of Passive Voice:

The active voice is generally used while conveying an idea or thought . But sometimes , the use of passive voice is required.

Passive voice is used:

If the doer of an action is not known Example: My mother’s purse was stolen.

If the stress is more on action rather than the doer of the action. Example: A cucumber was chopped.

If the emphasis is on the thing or the person who receives the action.

Example: The letter was delivered.

Changing Active to Passive voice: While changing from active to passive voice, the following points must be kept in mind:

The object of the verb in the active voice becomes the subject in the passive voice.

The subject of the active voice is expressed as: by +agent in the passive voice.

The form of the verb changes according to the tense.

Active voice (subject form) Passive voice (object form)

I Me

We Us

He Him

She Her

They Them

You You

It It

Do as directed:

Change these sentences into passive voice:

1. They compelled Rohit to leave the house. 2. Mother presented a purse to me.

3. Ms. Nalini teaches us English. 4. Rama has drawn this cartoon for me. 5. He compelled her to attend the function.

Subject-verb agreement in Active and Passive forms

When the subject in a passive/active voice is singular -is/was is used. When the number of the passive subjects is plural the verb are/were is

used. Rules for changing Active to Passive voice:

Tense Active voice Passive voice

Simple present Bake/bakes Is/are baked

Present Continuous Is/are baking Is/are being baked

Present Perfect Has /have baked Has/have been baked

Present Perfect continuous Has been baking No passive form

Simple past Baked Was/were baked

Past continuous Was/were baking Was/were being baked

Past perfect Had baked Had been baked

Past perfect continuous Had been baking No passive form

Simple future Will bake Will be baked

Future continuous Will be baking No passive form

Future perfect Will have baked Will have been baked

Future perfect continuous Will have been baking No passive form

Change of Active to Passive voice in various tenses:

Simple Present :

Active voice: root form of verbs, sometimes with – Simple or es

Passive voice : is/am/are +past participle of the verb

Present Continuous

Active voice: is/am/are+form of the verb.

Passive voice:is/am/are+past participle form of the verb.

Present perfect:

Active voice:has/have+past participle form of the verb

Passive voice:has/have+been+past participle form of the verb

Simple Past:

Active voice: past tense of the verb

Passive voics:was/were + past participle form of the verb

Past continuous:

Active voice: was/were + -ing form of the verb.

Passive voice: was/were + being +past participle form of the verb.

Past perfect:

Active voice: had + past participle form of the verb

Passive voice: had been + past participle form of the verb

Simple future:

Active voice : shall/will + root form of the verb.

Passive voice :shall be /will be + past participle form of the verb.

Future perfect tense:

Active voice : will/shall + have + Past participle form of the verb

Passive voice :will/shall + have been + past participle form of the verb

Exercises:

1. Rewrite the sentences in the passive voice and change the forms of the verb accordingly:-

1)He founded this institute last year

2)They built the hospital in 1985. 3)The minister distributed food packets to the flood victims. 4)The policeman caught the thieves. 5)The baker had baked cookies. 6)The old man was making kites. 7)She will be making a greeting card. 8)The ironsmith is making iron tools. 9)The boy had eaten an egg. 10)A little lamb had followed Mary. 11)Mother was knitting a sweater yesterday. 12)John Keats wrote ‘ Ode To A Nightingale ‘

2. Change the sentences from the active to passive voice:

1)Derek O’ Brien conducts a quiz for the children of our school once every month. 2)Does the doctor give you strong medicines?

3)Who plays the casino?

4)The chef cooks exotic dishes every day. 5)The teacher encourages children to perform well. 6)The Principal is explaining the new rules to the students. 7)She is checking the papers. 8)The company is launching a new project. 9)That car has hit an old man. 10)He has written many novels. 11)My brother gave me an i-pod for a day. !2)She was supporting the villagers during the discussion. 13)They will have distributed the forms by Saturday. 14)The birds will have built the nest in the next few days. 15)People will follow the leader in the years to come. 16)We ought to pay our taxes on time. 17)May God bless you with more happiness. 18)How can he commit such a crime?

19)Close the window.

20)The pilot flew the aircraft at a great height.

Dear Students, kindly try to complete all exercises of Active and passive voice given in your Grammar Workbook.Preferably use a pencil to do all work in the book. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ANSWER KEY WORKSHEET 12 ( sent as PPT) CLASS 9 INFORMAL LETTERS

ASSIGNMENT 1

CONTENT OF THE LETTER: Do not start the letter with this sentence-How are you? Your opening sentence could be a response to an earlier communication or a

reference to the subject of the letter. Read the topic of the letter carefully and proceed with your content regarding

the Lockdown period. For example:

Were the necessary food items and other basic amenities available at home ?. How difficult it was to keep the children indoors for such a long time? Your feelings of being confined, elders feeling perturbed. How challenging was it to complete worksheets and coping up with the syllabus? To keep yourself physically and mentally strong you were advised to consume ginger, onion, garlic, turmeric, and other medicinal herbs. Your regular yoga schedule to keep yourself calm. How the online videos of yoga and other activities on your school website helped you? How strictly did you follow the Lockdown instructions given by the government?

End your letter in the third or fourth paragraph, paying regards to the elders in the family and love to the younger ones.

ASSIGNMENT 2:A Letter to your uncle. (Content)

Do not begin your opening sentence with the lines - How are you? Your opening sentence could be a response to an earlier communication or a

reference to the subject of the letter.

Start the letter by thanking your uncle for the birthday gift.

Your feelings - How Curious you were while opening the birthday gift. Describe the gift for example if it is a watch, appreciate the color, the golden strap the

style, brand, etc How useful it would be to you, as your exams are approaching. How precious it is to you- show your respect for his concern for you and how you will

always keep it safe with you. End your letter paying regards to his family members and praying for his good health.

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NOTE: Dear students kindly follow the format of the informal letters as given

in the PPT sent to you on the school website. Do your assignments neatly and carefully in a notebook.

Class 9 Hindi Worksheet-13

Class 9 Punjabi Worksheet-13

ਹੇਠ ਾਂ ਦ ਿੱਤੀ ਗਈ ਦਿਖਤ ਨ ੂੰ ਦਿਆਨ ਨ ਿ ਪੜ੍ਹ ੋਅਤ ੇਨੀਚ ੇਦ ਿੱਤ ੇਪਰਸ਼ਨ ਾਂ ੇਉੱਤਰ ਅਦਿਆਸ ਪਸੁਤਕ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਦਿਖ।ੋ

ਪਰਸ਼ਨ 3- ਕਰੌ ਾਂ- ਖੇ ੋਨ ਰ ਣੀ, ਸ ਡ ੇਤੁਹ ਡ ੇਿੋਕ ਾਂ ੇਪੜ੍ ੇਇਿੱਕ ਹੁੂੰ ੇਨੇ। ਖੇੀਂ ਅਿੱਗੋਂ ਨ ਗਿੱਿ ਕਰੀਂ ਦਕਤ ੇਨਹੀਂ ਤ ਾਂ ਸ ਰ ੇਦਪੂੰਡ ਦ ਿੱਚ

ਉਡ ਜ ਏਗੀ। ਤ ੇਇਿੱਜ਼ਤ ਿਿੱਥੀ ਹਜ਼ ਰੀ ਹਿੱਥ ਨਹੀਂ ਆਉਂ ੀ।

(੧) ਨੈਣ ਨੇ ਕੌਰਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਜੂੰਡਪੁਰੇ ਦ ੇਰਰਸ਼ਤੇ ਬਾਰ ੇਰਿਸਥਾਰ ਰਿਿੱ ਚ ਕੀ ਦਿੱ ਰਸਆ?

(2) ਨੈਣ ਦੇ ਰਰਸ਼ਤੇ ਦੀ ਸਚਾਈ ਦਿੱ ਸਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਕੌਰਾਂ ਤੇ ਕੀ ਬੀਤਦੀ ਹੈ ? ਕੌਰਾਂ ਨੈਣ ਨ ੂੰ ਘਬਰਾ ਕੇ ਕੀ ਕਰਹੂੰਦੀ ਹੈ?

(੩) ਨੈਣ ਦਆੁਰਾ ਰਰਸ਼ਤ ੇਦੀ ਸਚਾਈ ਦਿੱ ਸਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਕੌਰਾਂ ਹੁਰਸ਼ਆਰ ਚੂੰਦ ਨ ੂੰ ਕੀ ਕਰਹੂੰਦੀ ਹੈ?

(੪) ਹੁਰਸ਼ਆਰ ਚੂੰਦ ਕੀ ਕਰਹ ਕੇ ਕੌਰਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਮਲੋੇ ਦ ੇਰਰਸ਼ਤੇ ਲਈ ਮਨਾਉਂਦਾ ਹੈ?

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Answer key Worksheet 13

Punjabi class 9

ਉੱਤਰ-1 (੧) ਕੌਰ ਾਂ ਨੇ ਇਹ ਸ਼ਬ ਆਪਣੇ ਪਤੀ ਹੁਦਸ਼ਆਰ ਚੂੰ ਨ ੂੰ ਕਹੇ। ਜ ੋਂ ਕੌਰ ਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਉਸ ੀ ਅਸਿੀਅਤ ਪਤ ਿਿੱਗ ਜ ਾਂ ਹੈ ਦਕ

ਉਹ ਆਪਣੀ ਿੀ ਮੇਿੋ ਦਜਸ ੀ ਉਮਰ 17-18 ਸ ਿ ੀ ਹੈ। ਉਸ ਦ ਆਹ ਇਿੱਕ ਬੁਿੱਢ ੇ ੁਹ ਜ ਨ ਿ ਕਰ ਦਰਹ ਹੈ। ਜੋ ਿੀਆਾਂ-

ਪੁਿੱਤਰ ਾਂ ਿ ਹੈ। ਉਸ ੇ ਬਿੱਚੇ ਦ ਆਹੇ ਹੋਏ ਤੇ ਮੁੂੰਡ ੇਨੌਕਰੀ ਕਰ ੇਸਨ। ਕੌਰ ਾਂ ਇਸ ਅਣਜੋੜ੍ ਅਤੇ ਜਬਰ ਸਤੀ ੇਦ ਆਹ ੇ ਦਖਿ ਫ ਹੈ।

ਉਹ ਇਸ ਨ ੂੰ ਠੀਕ ਨ ਸਮਝ ੇ ਹੋਏ ਇਸ ਦ ਰਿੋ ਕਰ ੀ ਹੈ ।ਦਜਸ ਕਰਕੇ ਉਹਨ ਾਂ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਝਗੜ੍ ਹੋ ਜ ਾਂ ਹੈ।

ਉੱਤਰ-੨-ਨੈਣ ਕੌਰ ਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਿੱਸ ੀ ਹੈ ਦਕ ਮੁੂੰਡ ਮੇਿੋ ਿਈ ਿਿੱਦਿਆ ਹੈ, ਉਹ ਪੈਨਸ਼ਨ ਿੈਣ ਿ ਬੁਿੱਢ ੁਹ ਜ ਹੈ ਉਸ ੇ ੋਮੁੂੰਡ ੇਨੌਕਰੀ

ਕਰ ੇ ਹਨ ਅਤੇ ਿੀ ਦ ਆਹੀ ਹੋਈ ਹੈ। ਉਸ ਆਪਣੇ ਪੁਿੱਤਰ ਾਂ ਨ ਿ ਝਗੜ੍ ਹੋ ਦਗਆ ਸੀ। ਇਸ ਿਈ ਦਜ਼ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਆ ਕੇ ਉਹ ਜ

ਦ ਆਹ ਕਰ ਉਣ ਿਗ ਹੈ। ਤ ਾਂ ਦਕ ਉਸ ੇ ਪੁਿੱਤਰ ਦਸਰਫ ਜ ਇ ਹੀ ਨਹੀਂ, ਆਪਣੀਆਾਂ ਦਜ਼ੂੰਮੇ ਰੀਆਾਂ ੀ ਸੂੰਿ ਿਣ।

ਉੱਤਰ (੩)- ਸੁਹ ਗ ਇਕ ਾਂਗੀ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਹੁਦਸ਼ਆਰ ਚੂੰ ੋਕੁੜ੍ੀਆਾਂ ਿ ਿਚੀ ਦਪਤ ਹੈ। ਕੌਰ ਾਂ ਜੋ ਇਕ ਬੇ ਿੱਸ ਮ ਾਂ ਹੈ, ਮੇਿੋ ਿੱਡੀ ਕੁੜ੍ੀ,

ਿ ਜੋ ਛੋਟੀ ਕੁੜ੍ੀ, ਮੇਿੋ ੀ ਸਹੇਿੀ ਬਸੂੰਤੋ ਅਤੇ ਨੈਣ ਆ ੀ ਪ ਤਰ ਹਨ।

ਉੱਤਰ (੪)- ਕੌਰ ਾਂ ਇਸ ਇਕ ਾਂਗੀ ੀ ਮਹਿੱਤ ਪ ਰਨ ਪ ਤਰ ਹੈ। ਉਹ ਹੁਦਸ਼ਆਰ ਚੂੰ ੀ ਪਤਨੀ,ਮੇਿੋ ਤੇ ਿ ਜੋ ੀ ਮ ਾਂ ਹੈ। ਉਹ ਕੁੜ੍ੀਆਾਂ

ਨ ੂੰ ਛੋਟੀ ਉਮਰ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਹੀ ਦ ਆਹ ਣੇ ੇਹਿੱਕ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਹੈ। ਆਪਣੀ ਿੱਡੀ ਕੁੜ੍ੀ ਮੇਿੋ ੇ17 -18 ਸ ਿ ੇ ਹੋਣ ਤੇ ੀ ਨ ਦ ਆਹੇ ਜ ਣ ਤੇ

ੁਖੀ ਹੈ। ਉਹ ਆਪਣੀ ਿੀ ਮੇਿੋ ਨ ੂੰ ਬੁਿੱਢੇ ਨ ਿ ਦ ਆਹੇ ਜ ਣ ੇ ਦ ਰੁਿ ਹੈ। ਉਹ ਿੋਕ ਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਦਰਸ਼ਤੇ ਰ ਾਂ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਬ ਨ ਮੀ ਹੋਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਹੁਤ

ਡਰ ੀ ਹੈ। ਉਹ ਆਪਣੀਆਾਂ ੋਹ ਾਂ ਿੀਆਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਬਹੁਤ ਦਪਆਰ ਕਰ ੀ ਹੈ। ਪਰ ਗਰੀਬੀ, ਕਰਜ਼ ਅਤੇ ਪਤੀ ੀ ਦਜ਼ਿੱ ਅਿੱਗੇ ਆਪਣੀ ਿੱਡੀ ਿੀ

ਮੇਿੋ ੇਬੇਮੇਿ ਦ ਆਹ ਿਈ ਦਤਆਰ ਹੋ ਜ ਾਂ ੀ ਹੈ। ਮੇਿੋ ੇਘਰੋਂਂਾਂ ਿਿੱਜ ਜ ਣ ਤੇ ਜ ੋਂ ਉਸ ਪਤੀ ਿ ਜੋ ਨ ੂੰ ਚੁਿੱਕ ਕੇ ਫੇਦਰਆਾਂ ਿਈ ਿੈ

ਜ ਾਂ ਹੈ ਤ ਾਂ ਕੌਰ ਾਂ ਰੋਂ ੇ ਹੋਏ ਉਸ ਦ ਰੋਿ ਕਰ ੀ ਹੈ।

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ਉੱੱ ਤਰ 2-(੧) ਹੁਦਸ਼ਆਰ ਚੂੰ ਅਤੇ ਕੌਰ ਾਂ ੀ ਉਪਰੋਕਤ ਰਤ ਿ ਪ ਮੇਿੋ ੇ ਦਰਸ਼ਤੇ ਨ ੂੰ ਿੈ ਕੇ ਹੋ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ। ਕੌਰ ਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਨੈਣ ਤੋਂ ਪਤ

ਿਗ ਹੈ ਦਕ ਮੇਿੋ ਦਰਸ਼ਤ ਦਜਸ ਦਪੂੰਡ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਕੀਤ ਜ ਦਰਹ ਹੈ, ਉਹ ਉਸ ੇਪੇਦਕਆਾਂ ਦਪੂੰਡ ਹੈ। ਨੈਣ ਿੱਸ ੀ ਹੈ ਦਕ ਦਜਸ ਘਰ

ਦ ਚ ਮੇਿੋ ਦਰਸ਼ਤ ਹੋ ਦਰਹ ਹੈ, ਉਹ ਬਹੁਤ ਅਮੀਰ ,ਜ਼ਮੀਨ-ਜ ਇ ਿੇ ਹਨ। ਦਜਸ ਨ ਿ ਮੇਿੇ ਦਰਸ਼ਤ ਹੋਇਆ ਹੈ ,ਉਸਨ ੂੰ

ਚੂੰਗੀ ਪੈਨਸ਼ਨ ਦਮਿ ੀ ਹੈ ਤੇ ਉਸ ੀ ਇਿੱਕ ਿੀ ਦ ਆਹੀ ਹੋਈ ਹੈ। ਨੈਣ ਿੱਸ ੀ ਹੈ ਦਕ ਉਸ ਆਪਣੇ ਪੁਿੱਤਰ ਾਂ ਨ ਿ ਝਗੜ੍ ਹੋ ਦਗਆ ਸੀ,

ਇਸ ਿਈ ਉਹ ਜ ਦ ਆਹ ਕਰ ਦਰਹ ਹੈ। ਤ ਾਂ ਦਕ ਉਸ ੇ ਪੁਿੱਤਰ ਉਸ ੀ ਜ ਇ ਨ ਸ ਾਂਿ ਿੈਣ। ਕੌਰ ਾਂ ਇਹ ਸੁਣ ਕੇ ੁਖੀ ਹੈ ਤੇ

ਆਪਣੇ ਪਤੀ ਨ ਿ ਿੜ੍ ੇਹੋਏ ਉਪਰੋਕਤ ਸ਼ਬ ਕਦਹੂੰ ੀ ਹੈ।

ਉੱਤਰ(੨) ਹੁਦਸ਼ਆਰ ਚੂੰ ਕੌਰ ਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਮੇਿੋ ੇ ਦਰਸ਼ਤੇ ਬ ਰੇ ਸਚ ਈ ਨਹੀਂ ਸ , ਉਹ ਦਸਰਫ ਇਹ ਕਦਹੂੰ ਹੈ ਦਕ ਮੇਿੋ ਬਹੁਤ ਿ ਗ ਾਂ ਿੀ

ਹੈ ,ਉਸ ਦਰਸ਼ਤ ਦਜਿੱਥ ੇਹੋ ਦਰਹ ਹੈ ,ਉਹ ਿ ੇਂ ੁਹ ਜ ਹੈ, ਪਰ ਬੜ੍ ਅਮੀਰ ਹੈ।ਮੇਿੋ ਨ ੂੰ ਕ ੇਦਕਸੇ ਚੀਜ਼ ੀ ਕਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੋ ੇਗੀ।ਪਰ

ਉਹ ਉਸ ਤੋਂ ਇਹ ਗਿੱਿ ਿੁਕ ਉੂੰ ਹੈ ਦਕ ਦਜਸ ਨ ਿ ਮੇਿੋ ਦਰਸ਼ਤ ਹੋ ਦਰਹ ਹੈ ਉਹ ਉਮਰ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਹੁਦਸ਼ਆਰ ਚੂੰ ਤੋਂ ੀ ਿੱਡ , ਪੈਨਸ਼ਨ

ਿੈਣ ਿ ਤੇ ਿੀਆਾਂ- ਪੁਤਰ ਾਂ ਿ ਹੈ। ਉਸ ੇ ੋ ੇਂ ਪੁਿੱਤਰ ਨੌਕਰੀ ਕਰ ੇ ਹਨ ਤੇ ਿੀ ਦ ਆਹੀ ਹੋਈ ਹੈ। ਉਹ ਹੁਦਸ਼ਆਰ ਚੂੰ ਨ ੂੰ ਮੇਿੋ ਨ ੂੰ

ਦ ਹ ਉਣ ੇਬ ਿੇ ਬਹੁਤ ਸ ਰ ੇਪੈਸ ੇ ੀ ਦ ੂੰ ਹੈ।

ਉੱਤਰ (੩)- ਕੌਰ ਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਜ ੋਂ ਮੇਿੇ ੇਇਸ ਅਨਜੋੜ੍ ਤੇ ਜਬਰ ਸਤੀ ੇਦ ਆਹ ਬ ਰ ੇਪਤ ਿਿੱਗ ਤ ਾਂ ਉਹ ਬਹੁਤ ਉ ਸ ਤੇ ਪਰੇਸ਼ ਨ ਹੁੂੰ ੀ

ਹੈ। ਪਰ ਇਸ ਡਟ ਕੇ ਦ ਰਿੋ ਕਰ ੀ ਹੈ। ਉਹ ਹੁਦਸ਼ਆਰ ਚੂੰ ਨ ਿ ਬਹੁਤ ਿੜ੍ ੀ ਹੈ।ਪਰ ਜ ੋਂ ਉਸਨ ੂੰ ਪਤ ਿਿੱਗ ਹੈ ਦਕ ਮੇਿੋ ਨ ੂੰ

ਦ ਆਉਣ ੇ ਬ ਿੇ ਉਨਹ ਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਬਹੁਤ ਸ ਰੇ ਰੁਪਏ ਦਮਿੇ ਹਨ, ਤ ਾਂ ਕਰਜੇ਼ ੀ ਪਰੇਸ਼ ਨੀ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਦਘਰੀ ਤੇ ਗ਼ਰੀਬੀ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਫਸੀ ਬੇਬਸ ਮ ਾਂ ਇਸ

ਅਣਜੋੜ੍ ਦ ਆਹ ਿਈ ਦਤਆਰ ਹੋ ਜ ਾਂ ੀ ਹੈ।

ਉੱਤਰ-(੪)- ਇਸ ਇਕ ਾਂਗੀ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਿੇਖਕ ਈਸ਼ ਰ ਚੂੰ ਰ ਨੂੰ ਨੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਸਮੇਂ ੀਆਾਂ ਸਮ ਜ ਸੁਿ ਰਕ ਿਦਹਰ ਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਪਰਿ ਤ ਹੋ ਕੇ ਦਪੂੰਡ ਾਂ

ਦ ਿੱਚ ਪੈਸ ੇਿੈ ਕੇ ਅਣਜੋੜ੍ ਤੇ ਜ਼ਬਰ ਸਤੀ ੇ ਦ ਆਹ ੀ ਸਮਿੱਦਸਆ ਨ ੂੰ ਪਸੇ਼ ਕੀਤ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਇਕ ਾਂਗੀ ਦ ਿੱਚ ੀ ਿ ਿਚੀ ਦਪਤ ਹੁਦਸ਼ਆਰ

ਚੂੰ ਆਪਣੀ ਿੀ ਮੇਿੋ ਦਰਸ਼ਤ ਆਪਣੇ ਤੋਂ ੀ ਉਮਰ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਿੱਡ ੇਇਿੱਕ ਬੁਿੱਢੇ ਦ ਅਕਤੀ ਨ ਿ ਪੈਸ ੇ ੇਿ ਿਚ ਦਪਿੱਛੇ ਤੈਅ ਕਰ ਦ ੂੰ ਹੈ

।ਮੇਿੇ ੇ ਉਥੋਂ ਿਿੱਜ ਜ ਣ ਤੇ ਉਹ ਆਪਣੀ ਛੇ ਸਿੱਤ ਸ ਿ ਾਂ ੀ ਕੁੜ੍ੀ ਨ ੂੰ ਫੇਦਰਆਾਂ ਿਈ ਚੁਿੱਕ ਕੇ ਿੈ ਜ ਾਂ ਹੈ। ਉਸ ੀ ਪਤਨੀ ਕੌਰ ਉਸ

ਦ ਰੋਿ ਕਰ ੀ , ਰੋਂ ੀ -ਦਬਿਖ ੀ ਰਦਹ ਜ ਾਂ ੀ ਹੈ।

____________________________

Class 9 History Civics Worksheet-12

The Vedic Period

Part 3

LATER VEDIC AGE (THE EPIC AGE):

After the Vedic Age in India, when the Vedas were written, came what is called the

Epic Age. It is called the Epic Age because two great epics, that is long descriptive

verses tell the stories of great heroes were written then. These two epic were the

Ramayana and the Mahabharta.

Both epic is considered sacred in Hinduism.The Ramayana basic story is on the mouth

of every Indian as its story of Ramchandra and Sita and of their fight against Ravana

the devil, king of Lanka. The original epic was written by Valmiki in Sanskrit.

Ramayana teaches the philosophy of life.

The literary source tells us about that the Aryans in this period shifted towards the

Gangetic valley.

STATUS OF WOMEN:

The position of women was degrading and evil practices such as dowry came into

practice. As regards the condition of women in the Later Vedic Age, we find that the

high position occupied by them in the Age of the Rig-Veda was no longer prevalent in

this age. They lost their right of Upanayana and the right to perform religious rites and

the right to join in political affairs. Though we hear the names of Gargi and Maitreyi,

whose scholarship was recognized by the society as whole women lost their earlier

status. The marriage rules became discriminating towards the bride. The women lost

their earlier freedom and equality which they enjoyed in domestic life. Polygamy

became more general. Polyandry also appeared in a restricted way. People wanted to

have a male child. Birth of a female child was unwelcome. Dowry system became

popular. Women during the Later Vedic Period were looked as inferior in status.

Women were treated as objects for fulfillment of passion and not as partners of men. In

the Later Vedic Civilization, they lost political and economic rights and were deprived

from inheritance to properties.

CASTE SYSTEM:

In the beginning, the class system was not rigid. But in the later Vedic period it became

rigid when the Brahmins and the kshatriyas became powerful and the vaishyas were

made to pay tributes. The sudras became miserable and began to be treated as

untouchables.

The caste system, in those days had some advantages. It reduced friction within the

society. Marriages within the caste reduced maladjustments in family life. It ensured

continuity of occupation as the sons usually followed the fathers occupation. This

reduced unemployment and brought about perfection of several arts and crafts.

Furthermore, since the caste system was based on the principle of division of labor, the

Aryans were able to establish and maintain a sound economy.

But soon caste system became a social evil. It suppressed an individual's talent and

became an obstacle for his personal development. It gave rise to untouchability and

acted against the feeling of common brotherhood. Because of the mutual jealousies

among the various castes, the Hindu society disintegrated and fell an easy prey to

foreign invaders and alien religions.

GURUKUL SYSTEM:

The Gurukul was a type of school in ancient education system. The gurukul system is

an ancient learning method. Gurukulam has existed since the vedic age. Their main

motto is to develop the knowledge and they were highly focused on education. The

Gurus train their students with meditations, yogas and other standards.

The students will gather there and learn vedas from their Guru. The students were

treated equally irrespective of their social standards. The students were treated as a part

of Guru families. The Guru refers to the master or a teacher. The Gurukulam system

gained a new tradition known as Guru-shishya tradition. The teacher is called as a Guru

and the students are called as Shisyas. The education was imparted orally and no fee

was charged. The young Aryans lived with the families of the Guru.

THE FOUR ASHARAMS:

life of the Vedic Aryanas was divided into four stages or Ashramas. for each of these

ashramas, there were set of rigid rules and practices which had to be followed. it is

remembered that ashramas were meant only for three upper classes.

1. The first Ashramas was Brahmacharya. It was a stage during which a person receives

education from his guru. the child went to gurukul and stayed there till the education

was complete.

2. The second was Grihastha Ashrama. i.e. the stage in which a person got married and

led a family life till the age of 50 years.

3. The third was VanaPrastha Ashrama. in this stage a person gave up his family life

and went to the forest to meditate till the age of 75 years.

4. The fourth was Sanyas. This was the last phase. This stage stared from the age of 75

years. in this a person gave up everything. he would spent time in meditation and would

sustain himself with whatever he would receive as Dakshana.

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1. Name the four Ashramas.

2. With the reference to the vedic age describe

a) The status of women

b) Division of society

3. Write a note on the caste system of the society.

4. Why was the later Vedic age called the epic age?

5. Write about the four Ashramas.

ANSWER KEY OF WORKSHEET 12

• Write about the position of women in the VEDIC PERIOD.

In the early Vedic age women enjoyed an honoured place in the society. The wife was

the mistress of the household. Education for woman was also considered important. .

• Write about the methods that were used in the process of agriculture.

The ploughed land was known as Urvara or Kshetra. Water was supplied into the fields

by means of irrigation canal. Use of manure was known to them.

• How did trade and commerce play an important role in the Economic life of the

people of Vedic Period ?

There were trade and maritime activity. Sometimes traders made journey to distant

lands for larger profits in trade.

• Highlight the main features the explain the social life of the people of Vedic age

and explain them .

ANS – FAMILY -The family was regarded as the social and political unit. It was the

nucleus of the social life of the early Aryans. The father was the head of the family and

he was known as “grihapati”. The Aryans had joint families.

Dress and Ornaments:

The Aryans wore dresses made from cotton, wool and deer skin. The garments were

also embroidered with gold. Both men and women wore gold ornaments. The women

used ear-rings, neck-lace, bangles, and anklets.

Food and Drink:

The Aryans ate both vegetable and animal foods. Rice, barley, bean and sesamum

formed the staple food. They also ate bread, cake, milk, ghee, butter, and curd together

with fruits.

What role did iron and pottery play in the Vedic period ?

Write a short note on -

Occupation

Domestication of animals

ANS- OCCUPATION -Weaving was the most important occupation. The carpenters

built houses, chariots, wagons and supplied household utensils and furniture.

DOMESTICATIOM OF ANIMALS

The Aryans had also domesticated animals like horse, draught OX, dog, goat, sheep,

buffalo and donkey.

Class 9 Geography Worksheet-12

Write the following questions from lesson 11 in your own handwriting in your

registers.

1. What is meant by salinity of the ocean water?

Sea water has large amount of dissolved minerals. Sodium chloride constitutes

more than 77 %. other important components are magnesium calcium potassium

that makes the ocean water brackish or saline.

On an average every 1000 gram of ocean water has about 35 gram of dissolved

salts does average salinity of the ocean water is about 35%. The oceans are the

greatest source house of minerals.

2. Name the largest and the smallest oceans of the world.

Largest ocean is Pacific ocean and the smallest ocean is Arctic Ocean.

3. Give reasons

1) Oceans are the storehouse of minerals.

Because a number of metallic and non-metallic minerals are found in

oceans and also petroleum and natural gas are obtained from the sea floor.

2) Coastal areas enjoy moderate climate.

because the coastal areas have made and climate whereas the areas far

from the sea or Ocean have continental type of climate.

3) Greater extremes of climate experienced in the Northern hemisphere.

Because more of land and less of water is present in Northern hemisphere.

4. Define the following terms

Fathom a nautical measurement of the depth of water in the ocean based on the

span of outstretched human arm that is 1829 metres or 6 feet. 100 pathans are

equal to one cable. it is commonly used in the countries using the English system

of units.

Isobath a line on a map joining the points of equal depths.

Isohaline a line on a map joining points in the ocean with equal salinity.

Write the following questions from chapter 12 in your register:

1. Name the various forms of the ocean water movements.

Horizontal movement( that is ocean currents).

Vertical movement (rising of bottom water as well as sinking of the

surface water).

2. What are the main causes for occurrence of tides?

Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and to some extent

by the pull of the Sun.

The moon though small in size is very near to the earth so it exerts a strong

gravitational pull on the earth.

3. The time of high tide changes every day.

Because every place should experience high tide after 12 yrs. But this never happens

because the high tides occur at a regular interval of about 12 hours and 26 minutes. For

example if the high tide occurs at point a at 8 a.m. the next high tide will be at 8.26 PM

and the next high tide will be at 8.52 a.m. on the next day and so on.

4. Define the following terms:

Tides the regular periodic alternating rise and fall of the level of water in the oceans

twice in about 24 hours are known as tides.

Amplitude or range of tide the term amplitude explains the greatness of extent or

in other words the average difference in water level between high tide and low tide.

The tidal range is generally one to three metres but it depends upon the position of

the sun and the moon that is why different from day to day.

The magnitude of the tide

tides are of different magnitude or height in open sea to that of the coastal areas. In

the open Ocean the difference in the height between high spring tides and low neap

tides may be only half a metre.

But in shallow marginal seas it can increase to about 10 metres and in some of the

estuaries up to 12 metres. On an average tide rise to about 4 metres.

5. Give four points to justify how tides are useful to man.

Tides help to keep the harbours clean by removing sewage and debris

far into the sea.

The regular rhythmic motion of seawater in the form of high and low

tide helps large ships to enter the harbour of a shallow sea and return

with the tides . The fisherman sail out to the open sea during low tide

and return with the high tides.

The low lying areas along the sea course are flooded and the tidal

water is trapped for manufacturing salt. Salt is produced in Salt pans

along the West coast of India especially in Gujarat.

Tidal energy is hardness to produce electricity. It is not only produced

in Britain and France but also in Gujarat along the gulf of Kutch in

India.

Class 9 Physics Worksheet-13

Reflection of light

1.A mirror is a reflective surface through which light does not pass through, but

bounces off of and produces an image. There are two major types of mirrors. One is

the flat plane mirror, and the other is a curved or spherical mirror.

2.A spherical mirror is a mirror which has the shape of a piece cut out of a spherical

surface. There are two types of spherical mirrors: concave, and convex.

3. Spherical Mirror – A reflecting surface which is a part of a sphere is called a

spherical mirror.

Concave and Convex Mirrors:

The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror may be curved inwards or outwards.

a. A spherical mirror, whose reflecting surface is curved inwards, that is, faces

towards the centre of the sphere, is called a concave mirror.

b. A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved outwards is called a

convex mirror.

4.Uses of Concave Mirror:

1.Concave mirrors are commonly used in torches, search lights, and vehicles

headlights to get powerful parallel beams of light.

2.They are often used as shaving mirrors to see a larger image of the face.

3.The dentists use concave mirrors to see large images of the teeth of patients.

4.Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat in

solar furnaces..

5.Uses of Convex Mirror:

1.Convex mirrors are commonly used as rear-view (wing) mirrors in vehicles..

2These mirrors are fitted on the sides of the vehicle, enabling the driver to see

traffic behind him/her to facilitate safe driving.

6.Differences between a plane mirror, concave mirror, and convex mirror:

Plane mirror:

The image is upright, of the same size and it does not change in size by moving the

mirror towards or away from the face.

Concave mirror:

The image is upright, magnified and increases in size on moving the mirror away from

the face.

Convex mirror

The image is upright, diminished and decreases in size on moving the mirror towards

from the face.

7. What is Reflection of Light?

The process through which light rays fall on the surface and gets bounced back is

known as a reflection of light

8.REGULAR AND IRREGULAR REFLECTION - DEFINITION

concept

Regular Reflection:

1. Reflection from a polished surface is called regular reflection.

2. parallel rays remain parallel after reflection.

Irregular Reflection:

1. Reflection from a rough surface is called diffuse reflection.

2. Parallel rays do not remain parallel after reflection.

#Assignment:

1. Differentiate between regular and irregular reflection.

2. Write two uses of each concave mirror and convex mirror.

3. State laws of reflection.(refer book)

4. What do you mean by lateral inversion.

5. Draw two types of spherical mirrors.

6. Differentiate between plane mirror , convex mirror and concave mirror.

Answer Key of Worksheet-12

1.Refer book

2. Refer worksheet-12

3.refer worksheet12

4. The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth's surface. When the

Sun's energy reaches the Earth's atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space and

the rest is absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases. ... The absorbed energy

warms the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth.

5. Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour, nitrous oxide.

6. The rising average temperature of Earth's climate system, called global warming, is

driving changes in rainfall patterns, extreme weather, arrival of seasons, and more.

Collectively, global warming and its effects are known as climate change

7. Refer to book.

8. Human activities are at the root of this phenomenon. Specifically, since the

industrial revolution, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions have raised

temperatures, even higher in the poles, and as a result, glaciers are rapidly melting,

calving off into the sea and retreating on land.

Class 9 Chemistry Worksheet-13

ATOMIC STRUCTURE continued

HELIUM

Z = 2 p=2

A= 4 e=2

n=A-Z = 4-2=2

E.C= 2

CARBON

Z= 6 p=6

A=12 e=6

N=A-Z=12-6=6

E.C= 2,4

SODIUM

Z= 11 p=11

A= 23 e=11

n= 23-11=12

E.C= 2,8,1

VALENCE SHELL: is the outermost shell

VALENCE ELECTRONS: are the electrons in the outer most shell (valence shell).

CATIONS: are positively charged ions. They are formed by loss of electrons by the

atoms.

METALS lose electron because they have 1,2,3 electrons in their valence shell .

ANIONS: are negatively charged ions. They are formed by gain of electrons by the

atoms.

NON METALS gain electrons to form negatively charged ions called anions because

they have 4,5,6,7 electrons .

CHEMICAL ACTIVITY OF AN ATOM

Atoms combine or react to become stable. Every atom tries to attain a noble gas

configuration.

Octet rule: is having 8 electrons in the outermost shell (stable configuration)

Atoms can become stable either by losing electrons or by gaining electrons. An

atom loses electron to form a positive ion called cation. Metals have 1,2 or 3 valence

electrons so they lose electrons to form cations and become stable.

Na - 1e- Na+

Ca - 2e- Ca2+

Atoms gain electrons to form negative ions called anions. Non metals have 5,6 or 7

valence electrons so they gain electrons to form anions and become stable.

Aluminium

Z=13 p=13

A=27 e=13

n=27-13=14

E.C= 2,8,3

Cl + 1e- Cl-

O + 2e O2-

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:

1. Why do atoms combine?

2. Which ions are formed by metals and non-metals?

3. How are cations formed?

4. Draw the atomic structure of aluminium.

ANSWERKEY OF WORKSHEET-12

1.Protons are 8

Electrons are 8

Neutrons are 16-8=8

3.

E.C= 2,8,7

Class 9 Biology Worksheet-13

CHAPTER-RESPIRATION IN PLANTS (CONTINUED)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Class 9 Commercial Studies Worksheet-11

BANKING (CONT)

CHAPTER:22

Traditionally banks in India have four types of deposit accounts, namely Current

Accounts, Saving Banking Accounts, Recurring Deposits and, Fixed Deposits.

TYPES OF BANK ACCOUNTS

1. CURRENT ACCOUNT

Current Accounts are basically meant for businessmen and are never used for

the purpose of investment or savings. These deposits are the most liquid deposits

and there are no limits for number of transactions or the amount of transactions

in a day. Most of the current account are opened in the names of firm / company

accounts. Cheque book facility is provided and the account holder can deposit

all types of the cheques and drafts in their name or endorsed in their favour by

third parties. No interest is paid by banks on these accounts. On the other hand,

banks charges certain service charges, on such accounts.

(a) The main objective of Current Account holders in opening these account is to

enable them (mostly businessmen) to conduct their business transactions

smoothly.

(b) There are no restrictions on the number of times deposit in cash / cheque can

be made or the amount of such deposits;

(c) Usually banks do not have any interest on such current accounts. However,

in recent times some banks have introduced special current accounts where

interest (as per banks' own guidelines) is paid

(d) The customer gets the benefit of making all payments by cheques. He can

withdraw money through a cheque.

(e) The account holder can obtain temporary financial accommodation in the

form of Overdraft.

2. SAVING DEPOSIT ACCOUNT:

These deposits accounts are one of the most popular deposits for individual

accounts. These accounts not only provide cheque facility but also have lot of

flexibility for deposits and withdrawal of funds from the account. Most of the

banks have rules for the maximum number of withdrawals in a period and the

maximum amount of withdrawal, but hardly any bank enforces these. A person

can open a saving account by depositing a small amount of money, usually Rs.

500. A saving bank account can be opened by two persons in joint names. A pay-

in-slip book, a cheque book and a pass book are supplied to the account holder.

No overdraft facility is available on saving account.

3. RECURRING DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS

These are popularly known as RD accounts and are special kind of Term

Deposits and are suitable for people who do not have lump sum amount of

savings, but are ready to save a small amount every month. Normally, such

deposits earn interest on the amount already deposited (through monthly

installments) at the same rates as are applicable for Fixed Deposits / Term

Deposits.

Under these type of deposits, the person has to usually deposit a fixed amount of

money every month (usually a minimum of Rs,100/- p.m.). Any default in

payment within the month attracts a small penalty. However, some Banks

besides offering a fixed installment RD, have also introduced a flexible /

variable RD. Under these flexible RDs the person is allowed to deposit even

higher amount of installments, with an upper limit fixed for the same e.g. 10

times of the minimum amount agreed upon.

Recurring Deposit accounts are normally allowed for maturities ranging from 6

months to 120 months. A Pass book is usually issued wherein the person can get

the entries for all the deposits made by him / her and the interest earned. Banks

also indicate the maturity value of the RD assuming that the monthly installments

will be paid regularly on due dates. In case instalment is delayed, the interest

payable in the account will be reduced and some nominal penalty charged for

default in regular payments. Premature withdrawal of accumulated amount

permitted is usually allowed (however, penalty may be imposed for early

withdrawals). These accounts can be opened in single or joint names. Nomination

facility is also available.

FIXED DEPOSIT

Fixed deposit is investment instruments offered by banks and non-banking

financial companies, where you can deposit money for a higher rate of interest

than savings accounts. You can deposit a lump sum of money in fixed deposit for

a specific period, which varies for every financier.

Once the money is invested with a reliable financier, it starts earning an interest

based on the duration of the deposit. Usually, the defining criteria for FD is that

the money cannot be withdrawn before maturity, but you may withdraw them

after paying a penalty.

Features of Fixed Deposit

Fixed deposit enable investors to earn higher interest on their surplus funds

You can deposit money in a fixed deposit account only once, but to deposit more

money, you need to create another account

Though liquidity in fixed deposit is lesser, you can look for higher rates of

interests, which are higher in case of company fixed deposit

Fixed deposit can be easily renewed

Tax is deducted at source, from interest on Fixed Deposit as applicable, as per

the Income Tax Act, 1961.

COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF ACCOUNTS

https://www.bajajfinserv.in/fixed-deposit

Q1. What is Saving bank account?

Q2. What do you understand by Fixed deposit.

Q3. What is current account?

Q4. What is Recurring deposit?

ANSWER KEY OF PREVIOUS WORKSHEET(BANKING-1)

Ans:1 A commercial bank is a financial institution which performs the functions of

accepting deposits from the general public and giving loans for investment with the

aim of earning profit.

Commercial banks are profit-seeking institutions, i.e., they do banking business to

earn profit.

Ans:2 There are several general utility services that commercial banks offer like:

Issuing traveller cheques

Offering locker facilities for keeping valuables in safe custody

Also, issuing debit cards and credit cards, etc.

Ans:3 Overdraft Facility is a financial instrument in which you can withdraw money

from your savings or current account, even if your account balance is zero in return

you have to pay some interest or penalty to the bank. This feature is provided by

almost every financial institution, including banks.

Ans:4 A recurring deposit is a special kind of term deposit offered by banks which

help people with regular incomes to deposit a fixed amount every month into

their recurring deposit account and earn interest at the rate applicable to

fixed deposits.

********************************************************************

https://www.toppr.com/guides/general-awareness/banks/debit-cards-credit-cards-and-microcredit/

ASSIGNMENT

Q.1 Describe experiment to prove that heat is evolved during respiration in

germinating seeds.

Q.2 In experiment to demonstrate anaerobic respiration.

a) Why are we using mercury instead of water in the test tube and the beaker?

b) Why the seed coats of the germinating seeds was peeled off before introducing

them into the test tube?

Q.3 Give differences between photosynthesis and respiration.


Q.1

1) The purpose of using soda lime is to absorb carbon dioxide.

2) The special precaution to be taken while performing experiment is that it is

necessary to carry out in the dark or the bell jar is completely covered by a

piece of black cloth to prevent photosynthesis.

3) The lime water in flask B will turn milky because of the carbon dioxide

released by green plants.

4) Respiration is the physiological process.

Q.2 Control experiment is the experiment in which the condition under study is

missing.

Q.3

a) The purpose of keeping potassium hydroxide solution in the test tubes is that it

absorbs carbon dioxide.

b) The coloured water has risen in tubing 1 because of the vacuum created in test

tube X.

c) The purpose of keeping boiled peas soaked in a disinfectant in test tube Y is to

avoid bacterial growth.

d) Respiration.

e) Respiration is the catabolic process of releasing energy from simple sugar

glucose for carrying out life processes.

***************

Class 9 Maths Worksheet-13

MEDIAN OF UNGROUPED DATA:

MEDIAN: After arranging the given data in an ascending or a descending order of

magnitude, the value of the middle-most observation.

METHOD: Let the total no. of observations= n.

(i) If n is odd, then Median= (𝑛+1

2) 𝑡ℎ observation.

(ii) If n is even, then

Median= 1

2{(

𝑛

2) 𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + (

𝑛

2+ 1) 𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛}

EXAMPLE 1: The marks of 13 students (out of 50) in an examination are:

39, 21, 23, 17, 32, 41, 18, 26, 30, 24, 27, 36, 9

Find the median marks.

SOLUTION: First we need to arrange them in ascending order

9, 17, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 30, 32, 36, 39, 41

Here the no. of observations=13, which is odd

∴ Median marks= (𝑛+1

2) 𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (

13+1

2) 𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

=7th observation= 26

EXAMPLE 2: The weights (in kg) 0f 8 children are:

13.4, 10.6, 12.7, 17.2, 14.3, 15, 16.5, 9.8

Find the median weight.

SOLUTION: Arranging them in ascending order

9.8, 10.6, 12.7, 13.4, 14.3, 15, 16.5, 17.2

Here the no. of observations=8, which is even

∴ Median weight= 1

2{(

𝑛


𝑛


=1

2{(

8


8


= 1

2{4𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 5𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛}

= 1

2{13.4 + 14.3}

= 1

2 x 27.7 = 13.85 kg

EXAMPLE 3: The weights (in kg) of 10 children are:

40, 52, 34, 47, 31, 35, 48, 41, 44, 38

Find the median weight.

SOLUTION: Arranging in ascending order

31, 34, 35, 38, 40, 41, 44, 47, 48, 52

Here the no. of observations=10, which is even

∴ Median weight = 1

2{(

𝑛


𝑛


= 1

2{(

10


10


= 1


= 1

2{40 + 41} =

81

2 = 40.5 kg

MEDIAN OF DISCRETE SERIES:

EXAMPLE 4: The following table gives a description of the marks obtained by 37

students of a class:

Marks obtained 17 20 22 15 30 25

No. of students 5 9 4 3 10 6

SOLUTION: Here, Marks obtained is the variable, so we will arrange in ascending

order first.

Marks obtained Frequency Cumulative frequency

15 3 3

17 5 8

20 9 17

22 4 21

25 6 27

30 10 37

No. of observations = 37, which is odd

∴ 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 = (𝑛 + 1

2) 𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

= (37+1

2) 𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

= 19th observation

= 22 marks.

EXAMPLE 5: The heights (in cm) of 50 students of a class are given below:

Height (in cm) 151 152 153 154 155 156 157

No. of students 6 3 12 4 10 8 7

SOLUTION: Here, height is the variable and it is already arranged in ascending

order.

Height (in cm) Frequency Cumulative Frequency

151 6 6

152 3 9

153 12 21

154 4 25

155 10 35

156 8 43

157 7 50

Here, no. of observation= 50, which is even.

∴ Median = 1

2{(

𝑛


𝑛


= 1

2{(

50


50


= 1


= 1

2{154 + 155} = 154.54 cm.

FREQUENCY POLYGON:

Let 𝑥1, 𝑥2, 𝑥3, … … … . , 𝑥𝑛 be the class marks (i.e. mid points) of the given frequency

distribution and 𝑓1, 𝑓2, 𝑓3, … … … . . , 𝑓𝑛 be the corresponding frequencies.

Then, we plot the points (𝑥1, 𝑓1) , (𝑥2, 𝑓2), … … … … , (𝑥𝑛, 𝑓𝑛) on graph sheet and join

them by line segments.

Then for completing the frequency polygon we take two more points, for that we take

two more classes, one at the beginning and other at the end with frequency 0.

EXAMPLE 6: Draw the frequency polygon representing the following frequency

distribution:

Class-interval 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59

Frequency 12 16 20 8 10 4

SOLUTION:

Note: Class-marks for inclusive and exclusive forms are same. So we need not to

convert inclusive to exclusive form.

For completing the frequency polygon, we need to take 2 more class intervals. One at

the beginning i.e. 25-29 and one at the end i.e. 60-64 with frequencies 0.

Class- interval Class-mark Frequency

25-29 25+29

2 = 27 0

30-34 32 12

35-39 37 16

40-44 42 20

45-49 47 8

50-54 52 10

55-59 57 4

60-64 62 0

Now, we need to plot points (27,0) , (32,12) , (37,16) , (42,20) , (47,8) , (52,10) ,

(57,4) , (62,0)

Now, since our reading starts from 27 then we will draw a kink.

EXAMPLE 7: Draw a frequency polygon to represent the following data:

Class-interval 0-9 9-18 18-27 27-36 36-45

Frequency 9 15 6 12 18

SOLUTION: We take the imagined classes -9-0 at the beginning and 45-54 at the

end, each with frequency 0.

Class-interval Class-mark Frequency

-9-0 -4.5 0

0-9 4.5 9

9-18 13.5 15

18-27 22.5 6

27-36 31.5 12

36-45 40.5 18

45-54 49.5 0

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE:

1. The following table shows the marks obtained by the students of a class in an

examination.

Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

No. of

students

15 32 55 35 13

Draw a frequency polygon.

2. The heights of boys in a school are given below:

Height (in

cm)

140-145 145-150 150-155 155-160 160-165

Number pf

boys

24 32 16 20 44

3. Draw a frequency polygon to represent the following data:

Weekly wages

(in Rs)

750-

850

850-950 950-1050 1050-1150 1150-1250

No. of workers 52 41 65 54 38

4. Construct a frequency polygon from the following data:

Class

interval

1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25

Frequency 5 8 12 7 4


1. 226

2. 6.83

3. p=18

4. Rs. 118.50

5. 62.6

6. p=26

7. p=20

8. 9

9. 8,12

10. 58.31

11. 67.45

12. 20.62

13. 41.08 mm

Class 9 Economics Worksheet-11

MARKET ECONOMY OR CAPITALIST ECONOMY

Meaning and Definition

Market economy is the form of economic organisation in which means of

production. Example: land and capital are owned by private people. People are free

to make use of their wealth and capital. The economy is based upon free private

enterprise. Economic activities of entrepreneurs are guided by self-interest

and profit motive. Market economy is also known as capitalist economy and laissez

faire economy. It is called as laissez faire economy in the sense that there is a

complete non-interference of the government in the economy. It is called a free

economy as it is based on free enterprise.

According to Ferguson, "Capitalism is a system in which" property is privately

owned and economic decisions are privately made."

R.T. Bye, "Capitalist economy may be defined as that system of economic

organisation in which free enterprise, competition and private ownership of

property generally prevail."

This kind of system emerged out of the Industrial Revolution of England during

1760- 1820. The economies of U.K., U.S.A., Japan, France, Germany, Australia and

Canada are some examples of capitalist economies. The industrialisation and

economic development of U.K., U.S.A. and other Western European countries of

the world have taken place under the conditions of capitalism. Capitalism is based

on free enterprise and non-interference of the government.

PLANNED ECONOMY OR SOCIALIST ECONOMY


In order to remove exploitation of man by man, an economic system emerged

which is known as socialism.

Socialism (or a socialist economy) is an economic system where means of production

are owned and managed by the whole community. Since the state owns all wealth

and capital, it controls and manages the entire production activities.

A socialist economy thus, may be defined as an economic system in which the means

of production are owned by the whole society, and operated by the public authority

(i.e. Government) according to a general economic plan for the benefit of the whole

society.

According to H.D. Dickenson, "Socialism is an economic organisation in which

material means of production are owned by the whole community and operated by

representative of the people who are responsible to the community according to a

general plan."

In fact, a socialist economy emphasises three crucial things. These are:

(i) Means of production are in the hands of the state or the entire community.

(ii) The use of resources is carried out through planning.

(iii) Social welfare or Public welfare is the chief motivating force behind all the

economic activities.

It was in the year 1917 that the Soviet Union became the first socialistic state in the

world. Later on, other countries such as China. Vietnam. Poland. Cuba, East

Germany. etc. adopted this system. This economic system has collapsed in most of

these countries. However. socialist system continues to be maintained even today by

countries like China, Cuba and Vietnam.

MIXED ECONOMY


Mixed economy is a mixed form of capitalism and socialism. In this economy the

best positive elements of capitalism as well as socialism are present and the negative

features of both are avoided.

It was propounded by J. M. Keynes during the world depression of thirties.

Iceland, Sweden, India are some examples.

At present we have two types of mixed economies.

The first type of mixed economy is that in which means of production are in

the ownership of private entrepreneurs and the government intervenes in

economic affairs not directly but indirectly. It regulates and controls the

activities of private enterprises through direct controls (such as price-control,

licensing system, control over imports, etc.) and monetary and fiscal policies.

In such a type of economy. the government does not take over the means of

production, and if it does, it will be relatively on a small scale. That is why such

a type of mixed system is called 'Mixed Capitalist System'. In such type of

economy, the government does not undertake production activities on a large

scale. It is simply confined to the production of defence goods and public utility

services. This type of mixed economy can be seen in most of the developed

countries of the world like UK, USA, Germany, etc.

The second type of a mixed economy is that in which the government not only

regulates and controls the private enterprise through various types of direct

controls and appropriate monetary and fiscal policies, it also directly

participates in the production of various goods and services. This type of

economy exists in most of the developing countries. Indian economy is an

example of this type of mixed economy.

THE TABLE SHOWS IMPORTANT FEATURES AND POINTS OF

DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE ECONOMIES.

BASIC CAPITALIST SOCIALIST MIXED

1.OWNERSHIP

(Means of

production)

Owned and

managed by

private people.

Owned and

managed by

government.

Owned by state as

well as people.

2.MOTIVE

(Economic

Activities)

Guided by self -

interest and profit.

Guided by motive

of social welfare.

Guided by both

social motive and

profit motive.

3.INSTRUMENT All economic

problems solved by

Price mechanism.

Economic

decisions taken by

government

through economic

planning.

Price mechanism

and economic

planning work

simultaneously.

4.NATURE OF

OCCUPATION

Complete

economic freedom

to private

enterprise .

Government is the

only producer. No

private enterprise

exists.

Limited

sovereignty.

5.COMPETITION Free competition

among buyers and

sellers.

No competition.

Government

controls

production.

Low degree of

competition exists.

6.DISTRIBUTION

OF INCOME

Large inequalities

of income exists.

Inequality of

income are

relatively small.

Income equalities

are found here.

7.ECONOMIC

FLUCTUATIONS

Are widely seen. Have no place

here.

Are found here.

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

QUEST 1. Give meaning and definition of the following. (Long Type)

(a) Socialist economy

(b) Capitalist economy

(c) Mixed economy

QUEST 2. Name two countries which follow the following economic systems?

Socialist economy, Capitalist economy, Mixed economy. (Short type)

QUEST3. Distinguish between the three economies in tabular form? (Long Type)

ANSWER -KEY 10 ECONOMICS CLASS-9

ANSWERS TO THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

Q1. Define the term Economy?

Ans: In economics, the word 'Economy' refers to production activities of a well

defined area or region.

An economy is a system of organizations and institutions that either facilitate or

play a role in the production and distribution of goods and services in a society.

Economies determine how resources are distributed among members of a society;

they determine the value of goods or services; and they even determine what sorts of

things can be traded or bartered for those services and goods.

Q2. Name the basic Economic Agents in an Economy ?

Ans: Four (broadly defined) economic agents or units are: Households, Firms,

Governments and Foreign Sector.

Q3. Explain briefly the basic units of Economic- Analysis ?

Ans: Households: A household refers to a group of people living under single roof

and taking economic decisions jointly. Households make consumption decisions and

own factors of production. They provide firms with factor services in production,

and buy finished goods from firms for consumption.

Firms: Firms make production decisions. These include what goods to produce, how

these goods are to be produced and what prices to charge. They employ the various

factors of production and they sell the finished goods to the households for

consumption and to the government. The term firm 'refers to a particular

unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit.

Government: The government collects taxes from households, buys goods from

firms and distributes those goods to households individually or collectively. It also

redistributes purchasing power between households. The term government includes

all regulatory bodies by which it exercises its control over the behaviour of

households and the firms.

Foreign sector: Is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions

with overseas countries. This sector includes imports and exports of goods and

services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking

transactions. The foreign sector, together with other domestic sectors make up the

national economy.

Class 9 Physical Education Worksheet-11

Muscular System

Identification of Muscles

Latissimus Dorsi: The word ‘latissimus dorsi’ is a

Latin word means ‘broad muscle of the back’. It is one

of the widest muscles in the human body. It is also

known as ‘lats’.It assists in abduction, extension and

internal rotation of the arm at the shoulder. It also helps

in the extension and flexion of the trunk. This muscle is

used in various exercises such as pull ups, chin ups and

swimming.

Deltoid: The deltoid muscle is a rounded as well as

triangular muscle. It is located at the topmost part of the

arm and top of the shoulder. It is derived from a Greek

word ‘delta’ which is shaped like an equilateral triangle.

It is attached by tendons at clavicle, scapula and

humerus. It assists in extension, flexion and internal and

external rotation of the arm at the shoulder.

Rotator Cuffs: Rotator cuff is a common name for

the group of four different muscles i.e. Supraspinatus

muscle, Subscapularis muscle, Teres minor muscle

and infraspinatous muscle and their tendons that

provide strength and stability during the motion

of the shoulder. The muscles arise from the scapula

and connect to the head of the humerus. These

muscles are used in different movements of upper

extremity. They are used in flexion, abduction, internal

rotation and external rotation. The rotator cuff muscles

are mainly responsible for stabilizing the shoulder

joint.

Pectorals: Pectorals are the muscles that connect the front of

the human chest with the bones of the upper arm and

shoulder. These muscles are mainly used to control the

movement of the arm. The pectorals assist in deep inhalation,

pulling the rib cage to create room for the lungs to expand.

Injuries can occur to these muscles during weight lifting as

well as body building exercises that place excessive strain on

the shoulders and chest.

Biceps: The large muscle at the front of the upper arm

that flexes the forearm is known as biceps. It is also

called biceps brachii. It is two headed muscle. Both head

arise on the scapula and join to form a single muscle

belly which is attached to the upper forearm. It helps to

control the motion of two different joints i.e., the

shoulder joint and elbow joint. At the elbow joint, it is

used in lifting the forearm.

Triceps: Triceps is a three headed muscle of the arm. It

is a large muscle at the back of the upper arm. It is

mainly responsible for extension of the elbow joint.

Abdominals: It is a large group of muscles in the front

of the abdomen that assists in the regular breathing

movement and supports the muscles of the spine while

lifting and keeping abdominal organs such as intestines

in place. Abdominal muscles play a major role in

performing sit ups. These are also known as ‘abs’. There

are various abdominal muscles such as rectus

abdominus, two internal and two external obliques

and transversus.

Gluteals: The gluteal muscles are a group of three muscles

which make up buttocks. These muscles comprise, the gluteal

maximus, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus. These three

muscles originate from the illium and sacrum and insert on the

femur. These muscles perform various functions such as

extension, abduction, external rotation and internal rotation of

the hip joint.

Hip Flexors: The hip flexors are a group of muscles

around the top of thighs that connects your upper leg to

your hip. These muscles are involved in every type of

movement that involves the lower body. For example,

these muscles are involved in performing dead lift,

squat, lunging, frog jump, etc. The various muscles

such as rectus femoris, iliopsoas, pectineus, adductor

longus, gracilis, etc. are also included in hip flexors.

Hamstrings:

The hamstrings comprise of three muscles; the bicep femoris, the semitendinous and

the semimembranosus. All these muscles are mainly responsible for the flexion of the

knee joint as well as extension of the thigh. In addition to these functions, the hamstring

muscles work collectively to rotating the knee. They also assist in maintaining a standing

position with knees slightly bent.

Quadriceps:

The quadriceps muscles are a group of four muscles located on the front of the thigh.

These muscles are also called quads. These muscles include rectus femoris, vastus

lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius muscles. All the quad muscles

participate in extension i.e. straightening the knee joint. They also help to stabilize the

patella and keep it tracking in a straight line.

Gastrocnemius: Gastrocnemius muscle is located on

the back of the lower leg. It is one of the two main

muscles that make up the calf muscles. The other main

muscle of the calf is soleus muscle that lies underneath

the gastrocnemius. Gastrocnemius connects behind the

knee and at the heel. It is a powerful knee flexor. When

running, walking or jumping gastrocnemius muscle

provides a significant amount of propulsive force.

Tibialis Anterior Muscle: Tibialis anterior muscle is situated

on the lateral side of the tibia. It is thick and fleshy above and

tendinous below. The tibialis anterior muscle helps with dorsi

flexion, which is the action of pulling the foot toward the shin.

It also helps in inversion of the foot.

Benefits of Exercise on The Muscular System

There are various benefits of exercises on the muscular system which are described

below:

1. Increases Strength: If exercise is performed regularly it increases muscular

strength. In fact with the help of exercise our muscle mass is improved which is

beneficial for improving strength.

2. Improves Endurance: If regular exercises are performed for longer duration, they

improve our cardio-vascular function which results in improved endurance.

3. Better Neuromuscular Coordination: Regular exercise enhances neuromuscular

pathways, allowing muscles to contract more quickly and efficiently.

4. Improves Posture: ̀ By doing regular exercise, the strength of muscles increases,

which in turn, keeps the body posture in correct position. Exercises also helps in

correcting the postural deformities up to some extent.

5. Improves Flexibility: Regular exercise tens to improve flexibility. As a matter of

fact our ligaments and tendons are comprised of collagen fibers. These fibers

stretch when exercises are performed which helps in improving flexibility.

6. Decreases Chances of injuries: Regular exercise decreases the chances of

injuries. In fact, regular exercise improves the flexibility of an individual which

helps in decreasing the chances of injuries. Muscles also remain in toned position;

therefore, the chances of getting injuries are reduced.

7. Controls Extra Body Weight: Regular exercise controls the extra fat or body

weight which is ultimately helpful in preventing heart diseases, diabetes, arthritis,

etc. Exercises burn the extra calories which are helpful in controlling the extra

body weight.

8. Delays Fatigue: Regular exercise delays fatigue. Fatigue is mainly due to the

formation of carbon dioxide, lactic acid, acid phosphate, etc. The accumulation of

such waste products is less in individuals who perform exercise regularly. The

process of removing the waste products becomes efficient, therefore, we do not

feel fatigue immediately.

Questions

1. What do you mean by latissimus dorsi?

2. Narrate the deltoid muscle in brief.

3. What are rotator cuffs?

4. What are pectorals?

5. What do you mean by biceps muscle?

6. What are triceps?

7. Describe about abdominal muscles.

8. Write a brief note on hip flexors.

9. Describe about gluteals.

10. What do you mean by hamstring muscles?

11. What are quadriceps muscles?

12. What do you mean by gastrocnemius muscle?

13. Describe about tibialis anterior muscles.

14. Discuss the benefits of exercise in brief.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

Class 9 Computer Application Worksheet-11

Dear Students, Kindly refer to the Worksheet of Introduction to JAVA.

active and passive voice - stxaviers.com€¦ · passive voice :shall be /will be + past participle...

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