activities of the iaea laboratories in seibersdorf and

IAEA-TECDOC-340

ACTIVITIES OF THE IAEA LABORATORIESIN SEIBERSDORF AND VIENNA

Biennial Report 1983-1984

A TECHNICAL DOCUMENT ISSUED BY THE

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1985

ACTIVITIES OF THE IAEA LABORATORIESIN SEIBERSDORF AND VIENNA: BIENNIAL REPORT 1983-1984

IAEA, VIENNA, 1985IAEA-TECDOC-340

Printed by the IAEA in AustriaJune 1985

PLEASE BE AWARE THATALL OF THE MISSING PAGES IN THIS DOCUMENT

WERE ORIGINALLY BLANK

The IAEA does not maintain stocks of reports in this series. However,microfiche copies of these reports can be obtained from

INIS ClearinghouseInternational Atomic Energy AgencyWagramerstrasse 5P.O. Box 100A-1400 Vienna, Austria

Orders should be accompanied by prepayment of Austrian Schillings 80.00in the form of a cheque or in the form of IAEA microfiche service couponswhich may be ordered separately from the INIS Clearinghouse.

FOREWORD

This biennial report is presented in a new style. General information

on the structure of the laboratory, its sections, staff and programmes is

provided in the form of lists and tables, interspersed with photographs

and figures. Individual research projects, services rendered, and expert

missions performed are briefly mentioned, and information on training

courses and in-service training is provided together with a list of

trainees.

Two fields of work, Entomology and Tissue Culture, have been singled

out for a more detailed destription.* They will be followed by one or two

different projects in each following year. It is hoped that in this way

the report will make more interesting reading and still provide all

essential information on the work of the laboratory.

* The Entomology and Tissue Culture work described in this report forms

part of an extensive programme on the use of atomic energy and

associated technology in food and agriculture. This programme is

funded and operated jointly by IAEA and the Food and Agriculture

Organization of the United Nations through a Joint FAO/IAEA Division.

Work at the Agency' s Laboratories was started in 1959 at the

organisation's former headquarters in Vienna. Two years later, most of

the laboratories were moved to the site of the Austrian Research Centre

at Seibersdorf, about 30 km from Vienna. Only one laboratory (hydrology)

remained in Vienna and is at present accomodated in the basement of one

of the Agency's towers in Vienna International Centre. The organization

of the Laboratories is shown in Table 1 of this report. Research topics

are shown in Table 4. The number of staff members, including seconded

staff, is about 150 and includes nationals of 31 countries.

EDITORIAL NOTE

In preparing this material for the press, staff of the International Atomic Energy Agency

have mounted and paginated the original manuscripts and given some attention to presentation.

The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the governments of the Member States

or organizations under whose auspices the manuscripts were produced.

The use in this book of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply anyjudgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of

their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries.

The mention of specific companies or of their products or brand names does not imply anyendorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA.

CONTENTS

Introduction ........................................................ 7

Research and development of mass rearing systems for

insect control programmes ........................................ 15

Tissue culture techniques for plant breeding ..................... 21

ANNEX

Table 1 Structure of the Laboratory ............................ 33

Table 2 Scientific and technical staff ......................... 34

Table 3.A Trainees at the Laboratory 1983-1984 ................... 36

Table 3.B Visiting scientists at the Laboratory 1983-1984 ........ 38

Table 3.C Training courses held at Seibersdorf Laboratory1983-1984 ............................................ 39

Table 4 Research projects involving experimental work at

the Laboratory ....................................... 40

Table 5 Missions to Member States in 1983 and 1984 by

staff members of the Laboratory ...................... 48

Table 6 Technical supervision of Technical Assistance and

Co-operation projects 1983-1984 ...................... 50

Table 7 Analytical and production services ..................... 52

Papers published by staff members or presented at scientificconferences in 1983 and 1984 ...................................... 57

INTRODUCTIONThe two years covered in this report have seen important changes in

the aims, structure and work of the laboratory. While the basic

objective has remained to provide practical support to Agency programmes

it has also been realised that such support was most required in the

transfer of advanced technology to developing Member States. This is

done by the servicing of co-ordinated programmes of research, advising on

and assisting in technical co-operation projects and by providing

training facilities for young scientists and technicians from developing

countries. All related activities at the laboratory were considerably

increased.

In particular, this increase has been felt in the agricultural

sections which were re-named Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory to

underline the changing emphasis in their work: the new Agrochemicals

Section was built up and equipped, and started the development of several

additional controlled-release formulations of pesticides as well as an

investigation by radiochemical methods into the biology and biochemistry

of microbes for biomass degradation; for entomology a large pilot

facility was erected for the mass rearing of medflies as part of an

eradication programme in Egypt using radiation-sterilized insects; for

plant breeding a new tissue culture laboratory was installed which

permits the rapid development of plants from mutated cells; and, finally,

a completely new programme was started in animal production, involving

the study of animal metabolism with radioactive tracers in the laboratory

(using an "artificial cow", a glass and plastic system in which ruminant

metabolic processes can be duplicated) and a radioimunoassay project. In

all these programmes, as in the continuing old ones, training is and will

be provided on an increasing scale. Plans are now being made for the

construction of a new building to centralize certain training facilities

such as lecture theatres and study rooms.

In chemistry and hydrology a new line was started together with the

World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in servicing the latter's network

of stations for monitoring of background levels of air pollution all

around the world. Rain samples and air filters are collected at 150

stations and an increasing number of these send their samples to the

Agency's laboratory for the measurement of acidity, individual acids and

heavy metal contaminants. The laboratory carried out these measurements

with modern instrumentation (to which WMO has contributed) including an

7

Plant breeding: Work at the glasshouse

Plant breeding: Work at the tissue culture laboratory

8

ion chromatograph and a new atomic absorption spectrometer. An

inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer is on order and will be

taken into service next year. The Laboratory's facilities for trace

element determination have found additional use in the certification of

new reference materials and will be used increasingly also for training.

A large number of analytical intercomparisons were again organized

during the two years. This may be regarded as a form of training also,

in which inexperienced participants can evaluate and improve their

analytical performance. Two of the laboratories' standard reference

materials of interest in nutritional studies (animal muscle and milk

powder) were upgraded by additional calibrations for certain "problem

elements". Facilities for uranium determination at very low

concentrations (sub-ppm in solid samples, sub-ppb in water) were improved

by the addition of a laser fluorimeter.

In radiation dosimetry a new automated thermoluminescent dosemeter

reader was installed and the application of LiF rods and chips to therapy

level dose measurements was tested. Co-ordination of the Secondary

Standard Dosimetry Laboratory (SSDL) network was continued.

The Electronics and Measurement Section has installed a new training

laboratory, and in addition, its members take part in teaching

electronics courses held by the Agency for technicians elsewhere. This

section is being reshaped to form a new "Instrumentation Section" to

serve projects in electronics, to select and test equipment of all sorts

supplied under Agency schemes, and to develop measuring techniques needed

by other sections of the laboratories.

Six training courses and one seminar were held at the laboratory

during the two years, up from two courses annually during preceding years.

An increasing number of samples were analysed by the Safeguards

Analytical Laboratory (SAL), more than a thousand each year. These

analyses are an essential support to the Agency in its Safeguards System,

and more are required every year, but the capacity of SAL is now

approaching its limit. Increasing use is therefore being made of the

network of national laboratories which cooperate with the Agency to

analyse samples for safeguards verification.

9

Agrochemicals: A tracer experiment to follow the pathway of pesticides

Chemistry: Determination of heavy-metal pollution in rain water samples

by atomic absorption spectrometry

10

Electronics: Training of fellows in construction and repairof electronic circuitry

11

Safeguards analysis: Plutonium separation work in glove boxes

Training course: Participants screen a crop of cereal mutants

12

The need is recognised to improve SAL's facilities and strengthen its

procedures, and a number of actions were undertaken in this direction.

300 square meters of additional space were rented from the Austrian

Research Center to provide a non-radiation area for offices, stores and

better entry facilities. This makes possible the conversion of previous

non-active facilities into radiation controlled areas. A second automatic

mass spectrometer of high performance was installed. The computer network

is being extended to accommodate a sophisticated measurement control

system. The equipment and installations of the chemical analytical

laboratories of SAL were updated and the scope of radiometric techniques

in use was significantly broadened.

13

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF MASS REARING SYSTEMS FORINSECT CONTROL PROGRAMMES(Contributed by R. Gingrich, Head, Entomology Section)

Huge losses to agricultural and livestock production are caused by

insects every year and large quantities of pesticides are employed in an

attempt to control or to eradicate the insects which are responsible for

these losses. Control by pesticides causes problems due to the

persistence of these chemicals in the environment, to the development of

resistance against them by the target species and to their undesirable

effects on other living organisms.

During the last few decades, a new technique of pest control has been

developed which has proved successful in the eradication of the screwworm

in the Southwestern United States as well as against the Medfly in

Mexico, pests which had previously caused annual losses running into

hundreds of millions of dollars annually. The new technique is called

Sterile Insect Technique (SIT).

Since the first dramatic demonstration of success against the screw-

worm on the island of Curacao, 30 years ago, scientists have studied more

than 200 species of insects as potential targets for the SIT. This

revolutionary concept of pest control, first postulated by Dr. E.F.

Knipling with the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1937, involves the

mass rearing and release of insects sterilized by radiation. These mate

in the wild with normal females and, thereby, reduce the natural rate of

population growth. When sufficient sterile males are released to

outnumber the normal wild males, the wild population can be reduced to

the point of extinction. In many situations the SIT can be more

effective and efficient than conventional insecticides for eliminating

pest problems. Eradication of the screwworm from the U.S. has returned

more than $10 for every dollar that was invested in the programme and the

benefits continue to accrue as long as the pest is gone.

The SIT is a highly sophisticated method of insect control and its

development and practical use involves a number of technical and

operational problems. The Insect and Pest Control Section of the Joint

FAO/IAEA Division, active in applying the SIT against several species of

insect pests, is concerned with these problems. Research to solve

technical problems is carried out in the Entomology Section of the

15

Seibersdorf Laboratory where current activities are directed toward

tsetse and Mediterranean fruit flies. Both are targets for eradication

by the SIT in co-operative programmes between the Agency and governments

of countries affected by these pests.

The ability to rear large numbers of good quality insects for

sterilization and release is one of the most important technical

challenges facing organizers of a SIT campaign. The extent to which this

challenge can be met determines, in large measure, the feasibility of

using the SIT to solve a pest problem. Developing procedures, equipment

and systems for mass rearing insects is a major activity in the

Entomology Laboratory.

In 1979 the technology for mass rearing Medflies was developed at

Seibersdorf and transferred to Mexico, where a factory was constructed

that has the capacity to rear more than 500 million insects each week.

Insects produced in this factory were used in a campaign that success-

fully eradicated the Medfly from Mexico by 1982. Now this facility is

being used to extend the eradication campaign into neighbouring Guatemala

and perhaps eventually into other Central American countries.

Research in mass rearing Medflies is continuing at Seibersdorf to

meet the challenges of another eradication programme being organized in

Egypt. A facility located near Alexandria and capable of rearing 10002

million insects each week is planned for this programme. A 500 m

pilot facility was recently erected at Seibersdorf where the procedures

and equipment needed for this large task are being developed. Mechaniza-

tion of procedures to reduce the number of staff and thereby the cost of

running the operation is being sought wherever possible. For example, a

monorail system is being developed to move the large and heavy pieces of

rearing equipment within the plant. In further attempts to reduce

operation costs, materials locally available in Egypt are being tested as

substitutes for more expensive imported ingredients in the larval and

adult diets. Control procedures are being developed that will ensure

that the qualities needed by males for proper performance in the field,

such as longevity, flight ability and mating propensity, are present in

the insects produced.

For similar purposes, research is done at Seibersdorf to develop mass

rearing systems for tsetse flies, blood feeding insects that are vectors

16

of Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) in Africa. The transition from

using live host animals to in vitro systems for feeding flies has been

spear- headed at the Entomology Laboratory.

The first departure from live hosts used defibrinated blood,

collected at a local abattoir, which was poured into a shallow heated

tray and covered with an artificial membrane to simulate a host animal's

skin. The membrane, made from reinforced silicone rubber, is readily

pierced by the mouthparts of flies during feeding. It can be sterilized

by heat and when properly maintained may be used for many months.

Problems encountered in maintaining the freshly collected blood in a

nutritious state led to the development of procedures for freeze-drying

the blood. A highly effective diet has been formulated from a mixture of

freeze dried bovine and porcine bloods that are reconstituted in water.

This diet can be stored dry in aluminum foil bags for at least a year

without loss in quality and can be economically shipped to anywhere in

the world. Projects in the U.S. and several countries in Europe and

Africa have successfully used the dried blood mixtures for feeding a

variety of hematophagous insects.

Projects in Africa in which tsetse flies are fed in vitro have

depended on foreign sources of blood because of the need to avoid feeding

colonized insects on blood that might be contaminated with pathogenic

trypanosomes. In order to make these projects self-running by nationals,

procedures have been developed for treating blood to inactivate the

trypanosomes. Facilities are lacking in most areas of Africa for freeze

drying blood, but with the new decontamination procedures it is now

possible to collect and use local sources of fresh blood for rearing

tsetse flies. Procedures are also developed for preparing diets from

blood that is collected fresh and stored frozen. This blood when thawed

is slightly better in quality than reconstituted freeze dried blood.

From whatever source, it is essential for the health of flies that

the diet should not contain large numbers of microorganisms.

Contamination occurs during collecting and processing blood, therefore,

procedures have had to be developed to eliminate contamination as well as

to prevent its reentry into the diet during feeding. Microbiological

studies have also revealed that certain antibiotics can be used

therapeutically to successfully treat flies already exposed to infections.

17

Cages for rearing Mediterranean fruit flies.Prototypes developed at the Entomology Laboratory,

IAEA, Seibersdorf, Austria. Trays at bottom collect eggslaid by females through the cloth sides of the cages.

Studies are underway to further improve the quality and efficiency of

tsetse diets by formulating artificial diets. Projects using such diets

would be independent from a source of whole blood.

A large colony of the species of tsetse fly undergoing eradication in

a portion of Nigeria is maintained at Seibersdorf. This "back-up" colony

provides an immediate means for restocking should an accident occur that

jeopardizes the colony in Nigeria. Further, the surplus progeny from

this "back-up" colony is shipped to Nigeria at intervals to augment the

numbers of flies released in the project area.

18

In vitro system for rearing tsetse flies in absence of live host animals.Flies feed on blood held beneath a silicon rubber memebrane

that simulates an animal skin.

Additional strains and species of tsetse and Medflies are colonized

at Seibersdorf to provide material for biological studies that are needed

to plan for extending the application of the SIT into new areas. Then,

when a project is organized, the knowledge and biological stock needed to

produce a mass rearing colony are ready.

19

TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES FOR PLANT BREEDING(Contributed by T. Hermelin, Head, Plant Breeding Section)

1 Introduction

The word "development" is used in several contexts in political,

technical and biological sciences. Development in biology means

differentiation both on the individual and on the population levels. The

mechanisms are genetic changes (mutations), hybridization, and selection.

Plant breeders utilize them to speed up the spontaneous rate of develop-

ment (evolution) to create crop varieties with improved yield, quality

and resistance to stress (e.g. cold, heat, diseases, pests). Plant

breeding started when cultivation of plants started. By a better under-

standing of the genetic control of plant traits the prospects to develop

plant varieties for food, feed and industrial purposes are increased.

Desired characters have been introduced into the breeding material by

cross-breeding or by the use of induced mutations through ionizing

radiation or certain chemical substances. Varieties derived from induced

mutations are on the market in several countries. As the development of

new varieties is expensive and time-consuming, methods to speed up the

procedures are highly desirable. By the cultivation of plant cells or

organs in vitro, which means in an artifical environment, the time from

the initial step (mutation induction or hybridization) until the

agronomic evaluation of the material in the field can be significantly

reduced.

2 Application of in vitro technology for plant breeding

In vitro techniques for plant multiplication, manipulation and

selection have developed rapidly in recent years. VASIL et al. (1979)

reports about 330 species from which adventitious buds, shoots, embryoids

or whole plants have been produced this way. In 150 cases successful

regeneration was achieved for the first time in the four-year period

1973-76. The achievements are largely facilitated by the development of

suitable media for the cultivation of plant tissues and the understanding

of the hormonal regulation of plant differentiation and growth.

The methodology is now considered a potent means for plant

improvement supplementing conventional procedures, including the use of

induced mutations, by

21

(i) vegetative propagation (cloning) of plant material tofacilitate a speedy evaluation of breeding lines,

(ii) speeding up plant breeding procedures (shortening of generationduration) and fast propagation of useful plant types(micro-propagation),

(iii) screening at the cell level of large populations for certaintraits, and

(iv) embryo rescue after distant crosses from which hybridindividuals can be obtained.

Although in vitro techniques have been developed in several plant

species, their use in routine plant breeding work is not yet fully

implemented. The main reasons for constraints are

(i) the special facilities needed,

(ii) the special care and skill needed to transplant regeneratedplants from artificial media to the field,

(iii) the still limiting availability of reproducible procedures formany important crops,

(iv) the different ability of various genotypes to be handled andregenerated in this way, and

(v) the sometimes undesirable high variability induced by in vitromanipulation (somatic variation).

Keeping in mind both the prospects and the limitations of the

technology for plant breeding, it was decided that the Plant Breeding

Section would start work in this field. The decision was based on the

general tasks of the Section, i.e. development of efficient mutagen

application procedures, provision of training to plant breeders, and

service to institutes in Member Countries. Only by having direct

experience of in vitro work will the Section be able to recommend its

application in mutation plant breeding.

3 Plant breeding methods

Plant breeding is the art to construct a cultivar that is accepted

both by the producer and by the consumer. The breeding technique is

determined by the objective which may be improved yield, quality or

resistance to disease. The breeder is often bound toiprocedures that are

22

slow and not directly leading to the goal. Insufficient knowledge of the

genetic control of critical characters is the most obvious obstacle, this

is followed by limiting resources (manpower, land, laboratories). Even

the most experienced breeder has to calculate on a moderate probability

to obtain the desired objective in one single step. Depending on

experience and resources, the following alternatives are at hand:

(i) Recombination of traits by cross-breeding;

(ii) Induction of mutations;

(iii) In vitro manipulation.

A combination of procedures is often necessary, e.g. in vitro rescue

of embryos after distant hybridization, use of induced mutations in

cross-breeding, and induction of mutations in vitro.

Most of the varieties on the market have been developed after

hybridization and remarkable results will certainly be reported in the

future, too. The approach is conservative, as it is limited to

recombination of available germplasm. Achievements are relatively small,

and the breeding procedures are time consuming (10-15 years).

The use of mutations in plant breeding (mutation breeding) has been

successfully employed in a large number of agricultural and horticultural

crops (Mutation Breeding Newsletter, 1984). The method should be

considered as complementary to conventional cross-breeding, as induced

mutants widen the genetic variability of available genepools. Mutant

lines with changed architecture, disease and pest resistance, earlier

maturation and other characters needed for modern cultivation practice

have been selected. Mutation breeding is often less time-consuming than

cross-breeding, but the efforts to select desirable types are

considerable as they may be rare.

Several positive reports using in vitro techniques are given in the

literature, although only a limited number of varieties have come to the

farmers' field yet. In vitro methods are routinely used for propagation

of virus-free potato clones and in ornamental plants. The technology, in

combination with mutagen application and with relevant screening methods,

has some promising prospects as:

(i) a large number of cells can be handled, from which selectedmaterial is regenerated into plants with the mutant character;

23

CHIMERISM IN TISSUECULTURE AND IN THE

REGENERATED PLANTS

IN-VITROTECHNIQUES

ANDPROBLEMS

"SPONTANEOUS' AND"INDUCED" GENETICSTABILITY/VARIABILITYIN THE "IN VITRO"

Figure 1: In vitro techniques and problems.From the cover page of a document announcing

an FAO/IAEA research coordination meeting on in vitro technologyfor Mutation Breeding, 1983.

24

(ii) chimeras in mutagen treated tissues can be resolved (chimera =individual with cells of different genetic constitution, here:mutated and non-mutated tissues); and

(iii) the breeding procedures could be shortened.

4 Research and training in the Agricultural Biotechnology Unit

FAO and IAEA have recognized the prospects of in vitro methodology in

plant breeding. A Co-ordinated Research Programme on in vitro Technology

for Mutation Breeding started in 1983. The participants met in Vienna 31

October to 4 November 1983 to discuss the present status and the future

development of research. The great number of techniques and the problems

to be solved are visualized in Figure 1, and the main points of

discussion at the meeting were:

Genetic variability.

Mutagen application.

Chimerism.

Mutant selection.

Specific tasks of the FAO/IAEA Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory,

and

Training activity.

In view of the work going on elsewhere it was recommended that the

IAEA laboratory should not concentrate on improving plant tissue culture

methodology or design selection pressures in vitro. The laboratory

should focus on adapting or developing the methodology of in vitro plant

breeding as a basis for more effective and efficient methods of mutation

induction, mutant selection, mutant propagation and genetic engineering.

4.1 Objectives in mutation induction and mutant identification

During the initial phase of the work, the following questions

were addressed:

(i) Can in vitro methodology offer some advantages beyondthose in vivo, especially as to the precision of resultsto be used in mutation breeding?

(ii) Is induction of mutation in vitro causing significantlylarger variability than already expressed by somaticvariation?

25

Seed irradiation

00

Germination

* r

-- 4

2

Api-cal

15

3

1Single budgrown in vitro

Plantletsgrown

1st clonal propagation of axillary buds and terminal bud

Plantlets fromclonal propagation

(only bud 1shown)

r 1 I I

Rooting ofplantlets

2nd clonalpropagation

(only bud 1shown)

Transplantedto soil

Figure 2:In vitro mutagenesis in pea to evaluate chimerism in irradiated embryos.

Procedures in T1, which will be followed by schreening of Mutations in T2.

26

Garden pea and maize respectively were chosen as models to

investigate the two problems raised. Both species are important

agricultural crops and are genetically relatively well studied.

4.1.1 Experiments with pea

The targets of a mutagenic treatment are organelles within the

plant cell. In most instances multicellular tissues are treated (gametes

developed in the flowers and single cells grown in vitro are exceptions)

and the M1 plant developing from the treated tissue is a chimera.

Hence, knowledge of the size and distribution of mutant sectors within

the M1 plant is desirable to be able to harvest those seeds or buds

most likely carrying induced mutations. Such procedures can be

recommended in cereal crops, but in dicotyledonous crops (e.g. grain

legumes) the available information is more scarce (IAEA TECDOC No. 289,

1983). A rather large population of chimeric M1 plants has to be

investigated to achieve reliable results. Pea (Pisum sativum) is well

suited for this purpose as it is self-pollinated and has been subject to

several genetic and radiobiological investigations. By in vitro

techniques it is thought that the low reproductive capacity can be

overcome.

Experimental: Seeds of the variety "Kleine Rheinlanderin" were

irradiated with gamma-rays, sterilized and brought to germination in

vitro. Axillary buds from developing plants were separately cultivated

and a second clonal propagation was carried out subsequently. The sub-

clonal plants developing roots were transplanted into soil. Each

harvested plant will be screened for induced mutations. A comparison

between the frequency of induced mutant plants in M2 originating from

different axillary buds of the M1 seedlings will be made. The procedure

is shown in Figure 2.

4.1.2 Mutagenesis in maize (Zea mays)

Several in vitro manipulation procedures include a stage in

which the cells are proliferated into cell aggregates, from which plants

can be regenerated. These procedures often cause a considerable somatic

variation in regenerated plants. The objective of this investigation is

to assess somatic and mutagen-caused variation.

27

Irradiated material

000

0oo0 00

Immature embryo a10 to 14 days Immature

Pollen after pollination tassel Seeds

I Pollination

10to 14 daysafterpollination

Embr

Embryo Embryo

r i

Immaturetassel

6 to 8 weeksold seedlings

Immaturetassel

A1

/

0"S? Selfing Somatic embryogenes

Somatic embryogenesis

T2 seeds

T2 seedsT1 plant T2 plant

Figure 3:In vitro mutagenesis in maize to evaluate the relative frequencyof somaclonal and mutagen induced variation to be assayed in T2.

Unirradiated control material not shown.

28

Experimental: The line CHI 31, which has a good embryogenic and

regeneration capacity, is used in a set of experiments. Various organs

are exposed to gamma radiation. By hormonal regulation of the media into

which the explants are transferred, they can be forced to initiate

somatic embryos from which new plants can be regenerated and later trans-

planted into soil in the greenhouse for observation and self-pollination.

A progeny test will be made in M2. The procedures are outlined in

Figure 3, in which the unirradiated control population is not shown.

This latter material will be screened for somatic variation in comparison

with the irradiated material to assess the impact of the radiation

treatment. Each of the series shown in Figure 3 has been exposed to at

least two doses of radiation and it is planned that some hundreds of M1

plant progenies per dose have to be evaluated. This large set of

experiments is carried out in co-operation with the Institute of

Experimental Botany, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, CSSR.

4.2. Resources for research and training

The two projects briefly discussed in the preceding section

started in the later part of 1983. At present, the following main

facilities were at hand:

2A laboratory of about 20 m

A culture room with shelves and illumination for in vitro

cultures (10 m ).

An incubator and refrigerator for cultures and media storage

respectively.

Two laminar flow benches for aseptic work with working area for

three operators.

Washing machine and autoclave for cleaning and sterilizing

glassware and instruments.

In addition, a tissue culture facility with three culture rooms

and space for chemical mutagenesis and cytological work was constructed

and was ready for use in January 1984. Tissue cultures can now be main-2

tained before transplanting to soil on a shelf area of about 45 m at

up to four different temperature and illumination regimes.

In both years an FAO/IAEA Interregional Training Course on the

Induction and Use of Mutations in Plant Breeding was arranged at

29

Seibersdorf. The participants were instructed on in vitro handling of

plant material. The practical training was appreciated and will be

expanded in future training courses. Three IAEA fellowship holders were

given a more thorough training.

5 Conclusions and plans for future work

Problems in mutation induction methodology in plant tissue cultures

are manifold (cf. Figure 1). Conclusive results regarding mutagen

effects in a plant species and the evaluation of them can usually be

reached in 2 to 3 years. In vitro mutagenesis may shorten the time

needed, provided that the "right" materials are at hand, i.e. that

procedures are well developed and the plant tissue to be investigated is

responding to the manipulation in an expected way. Scientists relying on

in vitro technology to be used for plant improvement expect to achieve

their specific breeding objectives more easily than with conventional

methods. Suitable methods are now available and such objectives are

within reach (Mathews and Bhatia, 1983).

The results of developmental work in plant mutagenesis at the

Laboratory will serve geneticists and breeders in Member Countries of FAO

and IAEA. The problems taken up in this initial phase of our involvement

in in vitro mutagenesis have been chosen because well developed

procedures are available. Further involvement beyond the two projects

presented depends on how laborious they are and when they can be brought

to conclusive results. For the time being the following problems can be

considered:

(i) Development of irradiation procedures in a number of crop species

and in tissue cultures of different origin.

(ii) Investigation of the effects of chemical mutagens, including uptake

into tissues.

(iii) In vitro mutagenesis in vegetatively propagated species such as

tropical tuber and root crops and in fruit crops (e.g. cassava,

trees and banana).

30

6 References

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Chimerism in Irradiated Dicotyledonous

Plants, IAEA TECDOC 289, Vienna (1983).

MATHEWS, H., BHATIA, C.R.. Experimental mutagenesis of in-vitro

cultured plant cells and protoplasts, Mutation Breeding Newsletter,

22 12-17, IAEA, Vienna (1983).

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Mutation Breeding Newsletter, Index

Issue 11-20, Vienna (1984).

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Mutation Breeding Newsletter, Index

Issue 1-10, Vienna (1984).

VASIL, I.K., M.R. AHUJA, VASIL, V., Plant tissue cultures in genetics and

plant breeding, Advances in Genetics, 20 127-215 (1979).

31

ANNEX

Table 1 Structure of the Laboratory

SOIL SCIENCE

PLANT BREEDING

ENTOMOLOGY

AGROCHEMICALS

ANIMAL PRODUCTION

CHEMISTRY

ELECTRONICS & MEASUREMENTS

RADIATION DOSIMETRY

MEDICAL APPLICATIONS

HEALTH PHYSICS

ISOTOPE HYDROLOGY

MECHANICAL WORKSHOP

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS

33

Table 2 Scientific and Technical Staff

Agency's Laboratory. HeadC. Taylor

1. Agricultural BiotechnologyK. Reichardt

Soil ScienceF. Zapata

Plant BreedingT. Hermelin

EntomologyR. Gingrich

AgrochemicalsL. Vollner

Animal Production

G. Hardarson, H. Axmann, A. Sebastianelli,M. Weber, L. Mayr, J.L. Arrillaga

S. Daskalov, H. Brunner, A. Figueroa/R. Afza

G. Hooper, A. Van der Vloedt, J. Kabayo,H. Fay, E. Busch-Petersen, H. Baumgartner,D. Luger, E. Ruhm, M. Taher, H. Barnor,K. Kada, J. Ripfel, S. Judt

M. Belli, C. Pascucci, M. Pasti, H. Perschke,R. Kundu, A. Ghods

N. Jayasuriya, R. Hamilton, B. Rogovic

2. Physics, Chemistry, Instrumentation

ChemistryO. Suschny L. Pszonicki, A.N. Hanna, J.C. Veselsky,

R. Dekner, B. Kwiecinska, M. Nedbalek,E. Wehrstein, E. Zeiller, M. Tunga

Electronics and MeasurementE. Kero N. Haselberger, S. Hollenthoner, H. Kaufmann,

C. Kirda, J. Kock, 0. Milosevic, A. Muhl,O. Mutz, B. Mukherjee, R. Scarpatetti,A. Wolfl

Radiation DosimetryA.W. Boyd/ J.G. Haider, R. Girzikowsky, P. BeraM. Gustafsson

Medical ApplicationsR.M. Parr P. Vuister, R. Ogris, F. Reichel, F.G. Mason,

S. Clements

Mechanical WorkshopJ.R. Fischer R. Gutenthaler,

J. SchubertF. Holler, A. Kopf,

34

Table 2 (cont'd)

Isotope HydrologyT. Florkowski P. Schwarz, C. Schiszler,

M. Gattin, S. Wierzbinski,H. Tatzber, M. Jaklitsch

E. Kogelmann,A. Tanweer,

Radiation ProtectionR. Ouvrard R. Hartmann, R. Hochmann, P. Bergstrom

3. Safeguards AnalysisS. Deron

Chemical AnalysisG. Bagliano

Isotopic AnalysisT. Mueller

A. Delle Site, H. Swietly, H. Aigner,J. Berger, N. Doubek, K. Ronesch, A. Zoigner

M. Miguel, R. Fiedler, W. Raab, V. Vorisek,D. Jayasinghe, G. Grabmuller

35

Table 3.A Trainees at the Laboratory 1983-1984

Name Country Subject Duration(months)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

A. Djebbar

R. Afza

A. Quadrat-E-Kuda

J. Pascuali

S. Tun

R.G. Valconi

T.S. El-Abbasi

A. El-Zooka

M. Maged

M. El Rifaai

A. Awad

S. Foda

S. Ahmed

M. Amer

B. Bayoumy

A.F. Hashem

K. Mahmoud

M. Saafan

T. Birhano

D. Dankwa

E. Dikhumwin

A. Andrasi

G. Kovacs

P. Zagyvai

P. Zombori

M.K. Luthra

H.H. Prasad

S.M.M.Tungguldihardjo

Z.S. Wibowo

M. Ghodoossi-Pour

B. Owrang

S.O. Obiero

S.G. Kim

T.I. Pak

1.0. Putsoa

S.I. Kafala

R. Gandhi

N. Mod Ali

D. Mohamad

Algeria

Bangladesh

Bangladesh

Bolivia

Burma

Dominican R.

Egypt

Egypt

Egypt

Egypt

Egypt

Egypt

Egypt

Egypt

Egypt

Egypt

Egypt

Egypt

Ethiopia

Ghana

Ghana

Hungary

Hungary

Hungary

Hungary

India

India

Indonesia

Indonesia

Iran

Iran

Kenya

Korea(DPRK)

Korea(DPRK)

Lesotho

Libya

Malaysia

Malaysia

Malaysia

Radiation dosimetry

N-fixation

Radio-labelled pesticides

Fertilizer use efficiency

N-fixation

Electronics

Medfly

Medfly

Medfly

Medfly

Medfly

Medfly

Medfly

Medfly

Medfly

Medfly

Medfly

Medfly

Health Physics

Tsetse fly

N15 assay

Health Physics

Azolla

Medical Applications

Analytical Quality Control

N15 assay

Medfly

Radio-labelled pesticides

Soil-plant studies

Electronics

Electronics

Electronics

Health Physics

Health Physics

Uranium analysis

Med. Applications + Chem.

Mutation induction

Radiation dosimetry

Isotope Hydrology

3

9

3

12

6

12

10

2

7 days

7 days

1

1

1

1

7 days

7 days

7 days

7 days

6

4

2 weeks

2 days

6

7

6

3

1

5

6

6

6 weeks

12

3

3

1

4

2

9

6

36

Table 3.A (cont'd)

Name Country Subject Duration(months)

N. Mohd-Nasir Malaysia N15 assay 3

G.R. Lopez Mexico Medfly 10

J.L. Zavala Mexico Medfly 3 days

B.O. Ajagbonna Nigeria Tsetse fly 3

J. Onah Nigeria Tsetse fly 3

I. Ndams Nigeria Tsetse fly 1

A.A. Towase Nigeria Health Physics, Electronics 6

S.S. Ahmad Pakistan Rad. Dosimetry 3

M. Ali Pakistan Rad. Dosimetry 10

S. Hassan Pakistan Mutation induction 8

T. Mohammad Pakistan Mutation induction 3

S.K.H. Shah Pakistan Soil-plant studies 2

W. Hirimburegama Sri Lanka Azolla 15

S.K. Kumarasinghe Sri Lanka N-fixation 5

R. Senaratne Sri Lanka N-fixation 6

A.M. Zein El Abdin Sudan Medfly 12

O.A.S. Mohamed Sudan Medfly 2

S.K. Osman Sudan Electronics 9

A. Abdalla Sudan Health Physics 6

E. Mahagob Sudan Health Physics 6

N. Kiwia Tanzania Tsetse fly 3

C.S. Tarimo Tanzania Tsetse fly 7 days

C.T. Shawa Tanzania N-15 assay

C. Amornpimol Thailand Fertilizer use efficiency 7

V. Phadvibulya Thailand In vitro mutagenesis 12

T. Altay Turkey Isotope Hydrology 1

M. Sayin Turkey Isotope Hydrology 6

C.M. Busolo-Bulafu Uganda Mutation induction 1

P. Einyu Uganda Tsetse fly 7 days

J.L. Arrilaga Uruguay N-15 assay 1

C. Perdomo Uruguay Soil water studies 6

L.P. Bazzino Uruguay Fertilizer use efficiency 8

E. Dromer-F. Uruguay Mutation induction 6

Q.T. N'Guyen Vietnam Health Physics 3

D.M. Nguyen Vietnam Chemistry + Med. Appl. 9

K.H. Chisanga Zambia Tsetse fly 3

E. Lingumbwanga Zambia Mutation induction 8

C. Musama Zambia Tsetse fly 3

P. Siyenyi Zambia Tsetse fly 3

37

Table 3.B Visiting scientists at the Laboratory* 1983-1984

Name Country Subject Duration

C.A. De Gueldre Algeria Chemistry 1 month

Zhu-Shuzhong China Chemistry 4 days

F. Novak CSSR Tissue Culture 3 months

G. Meier GDR Electronics 14 days

G.K. Owuso Ghana Tissue Culture 3 weeks

J. Hizo Hungary Dosimetry 2 months

A. Szorenyi Hungary Dosimetry 2 months

A. Lenart Hungary Dosimetry 2 months

M. Peter Hungary Dosimetry 2 months

A. Jakab Hungary Dosimetry 5 days

L. Vagvolqui Hungary Dosimetry 3 months

P. Boremisza Hungary Biodosimetry 2 weeks

T. Hashimoto Japan Chemistry 1 month

K. Kagami** Japan SAL-mass spectrometry 1 year

In Soo Ryu Korea (Rep.) Soil science 10 days

N. Lyas Libya Entomology 15 days

Kah Cheng Tham Malaysia Soil science 10 days

H. Hamann Nigeria Entomology 15 days

L. Sarmiento Nigeria Entomology 3 days

A.R. Azmi Pakistan Soil science 5 days

Nagim El-din Sharabi Syria Soil science 5 days

S. Mbise Tanzania Entomology 15 days

J.R. De Loach USA Entomology 5 days

M. Prokic Yugoslavia Health Physics 3 days

K. Munyinda Zambia Soil science 5 days

only visits of at least 3 days' duration are listed.

** cost-free expert

38

Table 3.C Training Courses held at Seibersdorf Laboratory 1983-1984

1. FAO/IAEA/SIDA Interregional Training Course on the Use of Isotopes and

Radiation Techniques in Studies on Soil/Plant Relationships

16 May to 1 July 1983 - 7 weeks

20 participants from 20 countries

2. FAO/IAEA

3. Seminar:

Interregional Training Course on the Induction and Use of

Mutations in Plant Breeding

6 April to 19 May 1983 - 7 weeks


Calibration Procedures in Secondary Standard Dosimetry

Laboratories (in co-operation with the Austrian Research

Center, Seibersdorf)

20 to 24 June 1983


4. Application of Environmental Isotopes in Hydrology

19 September to 7 October 1983 - 4 weeks


5. FAO/IAEA Interregional Training Course on the Induction and Use of

Mutations in Plant Breeding

3 April to 18 May 1984 - 7 weeks


6. FAO/IAEA/SIDA Interregional Training Course on the Use

Radiation Techniques in Studies on Soil/Plant

22 May to 6 July 1984 - 7 weeks


This year's training course was organized in

the Austrian Government through the Austrian

Seibersdorf.

of Isotopes and

Relationships

cooperation with

Research Centre,

7. Introductory Course on Radiation Protection Services

18 September 1984 to 1 March 1985

24 weeks fellowship training together with the Austrian

Research Center (FZS) and Viennese hospitals and institutes.

39

Table 4 Research projects involving experimental work at the Laboratory*

SOIL FERTILITY 1. Fertilizer use efficiency in multiple cropping

systems. Continuing.

2. Atmospheric nitrogen fixation by the Azolla-

Anabaena system and nitrogen availability of Azolla

as biofertilizer to flooded rice. Continuing.

3. Fertilizer and water management practices in

pastures. Continuing.

4. Agronomic evaluation of natural rock phosphate

materials in connection with projects of the FAO

Fertilizer Programme. Continuing.

5. Fertilizer use efficiency in apple trees.

Continuing.

6. Use of isotopes in studies of biological dinitrogen

fixation. Completed in 1983.

7. Improvement of grain-legume/Rhizobium symbiosis to

fix atmospheric nitrogen. Started in 1983.

8. Development work of the NOI-6 emission spectrometer

for N15 analysis. Continuing.

9. Vacuum equipment for use with emission spectro-

meters. Continuing.

10. Spatial and temporal variability of field soils

with respect to fertilizer uptake, nitrogen

fixation and plant water requirement. Joint

project with E&M Section. Continuing.

* Frequently these projects are carried out under IAEA Co-ordinated Re-

search Programmes. Several such programmes are co-ordinated by laboratory

staff members and require back-up or experimental work at Seibersdorf.

40

11. Improvement of the grain-legume/Rhizobium symbiosis

to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Joint project with

Plant Breeding Section. Continuing.

PLANT BREEDING 1. Seed protein improvement. Completed in 1983.

2. Studies on chimerism in the first generation after

mutagen treatment (M1). Continuing.

3. Radiation mediated gene transfer. Continuing.

4. Tissue culture technology. Started in 1983.

5. Mutation breeding of Azolla. Started in 1984.

ENTOMOLOGY 1. Development of rearing techniques for tsetse flies.

Continuing.

2. Formulation of improved diets for tsetse flies.

Continuing.

3. Evaluation of effects of chemotherapeutic agents on

tsetse flies. Continuing.

4. Colonization of new

Continuing.

species of tsetse flies.

5. Computer

Continuing.

modelling of insect populations.

6. Determination

tsetse flies.

of relation of microorganisms to

Continuing.

7. Maintenance of back-up colonies of tsetse for

eradication programmes. Continuing.

8. Development of rearing techniques for medflies.

Continuing.

41

9. Development of genetic sexing techniques for

medflies. Continuing.

10. Study of radiation biology of medflies. Continuing.

11. Maintenance of mutant strains of medflies.

Continuing.

AGROCHEMICALS 1. Development and evaluation of controlled-release

formulations of pesticides to reduce residues and

increase efficiency: endosulfan, dimethoate, DDT,

dieldrin, carbofuran 2,4D and deltamethrin.

1983 - continuing.

2. Fate of trypanocide drugs in cattle. Study of

homidium, berenil, samorin and antrycid by HPLC.

1983 - continuing.

3. Biology and biochemistry of microbes for biomass

degradation. 1983 - continuing. ;

ANIMAL PRODUCTION 1. Development of techniques for assessing rumen

function.

2. Assessing the nutritive value of agro-industrial

by-products as feeds for ruminants.

3. Development of new and assessment of existing

techniques for measuring hormones by radioimmuno-

assay and enzyme immunoassay.

4. Operation of hormone quality control services

including the supply of antibodies and standards to

developing country scientists.

All projects continuing.

42

CHEMISTRY 1. Intercomparison of uranium and thorium analysis at

three concentration ranges in thorium ores (S-14 to

S-16).

2. Intercomparison of trace element determination in

animal blood (A-13).

3. Intercomparison of trace element determination in

cotton cellulose (V-9).

4. Intercomparison of Sr90, Cs137, Na, K, Ca and Sr

analysis in milk powder (A-14).

5. Intercomparison of uranium analysis at three

concentration ranges in uranium ore (S-17 to S-19).

6. Intercomparison of trace element analysis (17 ele-

ments) in fresh water (W-3/2).

7. Intercomparison of trace element analysis in soil

(Soil-7).

8. Intercomparison of Sr90, Cs137, Mn54 and Pu239

analysis in soil (Soil-6).

9. Intercomparison of trace element analysis in

powdered hay (V-10).

10. Intercomparison of Ra/U ratio and U-235

determination in a uranium phosphate ore (S-20).

11. Intercomaprison of uranium analysis in natural or

U-235 depleted uranium oxide (SR-60).

12. Intercomparison of impurities analysis in U308

(SR-64).

13. Intercomparison of trace element analysis (19

elements) in fresh water (W-4).

Projects 1-3 started in 1982, completed in 1983.Project 4 started in 1982 - completed in 1984.Projects 5-8 started in 1983 - completed in 1984.Projects 9-13 started in 1984 - continuing.

43

INSTRUMENTATION 1. Construction of a gamma-spectrometer system based

on the Modular Eurocard system. Continuing.

2. Computerisation of an N15 emission spectrometer

type NOI-6/e. Prototypes of microprocessor-based

measuring and control systems. Continuing.

3. Construction of a kit version (Eurocard) of a

gamma-spectrometer with sample changer suited for

radioimmunoassay, with a microprocessor-based

interface as a control unit for the sample changer.

Continuing.

4. Construction of prototypes of a drop-out relay

system for protecting electronic equipment in case

of power interruptions. Continuing.

5. Design of a printer interface between a Mettler

balance and a printer. Completed in 1984.

6. Design of an interface between a Micromass 602

Spectrometer and an Epsom HX-20 computer. Completed

in 1984.

7. Signal acquisition system for a Technicon Colori-

meter with an interface to Epsom HX-20 computer.

Completed in 1984.

8. Comparison of commercial competitive constant

voltage transformers to prepare guidelines for

their use in developing countries. Continuing.

9. Preparation and calibration of 1200 gamma emitting

calibration sources for TCAC. Stored for dispatch

on request until 1985. Completed in 1983.

10. Construction of several hundred thermostats for

tsetse fly feeding. Continuing.

44

11. Construction of a control unit for filter wheels

for dosimetry. Completed in 1983.

12. Dual gamma radiation probe for the simultaneous

measurement of field-soil water content and density.

Continuing.

RADIATION

DOSIMETRY

1. Irradiation of thermoluminescent dosemeters to

radiation protection level doses (5 to 12 uGy) in

an intercomparison organized by the University of

Linkoping, Sweden.

2. Construction of new mobile calibration tables using

an improved method for assembly. Completed in 1983.

3. Construction of a remote control system for precise

positioning of dosimeters in radiation beams.

Completed in 1983.

4. Initial testing of a new automated thermolumines-

cent dosemeter reader and the application of LiF

rods and chips to therapy level (2 Gy) dose

measurements. Started in 1983 - continuing.

5. Construction of a graphite absorbed dose calori-

meter with accessories. Completed in 1984.

ENVIRONMENT AND 1.

NUTRITION

Nutritional value of human milk (joint research

project with WHO on minor and trace elements).

Analyses concluded in 1983, report in preparation.

2. Preparation of mixed human diet reference material

(H-9) for use in trace element studies, completed

in 1984; intercomparison studies started in 1984 -

continuing.

3. Upgrading of the certification of two reference

materials (animal muscle, H-4 and milk powder,

45

A-11) for certain "problem elements". Started in

1983 - completed in 1984.

4. Analysis of trace elements in air particulates by

neutron activation analysis, for WMO. Feasibility

studies started in 1983 - continuing.

5. Intercomparison of trace element analysis in animal

bone (H-5). Completed in 1983.

6. Intercomparison of trace element analysis in horse

kidney (H-8). Started in 1984 - continuing.

7. Survey of biological reference materials for trace

element analysis. Preliminary report completed 1983;

expanded survey including environmental materials

started in 1984 - continuing.

8. Development of simple radiochemical sepration pro-

cedures for heavy element determination by neutron

activation analysis. Started in 1984 - continuing.

HYDROLOGY 1. Adaptation and calibration of a new liquid

scintillation spectrometer, including programme

modifications and the preparation of a new

programme for the calculation of tritium results

for enriched samples. Completed in 1983.

2. Modification of Micromass mass spectrometer for

analysis of the D/H ratio including the development

of a new microprocessor-controlled measuring

system. Completed in 1984.

3. Development of a prototype of a suspended-sediment

nuclear gauge consisting of a measuring head with a

scintillation counter and an Am241 source and an

electronic control system based on a Rockwell

AIM-65 microcomputer. Continuing.

46

4. Construction and installation of a new multipoint

temperature measurement system in the

electrolytical facility. Completed in 1983.

5. Construction and installation of an electric

cooling system (-40°C) for the oxygen calibration

line. Completed in 1983.

6. Feasibility study on the liquid scintillation

measurement of environmental C136 in groundwater.

Completed in 1984.

7. Construction of an automatic inlet system for mass

spectrometer. Continuing.

8. Construction of a device for the vacuum

distillation of soil samples. Completed in 1983.

SAFEGUARDS 1. Reverse phase chromatographic separation of uranium,

ANALYSIS plutonium and americium in fresh and spent fuel

materials.

2. Isotopic and isotope dilution analysis of Pu and U

in fresh fuel materials by mass spectrometry with

internal calibration including the resin bead

technique.

3. Isotopic and isotope dilution analysis of Pu by

alpha spectrometry in fresh and spent fuel

materials.

4. Am-241 content by gamma and alpha spectrometry in

fresh and spent fuel materials.

5. Non-volatile impurities in PuO2 by carrier

distillation emission spectrography.

6. Ignition gravimetry of PuO2.

All continuing.

47

Table 5

Missions to Member States in 1983 and 1984 by staff members of the

Laboratory

Country Project Staff Member Duration

Afghanistan AFG/4/002 Mr. H. Kaufmann 2 weeks

Albania ALB/0/002 Ms. H. Axmann 3 weeks

Bolivia RLA/0/006 Mr. O. Mutz 1 week

Bolivia BOL/5/004 Mr. J.A. Sebastianelli 2 weeks

Brazil BRA/RP85/01 Mr. S. Deron 2 weeks

Brazil Mr. K. Reichardt 1 week

Bulgaria INT/5/090 Mr. H. Brunner 9 days

Bulgaria INT/5/090 Mr. S. Daskalov 12 days

Bulgaria INT/5/090 Mr. T. Hermelin 6 days

Colombia COL/5/006 Ms. E. Zeiller 6 weeks

Colombia RLA/0/006 Mr. O. Mutz 6 weeks

Colombia COL/5/007 Mr. J.A. Sebastianelli 2 days

Colombia COL/5/007 Mr. F. Zapata 2 weeks

CSSR Mr. H. Brunner 3 days

CSSR Mr. T. Hermelin 5 days

CSSR Mr. W. Pamperl 2 days

FRG Training Course Mr. H. Kaufmann 3 months

FRG Training Course Mr. N. Haselberger 2 weeks

GDR PTC/3303 Mr. H. Broeshart 1 week

GRD PTC/3303 Mr. S. Hollenthoner 1 week

GDR PTC/3303 Mr. L. Mayr 1 week

Guatemala GUA/3/003 Mr. J. C. Veselsky 1 month

Hungary HUN/4/004 Mr. H. Brunner 1 week

India IND/5/010 Ms. H. Axmann 4 weeks

India Mr. N. Haselberger 3 weeks

Indonesia INS/5/018 Mr. H. Brunner 6 week

Japan JASPAS JC4 Mr. S. Deron 1 week

Japan JASPAS JC4 Mr. R. Fiedler 2 weeks

Kenya KEN/9/003 Mr. R. Hochmann 1 week

Kenya KEN/4/003 Mr. H. Kaufmann 4 weeks

Kenya INT/5/084 Ms. M.B. Pasti 7 weeks

Kenya INT/5/084 Mr. L. Vollner 1 week

Kenya Mr. A.M. Van der Vloedt 2 weeks

Kenya KEN/4/003 Mr. J. Kock 4 weeks

48

Table 5 (cont'd)

Country Project Staff Member Duration

Nigeria NIR/5/012 Mr. R.E. Gingrich 5 weeks

Nigeria NIR/5/012 Mr. R.E. Gingrich 3 weeksNigeria NIR/5/012 Mr. R.E. Gingrich 3 weeks

Nigeria NIR/5/012 Mr. A.M. Van der Vloedt 5 weeks

Pakistan PAK/5/017 Mr. L. Mayr 3 weeks

Peru PER/5/O14 Mr. J.A. Sebastianelli 3 weeks

Peru PER/5/014 Mr. F. Zapata 2 weeks

Peru PER/76/002 Mr. F. Zapata 1 week

Poland POL/2/009 Mr. R. Fiedler 2 weeks

Poland POL/2/009 Mr. V. Vorisek 2 weeks

Sudan SUD/9/004 Mr. R. Ouvrard 1 week

Sudan RAF/0/002 Mr. N. Haselberger 2 weeks

Sweden -Ms. H. Axmann 1 week

Tanzania URT/5/006 Mr. L. Vollner 1 week

Tunisia TUN/9/005 Mr. R. Ouvrard 3 weeks

Uruguay URU/5/012 Mr. F. Zapata 2 weeks

Uruguay URU/5/014 Mr. F. Zapata 1 week

Zambia ZAM/5/009 Mr. J. Kabayo 2 months

Zambia ZAM/O/005 Mr. F. Holler 3 weeks

Coordinated programme on isotopes in hydrology in Latin America:

Mexico, Cuba, Guatemala, San Salvador, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic;

Mr. T. Florkowski, total 4 weeks.

Environmental isotopes in hydrology:

Vietnam (4 weeks), Tunisia (1 week), Algeria (2 weeks), Morocco (1 week)

- Mr. J.F. Aranyossy.

Malaysia (2 weeks), Thailand (2 weeks), India (3 weeks) - Mr. Y. Yurtsever

Commissioning of Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratories:

Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Burma, China, Colombia, Ecuador,

India, Indonesia, Korea (North and South), Malaysia, Pakistan, Peru,

Philippines, Portugal, Singapore, Thailand, Venezuela - Mr. J.G. Haider,

total 14 months.

Calibration of dosimeters in Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratories:

Algeria, Egypt, Nigeria, Portugal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Syria -

Mr. Girzikowsky, total 7 weeks.

49

Table 6

Technical supervision of Technical Assistance and Co-operation Projects

1983-1984

Divisional Liaison Officer: Suschny, O.

Head of Laboratory:

Taylor, C.: Egypt

Pakistan

Interregional

Interregional

EGY/6/004

PAK/1/020

INT/9/047

INT/1/028

Intracavitary radiation therapy

for cancer

Development of track dosimeters

Air pollution control

Equipment maintenance training

Entomology

Gingrich, R.: Mexico

Egypt

MEX/5/009

EGY/5/013

Medfly control

Medfly eradication

Chemistry

Suschny, 0.: Algeria

Cameroon

Korea (North)

Greece

Greece

Interregional

Mali

Korea (South)

Syria

Yugoslavia

Chile

ALG/4/002

CMR/3/006

DRK/3/002

GRE/1/031

GRE/1/032

INT/9/047

MLI/3/004

ROK/3/004

SYR/1/002

YUG/3/006

CHI/3/008

Raw materials analysis

Nuclear analytical laboratory

Uranium ore and concentrate

analysis

Neutron activation in multi-

element analysis

Neutron activation analysis

Air pollution control

Uranium analysis laboratory

Uranium ore analysis

Nuclear analytical laboratory

Nuclear raw materials

Impurities in uranium compounds

Safeguards Analysis

Deron, S.: Brazil

Poland

BRA/1/085

POL/2/009

Safeguards Analytical laboratory

Radiochemical laboratory

50

Table 6 (cont'd)

Instrumentation:

Keroe, E.:

Miguel, M.:

Cuba

Mexico

CUB/1/004

MEX/1/010

Ionizing radiation metrology

Radioactive standards

Isotope HydroloRy

Aranyossy,

J.F.:

Dray, M.:

Chile

Cyprus

Mali

Niger

Senegal

Vietnam

Zaire

Algeria

CHI/8/013

CYP/8/003

MLI/8/002

NER/8/003

SEN/8/002

VIE/8/003

ZAI/8/005

ALG/8/004

Isotopes in hydrology


Radioisotopes in hydrology



Isotope hydrology


Nuclear techniques in sediment

transport studies

51

Table 7 Analytical and production services

Agrochemical

1. Protein analysis of grain for India, Cyprus, Hungary, FRGermany:

HPLC-amino acid analysis, 54 samples.

2. Deltamethrin determination for BICOT tsetse fly eradication pro-

gramme, Nigeria: GC analysis, 21 samples.

3. Cypothrin determination for Kenya: HPLC, 16 samples.

Soil Fertility

1. Analytical services, mainly N-15 assay by mass spectrometry:

about 15,000 determinations for over 100 research contracts.

2. Dispatch of labelled fertilizers for field projects.

3. Rock phosphate testing for FAO fertilizer programme: agronomic

evaluation of rock phosphate materials for direct application.

Guano samples have been also tested.

Safeguards Analysis

1. Uranium

2. Plutonium

3. Spent fuel

736 samples analysed in 1983






The samples were received from five reprocessing plants, ten U

fuel fabrication plants, four Pu fuel fabrication plants and 13

research and other facilities. Their forms included: UF6, uranium

concentrates, uranium oxide powders, uranium alloys, uranium

carbides, Th and U,Th-oxide powders, pellets and coated particles, Pu

oxide powders and nitrate solution, mixed U, Pu nitrate solutions,

52

oxide powders and pellets, and spent fuel solutions. In total some

25 different types of materials from about 20 different nuclear fuel

cycles (BWR, LWR, MTR, FBR, Magnox, HTGR, ... etc.) were dealt with.

The following analytical methods were employed:

(a) U, Pu, Th Element Assay

- potentiometric and spectrophotometric titrations

- ignition gravimetry

- isotope dilution analysis by mass spectrometry

(b) Isotope analysis

- mass spectrometry (3 thermal ionization instruments)

- alpha spectrometry of Pu, Am241 (5 detector assemblies)

- gamma spectrometry of U, Pu, Am241, fission products

(3 detector assemblies)

(c) Impurity analysis

- emission spectrography of U and Pu oxides

A network of ten mini or microcomputers, centered around a PDP

11/34 computer, connects some 20 measurement stations. This network

supports the data base of the laboratory and its measurement quality

control system, which is still under development. SAL takes part in

23 R&D projects supported by various Technical Support Programmes for

IAEA Safeguards. Its staff members represent the Agency in working

groups of the ICRM (alpha spectrometry), ESARDA (destructive analysis)

and ISO (accountancy analysis at spent fuel reprocessing plants) and

several Agency sponsored meetings.

Chemistry

1. Determination of uranium (total), uranium (mobile), equilibrium

ratio uranium/daughters, potassium and various other elements,

in uranium prospection samples. Samples were received from

projects in Bangladesh, Brazil, Iran, Mali, Syria, Thailand and

Yugoslavia. A total of 654 determinations was carried out on 216

samples.

2. Preparation and sale of reference materials: 22 new reference

materials were introduced, of which 6 were prepared at the

53

Monaco Laboratory. Three old materials werer phased out. 1900

samples of the 39 different materials available were despatched.

Medical applications

1. Multi-element analysis (NAA) of bio-environmental samples in

support of co-ordinated research programmes: about 100 samples

per year.

2. Preparation of new analytical reference materials, preliminary

characterization studies: 1-2 materials per year.

3. Homogeneity testing and preliminary characterization studies of

reference materials for the AQCS programme: 2-3 materials per

year.

4. Analysis of air filter samples for the BAPMON programme of WMO

(feasibility studies started in 1984).

Instrumentation

1. Calibration and testing of nuclear equipment purchased for

technical co-operation projects prior to their dispatch.

Equipment tested included detectors and neutron and gamma

moisture/density probes.

2. Equipment advisory services to Egyptian Cancer Project (IAEA/WHO

Project EGY/6/004).

Radiation dosimetry

1. Evaluation of 385 sets of thermoluminescent dosemeters sent to

radiotherapy hospitals and secondary standard dosimetry

laboratories.

Isotope hydrology

1. Tritium: 660 determinations

2. Carbon-14: 143 determinations

54

3. Stable isotope ratios D/H and 10/ 160: 1800 determinations

4. Water chemistry: 45 determinations

Samples originated from TC projects, research contracts,

advisory services and the WMO/IAEA Global Precipitation Network.

Entomology

1. Privided about 500,000 puparia of Glossina palpalis palpalis to

field project (BICOT) in Nigeria.

2. Provided sufficient freeze dried blood to produce about 3500

liters of tests fly diet to Tanzania, Uganda, Nigeria and Zambia.

Plant breeding

Radiation mutation services to institutes in 28 Member Countries:

135 varieties from 37 species

391 gamma irradiation treatments

390 fast neutron treatments

Mechanical workshop

The workshop did jobs for technical co-operation projects in 26

countries. These included the construction of a remotely controlled

filter changing device, safety and fast shutters for X-ray units to

serve in secondary standard dosimetry laboratories, sample holders

for X-ray fluorescence analysers used in geological prospecting, and

test phantoms for an IARA/WHO liver scanning project.

55

PAPERS PUBLISHED BY STAFF MEMBERS OR PRESENTED ATSCIENTIFIC CONFERENCES IN 1983 AND 1984

Soil Science

AFZA, R., HARDARSON, G., ZAPATA, F., FRIED M., BLUME, W.E.H., "Effectof starter, late soil and foliar fertilizer application of N-15labelled urea on yield and nitrogen fixation of soybean", Proc.Annual Meetings Soil Science Society of America, Washington D.C.,14-19 August 1983, Agronomy Abstracts (1983) 163.

BROESHART, H., KEPPEL H., "A comparison of the uptake of nitrogen fromfertilizer and mulch by apple trees using 1 5N labelling technique,in preparation.

BROESHART, H., "15N tracer techniques for the determination of activeroot distribution and nitrogen uptake by sugarbeet", Proc. Symp.Nitrogen and Sugarbeet, Int. Inst. for Sugarbeet Research, Brussels(1983) 121-124.

BROESHART, H., "Soil nitrogen supply and efficient use of nitrogenfertilizer by sugarbeet in Austrian soils", Proc. Symp. Nitrogen andSugarbeet, Int. Inst. for Sugarbeet Research, Brussels (1983) 125-128.

BRUNNER, H., ZAPATA F., "Quantitative assessment of symbioticdinitrogen fixation in deverse mutant lines of field bean (Vicia fabaminor)", FAO/IAEA Consultants' Meeting on Mutation Breeding forImproved Nitrogen Fixation in Grain Legumes, Vienna, 26-30 September1983, Special Vol. Plant and Soil (G. Hardarson and T.A. Lie, Eds.)(in preparation).

ESKEW, K.L., KUMARASINGHE, K.S., KOVACS, G., ZAPATA, F., "Nitrogenfixation and nitrogen availability of Azolla studies using N-15",ASA-CSSA-SSSA 1984 Annual Meetings, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.

FRIED, M., DANSO, S.K.A., ZAPATA, F., "The methodology of measurementof N2 fixation by non-legumes as inferred from field experi-mentsby legumes", Can. J. Microbiol. 29 (1983) 1053-1062.

HARDARSON, G., "Selection for nitrogen fixation associative traitsin legumes", Selection in Mutation Breeding, IAEA (1984) 97-105.

HARDARSON, G., ZAPATA, F., DANSO, S.K.A.,"Effect of plant genotypeand nitrogen fertilizer on symbiotic nitrogen fixation by soybeancultivars", FAO/IAEA Consultants' Meeting on Mutation Breeding forImproved Nitrogen Fixation in Grain Legumes, Vienna, 26-30 September1983, Special Vol. Plant and Soil, (G. Hardarson and T.A. Lie, Eds.)(in preparation).

57

HARDARSON, G., ZAPATA, F., DANSO, S.K.A., "N2 fixation in an alfalfa-ryegrass sward", FAO/IAEA/IG First RCM on the Use of NuclearTechniques in Improving Pasture Management, 7-11 November 1983(in preparation).

HARDARSON, G., ZAPATA, F., DANSO, S.K.A., "Field evaluation of symbioticnitrogen fixation by rhizobial strains using 15N methodology",Final FAO/IAEA/SIDA Research Coordination Meeting on the Use ofIsotopes in Studies on Biological Dinitrogen Fixation, Vienna,22-26 August 1983, Plant and Soil (in press).

HARDARSON, G., ZAPATA, F., DANSO, S.K.A., "Symbiotic nitrogen fixationby soybean varieties as affected by nitrogen fertilizer

application", Advances in Nitrogen Fixation Research, (C.Veerger and W.E. Newton, Eds.) Martinus Nyhoff, Wageningen

(1984) 34.

HARDARSON, G., DANSO, S.K.A., ZAPATA, F, "Biological nitrogen fixationin field crops", Handbook of Plant Science in Agriculture. (B.R.Christie, Eds.), CRC Press, Inc. (in press).

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, "A Guide to the Use of Nitrogen-15and Radioisotopes in Studies of Plant Nutrition: Calculations

and Interpretation of Data, (S.K.A. Danso, J.B. Bole and F.Zapata, Eds.), IAEA TECDOC 288, 1983.

KANBER, R., KIRDA, C., "Evaluation of empiric relations for predictionof consumptive use of cotton under Cukurova conditions", DOGA

Bilim Dergisi, D2 (8) (1984) 213-226.

KIRDA, C., CEVIK, B., TULUCU, K., "An empirical relation to estimate

irrigation water requirements of greenhouse tomato crop", DOGA

Bilim Dergisi, D2 (8) (1984) 33-38.

KIRDA, C., ZAPATA, F., HARDARSON, G., REICHARDT, K., "Spatial

variability of soil water status, nitrogen uptake and N2fixation in pasture", ASA-CSSA-SSSA 1984 Annual Meetings, Las

Vegas, Nevada, USA (1984).

KUMARASINGHE, K.S., ZAPATA, F., KOVACS, G., ESKEW, K.L., DANSO, S.K.A.,

"Availability of Azolla N to rice measured by direct and

indirect N-15 labelling", Third International Symposium on

Nitrogen Fixation with Non-legumes, Helsinki, 2-8 September

1984, Special Volume Plant and Soil) (in press).

YESILSOY, S., KIRDA, C., BERKMAN, A., "The chemical properties and claymineralogy of the soils of Seyhan Berdan and Goksu plains", DOGA

Bilim Dergisi, D2 (8) (1984) 73-85.

ZAPATA, F., HARDARSON, G., FRIED, M., BROESHART, H., "Effect of

competition from an associated cereal crop on nitrogen fixation

by a legume crop", 1983 Annual Meetings, Soil Science Society of

America, Washington D.C., 14-19 August 1983, Agronomy Abstracts

(1983).

ZAPATA, F., BROESHART, H., FRIED, M., "A methodology for the agronomic

evaluation of rock phosphate sources by means of radioactive

tracers", 3rd Int. Congress on Phosphorus Compounds, Brussels,

4-7 October 1983 (in press).

58

ZAPATA, F., BROESHART, H., FRIED, M., "Evaluation of plant availableamounts of phosphorus in two rock phosphate materials", 3rd Int.Congress on Phosphorus Compounds, Brussels, 4-7 October 1984 (inpress).

Plant Breeding

BRUNNER, H., "Methods of induction of mutations", Advances in PlantBreeding Methods (GANGULI, P.K., MANDAL, A.K., Eds.).Visra-Bharati Univ., India (in press).

BRUNNER, H., ASHRI, A., "Dynamics in mutagen uptake of EMS and MMS intoseeds of peanut and sesame", Proc. Internatl. Symp. on newGenetical Approaches to Crop Improvement, Karachi, Pakistan (inpress).

DASKALOV, S., MIHAILOV, L., "A new method of pepper hybrid seedproduction based on mutant genes", Proc. VIth Eucarpia Capsicumand Eggplant Meeting, Plovdiv, Bulgaria (1983) 131-133.

HERMELIN, T., BRUNNER, H., DASKALOV, S., NAKAI, H., "Chimerism in M1plants of Vicia faba, Capsicum annuum and Linum usitatissimum",IAEA TECDOC-289 (1983) 35-42.

MILKOVA, L., DASKALOV, S., "Lyulin - a hybrid pepper cultivar for

early field production", Proc. Vth Eucarpia Capsicum andEggplant Meeting, Plovdiv, Bulgaria (1983) 201.

SIGURBJOERNSSON; B., MICKE, A., DONINI, B., DASKALOV, S., HERMELIN, T.,BRUNNER, H., "Value of radiation for crop improvement. Review",

Proc. 7th Internatl. Congr. Radiat. Res. (1983) 641-651.

SOTIROVA, V., DASKALOV, S., ILIEVA, E., "Use of induced mutationsin developing pepper forms resistant to Phytophthora capsiciLeonian", Proc. Vth Eucarpia Capsicum and Eggplant Meeting,Plovdiv, Bulgaria (1983) 112-126.

BRUNNER, H., F. ZAPATA, "Quantitative assessment of symbiotic nitrogenfixation in diverse mutant lines of field bean (Vicia fabaminor)", Plant and Soil, Supplement (in press). Will also bepublished in Adv. in Agric. Sci.

DASKALOV, S., "Pollen irradiation and gene transfer in Capsicum", Theor.App. Genet. 68 (1984) 135-138.

HERMELIN, T., "Induction and selection of protein mutants in spring wheatat the IAEA Seibersdorf Laboratory", Cereal Grain Improvement,IAEA, Vienna, STI/PUB/664 (1984) 17-23.

Entomology

DE LOACH, J.R., Spates, G.E., Taher, M., "Acidic glycosidoses fromwhole gut of tsetse fly Glossina palpalis palpalis", Comp.Biochem. Physiol., 78A (I) (1984) 27-30.

GRINGORTEN, J.L., "Detector ratio and discriminator-ratio methods in duallabel counting", Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotop. 37(9) (1983) 1367.

59

DE LOACH, J.R., Taher, M., "Investigations on development of an artificaldiet for in vitro rearing of Glossina palpalis palpalis", J.Econ. Entomol., 76(5) (1983) 1112-1117.

Agrochemicals

PASCUCCI, C., PERSCHKE, H., VOLLNER, L., "Slow release formulation ofpesticides to increase efficacy and decrease environmentalcontamination in developing countries", International Conferenceon Environmental Hazards of Agrochemicals in DevelopingCountries. In collaboration with Man and Biosphere (MAB)Programme UNESCO-UNEP, November 8-12, 1983. University ofAlexandria, Egypt.

VOLLNER, L., "Controlled release formulations and insecticides forimproved efficacy against tsetse flies", International SymposiumSaarbrucken, FRG, 1-3 May, 1984.

VOLLNER, L., PASCUCCI, C., PERSCHKE, H., "Controlled release formulationof insecticides", Biogeographica (in press).

PASTI, M.B., BELLI, M.L., "Cellulolytic activity of actinomycetes isolatedfrom termites (Termitidae) gut", FEMS Microbiology Letters (inpress).

PERSCHKE, H., VOLLNER, L., "Determination of the trypanocidal drugsEthidium, Samorin and Antrycide in bovine serum or plasma usingHPLC", Acta Tropica (in press).

Chemistry

PSZONICKI, L., HANNA, A.N., SUSCHNY, 0., "Report on Intercomparison V-9of the Determination of Trace Elements in Cotton Cellulose",IAEA/RL/97 (1983).

PSZONICKI, L., HANNA, A.N., SUSCHNY, O., "Report on Intercomparison A-13of the Determination of Trace Elements in Freeze Dried AnimalBlood", IAEA/RL/98 (1983).

PSZONICKI, L., HANNA, A.N., SUSCHNY, 0., "Report on Intercomparison S-14S-15 and S-16 of the Determination of Uranium and Thorium inThorium Ores", IAEA/RL/101 (1983).

SUSCHNY, O., "Introduction to problems of uranium analysis", Lecturedelivered at the Inter-regional Training Course on UraniumExploration and Evaluation, Skofja Loka, Yugoslavia, 5 Septemberto 7 October 1983, also published as IAEA/RL/102 (1983).

VESELSKY, J.C., MERTEN, D., METZ, H., SAUERZOPF, F., "Zum Plutonium-gehalt des Neusiedler Sees und der Lacken des Seewinkels",BFB-Bericht 47, (1983) 59-63.

PSZONICKI, L., HANNA, A.N., SUSCHNY, O., "Report on Intercomparison A-14of the Determination of Some Mineral Components and Radionuclidesin Milk Powder", IAEA/RL/108 (1984).

60

PSZONICKI, L., HANNA, A.N., SUSCHNY, 0., "Report on Intercomparison

IAEA/Soil-6 of the Determination of Cs-137, Pu-239, Ra-226 and

Sr-90 in Soil", IAEA/RL/ll (1984).

SUSCHNY, 0., "Multi-element standards", Proceedings of the InternationalSymposium on Instrumental Multi-element Analysis, Julich, 2-5

April 1984, Verlag Chemie (in print).

SUSCHNY, 0., "The Analytical Quality Control Services of the International

Atomic Energy Agency", Proceedings of the International Workshop

on Chemical Analysis Service, Aachen, 5-7 April 1984, Z. Anal.

Chem. (in print).

SUSCHNY, 0., OHNO, S., SHIBATA, S., "The intercomparison programmes of

the International Atomic Energy Agency", Proceedings of the 10th

NIRS Seminar on Environmental Research, Chiba, 9-10 December

1982, Natl. Inst. of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan (1984).

VESELSKY, J.C., "The determination of uranium in minerals by laser fluori-

metry", Anal. Chim. Acta (in prep.).

PSZONICKI, L., HANNA, A.N., SUSCHNY, 0., "Report on Intercomparison

IAEA/Soil-7 of the Determination of Trace Elements in Soil",IAEA/RL/112 (1984).

PSZONICKI, L., HANNA, A.N., SUSCHNY, 0., "Report on Intercomparisons

IAEA/S-17, S-18 and S-19 of the Determination of UraniumPhosphate Ores", IAEA/RL/114 (1984).

SUSCHNY, 0., "Determination of environmental radioactivity at two

different concentration levels", Results of two recent IAEA

intercomparisons, Physics Research 223 (1984) 447.

VERA-RUIZ, H., SUSCHNY, 0., PARR, R.M., BULL, P., "Analytical chemistry

programmes of the International Atomic Energy Agency", Inter-

national Conference on Analytical Chemistry in Development,Colombo, Sri Lanka, 21-24 August 1984.

Radiation Dosimetry

BOYD, A.W., EISENLOHR, H.H., "IAEA/WHO 60Co teletherapy dosimetryservice using mailed LiF dosimeters. A survey of resultsobtained during 1975-1982", Med. Phys. 10(4) (1983) 491.

BOYD, A.W., EISENLOHR, H.H., GUSTAFSSON, M., "IAEA/WHO postal doseservice for radiation therapy", Workshop on Quality Assurance inRadiation Therapy, Reisensburg, FRG, 2-7 Dec. 1984.

Medical Applications

PARR, R.M., "Trace elements in human milk", IAEA Bulletin, 25 No. 2 (1983)7-15.

PARR, R.M,, "Survey of currently available reference materials for use inconnection with the determination of trace elements inbiological materials", Report IAEA/RL/103 (1983).

61

PARR, R.M., "IAEA biological reference materials", Chapter 3 of BiologicalReference Materials: Availability, Uses, and Need for Validationof Nutrient Measurement, (Wolf, W.R., Ed.), Wiley, New York(1984).

PARR, R.M., "Quality assurance of trace element analyses, Proceedings ofthe International Symposium on Health Effects and Interactionsof Essential and Toxic Elements", Lund, Sweden, June 1984,Nutrition Research (Special Supplement) (1984).

PARR, R.M., PSZONICKI, L., SUSCHNY, 0., "IAEA programmes relating to traceelements in air pollution", Proceedings of the EMEP Workshop onHeavy Metals, Lillestrom, Norway, August 1984, NorwegianInstitute for Air Research (in print).

PARR, R.M. (ed.), "Quality assurance of biomedical neutron activationanalysis", Analytical Chimica Acta (in print) and IAEA-TECDOC(1984) 323.

ZAGYVAI, P., NAGY, L.Gy., PARR, R.M., "Additional results of the IAEAintercomparison (G-l) of methods for processing Ge(Li) gamma-rayspectra, Radiochemical and Radioanalytical Letters" (in print).

PARR, R.M., "Technical considerations for sampling and sample preparation,Proceedings of the American Nuclear Society Session onStandardization of Collection and Preparation of BiomedicalSamples for Trace Element Analysis", Washington, USA, November1984, NBS Journal of Research (in print).

KOLLMER, W.E., PARR, R.M., "Neutron activation analysis", Chapter 4 ofHandbook of Nuclear Medicine, (Pabst, W., Hoer, G., Kriegel H.,Oeff. K., Eds.), Fischer Verlag (1984).

TAYLOR, C., "Radioisotopes for the treatment of cancer in developingcountries", IAEA Bulletin, Vol 25, No. 2, June 1983

TAYLOR, C., "The Egyptian cancer project:, IAEA Bulletin, Vol. 26, No. 1March 1984.

Hydrology

OUSMAN, B., FONTES, J.Ch., ARANYOSSY, J.F., JOSEPH, A.U, "Hydrologieisotopique et hydrochimie des aquiferes discontinus de la bandesah6lienne et de l'Air (Niger)", Isotope Hydrology 1983 (Proc.Symp. Vienna, 1983), IAEA, Vienna (1984).

MARGRITE, R., GUIZERIX, J., et al., "Reflexions sur la th&orie destraceurs: Applications en hydrologie isotopique", ibid.

CALMELS, P., GUIZERIX, J. et al. "Methodes de tragage radioactif pourmesurer de tres faibles vitesses de filtration dans un forageprofond et pour determiner la fissuration de la roche", ibid.

ARANYOSSY, J.F. et al. "Origine et alimentation des nappes de la bordurenord-est du Bassin des Illemmenden (Niger): Apport destechniques isotopiques", ibid.

62

ANDREWS, J.N., BALDERER, W., BATH, A.H., CLAUSEN, H.B., EVANS, G.V.,

FLORKOWSKI, T., GOLDBRUNNER, J.E., IVANOVICH, M., LOOSLI, H., ZOJER, H.,"Environmental isotope studies in two aquifer systems: A

comparison of groundwater dating methods", ibid.

DINCER, T., FLORKOWSKI, T., SALAMBA, S., "Discharge measurements of the

river Rufiji (Tanzania) using artificial tritium", ibid.

GUIZERIX, J., FLORKOWSKI, T., Streamflow measurements", Guidebook on

Nuclear Techniques in Hydrology, 2nd edition, IAEA, Vienna

(1983).

YURTSEVER, Y., "Models for tracer data analysis", Guidebook on Nuclear

Techniques in Hydrology, 2nd edition, IAEA, Vienna (1983).

Safeguards analysis

DOUBEK, N., BAGLIANO, G., DERON, S., "Report on intercomparison exercise

SR-54. Determination of Impurities in U3 08", IAEA/RL/110,

(1984).

AIGNER, H., HOLLENTHONER, S., KEROE, E., KUHN, E., DELLE SITE, A.,

ZOIGNER, A., "Experience with automatic uranium titration",

ESARDA Symposium, Versailles, April 1984.

MUELLER, T., DERON, S., SHIMOJIMA, H., ASAKURA, Y., "The third resin

bead experiment at PNC-TRP. Evaluation results", IAEA/RL/106,

(1983).

KUHN, E., DERON, S., WENZEL, U., "The quality of destructive analysis

in safeguards verification. Trends in safeguards analyticalservices", INHH Washington Symposium, July 1984.

63

activities of the iaea laboratories in seibersdorf and

Documents