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Acute Inflammation Submitted to:- Dr. B. P. Joshi Professor Dept. of vet. Pathology, Anand

Submitted by:- Undhad Vishal M.V.Sc.(scholar) Dept. of vet. Pathology

InflammationDefinition= Complex reaction to injurious agents such as microbes and damaged, usually necrotic, cells that consists of vascular responses, migration and activation of leukocyte and systemic reactions

The nomenclature of inflammation

tissue name + suffix -itis e.g.- Pancreatitis, meningitis, pericarditis, arthritis

Advantages

Eliminate the initial cause of cell injury (ex. microbes..) as well as the necrotic cells.Helps heal and repair the sites of injury.Dilution of toxins - Allowing them to be carried away in the lymphatics Entry of Antibodies - Increase vascular permability allows antibodies to circulate and neutralise toxins Transport of drugs - to sites where bacteria are multiplying

Disadvantages

Digestion of normal tissue - Enzymes digest normal tissue leading to their unnecessary destruction Swelling - In confined areas Inappropriate inflammatory response - allergic reactions - toxic shock syndrome - chronic disease like atherosclerosis & lung fibrosis

Calor

ruborCalortomordolorFunctio-laesaCardinal signs of inflammation

Types of inflammation i. Acute ii. Chronic

Acute inflammation It is rapid, short duration for few minutes to few days & main characteristics are exudation of fluid, plasma proteins & emigration of leukocyte mainly neutrophils Main events: Vascular changesCellular response both are activated by mediators

Vascular changesChanges in blood vesselsChanges in the rate of flowChanges in the bloodstreamExudation of plasmaEmigration of leukocytesDiapedesis of erythrocytes

I. Changes in the blood vesselsMomentary constrictionVasodilation

II. Changes in the rate of flowIncrease vascular permeabilityThe loss of protein from plasma reduce intravascular osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid.Together with increase hydrostatic pressure due to Vasodilation they cause a marked outflow of fluid & its accumulation in the interstitial tissue

Mechanisms of increase vascular permeability

Estimation of increased vascular permeabilityDye techniqueColloidal carbon technique

b) Slowing of circulation This is achieved byIncreasing capillary bed in areaSwelling of endothelial cellsHaemoconcentrationMargination of leukocyte

c) stasis

IV. Exudation of plasma Vascular changes and fluid leakage during acute inflammation lead to Edema in a process called Exudation

Transudate result of hydrostatic or osmotic imbalance ultrafiltrate of plasmaLow protein content specific gravity < 1.015

Exudate result of inflammationvascular permeability high protein contentspecific gravity >1.020

V. Emigration of leukocytes

Acute inflammation involves:alteration of vascular caliber following very brief vasoconstriction (seconds), vasodilation leads to increased blood flow and blood pooling creating redness and warmth (rubor and calor)changes of microvasculature increased permeability for plasma proteins and cells creating swelling (tumor). Fluid loss leads to concentration of red blood cells and slowed blood flow (stasis)emigration of leukocytes from microcirculationdue to stasis and activation leads migration towards offending agent

Acute Inflammation - Exudation aided by Endothelial cell contraction and Vasodilatation13

Diapedesis of erythrocytes

Cellular events The sequence of events In journey of leukocyte from the lumen of blood vessels into extravascular space is called extravasation

These events can be divided into1. Margination2. Adhesion3. Emigration4. Phagocytosis5. Release of leukocyte product

Acute Inflammation ***Cellular ReactionsLeukocyte migration & Phagocytosis

Types Of Acute Inflammation

Catarrhal or mucous inflammationSerous inflammationFibrinous inflammationSuppurative or purulent inflammationHaemorragic inflammation

Thank you