adalya 23 2020 adalya · 2020. 12. 8. · adalya adalya, a peer reviewed publication, is indexed in...

ISSN 1301-2746

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ALYA

23 2020

23 2020

ADALYA

ADALYA

ISSN 1301-274623 2020

(OFFPRINT)

The Annual of the Koç University Suna & İnan Kıraç Research Center for Mediterranean Civilizations

ADALYA Adalya, a peer reviewed publication, is indexed in the A&HCI (Arts & Humanities Citation Index) and CC/A&H (Current Contents / Arts & Humanities) Adalya is also indexed in the Social Sciences and Humanities Database of TÜBİTAK/ULAKBİM TR index and EBSCO.

Mode of publication Worldwide periodical Publisher certificate number 18318 ISSN 1301-2746 Publisher management Koç University Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Sarıyer / İstanbul Publisher Umran Savaş İnan, President, on behalf of Koç University Editor-in-chief Oğuz Tekin Editors Tarkan Kahya and Arif Yacı English copyediting Mark Wilson Editorial Advisory Board (Members serve for a period of five years) Prof. Dr. Mustafa Adak, Akdeniz University (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Engin Akyürek, Koç University (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Nicholas D. Cahill, University of Wisconsin-Madison (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Edhem Eldem, Boğaziçi University / Collège de France (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Mehmet Özdoğan, Emeritus, Istanbul University (2016-2020) Prof. Dr. C. Brian Rose, University of Pennsylvania (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Charlotte Roueché, Emerita, King’s College London (2019-2023) Prof. Dr. Christof Schuler, DAI München (2017-2021) Prof. Dr. R. R. R. Smith, University of Oxford (2016-2020)

© Koç University AKMED, 2020 Production Zero Production Ltd. Abdullah Sok. No. 17 Taksim 34433 İstanbul Tel: +90 (212) 244 75 21 • Fax: +90 (212) 244 32 09 [email protected] ; www.zerobooksonline.com Printing Fotokitap Fotoğraf Ürünleri Paz. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti. Oruç Reis Mah. Tekstilkent B-5 Blok No: 10-AH111 Esenler - İstanbul / Turkey Certificate number: 47448 Mailing address Barbaros Mah. Kocatepe Sok. No. 22 Kaleiçi 07100 Antalya - TURKEY Tel: +90 (242) 243 42 74 • Fax: +90 (242) 243 80 13 https://akmed.ku.edu.tr E-mail address [email protected]

The Annual of the Koç University Suna & İnan Kıraç Research Center for Mediterranean Civilizations (AKMED)

Contents

Burçin Erdoğu Capturing the Seen and Unseen in the Beldibi Rock Art ............................................................................................................................ 1

Özlem Çevik – Murat Dirican – Aydın Ulubey – Osman Vuruşkan The Galena Objects from Neolithic Ulucak: The Earliest Metallic Finds in Western Turkey ............................... 7

Abdullah Hacar – K. Aslıhan YenerAnatolian Pot Marks in the 3rd Millennium BC: Signage, Early State Formation, and Organization of Production ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 25

A. Tuba Ökse Reflection on the Sunrise Positions in Early and Middle Bronze Age Extramural Cemeteries in Anatolia ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 59

Sevgül Çilingir CesurThe Timing of Ritual Performance in Hittite Texts: The “Morning” Rites .............................................................................. 87

Dries Daems Reassessing the Origin of Polis in Lycia and Southwest Anatolia ................................................................................................ 111

Fatma Şahin – Erkan Alkaç Banded Bowls from Tepebağ Höyük (Cilicia Pedias) .............................................................................................................................. 133

Özgün Kasar – Kaan İrenLeaded Bronze Arrowheads at Daskyleion ....................................................................................................................................................... 175

Hazar Kaba An Elite Tomb from Soloi: New Evidence for the Funerary Archaeology of Cyprus .................................................. 205

Erkan Alkaç – Ulus TepebaşThe Gem Stamp on the Handle of a Mushroom-rimmed Amphora from Knidos: An Assessment of the Centauromachy in Terms of Stamps and Iconography ................................................................ 239

Hüseyin Sami Öztürk – Ögül Emre ÖncüOlympos in Lycia: A Novel Assessment of its History and Localization in Light of Recent Archaeological and Epigraphical Research ...................................................................................................................................................... 253

Nihal Tüner Önen Two New Inscriptions from the Claudian Period at Perge ................................................................................................................ 277

Handegül Canlı A Unique Roman Folding Knife Handle with Eagle Ornament from Philadelphia in Cilicia ........................ 289

ContentsIV

Şenkal Kileci – Birol Can A New Honorific Inscription from Blaundos: Tiberius Claudius Lucius, the Priest of Dionysos Kathegemon ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 297

Ahmet Tolga Tek – Hacer SancaktarA Numismatic Riddle from Arykanda: The God of the Water Spring .................................................................................... 311

Mark WilsonThe Discovery of a Menorah in Attalia (Kaleiçi, Antalya) and its Significance for Jewish Communities in Pamphylia .......................................................................................................................................................................... 343

Özgü Çömezoğlu UzbekA North African Plate Unearthed in the Andriake Excavations ................................................................................................. 361

Philip BesEarly Byzantine Pottery from Limyra’s West and East Gate Excavations .......................................................................... 377

Nilgün ElamEcclesiastical Personages of Side (Σίδη) of Pamphylia according to Literary and Sphragistic Data ......... 409

Ömür BakırerWindow Glass from the Excavations in the Seljuk Palace at Alanya ...................................................................................... 451

Mahmut Demir – Terrance Michael Patrick Duggan – Erkan KurulObservations and Assessments of Some Epigraphic Graffiti Found on Entrances in Kaleiçi/Antalya ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 479

Ayşe OzilA Traveller in One’s Homeland: Local Interest in Archaeology and Travel Writing in theOttoman Greek World in 19th Century Anatolia ..................................................................................................................................... 497

Alex Rodriguez SuarezTwo Church Bells from Antalya: Traces of the Religious Soundscape of the Late Ottoman Period ........... 517

ADALYA 23, 2020

* Asst.Prof.AyşeOzil,SabancıÜniversitesi,SanatveSosyalBilimlerFakültesi,TarihBölümü,Orhanlı,Tuzla34956İstanbul,Türkiye.E-mail:[email protected];https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2082-7964

IwouldliketothankthetwoanonymousreviewersfortheirinsightfulandhelpfulcommentsandtheeditorialofficeatAKMEDinthepreparationofthisarticleforpublication.

A Traveller in One’s Homeland: Local Interest in Archaeology and Travel Writing in the

Ottoman Greek World in 19th Century Anatolia

AYŞE OZİL*

Abstract

ThisarticleexamineslocalscholarlyinterestinarchaeologyandtravelwritingintheOttomanEmpire inthe19thcentury.ItconcentratesontheworkofanOttomanGreekintellec-tualfromtheprovinces,i.e.atravelogueenti-tledPeriegesis eis tin Pamphylian(“TravelsinPamphylia”)writtenbyDimitriE.Danieloğlu,whobelongedtooneof theleadingGreekfamiliesofAntalyainsouthernAnatolia.Byex-aminingthisworkandfocusingontheprofileofanOttomanGreekwriterintheprovinces,thisessayexploresthepracticalmeaningsandoutcomesofmodernization,intertwinedwithacivilizationaldiscourseandmodesoflocalOrientalism.Particularly,theessaydwellsonwhatwaspossiblylocalandGreekinthissto-ryandaimstosituatePeriegesisinabroaderhistoricalcontext.Itdiscussestheconnectionof PeriegesistotheEuropeantraveloguegenre,theemergenceofaninvestigativeattentiontoancientremainsandcontemporarysocietyamongtheeducatedclassesoftheempire,anddevelopmentsintheOttomanGreekintellec-tualmilieuinthe19thcentury.

Keywords:OttomanEmpire,19thcentury travelwriting,archaeology,Greek,Anatolia

Öz

Bumakale,19.yüzyıldaOsmanlıilerigelen-leriveokumuşkesimleriarasındaarkeolojiyeyönelikilgininnedenvenasıldoğduğunuvebukesimlerdenbazıkişilerinseyahatnameya-zarlığınanasılyöneldiğiniincelemektevebuilgiyitarihselbağlamınayerleştirmeyiamaç-lamaktadır.Sözkonusugelişme,1850yılındaDimitriE.DanieloğlutarafındanAntalya’daka-lemealınmışolanBir Pamfilya Seyahatiadlıçalışmaüzerindentakipedilerekhemdevletdışıhemdeİstanbuldışı,yerelvetoplumsalbiraktörüzerindenaraştırılacaktır.Batılıseyyah-larınkalemindençıkançalışmalarıntipiközel-liklerinitaşıyanbuseyahatnameaynızamandayerelözelliklerevurguyapmasıyladikkatçek-mektedir.BunabağlıolarakbumakaledebiryandanBatılılık,yerellikvebuikikonumara-sındakiilişkielealınırkendiğeryandandabukonumlarınarkaplanındayeralanmodernleş-memeseleleriüzerindedurulacak,seyahatna-meözellikleuygarlaşma,bilimsellikvesınıfsalayrımlarınkesişimnoktasındaincelenecektir.AyrıcaDanieloğlu’nunbirOsmanlıRumuol-masıveseyahatnameninİstanbul’dadöneminetkinbirRummatbaasıolanAnatoli’debasılma-sıdadeğerlendirilecekveçalışmabiryandanOsmanlıRumentelektüeldünyasıiçineyerleş-tirilirkendiğeryandandayinemodernleşmeileilgiligelişmelerebağlanacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:Osmanlıİmparatorluğu,19.yüzyılseyahatnameleri,arkeoloji,Rum,Anadolu

Ayşe Ozil498

IntroductionThisarticleexamineslocalscholarlyinterestinarchaeologyandtravelwritingintheOttomanEmpireinthemid-19thcentury.Itwilltracehowaninvestigativeattentiontoancientremainsandcontemporarysocietybegantotakeshapeamongtheeducatedclassesoftheempireatthistime.ItwillfollowthisdevelopmentbyexaminingatravelogueentitledPeriegesis eis tin Pamphylian(“TravelsinPamphylia”)writtenbyDimitriE.Danieloğlu,1whobelongedtooneoftheleadingGreekfamiliesofAntalya.ByexaminingthisworkandfocusingontheprofileofanOttomanGreekwriterintheprovinces,thisessayexploresthepracticalmeaningsandoutcomesofmodernization,intertwinedwithmodesoflocalOrientalism.Itdiscussesthede-velopmentofamodernscientificinterestintheproductionofsocialandhumanknowledgecoupledwithafocusontheancientheritage.

Therelationshipbetweenarchaeologyandtravelwritinghasnotalwaysbeenobvious.Itisratheraproductofthe19thcenturywhenarchaeologyemergedasadistinctacademicdis-cipline.2Whileprovincialsocietiesthroughoutthecenturiesforgedvariousformsofconnec-tionstoancientremainsandfrequentlymadeuseofthemindifferentways,3theevolutionofscholarlyinterestintheancientlegacycombinedwithanattentiontothecontemporarysitu-ationofancientlandswasaphenomenonofthelateOttomanworld.AnumberofscholarshavecontributedtoanunderstandingofthisdevelopmentanddelineateddiverseaspectsoflateOttomanperceptionsandpracticesinrelationtotheancientpast,antiquities,andarchae-ology.4Thisbodyofworkreflectsanengagementwithwiderissues,suchastherelationshipbetweenEuropeandtheOttomanEmpire,Orientalism,andself-Orientalism.5

LocalscholarlyinterestinancientremainsandthelandsandpeopleoftheOttomanter-ritoriesfollowedonmucholderEuropeanpatternsoftravelandinteractionwiththeOttomanswhichwereconnectedtocolonialismandOrientalism.EuropeaninterestintheempireasitwasshapedintheearlymodernandmodernerashastobeviewedwithinthecontextofthedynamicsofEuropeandominationoftheeasternlands.Analogously,theemergenceoflocalscholarlyinterestintheOttomanworldcanalsobediscussedintermsofOttomanorlocalformsofcolonialismandOrientalism,6astheywereshapedprimarilyinthecapitalcityofIstanbultowardstheeasternregionsoftheempire.

Inthe19thcentury,thesimultaneouspresenceofEuropeanandOttomanscholarlyin-terestinthesamearchaeologicalremainsandtravelwritingwithafocusonthesamelands

1 Danieloglou1855.ATurkisheditionofthebookwaspublishedwithmytranslationin2010.IwouldliketothankKayhanDörtlük,thefoundingdirectorofAKMEDfordrawingmyattentiontothisvolumeandforhisinsightfuleditorship.Wewereabletolocatetwocopiesofthiswork,oneintheGothaResearchLibraryattheUniversityofErfurtandtheotherintheGennadiusLibraryattheAmericanSchoolofClassicalStudiesatAthens.Inthisarti-cle,referencesaretotheGreekeditionofthebook(1855)unlessotherwiseindicated;theEnglishtranslationsofthequotationsaremine.Regardingthepersonalandfamilynameswhichappearinthemainbodyofthearticle,ImostlyusetheversionsofthesenameswhichdonotincludeGreekdeclensions.IalsousetheTurkishversionsofnameswhichhaveTurkishoriginsorendingssuchasDanieloğlu.WithregardtonamesfromAKMS,Imostlyfol-lowtheGreekorthographyasitappearsinthisarchivetomakethereferenceseasilyaccessibletoresearchers.

2 Bahranietal.2011,16-22;Hamilakis2011,51.3 Hamilakis2011;Anderson2015,450-60.4 Ogan1943;Arık1953;Çal1997;ŞimşekandDinç2009;Muşmal2009;Eldem2011a;Çelik2011,2016;TTK2013;

Uslu2017,ch.2;Yaşayanlar2018,amongothers.5 ForadiscussionofOrientalismandself-Orientalism,seeparticularlyEldem2011b;Çelik2011,2016.Foradiscussi-

onofOrientalismandself-OrientalismregardingtheOttomanGreekeliteinparticular,seeExertzoglou2015.6 Makdisi2002;Deringil1998,2003.

A Traveller in One’s Homeland: Local Interest in Archaeology and Travel Writing in the Ottoman Greek World ... 499

createdamulti-layeredrealityintheempire.7Theemergenceofmodern,educatedMuslimscholars(or,moreprecisely,scholarsfromtheMuslimworld)8andthegrowthofparallelmodesofOrientalismortheinjectionoflocalformsintheinstitutionalizationofthepreserva-tionofancientremains9werekeycomponentsofthismulti-dimensionalityanddemonstratethechallengesassociatedwithapatternofthinkingintermsofaclearlydefinedEast-Westbinary.10Indeed,forhistorianssuchdichotomiesarenolongerusefultoolsinunderstandingthe19thcenturyOttomanworld,regardlessofwhethercertainlocalscholarsoradministratorsatthetimeadoptedorprofessedtoemulateandembrace“Western”waysinthe“East”.11Theworldsinwhichtheyultimatelylivedandwhichtheyshapedwentbeyondthisbinary.

ThecaseofDanieloğlu,thesubjectofthisstudy,providesawindowintotheseissues,butalsorevealsadditionallayersandspecificitytothisalreadycomplex19th-centuryphenom-enon.Firstofall,Danieloğlutakesusawayfromthestate-centeredfiguresoftenstudiedinscholarship12andconveysexperiencefromsocietyitself.Hiscaseextendsthediscussionintermsofwhattheprovincialcontextmeantatthistimeandtherelationshipoflocalscholarstothewiderempireandbeyond.Furthermore,Danieloğlu’sprofileasanOttomanGreekcom-plicatesthesimplebinaryoftheWesternChristianandthelocalMuslimtraveller/scholar.Yet,withoutpresupposingthatheshouldbeanydifferent,itisworthinquiringwhetherand,ifso,inwhatwaysbeingGreekmattered.

InadditiontocomplicatingtherelationshipbetweenOttomansandEuropeansandshowingitsmulti-dimensionalityaslived,practiced,andunderstoodbyalocalGreekwriterinthelateOttomanperiod,thisarticlealsodemonstrateshowthesedimensionsattainedtheirmeaningwithinthecontextsandcircumstancesspecifictothe19thcentury.Ofparticularsignificanceisthedevelopmentofmoderninstitutionalandsocialforms,includingtheriseofschoolingandliteracy,theincreasinguseoftheprintingpress,theevolutionofnationallanguages,andtheproliferationofintra-imperialandinternationalintellectualconnectionsintheOttomanworldingeneralandtheOttomanGreekworldinparticular.

Danieloğlu, his Excursion, and the World of TravellersDimitriEfraimDanieloğlu,orHacıDimitriAğaEfraimDanieloğlu,belongedtoalargeland-owningfamilyfromAntalya.Thefamilybusiness,whichconcentratedonagriculture,waslu-crative,andtheDanieloğlusacquiredconsiderablewealthovertime.Thebusinesswasestab-lishedbyDimitriDanieloğlu,thegrandfatherandthenamesakeoftheauthor,andhisbrotherKiryakoDanieloğluwhentheymigratedtoAntalyafromtheDodecaneseIslandsinthelate18thcentury.13DimitriDanieloğluacquiredlargeagriculturalestatesintheDüdenareaatthistime,andhissonHacıEvrenAğa,thefatheroftheauthor,inheritedandimprovedthebusi-nessandextendeditintoforestryandthetimbertrade.HacıEvrenAğa,alongwithhiscousin

7 FortheOttomanEmpireasbothanobjectandanactiveplayerintheworldofarchaeology,seeBahranietal.2011,13,16,28,32,35.

8 Withregardtotravelwriting,seeMotikaandHerzog2000.Foraspecificexample,seeKayra2001.Withregardtotheinterestinancientcivilizations,seeUslu2017,ch.2.

9 Shaw2003.10 Eldem2011b;Çelik2008. 11 Findley1999.12 ThemajoranddominatingexampleisOsmanHamdi;seeRona1993;Cezar1995;Eldem2011b.Forothermembers

oftheOttomanstateelite,seeÇelik2016.13 Pehlivanidis1989,2:131,134,136.

Ayşe Ozil500

HacıStratiAğa(thesonofKiryakoDanieloğlu),becameprominentlandownersinthetown.14 Induecoursetheestatepassedontohissons,theauthorandhisbrotherPantelAğa.15

ThehistoricaltrajectoryoftheDanieloğlufamilyisagoodexampleofthewealth-owningandmodernizingclasseswhichemergedinthe19thcentury,particularlyamongnon-Muslimsintheempire.Startingoutamongawaveofmiddle-classmigrationfromprovincialsettingstoporttowns,whichwascommonamongtheGreek-speakingpopulationoftheOttomanEmpirefromthelate18thcenturyonwards,16theDanieloğlusbecameoneoftheleadingfami-liesof theAntalyadistrict insouthernAnatolia.MembersofwhatmaybetermedanOttomanbourgeoisie,17thesefamiliesbecameleadingforcesinthelateOttomaneconomy andsociety.

Truetoform,someofthemembersofthesefamilieswerealsoengagedinavarietyofintel-lectualendeavours,whichencompassedanumberofareasintheemergingsocialsciencesandhumanitiesincludinghistoryandarchaeology.18DimitriEfraimDanieloğluwasoneoftheseindividualswho,uponleavingthefamilybusinesstohisbrother,devotedhimselftothestudyofletters,specificallytheinvestigationoftherecentandancientpastoftheAntalyaregion.19 Thisinvestigativeinterestwasaccompaniedbyaliterarydrivewhicheventuallyresultedinthecompilationofabookoftravelwriting-Travels in Pamphylia.20Thebooknarratesanexcur-sionundertakenbyDanieloğluandhiscompanionsintheAntalyaregionincludingvisitstotheancientsitesofPerge,Selge,andAspendos.Itpresentsarchaeologicalobservationsfromtheseancientsitescombinedwithafirsthandexperienceoftheconditionofcontemporarysociety.Thebookhasasizeableappendixwhichincludesapieceonthedescriptionandchar-acteristicsofthecurrenttownofAntalyadrawnfromDanieloğlu’sresearchondifferenttopicsfromagricultureandcommercetoadministration,religion,andculture.21

Atthebeginningofthebook,theauthorrelateshowheandhisfriendsdecidedtovisitsomeofthemostrenownedancientcitiesofthearea22and,infact,ofAnatoliamorebroadly.TheylamenttheirignoranceoftheclassicalcitiesandfeelembarrassedthattheyhavetolearnaboutsuchneighboringplacesfromBritishandFrenchscholars“whotravelledalltheway”fromEuropetovisitandstudytheremains.23Suchself-criticismswerenotuncommonamong

14 Pehlivanidis1989,2:132,134,136.15 Pehlivanidis1989,2:135.16 Zarifis2002,chs.1and2.Anagnostopoulou1998,107-20;Dinç2017,458,461.17 Foradiscussionofthisterm,seeExertzoglou1999;Eldem2014.18 Agoodexampleofthisinterestcanbefoundintheactivitiesofoneofthelargestandmostinfluentialeducational

andculturalassociationsofthelateOttomanperiod,theGreekLiterarySociety(EllinikosPhilologikosSyllogos)whichwasactivefrom1861to1922.FortheinvolvementoftheleadingfiguresofthelateOttomanworldintheSociety,seetheminutesoftheirmeetingsintheperiodicaloftheSociety,EllinikosPhilologikosSyllogos1864,no.7,45-46,no.8-9,102-3.Theirinterestinhistoricalandarchaeologicalstudiesinforms,amongothers,atractonRomanhistorybyK.A.Karatheodoris,EllinikosPhilologikosSyllogos1865,nos.10-11,149-71.SeealsothetractsonByzantinelandwalls,theinscriptionsonthewalls,andthegatesofthewalls,EllinikosPhilologikosSyllogos1865,nos.10-11,171-221.

19 Pehlivanidis1989,2:135.20 Healsopublishedanotherbookin1865entitledProdromoi tis Anagenniseos ton Grammaton en ti Anatoli

[“ForerunnersofEnlightenmentinAnatolia”]whichwasaboutSerapheimofAntalyawholaterbecamethemetropolitanbishopofAnkara;seePehlivanidis1989,1:140-41.SerapheimwasknownfortranslatingGreekworksintoTurkishwithGreekcharacters;seeGedeon1932,14.

21 Danieloglou1855,147-89.22 Danieloglou1855,1.23 Danieloglou1855,1-2.


OttomanandGreekintellectualsofthetime.24Infact,theideaoflaggingbehindincompari-sontothe“civilized”countriesofEuropeledtoavarietyofmodesofwritingwhichdebateddiverseaspectsofthematter.Whilethisoutlookismostlyexpressedinessays,tracts,news-paperarticles,andsimilartypesofwriting,Danieloğluratherexceptionallystrovetoidentifysomeremedytothisshortcomingbyproducingatravelogue.

ThebookearlyonpositionsitselfintheworldofEuropeantravellers.TheintroductiontothebookbeginsbyaddressingWilliamHenryWaddington,theBritish-FrenchpoliticianandarchaeologistwhoresearchedandpublishedinscriptionsandnumismaticmaterialfromAnatolia.25HereDanieloğluwritesabouthisencounterwithWaddingtonwhenthelattertrav-elledtoAnatolia,andhowtheyremainedincontactduringthefollowingfouryears,mostlyexchanginginformationaboutancientremains.Bysettingthetoneofhisbookwiththisrefer-ence,DanieloğludeclareshowdeeplyhewasinspiredbyWaddingtontoundertakehistravelsinPamphyliaandhowhewishesforWaddingtonnottoforgethim.26

TheauthoremphasizesWesternconnectionsthroughoutthetext.InadditiontoWaddington,therearemanyreferencestoCharlesFellowsandColonelLeake,27whowereamongthelead-ingtravellersintheregion.InthetravelogueDanieloğluandhisfellowtravellersvisitthesitesofPamphyliawithEuropeantraveloguesinhand28andengageindiscussionswithEuropeantravellers,comparingandcontrastinginformation.29Onamoresymbolicandidentity-makinglevel,engagementwithEuropeanscholarshipservestopresenttheauthorandhiscompanionsasmembersoftheEuropeancommunityoftravellers.Thepracticeofvisitingancientsitesus-ingothertraveloguesandconversingwiththeirauthorsisitselfawell-establishedpatternofEuropeantravelwriting30andfurthersthegoalofpositioningthebookinthesamegenre.DanieloğlualsomakessuretoincludewordsandphrasesthatderivefromEuropeanlanguagesandpunctuateshistextwithitalics.31Withregardtocertainpracticalmatters,heincorporatesfurtherEuropeanreferencesincludingthebinocularsheboughtinParisandamoderntent,amongothers.32Finally,theDanieloğlucompanyfollowsthepracticeofEuropeantravellersbyreenactingscenesfromGreekmythologyastheygatherintheevenings.33

DanieloğlunotonlyfollowedthepatternofEuropeantravelwritingbyenteringintoaconversationwithothertravelogues,butmoreimportantly,heoptedtoframethetextintheEuropeantraveloguegenre.Eachchapterisaboutaparticulardistrictandanancientsite.Thecontentofeachchapterisdulyprovidedattheopeningofthechapterinadetailedman-ner,highlightingnotonlythesitesvisitedbutalsootherpointsofinterest,includingthemaineventsandindividualsencounteredinthatpartoftheexcursion.34Whendescribingancient

24 Hanioğlu1995,ch.2;Exertzoglou2015,ch.2.25 Danieloğlu1855[2010],3.26 Danieloglou1855,Introduction.27 Danieloglou1855,9;Leake1824,chs.4-5;Fellows1839,ch.7.28 Danieloglou1855,9,17.29 Danieloglou1855,9,90-92,109.30 See,forexample,LeakereferringtoCaptainBeaufort;seeLeake1824,171.31 Forexample,hereferstothetenttheyuseas“comfortable”(Danieloglou1855,90);tooneoftheirsuppers

withthelocalpeopleas“unplaisirabsolu”(Danieloglou1855,61);andhegivesaquotationfromLamartine(Danieloglou1855,26).

32 Danieloglou1855,77.33 Danieloglou1855,40-41.34 See,forexample,Ainsworth1842.

Ayşe Ozil502

sites,Danieloğluiscarefultotellushowtheywerereached,i.e.throughtheestablishmentofnecessarycontactsandthepresentationofreferencestothelandlordsortheheadmenofthedistrictstheyvisited.35Accordingtoform,thetravellersalsocopyancientinscriptions,andDanieloğluincludestheminthebook.36InadditiontoquotingfromancientGreeklit-eraturelikeHomer,37healsoreferstoagroupofvillagemenasAchillesesandNestorsbasedonthecharacteristicsoftheseindividuals38andusestheancientnameByzantioninsteadofConstantinople.39

WhileanassociationwithancientGreece,regardlessofthequestionofitsaccuracyformodernGreeks,mightbethebroadermotiveunderlyinghisinterestinantiquitiesinthefirstplace,thetextitselfdoesnotprovidemanyexplicitindicationstosupportthisview.Otherthansomereferencessuchas“ourStrabon”,thereisnosubstantialevidenceofaspeciallinktoAntiquity.40Danieloğlu’sattentiontotheclassicalGreekcivilizationseemsmoretobethecorollaryofhisWesterniststanceandthedesiretobepartofthecurrentleadingcivilization.

Inresponsetoalettercriticizinghisbook,Danieloğluhimselfunderlinesthatheisfollow-ingtheformatoftheEuropeantravelwritinggenre.Asitemergesthatthisreaderwasnotfondofthe(ratherunnecessaryandredundant)embellishmentsthattheauthorusesinthetext,41Danieloğluinhisdefensesaysthatalltravellersdoso.42IndeedEuropeantravelwritingregularlyincludesinterestinganecdotesandentertainingscenes,oftennarratedinanengaginglanguage.43Thesebookswerecompilednotonlyforthearchaeologicalandotherscientificobservationsthattheymake,butalsotoprovidegoodreading.

DanieloğlunotonlywritesbutalsoactsasifhewereaEuropeantraveller.Thisisappar-entfromtheearlypagesofthebookwhenheandhisfellowtravellersvisittheDüdenwater-falls,locatedveryclosetotheirnativeAntalya.Whentheyheararoaringsound,theauthorasks“Whatisthisnoisethatwearehearing?”44Itisunlikelythathewouldnothaveknownaboutthewaterfalls,particularlysincetheagriculturalestatesoftheDanieloğlufamilywereinthatdistrict.45YettheirencounterwiththeDüdenfallsprogressesasiftheywereseeingthemforthefirsttime.ThisdissociationoftheselffromthelocalenvironmentthatDanieloğluattemptsisalsosuggestiveofadesiretokeepadistanceortobe“objective”inscientificen-deavours.Heclearlydifferentiateshisscientificknowledgefromthevillagers’interpretationsofancientsitesandobjects.46Forexample,whenthecoinsellersinManavgatofferhimhis-toricalinformation,hecriticizesbutrefrainsfromridiculingthem,viewingthescenewithan

35 See,forexample,Danieloglou1855,97.36 Danieloglou1855,136.37 Danieloglou1855,67,92.38 Danieloglou1855,78.39 Danieloglou1855,148.40 ForaparallelsuggestionforTheodorMakridialso,seeEldem2017,163.41 Forfurtherdetailsonthisreader,seebelowthesection“GreekIntellectualNetworks”.42 Danieloglou1855,149.43 FromtheOttomanworld,EvliyaÇelebi’sSeyahatnameisagoodexampleoftheentertainmentcomponent;see

İnalcık2009,14-15.44 Danieloglou1855,5.45 Pehlivanidis1989,2:137.46 Seebelowthesection“TheTurkish-speakingOrthodoxpeople,ariftinsocialclass,andthecivilizationaldrive”;

Anderson2015,453.


anthropologicalgaze.47Likewise,whenheencounterstheastrologerofSide,heremarkstohimselfhowunscientifictheastrologer’sknowledgeis.Atthesametime,heendeavoursnottodisregardlocalsensitivities,andDanieloğlufindsamiddlegroundbyproposingascientificexplanationfortheroleoftheastrologer’spropheciesinpoliticalandsociallife.48

Danieloğlu and the Local WorldWhileDanieloğlusituateshimselfintheworldofEuropeantravellersandprioritizesancientremains,thetravelogueisanimatedbyinterestinandsensitivitytothelocalworld.Indeed,whilethegeneraldiscourseinthebookisaboutactinglikeaEuropeanintheEast,acloseranalysisofthetextrevealselementsofalocalconnection.Thisconnectioncanbeobservedintangibleterms.AsthegrouptravelsintheSelgeregion,theauthormentionsthatheknowsandadmirestheheadofoneofthevillagestheyvisit;likewise,heencountershisacquaint-ancesinanothervillage.49Onanotheroccasion,asthegroupapproachestheSideregion,theyworryaboutproducingpassportswhichtheydonothave.Whattheyhave,though,isalocalconnectionthroughthepeopletheyknowandwhomtheyaimtoconsultinplaceofpresent-ingidentitypapers.50Theadministratoratthegroup’sdestinationinSidehadbusinesscon-nectionswiththeauthor’sfatherandsotheirmeetingwassetupbytheauthorhimself.51Onanotheroccasion,DanieloğlurecountsthecharacteristicsoftheAksuRiverwhichthegrouppassesontheirwaytoanancientsite.Asheprovidesinformationabouttheseasonalcyclesandyearlychangesoftheriver,hestatesthatbyvisitingthesiteandseeingitforthemselvestheycorroboratedthelocalinformationthattheyhad.52

WhilereferencestocontemporarysocietyarenotuncommoninEuropeantravelogues,Danieloğlu’stextdrawsonamoredirectandengageddescriptionoflocalsociety.Ofparticu-larinterestaretheissuesofmigration,theheterogeneityofthepopulation,andtheGreekcon-nectionoftheregionwhichDanieloğluiskeentodescribeonvariousoccasionsthroughoutthetext.Forexample,onceinayörükvillage53theyareservedbyamanfromKoswhowasafugitivefromtheOttomanmilitary,andwhoworkedasashepherdandalaborerand,oc-casionally,asanimaminthevillages.54SincethemanwasfromaGreek-speakingisland,theauthordescribeshimassomeonewho“knowsourlanguageverywell”andpositsaconnec-tionbetweenthetravellersandthevillagerduetothecommonalityoftheirlanguage.55

Thisandotherencountershighlightasignificantcharacteristicoftheregionintermsofat-tractingmigrants/refugees.AnearlyinstanceofmigrationforthistimeperiodwasaftertheNapoleonicinvasionsofEgyptattheturnofthe19thcenturywhenmigrantsfromNorthAfricaarrivedinAntalya.56ThefactthatEgyptwasatradingpartnerofAntalya57mighthaveplayeda

47 Danieloglou1855,140-41.48 Danieloglou1855,128-29.49 Danieloglou1855,75.50 Danieloglou1855,113.51 Danieloglou1855,120.52 Danieloglou1855,71-72.53 Danieloglou1855,11-12.54 Danieloglou1855,16-17.55 Danieloglou1855,16.56 Danieloglou1855,154,165.57 Danieloglou1855,175.

Ayşe Ozil504

roleinthechoiceofdestination,eventhoughAntalyawasnottheonlyplacewhichreceivedmigrationatthistime.Afewdecadeslater,whentheGreekWarofIndependencein1821createdaMuslimexodusfromthePeloponnese,Antalyaonceagainreceivedalargenumberofrefugees/migrants.58TheGreekrevolutionalsoproducedGreekslaveswhowerecap-tivesofOttomansandwholaterfoundtheirwaytoAntalya.OneofthesepeoplewasamanfromtheislandofChioswhoconvertedtoIslamandservedastheclerkoftheheadmanofSide.59Likewise,therewereothermigrantswhoendedupinAntalyaforeconomicandotherreasons.60

WhileDanieloğlu’sdescriptionsofAntalyainvolvevariouspopulationgroups,anatten-tivenesstotheGreekconnectionstotheregionisalsonoticeable.Acloseinterestincontem-porarysocietywithafocusonitsGreekcommunityislikewisereflectedintheappendicestothebook,whereDanieloğluincorporatesthefindingsofresearchthathecarriedoutonthecharacteristicsofthetownofAntalyaingeneralandofitslocalGreekcommunityinparticular.Thislastpartofthebook,whichisessentiallyseparateresearchjuxtaposedwiththetext,providesbasicinformationabouttheeconomic,social,cultural,etc.featuresoftheregion.61SuchlocalhistorieswouldturnintoagenreproducedbytheGreek-educatedeliteinboththelateOttomanperiodandtheaftermathoftheGreco-TurkishPopulationExchangeof1923,anddemonstrateastronglocalandcommunalconnectiontoGreekhomelandsinAnatolia.62

Whiletheselocaleffectsaresignificant,theydonotbelieDanieloğlu’sWesternizingtenden-cies.Thereareanumberofinstancesinthetextwhenthe“local”andthe“moreglobal”over-lap.Forexample,Danieloğluisoftenfamiliarwiththevillageheadsandhasacquaintancesthroughouttheregion.Yethedoesnotrefrainfromproducingaletterofrecommendation,inthestyleofEuropeantravelogues,whenhedoesnotdirectlyknowthepeoplethere.63Atthesametime,hedescribestheMuslimjudgeship(kadılık)asifthiswereatotallyforeigninstitu-tiontohim,64whilewelearnthatoneofthekadıstheyvisitedknewhisfatherpersonally,andthatthelatterhadpreviouslyvisitedthekadıononeoftheMuslimfeasts.65

Greek Intellectual Networks Travels in PamphyliaiswritteninGreek.Greekwasnotnecessarilythenaturalorthemostobviouslanguageonecoulduse,speak,orwriteinforOrthodoxChristiansinAnatoliaatthistime.TurkishwasthemothertongueofmanyOrthodoxChristiancommunities,andtherewas

58 Dayar2018,24-33.59 Danieloglou1855,126.60 AKMS,OralArchives,Pamphylia,Attaleia,PM1.AmongtheinhabitantsofAntalya,EvanthiaKonstantinidou’s

father-in-lawwasMorean(BiographicalaccountofE.Konstantinidou,n.d.).TheparentsofPantelisArappantelis,whowasbornin1900inAntalya,camefromHaifaasmigrants(BiographicalaccountofP.Arappantelis,n.d.).AntoniosPaslis,whowasbornin1878inAntalya,statedthathisgrandfatherwasCypriot(BiographicalaccountofA.Paslis,1948).AccordingtotheoralaccountofEustratiosToustzoglou(28/1/1964),therewereanumberofGreekswhomigratedtoAntalyafromCyprusafterthelatter’soccupationbytheBritish.

61 Danieloglou1855,147-89.62 Pehlivanidis1989,quotedinthisarticle,isagoodexampleofthisgenre.ForotherGreekconnectionsinthebook,

seethereferencestoKosandChiosinnn.54and59respectively.63 Danieloglou1855,95.64 Danieloglou1855,115-16.65 Danieloglou1855,117.


aparticularwrittenformofitknownasKaramanlidika.66Thefactthatthebookwascom-posedinGreekisreflectiveofanumberofcharacteristicsaboutthepositionofthebookandtheambitionsofitsauthorintheintellectualandsociallandscapeofhistime.Whileavailableevidencedoesnotprovidemuchinformationaboutthelifeandupbringingoftheauthor,theuseoftheGreeklanguageseemstobecompatiblewithhisprofileasamemberofthelocaleducatedelite.AsfaraswecandiscernfromTravels in Pamphylia,heacknowledgedandsup-portedthedisseminationoftheGreeklanguageandtheeliteculturethatformedaroundit.TheuseoftheGreeklanguageisalsointertwinedwiththeWestern-orientedcompositionandstructureoftheworkandthewaysinwhichtheauthorenvisionsthebookinrelationtotheinfluentialEuropeantravelwritinggenre.TheperceptionofGreekasalanguageofcivilizationatthistimeandtheconcomitantuseofitasthebasisofthenewscientificlanguagemightex-plainwhyitisemployedinthebook.Moregenerally,sinceGreekcivilization,whichincludesnotonlythelanguagebutalsotheancientcivilizationthatDanieloğluinvestigates,wasseeninEuropeanintellectualcirclesasacorecomponentofEuropeanculture,itwouldmakesenseforhimtocomposethetravelogueinGreek.

ThepromotionoftheGreeklanguagecanalsoberegardedasaresponse,oraremedy,totheself-Orientalizingtendenciesgeneratedaroundthebook.DanieloğluexpresslymentionsthatheintendsthebooktobeaguideinGreek.67Bythisstatement,notonlydoesheimplythatheconceivesofthebookasaGreekspecimenof(European)travelogues,butalsohesuggeststhatwritingthebookinGreekaddressestheconcernthatlocalintellectualsdidnotbothertostudytheirownlandsandthattherewasadeficiencyofself-generatedknowledgeaboutgloballysignificantlocalsites.Assuch,thetravelogueinGreekwasdesignedtobebothapartofEuropeanscholarshipandanationaltract.

Indeed,whatmakesthisbookoffurtherhistoricalinterestisthatitstargetaudienceseemstohavebeentheGreekintellectualmilieuandthatitwaswrittenatatimewhenthismilieu,orrathertheeducatedclasses,wereexpandinganddiversifying.ThiswasthetimeperiodwhenlearnedGreeksocietyextendedbeyondtheirusualconfinesoftheupperclergyandthenar-rowintellectualcircles.Alongwiththelandowningbourgeoisclassandbusinesscircles,thenewlyemergingprofessionalgroupsofmedicaldoctors,lawyers,teachers,architects,etc.wereincreasinglyparticipatinginthiseducatedcommunity,whileaproliferationofculturalandeducationalassociationscontributedtoitscreationanddevelopment.68

OneofthemainactorswhocontributedtotheformationofthisintellectualcirclewasEvangelinosMisailidis(1820-1890)whopublishedTravels in PamphyliaatAnatoli,hisinflu-entialandprolificpublishinghouse.Indeed,thepublicationanddisseminationofTravels in PamphyliawouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthepresenceandconcomitantgrowthofthepublishingindustryinIstanbulandothermajorcitiesoftheempire.MisailidiscontributedimmenselytothedevelopmentofthepublishingindustryintheOttomanEmpire.69Hefirstbe-ganworkinginIzmirfortheleadingGreekpaperAmaltheia.Theninthemid-19thcenturyhemovedtoIstanbulwhereheranasuccessfulpublishinghouseforaboutfortyyearsuntilhisdeath.70InIstanbulheestablishedhimselfastheownerofaseriesofinfluentialnewspapers

66 Seebelowthesection“TheTurkish-speakingOrthodoxpeople,ariftinsocialclass,andthecivilizationaldrive”.67 Danieloglou1855,147.68 Foranexaminationofthiseducatedclass,seeExertzoglou1996.69 Tarinas1996.70 Gedeon1932,13.

Ayşe Ozil506

suchasAnatoli,71whereDanieloğlupublishedarticlesaboutthehistoryofAntalya,Byzantinemosaics, andothersubjects.72 At Anatoli,MisailidiscollaboratedwithManouilGedeon,whoservedastheeditorofthepaper.Gedeonwasthepatriarchalchartophylax[chancellorandarchivist]andoneoftheleadingintellectualsoftheOttomanGreekworldinthelateperiod.73 ThepaperAnatolicouldbefoundinAntalya,amongotherimportantnewspapersofthetime,whichwerepublishedinOttomanTurkish,Greek,andEnglish,whichsuggestedcloseintel-lectualinteraction.74

Beforeenteringthepublishingworld,MisailidisservedasateacherinthenewlyestablishedGreeksecondaryschoolofIsparta,workingfortheTurkish-speakingChristianchildrenofthetown.75LikeDanieloğlu,hewasalsointerestedintravellingduringhisyouth.HeaccompaniedtheFrencharchaeologistPhilippeleBas(1794-1860)duringthelatter’stravelsonthesoutherncoastsofAnatolia,includingAntalyaanditshinterlandswheretheyvisitedKula,Misailidis’sbirthplace.76Overall,MisailidiswasahighlysignificantfigurefortheeducationofOrthodoxChristiansandthedevelopmentoflettersintheOttomanGreekworld.Aspartofhisactivitiesinthepublishingworld,MisailidisworkedonKaramanlidikanovelsamongotherliteraryandeducationalproduction.77 HewasparticularlyinfluentialintheacculturationoftheTurkish-speakingOrthodoxmassesthroughhispublicationsinKaramanlidikaandhisothereffortsforlinguisticandculturalHellenization.78

AsforDanieloğlu,hisTravels in Pamphyliawastheproductofaresearcherwhoaspiredtobeapartofthiseducatedcommunity.Initsappendices,thebookreferstooneofitsread-ersinIstanbul.Thisgentleman,whohadreadthebook,engagesinaconversationwithDanieloğluaboutthecontentoftheTravels,79whichimpliesanintellectualexchangeconcern-ingthework.DanieloğlumentionsthatthispersonreceivedacopythroughanacquaintanceofDanieloğlu,80whichsuggeststheinvolvementofanumberofindividualsastheaudienceofthebook.

The Turkish-Speaking Orthodox People, a Rift in Social Class, and the Civilizational DriveWhileDanieloğlu’scontributiontothedevelopmentofmodernGreekletterswasasignificantprojectinitself,therewasalsoaneducationalreasonforcomposingtheTravels.InMisailidis’sforewordtothetravelogue,hearguesfortheneedtoilluminatethepeople.Hebeginsbydepictinga“wallofignorance”facingtheGreekpeoplethatdenigratesthemanddeprivesthemofthecapacitytodifferentiaterightfromwrong.81Theremedy,accordingtohim,isto

71 Balta2010,part2;ŞişmanoğluŞimşek2014a;Tarinas2007,34-35.72 Danieloglou1855,144,154,164.73 Gedeon1932,12-13.74 Danieloglou1855,181.75 Misailidis1983,1-2.76 Gedeon1932,12,14;Misailidis1983,1-2;Balta2009.77 Kut1987;Anhegger1988a;ŞişmanoğluŞimşek2014b.78 Gedeon1932,14;Anhegger1988b.79 Danieloglou1855,148-49.80 Danieloglou1855,148.81 Danieloglou1855,“PrefacebyE.Misailidis”,i.


followthemodelofEuropebykeepingupwithdevelopmentsinthesciencesandinvestinginresearchthatwillallowthemtotackleproblemsineducation.Inthisscheme,DanieloğluemergesasafigurewhoseroleistocontributetothemissionofenlighteningtheGreekna-tion.82Thisoutlookiscorroboratedbyapieceofinformationprovidedintheappendicestothebook,whereDanieloğlupresentsaletterthatcongratulateshimandthepublisherastheyheraldtheemergenceofanewgenerationof“enlightenedwriters/leaders”.83Theletteralsounderlinesthenecessityandsignificanceoftakingupthetaskoftransmittingeducation,civili-zation,andculture,particularlytotheinnerprovinces.

Indeed,thisdepictionofDanieloğluraisestheissueoftheeducationofthemasses,morespecificallyofthelargelyprovincialTurkish-speakingOrthodoxChristianpeopleandpeas-antrywhoinhabitedtheinnerand/ormostofthenon-westernpartsofAnatolia.84Thepres-enceoflargeconcentrationsofTurkish-speakingOrthodoxChristianpopulationshadalreadyledtothebirthofahighlyspecializedpublishingfieldintheTurkishlanguagewrittenwithGreekcharacters(Karamanlidika).85PublicationsinKaramanlidikaemergedmostlyasreli-giousinstructionintheearlymodernperiod.Onlyscatteredexamplesexistfrombeforethe 19th centurywhentherewasaproliferationanddiversificationinreligiousandsecularwriting,andvariouskindsofeducationalandfictionaltextsbegantoemerge.86Misailidiswasaleadingactorinthisfield.NotonlydidhehimselfcomposeworksinKaramanlidika,buthispublishinghousealsosponsoredtheproductionofagreatnumberofpublicationsinthislanguage.Thismeantthattheyreachedthemassesintheirmothertongue,whichwasTurkish,whileencour-agingtheuseoftheGreekalphabet.87

EventhoughtheaforementionedreviewcongratulatesDanieloğluonhisservicestowardstheenlightenmentoftheprovinces,DanieloğludidnotdothisintheTurkishlanguage,themothertongueofhisfellowtownsmeninAntalya.DanieloğluwroteinGreekinaTurcophonetown.88Therethusseemstobeariftbetweenthelocalscholarandtheplacewherehewrotehisbook.TheaudienceoftheTravelswasnotthecommonpeopleofAntalyabuttheedu-catedGreek-speakingpeopleinthearea.AnditencouragedthosewhowerenotwellversedinGreektodeveloptheirlanguageskillsandtocontributemorebroadlytomodernschoolinginAntalya.

Atthetimethebookwascompiled,AntalyahadaconsiderableOrthodoxpopulationcon-centratedintheeasternandsouthernpartsofthetown.89WhileMuslimsformedthemajor-ityofthetown’stotalpopulationofabout8,500,theGreekOrthodoxcommunitynumbered

82 MisailidisalsoreferstotheroleoftheGreeklanguageinthiseducationaldriveandtheimportanceofcarryingthelanguagefromthepasttothefuture.HealsoemphasizesthattheGreeknationinhabitstheeasternlands,Danieloglou1855,“PrefacebyE.Misailidis”,i-iii.

83 Danieloglou1855,148.84 FortheeducationofKaramanlis,seeBenlisoy2010,2019.85 ThislanguageisnamedaftertheKaramanregionowingtothewell-knownTurcophonecommunitiestherethat

usedthislanguage,eventhoughTurkish-speakingOrthodoxChristiansinhabitedlargepartsofAnatolia.86 Balta2010,2015,areamongherotherworksonKaramanlis.87 Gedeon1932,14.88 JosephWolffonTurcophoneChristiansinAntalyain1831,quotedinSönmez2013,235;AKMS,PM1.Accordingto

theoralaccountofE.Toustzoglou(28/1/1964),themothertongueoftheOrthodoxChristianinhabitantsofAntalyawasTurkish.Forindividualmembersofthispopulation,seeAKMS,PM1.Accordingtothebiographicalinformation(28/1/1964)onE.Toustzoglou(b.1888),hisfamilywasTurkishspeaking.Accordingtothebiographicalinformation(27/5/1968)onAnastasiosHatzikonstantinou(b.1877),hewasTurkishspeaking.

89 Pehlivanidis1989,MapofAntalya,n.p.

Ayşe Ozil508

around2,500people,makingthem28-30%ofthetotalpopulation.90AsanactiveporttowntradingwiththemajorregionsintheeasternMediterranean,91Antalyaattractedin-migrationwhichcontributedtothegrowthofitsOrthodoxpopulationthroughoutthe19thcentury.92 SimilartomostofthetownsofthesouthernAnatoliancoast,93letalonetheinnerregions,Antalya’sGreekChristianswereTurkish-speaking.OnecancitemanyexamplesshowingthattheinhabitantsofthetownwereunfamiliarwiththeGreeklanguage.Danieloğlu,forexample,referstowomenofthetownwho,becausetheywereTurcophone,werenotfondofpriestswhorecitedtheBibleinGreek.94IoannisBourgontzoglou,amusician,wasilliterateandknewverylittleGreek,whilehiswifedidnotspeakthelanguageatall.95Likewise,AntoniosPaslis,abricklayer,spokeonlyTurkish.96AnastasiosHatzikonstantinou,bornin1877,neverwenttoschoolandhadalmostnoknowledgeoftheGreeklanguage.97WhileitwasnotonlythelowerclasseswhosemothertonguewasTurkish,98thedevelopmentofGreek-languagemodernfor-maleducationbegantoproduceadifferentiationinsocialclass,or(atleast)generatedagapbetweentheeducatedandtheuneducatedclasses.

ThroughouthisTravels,Danieloğluprovidesampleevidenceofhisopinionofvillagers.Heclearlyportrayshimselfandhisfellowtravellersasendowedwithscientificknowledgeaboutancientsites,whilelamentingthestateofignoranceamongthepeoplewhoinhabitedthosesitesandwereincontactwiththemonumentsonadailybasis.YethedoesnotdifferentiateorprivilegeGreeksoranyparticularcommunity.Forhim,thedifferencewasbetweentheeducatedandtheuneducated.InPerge,forexample,hewritesthataGreekstonemasonhadremovedanddestroyedanancientstatueofawoman,99whiletheregionwasfulloftreasurehuntersinsearchofancientvaluables.100Likewise,theancienttheaterandtheforumhadbe-comeasiteforgrazinganimals,101andthehippodromehadbecomeafieldwherethelocalsgrewbarley.102Theacropolis,asasecurearea,wasalsobeingusedforagricultureandanimalhusbandry.103Drawingasharpcontrastbetweentheancientcivilizationsthatinhabitedthesite

90 Dinç2017,458-63.Kechriotis2010.Availableinformationonpopulationfromthelaterdecadessuggeststhatthesepercentagesweremaintainedthroughoutthedecades.SeeBaykara2007,12-15;Çimrin2018,9;AKMS,PM1.AccordingtotheoralaccountofE.Toustzoglou,Antalyahad12.000OrthodoxChristianand20.000MusliminhabitantsinthelastdecadesoftheOttomanEmpire(28/1/1964).

91 AKMS,PM1,theoralaccountofE.Toustzoglou(28/1/1964). 92 Seeabovethesection“DanieloğluandtheLocalWorld”. 93 AKMS;seeforexampleAnamur(KL10,Ch.Konstantinidis,24/10/1962),Silifke(KL8,A.Etzeoglou,17/4/1963),

Alanya(PM2-3,P.Sarafidis,13/2/1964). 94 Danieloglou1855,169.ItissignificantthatDanielogloumentionswomensincesome,thoughnotall,ofthemen

ofthetown-whohadmorecontactwiththeoutsideworldandhadabetterchanceofgettinganeducation-knewsomemorelanguagesinadditiontothemothertongueofthetown.

95 AKMS,PM1,biographicalinformationonIoannisBourgontzoglou(n.d.).SeealsobiographicalinformationonAnnaVaseiliou(n.d.).

96 AKMS,PM1,biographicalinformationonAntonisPaslis(1948). 97 AKMS,PM1,biographicalinformationonAnastasiosHatzikonstantinou(27/5/1968). 98 Asknowledgeofasecondlanguagewasaquestionofneed,thosewhowerenotdirectlyengagedwithGreek

networksdidnotspeakthelanguage.YankosKaradenizli,forexample,animportantmerchantandlandown-erwhorangrocerystoresandinnsandwasengagedinanimalhusbandry,knewlittleGreek;AKMS,PM1,BiographicalInformationonYankosKaradenizli(n.d.).

99 Danieloglou1855,29.100 Danieloglou1855,45.101 Danieloglou1855,20.102 Danieloglou1855,31.103 Danieloglou1855,48,51.


withthecontemporarysetting,atonemomentinthebookDanieloğlusitsonthestepsoftheruinedtheaterandimaginestheancientGreektragediesthatwouldhaveplayedthere.104

WhenhedirectlyencountersthevillagersofSelgeandAspendos,hedifferentiateshimselffromthembyportrayinghimselfasaneducatedtownsmanorurbandweller.Hefindsitdif-ficulttobearthevariousstoriesthatthevillagershavemadeupaboutthehistoryofthesite,105 eventhoughtheexistenceofthesestoriesisitselfasignofinterest,howeverunscientific,onthepartofthelocals.Danieloğludoes,however,findapersonwhospeakshisscientificlan-guage-the(Muslim)landlordofSide.106Referringtohimasa“lightinthedesert”,107hesitsdowntoteachthelandlordandhisretinue,upontheirdemand,howtocalculatethecorre-spondencebetweentheIslamicandChristiancalendars.Whilehedoesoccasionallydiscoversuchpeoplewithwhomhecanconverse,theyareratherexceptionalfigures.

Danieloğlu’sattitudetothepracticeofreligion,whetherChristianorMuslim,parallelshiscivilizationaloutlook.HeiscriticalofMuslimjudgeswho,inhisview,areignorantandun-criticallyfolloworders.108 Likewise,hedisapprovesofOrthodoxpriestswhoareaccustomedtoabusethereligioussentimentofthepeopleandcollectmoneyfromthem.109Thecivilizingemphasisseemstooverridecommunaldifferences.IntheaboveexampleabouttheGreek-speakingMuslimfromtheislandofKos,Danieloğluisconcernedaboutthefutureprospectsofthispromisingmanandisperplexedbyhischoicetoremaininthemountains.110

ThediscursiveandideologicalnatureofthisattitudebecomesmoreapparentwhenviewedincontrastwithcertainfeaturesinthelocaldescriptionofAntalyalocatedintheappendices.Whileinthemainbodyofthebookheiscriticalofthepracticeofreligionandthepositionofwomen,thelocalinformationabouthishometownoutsidetheconfinesofthetravelogueissuggestiveofamilderandmoreacceptingview.Eventhoughhisdiscursiveattitudetowardsreligionisinlinewiththeenlightenmentdiscourse,hedepictsreligioninamorefavorablelightasafeatureofrespectablepeople.111Withregardtothesituationofthewomen,incon-trasttohisideologicalattitudetowardswomen’sposition,hewritesapprovinglyofhowlocalpracticedeemeditinappropriateforladiestocomeintocloseproximitywithguests,andhowafamilywasconsideredfortunateiftheirhousehadseparatequartersformenandwomen.112

Charity: Civilizational Drive in PracticeOutsidethetext,Danieloğluwasmoredirectlyengagedinrespondingtowhathesawastheignoranceofthelowerclasses,towhomherelatedthroughcharity.Becauseofhiseconomicposition,hewashighlyinfluentialinthelocalsocialandculturalmilieu,particularlythroughphilanthropicwork.TheDanieloğlufamily,morebroadly,canberegardedasoneofthechiefdriversofthechangesincharityandpatternsofsocialengagementinAntalyainthemodernperiod.

104 Danieloglou1855,52.105 Danieloglou1855,94,101,107.106 Danieloglou1855,125.107 Danieloglou1855,142.108 Danieloglou1855,115-16.109 Danieloglou1855,169.110 Danieloglou1855,16.111 Danieloglou1855,169.112 Danieloglou1855,174.

Ayşe Ozil510

Thefamily’sphilanthropicactivitiesbeganwithDimitriDanieloğlu,thegrandfatheroftheauthorandfounderofthefamilyestate.DimitrisupportedtheGreekcommunityofAntalyabymakingdonationsforchurches,schools,andphilanthropicinstitutions.113HissonHacıStrati,theauthor’suncle,wasthebenefactorof,amongothers,thechurchofAgiosPanteleimonasandtheschoolforboys,whichhadsevenclassesintheprimaryandsecondarylevels.114Theauthor,Dimitri,followedinhisfamily’straditionbycontributingtothefundfortheestablish-mentoftheChurchofAgiosAlipiosin1844.115

Whilecharitywasanoldtradition,thewayinwhichitdevelopedatthistimeintheOttomanEmpireexhibitedcertainmoderndevelopments.Itemergednotonlyasamechanismforthesocialandculturalexpressionofthenewwell-to-doandeducatedclasses,butaspartofabroadercivilizationalandmobilizationaldiscourse.Thisdiscourseunderlinedandrepro-duceddifferencesinsocio-economicstatus.Italsoaimedtotransformthelowerandlower-middleclassesintoamoderncommunitywithunifiedsocialandculturalcharacteristics.116 Allcommunalinstitutions-localchurches,schools,andphilanthropicassociations-emerged,eachintheirownway,askeyactorsinthisdiscourse.

Secularizationwasasalientaspectofthecivilizationaldiscourse,andlocalchurchesbe-cameapartofmoderntransformations,mainlythroughtheinvolvementoflaymenintheman-agementofcommunalinstitutions.Churchorganizationsofthe19thcenturyincreasinglyin-cludedlayleadersintheirdecision-makingandadministrativesystems.TheDanieloğlufamilywasinvolvedinthistransformation,astheyfilledmanyadministrativepositionsinthemanage-mentofcommunalaffairs.117DanieloğluandhisfatherweremembersoftheGreekcommunaladministrationofAntalya,118whilehisbrotherPantelAğaalsoservedattheOttomantowncouncilandwasinchargeofthecollectionofstatetaxesfromhiscommunity.119Asseculariza-tionevolvedintoacentralingredientofthecivilizationaldiscourse,itemergedinlocalrealitythroughtangibleadministrativechange.

Acriticalcharacteristicofthecivilizationaldiscourseand,morespecifically,thesecularizingandnationalizingagendawaseducationingeneralandtheschoolsysteminparticular.Themodernschool,whichDanieloğlusupportedand-whenitdidnotfunction-lamented,wasalsocloselylinkedtothedisseminationofGreeklanguageandculture.Danieloğlubelievedthatpeoplewouldlearnthingsiftheywereguidedandinstructedproperly.120AlongwithhiseffortstopromotetheGreeklanguagewithhisbook,whichhelabeledatravelguidetotheprovinceintheGreeklanguage,themainpillarofthisprojectwasaschoolsystemwherethelanguageofinstructionwasGreek.121

113 Pehlivanidis1989,2:134.114 Pehlivanidis 1989, 2:132.Danieloglou 1855, 170.AKMS, PM1, the oral account of Pantelis Arappantelis

(18/2/1964).115 SeetheinscriptionatthegateoftheAgiosAlipiosChurch,whichiswritteninGreekandKaramanlidika.Iwould

liketothankKayhanDörtlükfordrawingmyattentiontothisinscription.116 ForastudyofphilanthropyintheOttomanGreekworld,seeKanner2004.117 Pehlivanidis1989;AKMS,PM1.AccordingtotheoralaccountofEustratiosToustzoglou(28/1/1964),PantelAğa

wasintheOttomanadministrativecouncilofthetown,andIordanisDanieloğluwasanofficerinthepolicecorpsofthecity.

118 FortheinscriptionatthegateoftheAgiosAlipiosChurch,seePehlivanidis1989,1:301.119 Pehlivanidis1989,2:137.120 Danieloglou1855,183.121 Danieloglou1855,180.


Therefore,whilethemothertongueoftheGreekinhabitantsofAntalyawasTurkish,someoftheresidentsofthetownbegantolearnGreekinthelaterdecadesoftheempirethroughschooling.EustratiosToustzoglou,forexample,wenttotheGreekmiddleschoolinAntalyaandthenreceivedahighschooldiplomainChios,atradingpartnerofAntalya.122Likewise,EleniKaradenizlifinishedthegirlsschoolinAntalyaandworkedasateacher,whichimpliedknowledgeoftheGreeklanguage,123asdidMariaBakirtzoglouwhowenttoschoolandknewGreek.124Movingupthesocialhierarchy,therewereindividualslikeDimitriosAvgerinoswhowasamiddlemaninthegraintradeandthenworkedfortheHellenicconsularagencyinAntalyaasatranslator.HeeitherknewGreekfromhischildhoodontheislandofSyrosorlearntitwhenheattendedschoolforfiveyears.NotonlydidheknowGreek,buthewasalsointerestedinreadingancientGreekauthors.125AgoodcommandoftheGreeklanguageopenednewavenuesfortheseindividualssuchasajobattheHellenicconsularagencyortheGreekschoolofthetown.WhilenotallindividualsfamiliarwithGreekwentintosuchsectors,theyneverthelesswereconnected,orpotentiallyconnected,totheGreekcultural environment.

In Lieu of a Conclusion FocusingonthearchaeologicalremainsandcontemporarysocietyintheAntalyaregion,Danieloğlu’swritingontheonehandinformsusabouttheconcerns,preoccupations,andas-pirationsofaneducatedmemberofthelocalGreekeliteregardingscientificresearchandcivi-lizationaldevelopment.Atthesametime,itprovidesuswithanunderstandingofthecontextandcircumstancesinwhichthisindividualwrote,lived,andrelatedtosocietyintheAnatolianGreekworldinparticularandtheOttomanEmpireingeneral.

BycomposingthetextintheEuropeantraveloguegenreandpayingcloseattentiontotheconventionsfollowedbyEuropeantravellers,Danieloğluaimedtotakepartinamoreuniver-saldriveforcompilingscientificinformationaboutthepastandpresentoftheAnatolianlandsinthe19thcentury.Likewise,hisworkshowsastronginterestinancienthistory,coupledwithacivilizationalaim,thatstronglyparallelstheaimsofsomeoftheOttomanstateorstate-affiliatedintellectualsastheyviewedtheprovincesfromIstanbul,thecenteroftheempire.Danieloğlu’sengagementwiththeclassicalworldseemstohavebeenmorearesultofhiselit-ismandWesternismthanthefactthathesawhimselfasaGreek.

Withthecompilationofthistravelogue,Danieloğlunotonlystrovetobecomepartoftheworldofarchaeologyandtravelwriting,butalsoturnedhimselfintoaproducerofthatworldintheOttomanEmpire.Consideringthetimeperiodinwhichhewrote,i.e.themid-19thcen-tury,thetextprecedesthemoreconcretemanifestationofOttomanimperialinterestintravelandarchaeologythatoccurredinthesecondhalfofthecentury.AtthesametimeDanieloğlu’stextisnotchronologicallyfarremovedfromthedevelopmentofascientificinterestinantiqui-tiesamongEuropeantravellers,whomherelatestoandreferencesinthebook.Inthissense,andregardlessofthequestionoftheoriginalityofhisarchaeologicalexaminations,hewaspartofthelatestleaningsinthescienceandhumanitiesofhistime,andpossiblyalocalpioneer.

122 AKMS,PM1,BiographicalinformationonEustratiosToustzoglou(28/1/1964).123 AKMS,PM1,BiographicalinformationonEleniKaradenizli(n.d.).124 AKMS,PM1,BiographicalinformationonMariaBakırtzoglou(n.d.).125 AKMS,PM1,BiographicalinformationonDimitriosAvgerinos(n.d.).

Ayşe Ozil512

ThebookcombinesaWesterniststancewithaheightenedinterestinlocallands.ThatDanieloğluchosetocompilethistravelogueasalocalresearcherandwriterisitselfhistoricallysignificant.Inquiringabouttheplaceshewasfrom,showinginterestinthehistoryoftheselands,andconsideringtheseinquiriestobeaworthwhileendeavourareallnoveltiesofthebook.Hedisplaysadirectconnectiontolocalsociety,whichhedescribesratherextensively,andshowsaparticularsocialsensitivityasalocalresearcherandanattentivenesstothepre-sentsituationofhishomeland.Thelocalreferencesinthetextaretotangible,practicalmat-ters,andwhilethereisafocusontheGreeksoftheregion,hisworkembracesamuchwidersegmentofthepopulation.

Danieloğlu’sdescriptionsoflocalsocietyareoftenfollowedbyanOrientalistcritiquecou-pledwithanengagementthataimstoovercometheirperceivedshortcomings.AsaneducatedlocalintellectualfromoneoftheleadingfamiliesofAntalya,DanieloğluprojectsacivilizationalandeducationaldrivetowardsthepopulationoftheregioningeneralandtheGreekcom-munityinparticular.ThefactthathespecificallyintendedthebooktoserveasatravelguideintheGreeklanguageindicatesbothacivilizingandanOrientalizingattitude.CompiledinaTurcophoneOrthodoxChristiantown,thebookisinpracticeaimedatareadershipinthelo-calandwider-educatedeliteGreekcommunity.ThedirectandpracticalgoalseemstohavebeenmoreabouteducatingtheeducatorsorreachingouttothelocalleadingfiguresintheOrthodoxworldratherthanconnectingtothemasses,ataskwhichwasoftencarriedoutatthetimethroughtheuseoftheTurkishlanguagewrittenwithGreekcharacters.ThebookisalsofirmlyrootedinthenewlyproliferatingGreekpublishingsector,whichsharedthesameoutlookonenlightenmentandprogress.Atthesametime,itisalsorelatedtotheDanieloğlufamily’sphilanthropicactivitiesandtheircommunaladministrativeengagementinAntalya.Ultimately,DanieloğluappearstobesituatedinbetweentheGreekuppereliteinIstanbulandthelargelyTurkish-speakingcommonGreektownsmenandvillagersoftheAntalyaregion.


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MakaleGeliş/Received : 09.12.2019

MakaleKabul/Accepted : 05.03.2020

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